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Torrents-Masoliver B, Terriente-Palacios C, Bover-Cid S, Jofré A, Castellari M, Ribas-Agustí A. Effect of pH and temperature on tropane alkaloids within a processing strategy to provide safe infant cereal-based food. Food Res Int 2024; 188:114439. [PMID: 38823829 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are secondary metabolites from weeds that can contaminate cereals and vegetables during harvest. Due to their toxicity, the Regulation (EC) 2023/915 sets maximum levels for atropine and scopolamine in cereal-based foods for infants containing millet, sorghum, buckwheat or their derived products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH and temperature on the stability of TAs, as possible parameters in thermal processing to mitigate this chemical hazard in cereal-based infant food. The effect of pH (4 and 7) and temperature (80 °C and 100 °C) was assessed in buffer solutions. Also, treatment at 180 °C was performed in spiked and naturally incurred millet flour to assess the effect of high temperature, simulating cooking or drying, on the stability of TAs in the cereal matrix. The fate of 24 TAs was assessed by UHPLC-MS/MS. TAs showed high thermostability, although it was variable depending on the specific compound, pH, temperature and treatment time. In buffer solutions, higher degradation was found at 100 °C and pH 7. In spiked millet flour at 180 °C for 10 min, scopolamine and atropine contents decreased by 25 % and 22 %, similarly to other TAs which also showed a slow thermal degradation. Atropine, scopolamine, anisodamine, norscopolamine, scopine and scopoline were found in naturally contaminated millet flour. Interestingly, naturally incurred atropine was more thermostable than when spiked, showing a protective effect of the cereal matrix on TAs degradation. The present results highlight the need for an accurate monitorization of TAs in raw materials, as this chemical hazard may remain in infant cereal-based food even after intense thermal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Torrents-Masoliver
- IRTA (Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology), Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17200 Monells, Spain
| | - Carlos Terriente-Palacios
- Present address: Metabolomics Platform, Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora", University of Málaga-Spanish National Research Council (IHSM UMA-CSIC), Avenue Louis Pasteur 49, 29010, Malaga, Spain
| | - Sara Bover-Cid
- IRTA (Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology), Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17200 Monells, Spain
| | - Anna Jofré
- IRTA (Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology), Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17200 Monells, Spain
| | - Massimo Castellari
- IRTA (Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology), Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17200 Monells, Spain
| | - Albert Ribas-Agustí
- IRTA (Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology), Food Safety and Functionality Programme, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17200 Monells, Spain.
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2
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Mateus ARS, Crisafulli C, Cruz Barros S, Pena A, Sanches Silva A. Development and validation of an analytical method based on QuEChERS followed by UHPLC-ToF-MS for the determination of tropane alkaloids in buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum L.) and buckwheat products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:648-663. [PMID: 38635926 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2339325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of tropane alkaloids (TAs), including atropine, scopolamine, anisodamine and homatropine in buckwheat and related products. This work presents an optimised methodology based on QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) extraction procedure followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the determination of TAs (atropine, scopolamine, anisodamine and homatropine) in buckwheat samples. The analytical methodology was successfully validated, demonstrating good linearity, low limit of quantification, repeatability (RSDr < 15%), inter-day precision (RSDR < 19%) and recovery (74-113%). Finally, 13 commercial samples of buckwheat were analysed and the results demonstrated that they were in compliance with the current European regulations regarding TAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Soares Mateus
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Vila do Conde, Portugal
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Food Science and Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Crisafulli
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Silvia Cruz Barros
- National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinary Research (INIAV), I.P., Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Angelina Pena
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Animal Science Studies Centre (CECA), ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (Al4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Rasheed Tantray Y, Jan I, Mohiuddin I, Gorla P, Anand C, Chandra Arya J, Ahmad Bhat S, Kumar V, Narasimhaji CV, Nagayya S, Acharya R. A Review on the Traditional Applications, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of the Genus Physochlaina G. Don. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400394. [PMID: 38530746 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Physochlaina is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae and consists of 10 species distributed in various Asian countries. The species of the genus have been traditionally used to cure a variety of illnesses due to their highly valuable medicinal properties, including cancer, asthma, cough, weakness, stomachache, diarrhea, swelling, spasms, toothache, boils, ulcers, rheumatic pain, chronic bronchitis, gastric problems, abdominal pain, palpitation, and insomnia. The species have gained significant attention due to their remarkable ethnopharmacological and ethnomedicinal significance. The researchers have isolated so far 71 biologically active secondary metabolites from different Physochlaina species, which include flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, phenolic acids, iridoids, and sterols. These compounds exhibit diverse biological activities, such as antibacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and anticancer properties. The present review has been compiled with the intention of providing a comprehensive overview of the botany, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical profile, and biological activities of the genus Physochlaina for future exploration of plant-based drugs and therapeutic approaches. The present review contributes to understanding the significant pharmacological potential of Physochlaina species and unraveling their chemical composition, highlighting their relevance in developing therapeutic agents. Till date, numerous pharmacological properties and isolated phytochemicals of Physochlaina species that support the species traditional and ethnobotanical history have been documented in a number of scientific publications. However, greater emphasis should be paid to in vivo investigations on various extracts and their phytoconstituents as well as mechanistic analysis to help drug developers better understand how to use Physochlaina species as significant therapeutic resources for herbal formulations using various techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ishrat Jan
- Government Degree College for Women, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, 193101, India
| | - Irshad Mohiuddin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Preeti Gorla
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, India
| | - Charul Anand
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, India
| | | | | | - Vijay Kumar
- Central Ayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, India
| | | | | | - Rabinarayan Acharya
- Central Council of Research for Ayurvedic Sciences, New Delhi, 110058, India
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4
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Caminhas LD, Freitas Pereira de Souza G, Rath S. Assessment of tropane alkaloid levels in Brazilian buckwheat flour products: A novel LC-UHPLC-MS/MS approach using solid-liquid extraction at low temperature. Food Chem 2024; 438:138010. [PMID: 37983999 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the monitoring of tropane alkaloids, specifically hyoscyamine and scopolamine, in food has become a pressing concern. This is due to increasing reports of food contamination with these compounds worldwide, raising awareness about the potential risks associated with their consumption. A novel method is proposed here for the determination of the sum of (+)-hyoscyamine, (-)-hyoscyamine, and (-)-scopolamine in buckwheat-based matrices, using solid-liquid extraction at low temperature and quantification by bidimensional chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The validated method presented a linear response in the concentration range of 2.5-15 μg kg-1 (r > 0.99). The precision and accuracy were in the ranges from 0.8 to 11.0 % and from 96 to 103 %, respectively. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 2.5 μg kg-1. No contamination was found at levels above the LOQ in any of the 18 samples analyzed (buckwheat flour, grains, and gluten-free mix).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa D Caminhas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 270, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Freitas Pereira de Souza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 270, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Susanne Rath
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 270, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil.
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5
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Vaneková Z, Holloway P, Rollinger JM. Vaccinium uliginosum L. (bog bilberry) and the search for its alleged toxicity: a review. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1358840. [PMID: 38357417 PMCID: PMC10864615 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1358840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Bog bilberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) is a wild-growing berry native to all circumboreal regions. There is however a significant discrepancy in the uses of bog bilberry fruits around the world. There exists a strong prejudice against the use of these berries in many European countries as well as a few incidences of poisoning reported between 1906 and 1944. In Asia and North America, this fear is completely absent from the local knowledge and the bog bilberry is valued as an excellent food and medicinal plant. There has been a lack of research on the topic in the last 50 years and thus the presumed toxicity remains unproven. This review aims to gather the conflicting information from all regions where bog bilberry grows and present them in a critical way to elucidate the possible explanations for the discrepancies. There are several possible explanations for the alleged toxicity of the bog bilberry, including a fungal infection of the fruits, individual intolerance or accidental poisoning by a different plant species; the local names meaning "drunk, inebriating, vomit-inducing berry" may be related to the alcoholic drinks made from them. This review highlights the gap in knowledge and serves as a theoretical framework for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Vaneková
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia Holloway
- Institute of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Extension, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK, United States
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Alkanad M, Hani U, V AH, Ghazwani M, Haider N, Osmani RAM, M D P, Hamsalakshmi, Bhat R. Bitter yet beneficial: The dual role of dietary alkaloids in managing diabetes and enhancing cognitive function. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38169069 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
With the rising prevalence of diabetes and its association with cognitive impairment, interest in the use of dietary alkaloids and other natural products has grown significantly. Understanding how these compounds manage diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD) is crucial. This comprehensive review explores the etiology of DCD and the effects of alkaloids in foods and dietary supplements that have been investigated as DCD therapies. Data on how dietary alkaloids like berberine, trigonelline, caffeine, capsaicin, 1-deoxynojirimycin, nuciferine, neferine, aegeline, tetramethylpyrazine, piperine, and others regulate cognition in diabetic disorders were collected from PubMed, Research Gate, Web of Science, Science Direct, and other relevant databases. Dietary alkaloids could improve memory in behavioral models and modulate the mechanisms underlying the cognitive benefits of these compounds, including their effects on glucose metabolism, gut microbiota, vasculopathy, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that dietary alkaloids hold promise for improving cognition in diabetic patients and could open exciting avenues for future research in diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Alkanad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, India
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Annegowda H V
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Mandya, India
| | - Mohammed Ghazwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazima Haider
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Pandareesh M D
- Center for Research and Innovations, Adichunchanagiri University, BGSIT, Mandya, India
| | - Hamsalakshmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Cauvery College of Pharmacy, Cauvery Group of Institutions, Mysuru, India
| | - Rajeev Bhat
- ERA-Chair in Food By-Products Valorisation Technologies (VALORTECH), Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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7
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García-Juan A, León N, Armenta S, Pardo O. Development and validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 12 ergot, 2 tropane, and 28 pyrrolizidine alkaloids in cereal-based food by LC-MS/MS. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113614. [PMID: 37986536 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Alkaloids are naturally occurring compounds containing basic nitrogen atoms. They are biosynthesized mainly by plants but also by some fungi species. Many alkaloids are toxic to humans and animals, and they have been classified as food contaminants. Among them, ergot, tropane, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids have maximum levels in foods, established by the Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915. In this study, an analytical method was successfully developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 42 ergot, tropane, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in cereal-based food. The method includes QuEChERS-based extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed method was validated providing recoveries ranging from 71 to 119 %, intra- and inter-day precision lower than 19 %, and limits of quantification between 0.5 and 1.0 µg kg-1. Finally, the analysis of reference materials coming from FAPAS proficiency tests demonstrated the suitability for purpose of the methodology (z-scores < 2). Nine cereal-based products samples were analyzed of which ergot alkaloids were detected in two of them, while one sample showed the presence of three pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro García-Juan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nuria León
- Agrifood, Ecological and Environmental Laboratory of the Generalitat Valenciana, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development, Climate Emergency and Ecological Transition, Pintor Goya 8, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Sergio Armenta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Olga Pardo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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8
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Wang Z, Ma Q, Zheng P, Xie S, Yao K, Zhang J, Shao B, Jiang H. Generation of broad-spectrum recombinant antibody and construction of colorimetric immunoassay for tropane alkaloids: Recognition mechanism and application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132247. [PMID: 37597393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) have emerged as plant toxins, related to poisoning events. The development of stable antibodies is crucial to ensure the effectiveness of immunological methods in quickly and accurately monitoring these alkaloids. In this study, based on hybridoma, the variable region gene of monoclonal antibody (mAb) was amplified, and the recombinant antibody (rAb) gene sequence (VH-Linker-VL) was successfully constructed and expressed in HEK293F. The obtained rAb has kept the same performance as mAb, and the IC50 of 29 TAs ranged from 0.12 to 2642.78 ng/mL. In the recognition mechanism, the docking and dynamics model identified hydrophobic interaction as the most critical force. Substituent will impact recognition by influencing the spatial structure and hydrophobic properties. Then, a colorimetric immunoassay based on rAb was established, five types of water and thirty-nine nectars of honey were tested. The results demonstrated the absence of TAs in environmental water, whereas atropine was detected in more than 13.47% of honey samples at concentrations exceeding 1 μg/kg. The results show a good correlation with UHPLC-MS/MS, suggesting that the immunoassay has excellent screening ability. The data on TAs in honey and water could serve as a foundation for developing relevant policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zile Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Pimiao Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Sanlei Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Malysheva SV, Streel C, Andjelkovic M, Masquelier J. Development, validation, and application of a multimatrix UHPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of Datura-type alkaloids in food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1357-1368. [PMID: 37676931 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2253550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of tropane alkaloids (TAs), atropine and scopolamine, in a variety of food products. The sample preparation of cereal-based food, oilseeds, honey, and pulses consisted of a solid-liquid extraction with an acidified mixture of methanol and water, while an additional step of solid-phase extraction on a cation-exchange sorbent was introduced in the treatment of teas and herbal infusions, aromatic herbs, spices and food supplements. The limits of quantification of the method varied from 0.5 to 2.5 µg kg-1. Apparent recovery was in the range of 70-120%, and repeatability and intermediate precision were below 20%. The method was successfully applied in a proficiency testing exercise as well as in the analysis of various commercial foods. Only 26% of the analysed food samples contained one or both TAs. The mean concentrations for atropine and scopolamine amounted to 21.9 and 6.5 µg kg-1, respectively, while the maximum concentrations were 523.3 and 131.4 µg kg-1, respectively. Overall, the highest levels of TA sum were found in an herbal infusion of fennel and a spice mix containing fennel and anise seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana V Malysheva
- Unit Toxins, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Camille Streel
- Unit Toxins, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Service Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Unit Toxins, Organic Contaminants and Additives, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Tervuren, Belgium
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10
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González-Gómez L, Morante-Zarcero S, Pereira JAM, Câmara JS, Sierra I. Evaluation of Tropane Alkaloids in Teas and Herbal Infusions: Effect of Brewing Time and Temperature on Atropine and Scopolamine Content. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:362. [PMID: 37368663 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atropine and scopolamine belong to the tropane alkaloid (TA) family of natural toxins. They can contaminate teas and herbal teas and appear in infusions. Therefore, this study focused on analyzing atropine and scopolamine in 33 samples of tea and herbal tea infusions purchased in Spain and Portugal to determine the presence of these compounds in infusions brewed at 97 °C for 5 min. A rapid microextraction technique (µSPEed®) followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the selected TAs. The results showed that 64% of the analyzed samples were contaminated by one or both toxins. White and green teas were generally more contaminated than black and other herbal teas. Of the 21 contaminated samples, 15 had concentrations above the maximum limit for liquid herbal infusions (0.2 ng/mL) set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/1408. In addition, the effects of heating conditions (time and temperature) on atropine and scopolamine standards and naturally contaminated samples of white, green, and black teas were evaluated. The results showed that at the concentrations studied (0.2 and 4 ng/mL), there was no degradation in the standard solutions. Brewing with boiling water (decoction) for 5 and 10 min allowed for higher extraction of TAs from dry tea to infusion water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena González-Gómez
- ESCET-Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Morante-Zarcero
- ESCET-Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge A M Pereira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sierra
- ESCET-Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Mateus ARS, Crisafulli C, Vilhena M, Barros SC, Pena A, Sanches Silva A. The Bright and Dark Sides of Herbal Infusions: Assessment of Antioxidant Capacity and Determination of Tropane Alkaloids. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040245. [PMID: 37104183 PMCID: PMC10144634 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal infusions are highly popular beverages consumed daily due to their health benefits and antioxidant properties. However, the presence of plant toxins, such as tropane alkaloids, constitutes a recent health concern for herbal infusions. This work presents an optimized and validated methodology based on the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) extraction procedure followed by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography combined with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-ToF-MS) for the determination of tropane alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine, anisodamine, and homatropine) in herbal infusions, in accordance with criteria established by Commission Recommendation EU No. 2015/976. One of the seventeen samples was contaminated with atropine, exceeding the current European regulation regarding tropane alkaloids. In addition, this study evaluated the antioxidant capacity of common herbal infusions available on Portuguese markets, indicating the high antioxidant capacity of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), and peppermint (Mentha x piperita).
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de Nijs M, Crews C, Dorgelo F, MacDonald S, Mulder PPJ. Emerging Issues on Tropane Alkaloid Contamination of Food in Europe. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020098. [PMID: 36828413 PMCID: PMC9961018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of tropane alkaloids (TAs), toxic plant metabolites, in food in Europe was studied to identify those TAs in food most relevant for human health. Information was extracted from the literature and the 2016 study from the European Food Safety Authority. Calystegines were identified as being inherent TAs in foods common in Europe, such as Solanum tuberosum (potato), S. melongena (eggplant, aubergine), Capsicum annuum (bell pepper) and Brassica oleracea (broccoli, Brussels sprouts). In addition, some low-molecular-weight tropanes and Convolvulaceae-type TAs were found inherent to bell pepper. On the other hand, atropine, scopolamine, convolvine, pseudotropine and tropine were identified as emerging TAs resulting from the presence of associated weeds in food. The most relevant food products in this respect are unprocessed and processed cereal-based foods for infants, young children or adults, dry (herbal) teas and canned or frozen vegetables. Overall, the occurrence data on both inherent as well as on associated TAs in foods are still scarce, highlighting the need for monitoring data. It also indicates the urge for food safety authorities to work with farmers, plant breeders and food business operators to prevent the spreading of invasive weeds and to increase awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique de Nijs
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Folke Dorgelo
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick P. J. Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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González-Gómez L, Gañán J, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. Atropine and scopolamine occurrence in spices and fennel infusions. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Abstract
This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring and surveillance activities carried out in 2021 in 27 MSs, the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and nine non-MSs. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. In 2021, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. Cases of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis increased in comparison with 2020, but decreased compared with previous years. In 2021, data collection and analysis at the EU level were still impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the control measures adopted in the MSs, including partial or total lockdowns. Sixteen MSs and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) achieved all the established targets in poultry populations for reduction in Salmonella prevalence for the relevant serovars. Salmonella samples from carcases of various animal species and samples for Campylobacter quantification from broiler carcases were more frequently positive when performed by the competent authorities than when own-checks were conducted. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis in humans, followed by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes infections. L. monocytogenes and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases, with the most hospitalisations and highest case fatality rates. Overall, MSs reported more foodborne outbreaks and cases in 2021 than in 2020. S. Enteritidis remained the most frequently reported causative agent for foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella in 'eggs and egg products' and in 'mixed foods' were the agent/food pairs of most concern. Outbreaks linked to 'vegetables and juices and products thereof' rose considerably compared with previous years. This report also provides updates on brucellosis, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), echinococcosis, rabies, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis or M. caprae, and tularaemia.
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González-Gómez L, Morante-Zarcero S, Pereira JAM, Câmara JS, Sierra I. Improved Analytical Approach for Determination of Tropane Alkaloids in Leafy Vegetables Based on µ-QuEChERS Combined with HPLC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100650. [PMID: 36287919 PMCID: PMC9612249 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents an optimized methodology based on the miniaturization of the original QuEChERS (μ-QuEChERS) followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of tropane alkaloids (TAs), atropine, and scopolamine in leafy vegetable samples. The analytical methodology was successfully validated, demonstrating quantitation limits (MQL) ≤ 2.3 ng/g, good accuracy, and precision, with recoveries between 90–100% and RSD ≤ 13% for both analytes. The method was applied to the analysis of TA-producing plants (Brugmansia versicolor, Solandra maxima, and Convolvulus arvensis). High concentrations of scopolamine were found in flowers (1771 mg/kg) and leaves (297 mg/kg) of B. versicolor. The highest concentration of atropine was found in flowers of S. maxima (10.4 mg/kg). Commercial mixed leafy vegetables contaminated with B. versicolor and S. maxima were analysed to verify the efficacy of the method, showing recoveries between 82 and 110% for both analytes. Finally, the method was applied to the analysis of eighteen samples of leafy vegetables, finding atropine in three samples of mixed leafy vegetables, with concentrations of 2.7, 3.2, and 3.4 ng/g, and in nine samples with concentrations ≤MQL. In turn, scopolamine was only found in a sample of chopped Swiss chard with a concentration ≤MQL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena González-Gómez
- ESCET—Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Sonia Morante-Zarcero
- ESCET—Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Isabel Sierra
- ESCET—Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-488-7018; Fax: +34-91-488-8143
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16
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Shim KH, Kang MJ, Sharma N, An SSA. Beauty of the beast: anticholinergic tropane alkaloids in therapeutics. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:33. [PMID: 36109439 PMCID: PMC9478010 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00357-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are among the most valued chemical compounds known since pre-historic times. Poisonous plants from Solanaceae family (Hyoscyamus niger, Datura, Atropa belladonna, Scopolia lurida, Mandragora officinarum, Duboisia) and Erythroxylaceae (Erythroxylum coca) are rich sources of tropane alkaloids. These compounds possess the anticholinergic properties as they could block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine action in the central and peripheral nervous system by binding at either muscarinic and/or nicotinic receptors. Hence, they are of great clinical importance and are used as antiemetics, anesthetics, antispasmodics, bronchodilator and mydriatics. They also serve as the lead compounds to generate more effective drugs. Due to the important pharmacological action they are listed in the WHO list of essential medicines and are available in market with FDA approval. However, being anticholinergic in action, TA medication are under the suspicion of causing dementia and cognitive decline like other medications with anticholinergic action, interestingly which is incorrect. There are published reviews on chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, safety concerns, biotechnological aspects of TAs but the detailed information on anticholinergic mechanism of action, clinical pharmacology, FDA approval and anticholinergic burden is lacking. Hence the present review tries to fill this lacuna by critically summarizing and discussing the above mentioned aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hwan Shim
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam, 461-701, South Korea
| | - Min Ju Kang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Veterans Medical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Niti Sharma
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam, 461-701, South Korea.
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-Gu, Seongnam, 461-701, South Korea.
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Atropine and Scopolamine in Maize Products from the Retail Stores in the Republic of Serbia. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090621. [PMID: 36136559 PMCID: PMC9506566 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cereal grains, which represent the cultivated grasses fruits, supply almost half of the total caloric requirements for humans and provide more nourishment compared with any other class of the food. Out of many cereals used for food, maize, rice, and wheat are the most important food resources for humans, representing 94% of the total cereals consumption. According to the data of the Republic Institute of Statistics for the year 2018, the harvested areas of corn amount to 906,753 hectares. The production of about 7 million tons was achieved with an average yield of 7.7 t/ha according to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Serbia. Serbia is still among the ten largest exporters of wheat and corn in the world for the period of 2014/15–2017/18. More precisely, it ranks seventh in the export of corn. Utilization of maize products for food animal nutrition (1000 t) is 491,48, and for industrial processing (1000 t) 278,862 expressed as the total consumption (1000 t) is 769,910. Therefore, a total of 103 samples of maize products were analyzed for the presence of toxins, i.e., tropane alkaloids (TAs). The samples were collected from the retail stores in the Republic of Serbia in 2021 and analyzed for the presence of atropine and scopolamine (33 corn grits, 39 polenta, and 31 semolina samples). Therefore, the Recommendation 2015/976/EU on the monitoring of TAs in food was adopted by the EU Commission to obtain more occurrence data on TAs in food. The monitoring extent, however, is restricted because reliable analytical methods and appropriate sensitivity are limited. There was a limit of 1 g/kg for each atropine and scopolamine in cereals containing millet, sorghum, buckwheat, or their derivatives. All the samples were analyzed by the LC-MS/MS. The LOQ was set at 1.0 μg/kg. Out of the total 103 tested samples, 32 samples (31.1%) were contaminated with atropine and scopolamine in concentrations above the LOQ. The highest concentrations of the studied TAs were observed in a semolina sample-atropine: 58.80 μg/kg, scopolamine: 10.20 μg/kg. The obtained results indicate that the TAs concentrations are above the LOQ which can be considered potential human and animal health hazards.
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Simultaneous Determination of Pyrrolizidine and Tropane Alkaloids in Honey by Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry. J Vet Res 2022; 66:235-243. [PMID: 35892104 PMCID: PMC9281522 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and tropane alkaloids (TAs) are natural contaminants of honey and respectively hepatoxic and neurotoxic compounds. Because honey is a popular constituent of the human diet, it is relevant to warrant the safety of the product. For that reason, a method for simultaneous determination of PAs and TAs in honey based on liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry was developed. Material and Methods The analytical protocol used sulphuric acid extraction and solid-phase extraction purification. The developed procedure was subjected to validation in terms of linearity, selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, limits of quantification and determination, matrix effect and uncertainty. A total of 29 honey samples were analysed for the determination of PAs and TAs. Results All the evaluated validation parameters fulfilled the requirements of European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. At least one of the monitored alkaloids was determined in 52% of the samples. Among the most abundant alkaloids were echimidine, intermedine and lycopsamine. The total PA concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 147.0 μg kg-1. Contrastingly, none of the monitored TAs was detected in the analysed samples. An assessment of the dietary exposure to PAs from the consumption of the contaminated honeys showed that three of them would pose a risk to consumers, especially if they were children. Conclusion A sensitive method suitable for simultaneous determination of PAs and TAs in honey was developed and validated. The analysis of 29 honey samples for PAs and TAs revealed that honey destined for retail could pose a risk to consumers.
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van Raamsdonk LWD, van der Voet H. Measurement uncertainty for detection of visual impurities in granular feed and food materials in relation to the investigated amount of material. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:1265-1283. [PMID: 35544551 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2066193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence is regulated of visually detectable seeds from a selection of toxic plants and fungi mycelium bodies (sclerotia) in feed (Directive 2002/32/EC) and in food (Regulation (EC) 1881/2006). Homogenisation as typical for chemical analyses is not applicable, and dedicated approaches are needed for visual examination methods. Visual methods require two parameters to characterise measurement uncertainties for both unit counts and unit weights. A new approach is to divide approximately 2 kg of sample material into four subsamples of approximately 500 g and to separately examine the four subsamples for numbers and particle weights of seeds or sclerotia. This study is the first to produce datasets on inhomogeneity among subsamples of a sample for visually detectable undesirable substances. Analytical thresholds were calculated from a simulation model and bootstrap procedures based on our data. The analytical thresholds assuring a controlled false-negative rate of 5% for decisions in compliance with legal limits depend on the diversity of the unit counts and weights, the level of the legal limit and the amount of material examined initially in the step-wise approach, either one or two subsamples. A procedure is proposed for examination in practice where only two subsamples, or alternatively even only one subsample, would be examined. If the resulting level of contamination exceeds the relevant threshold additional subsamples need to be examined as well. In most of the investigated cases, analytical thresholds could be established for the examination of just one subsample (500 g) taken from a sample of 2 kg. However, for ergot sclerotia in food with a legal limit of 200 mg kg-1, at least two subsamples (1000 g) need to be examined in the first step. Other groups of visually detectable undesirable substances exist which need further attention.
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Kowalczyk E, Kwiatek K. Scopolamine and atropine in feeds - determination with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:977-989. [PMID: 35302907 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2037724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are naturally occurring plant toxins. Due to the fact that TA-producing plants can enter the food chain, they pose a risk for animals and human health. Therefore, sensitive analytical methods need to be developed to provide an adequate safety of feed and food. The presented method is based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detection and enables the determination of scopolamine and atropine in compound feeds at a low level of contamination. Limits of quantification for scopolamine and atropine were 0.92 and 0.93 µg kg-1, respectively. Scopolamine-D3 and atropine-D3 were used for quantification. The method was successfully validated and applied to the analysis of 42 feed samples. Among investigated feeds, 67% contained at least one of the monitored alkaloids. Soybean meals were the feed materials contaminated most often, also with the highest determined concentrations of TAs, which reached 147.9 µg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalczyk
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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21
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Mutebi RR, Ario AR, Nabatanzi M, Kyamwine IB, Wibabara Y, Muwereza P, Eurien D, Kwesiga B, Bulage L, Kabwama SN, Kadobera D, Henderson A, Callahan JH, Croley TR, Knolhoff AM, Mangrum JB, Handy SM, McFarland MA, Sam JLF, Harris JR, Zhu BP. Large outbreak of Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) poisoning due to consumption of contaminated humanitarian relief food: Uganda, March-April 2019. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:623. [PMID: 35354446 PMCID: PMC8969350 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium) contains toxic alkaloids that cause gastrointestinal and central nervous system symptoms when ingested. This can be lethal at high doses. The plant may grow together with leguminous crops, mixing with them during harvesting. On 13 March 2019, more than 200 case-patients were admitted to multiple health centres for acute gastrointestinal and neurologic symptoms. We investigated to determine the cause and magnitude of the outbreak and recommended evidence-based control and prevention measures. Methods We defined a suspected case as sudden onset of confusion, dizziness, convulsions, hallucinations, diarrhoea, or vomiting with no other medically plausible explanations in a resident of Napak or Amudat District from 1 March—30 April 2019. We reviewed medical records and canvassed all villages of the eight affected subcounties to identify cases. In a retrospective cohort study conducted in 17 villages that reported the earliest cases, we interviewed 211 residents about dietary history during 11–15 March. We used modified Poisson regression to assess suspected food exposures. Food samples underwent chemical (heavy metals, chemical contaminants, and toxins), proteomic, DNA, and microbiological testing in one national and three international laboratories. Results We identified 293 suspected cases; five (1.7%) died. Symptoms included confusion (62%), dizziness (38%), diarrhoea (22%), nausea/vomiting (18%), convulsions (12%), and hallucinations (8%). The outbreak started on 12 March, 2–12 h after Batch X of fortified corn-soy blend (CSB +) was distributed. In the retrospective cohort study, 66% of 134 persons who ate CSB + , compared with 2.2% of 75 who did not developed illness (RRadj = 22, 95% CI = 6.0–81). Samples of Batch X distributed 11–15 March contained 14 tropane alkaloids, including atropine (25-50 ppm) and scopolamine (1-10 ppm). Proteins of Solanaceae seeds and Jimsonweed DNA were identified. No other significant laboratory findings were observed. Conclusion This was the largest documented outbreak caused by food contamination with tropane alkaloids. Implicated food was immediately withdrawn. Routine food safety and quality checks could prevent future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald R Mutebi
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Alex R Ario
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda.,Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maureen Nabatanzi
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Irene B Kyamwine
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yvette Wibabara
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Peter Muwereza
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Eurien
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Benon Kwesiga
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lilian Bulage
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steven N Kabwama
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Daniel Kadobera
- Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alden Henderson
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John H Callahan
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Timothy R Croley
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ann M Knolhoff
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - John B Mangrum
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sara M Handy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Melinda A McFarland
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L Fong Sam
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Julie R Harris
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bao-Ping Zhu
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
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González-Gómez L, Morante-Zarcero S, Pérez-Quintanilla D, Sierra I. Occurrence and Chemistry of Tropane Alkaloids in Foods, with a Focus on Sample Analysis Methods: A Review on Recent Trends and Technological Advances. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030407. [PMID: 35159558 PMCID: PMC8833975 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are natural toxins produced by different plants, mainly from the Solanaceae family. The interest in TAs analysis is due to the serious cases of poisoning that are produced due to the presence of TA-producing plants in a variety of foods. For this reason, in recent years, different analytical methods have been reported for their control. However, the complexity of the matrices makes the sample preparation a critical step for this task. Therefore, this review has focused on (a) collecting the available data in relation to the occurrence of TAs in foods for human consumption and (b) providing the state of the art in food sample preparation (from 2015 to today). Regarding the different food categories, cereals and related products and teas and herbal teas have been the most analyzed. Solid–liquid extraction is still the technique most widely used for sample preparation, although other extraction and purification techniques such as solid-phase extraction or QuEChERS procedure, based on the use of sorbents for extract or clean-up step, are being applied since they allow cleaner extracts. On the other hand, new materials (molecularly imprinted polymers, mesostructured silica-based materials, metal–organic frameworks) are emerging as sorbents to develop effective extraction and purification methods that allow lower limits and matrix effects, being a future trend for the analysis of TAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Sierra
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-488-7018; Fax: +34-91-488-8143
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23
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Martinello M, Manzinello C, Gallina A, Mutinelli F. In‐house validation and application of UHPLC‐MS/MS method for the quantification of pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids in commercial honey bee‐collected pollen, teas and herbal infusions purchased on Italian market in 2019‐2020 referring to recent European Union regulations. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Martinello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Chiara Manzinello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Albino Gallina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie NRL for honey bee health Viale dell’Università 10 35020 Legnaro PD Italy
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Miralles P, Yusà V, León N, Coscollà C. A green analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 30 tropane and pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in teas and herbs for infusions by LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1666:462835. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Xu X, Ge W, Suryoprabowo S, Guo X, Zhu J, Liu L, Xu C, Kuang H. Fluorescence-based immunochromatographic test strip for the detection of hyoscyamine. Analyst 2021; 147:293-302. [PMID: 34907412 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01973b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyoscyamine (HSM), which acts as an antagonist of the acetylcholine muscarinic receptor and can induce a variety of distinct toxic syndromes in mammals (anti-cholinergic poisoning), is hazardous to human health. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective method to determine HSM. A fluorescent microsphere based immunochromatographic assay was developed for this analyte and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as a comparison. A monoclonal antibody against HSM was prepared with a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 1.17 ng mL-1, with no cross-reactivity with five drugs. Under optimized conditions, the cut off limits using the fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibody strips were 10 ng mL-1 in 0.01 M PBS and 20 ng mL-1 in pork, pig urine, and honey samples, and the assay could be completed within 10 min. In comparison with a AuNP immunochromatographic assay, the developed method offered a higher coupling rate and lower amounts of antibodies. This approach could be used for simple, sensitive and rapid screening, and is suitable for on-site screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenliang Ge
- Wuxi No. 2 People's Hospital, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven Suryoprabowo
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Rational design of a mesoporous silica@ZIF-8 based molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity and selectivity for atropine monitoring. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Chen C, Li J, Xiong F, Wang B, Xiao Y, Zhou G. Multivariate statistical analysis of tropane alkaloids in Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher from different regions to trace geographical origins. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher is an important Tibetan folk medicine and the source of tropane alkaloids (TAs) grown in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. There are marked differences in quality of A. tanguticus from geographic areas. The aim of present research was to establish a method for the quantitative analysis of TAs coupled with chemometrics analysis to trace geographical origins. Qualitative analysis of TAs in A. tanguticus was carried out using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and quantitative analysis of TAs in different plant organs from different geographical origin was achieved. Contents of TAs were subjected to the principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. The contents of the three marker compounds (anisodamine, anisodine and atropine) in the roots and acrial parts of A. tanguticus were positive correlated and varied significantly from different geographical origins. Principal component analysis, and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis results showed excellent discrimination between different geographical origin of A. tanguticus. This study could provide comprehensive evaluation and further utilization of A. tanguticus resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, China
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Feng Xiong
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, China
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, China
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanming Xiao
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, China
- 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining, China
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28
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Bessaire T, Ernest M, Christinat N, Carrères B, Panchaud A, Badoud F. High resolution mass spectrometry workflow for the analysis of food contaminants: Application to plant toxins, mycotoxins and phytoestrogens in plant-based ingredients. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:978-996. [PMID: 33861158 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1902575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An analytical workflow including mass spectral library, generic sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was developed to gain insight into the occurrence of plant toxins, mycotoxins and phytoestrogens in plant-based food. This workflow was applied to 156 compounds including 90 plant toxins (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, tropane alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids and aristolochic acids), 54 mycotoxins (including ergot alkaloids and Alternaria toxins) and 12 phytoestrogens (including isoflavones, lignans and coumestan) in plant-based protein ingredients, cereal and pseudo-cereal products. A mass spectral library was built based on fragmentation spectra collected at 10 different collision energies in both positive and negative ionisation modes for each toxin. Emphasis was put on a generic QuEChERS-like sample preparation followed by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography using alkaline mobile phase allowing the separation of more than 50 toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. HRMS acquisition comprised a full-scan event for toxins detection followed by data-dependent MS2 for toxin identification against mass spectrum. Method performance was evaluated using fortified samples in terms of sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility and recovery. All toxins were positively identified at levels ranging from 1 µg kg-1 to 100 µg kg-1. Quantitative results obtained by a standard addition approach met SANTE/12682/2019 criteria for 132 out of 156 toxins. Such a workflow using generic, sensitive and selective multi-residue method allows a better insight into the occurrence of regulated and non-regulated toxins in plant-based foods and to conduct safety evaluation and risk assessments when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bessaire
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marion Ernest
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Benoit Carrères
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Flavia Badoud
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé SA, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Rausch AK, Brockmeyer R, Schwerdtle T. Development, validation, and application of a multi-method for the determination of mycotoxins, plant growth regulators, tropane alkaloids, and pesticides in cereals by two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3041-3054. [PMID: 33713146 PMCID: PMC8044062 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins and pesticides regularly co-occur in agricultural products worldwide. Thus, humans can be exposed to both toxic contaminants and pesticides simultaneously, and multi-methods assessing the occurrence of various food contaminants and residues in a single method are necessary. A two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 40 (modified) mycotoxins, two plant growth regulators, two tropane alkaloids, and 334 pesticides in cereals was developed. After an acetonitrile/water/formic acid (79:20:1, v/v/v) multi-analyte extraction procedure, extracts were injected into the two-dimensional setup, and an online clean-up was performed. The method was validated according to Commission Decision (EC) no. 657/2002 and document N° SANTE/12682/2019. Good linearity (R2 > 0.96), recovery data between 70-120%, repeatability and reproducibility values < 20%, and expanded measurement uncertainties < 50% were obtained for a wide range of analytes, including very polar substances like deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and methamidophos. However, results for fumonisins, zearalenone-14,16-disulfate, acid-labile pesticides, and carbamates were unsatisfying. Limits of quantification meeting maximum (residue) limits were achieved for most analytes. Matrix effects varied highly (-85 to +1574%) and were mainly observed for analytes eluting in the first dimension and early-eluting analytes in the second dimension. The application of the method demonstrated the co-occurrence of different types of cereals with 28 toxins and pesticides. Overall, 86% of the samples showed positive findings with at least one mycotoxin, plant growth regulator, or pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Rausch
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
- Eurofins SOFIA GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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30
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Wang Z, Zheng P, Wang J, He S, Ren Z, Zhang Y, Xiong J, Jiang H. Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody for tropane alkaloids detection in pig urine, pork and cereal flours. Food Chem 2021; 337:127617. [PMID: 32799156 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) based on a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody for tropane alkaloids (TAs) was established for the rapid screening of atropine, scopolamine, homatropine, apoatropine, anisodamine, anisodine and L-hyoscyamine residues in pig urine, pork and cereal flour samples through a simple sample preparation procedure. The half inhibitory concentrations of atropine, homatropine, L-hyoscyamine, apoatropine, scopolamine, anisodamine and anisodine were 0.05, 0.07, 0.14, 0.14, 0.24, 5.30 and 10.15 ng mL-1, respectivelyThe detection and quantitative limits of this method for TAs in samples were 0.18-73.18 and 0.44-74.77 μg kg-1. The spiked recoveries ranged from 69.88% to 147.93%, and the coefficient of variations were less than 14%. Good correlation (R2 = 0.9929) between the results of the ic-ELISA and the high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry support the reliability of the developed ic-ELISA method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zile Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Pimiao Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang He
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhui Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincheng Xiong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Abia WA, Montgomery H, Nugent AP, Elliott CT. Tropane alkaloid contamination of agricultural commodities and food products in relation to consumer health: Learnings from the 2019 Uganda food aid outbreak. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:501-525. [PMID: 33443796 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are secondary plant metabolites derived mainly from Solanaceae plant families, with the most virulent invasive species being Datura stramonium. Datura stramonium commonly grows in cereal fields and produce TAs (e.g., hyoscyamine and scopolamine) which may accidentally contaminate cereals (and cereal-based foods) at occasionally high levels. Dietary exposure to TAs can be toxic and depending on the dose ingested can cause outcomes ranging from anticholinergic effects to acute poisoning and death. In 2019, 315 adults became ill and another five adults died in Uganda following consumption of a "Super Cereal" (a fortified blended food) that was later confirmed to be contaminated by TAs-a scenario which provoked this holistic review on TAs in foodstuffs. Thus, this article provides information on the history, development, occurrences, exposures, and human legislative and health benchmarks for TAs. It describes control strategies for reducing TA contamination of agricultural commodities and resultant health implications following consumption of TA contaminated foodstuffs. Adequate application of food safety control measures (including maximum limits) and good practices, from the start of cereal cultivation through to the final stages of manufacturing of food products can aid in the reduction of seeing toxic plants including D. stramonium in cereal fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred A Abia
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Holly Montgomery
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anne P Nugent
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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32
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Determination of atropine and scopolamine in spinach-based products contaminated with genus Datura by UHPLC-MS/MS. Food Chem 2021; 347:129020. [PMID: 33482490 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Datura species are well known because of their high concentration of tropane alkaloids, which has led to poisoning episodes when Datura is accidentally mixed with edible crops. Therefore, the European Union has set a maximum level in cereal-based infant food products of 1 µg kg-1 for atropine and scopolamine. However, the occurrence of these compounds in other commodities has become a global concern. Spinach and derived products can be contaminated with Datura innoxia leaves. In this study, we tested frozen spinachs and spinach-based infant food products. The determination was carried out by UHPLC-MS/MS after applying the QuEChERS method as sample treatment. The LOQs were below 0.016 µg kg-1, achieving satisfactory results in terms of precision, accuracy, and matrix effects. The obtained results (ranging between 0.02 and 8.19 µg kg-1) were close to the maximum level set by the European Union for 24% of the samples tested.
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33
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Zhao W, Shi Y. Simultaneous quantification of three tropane alkaloids in goji berries by cleanup of the graphene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:3636-3645. [PMID: 32662173 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method was established for simultaneous determination of atropine, anisodamine, and scopolamine in goji berries by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The graphene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids were prepared and first applied as a cleanup adsorbent. Compared to classical cleanup adsorbent (C18 ), the graphene/hexagonal boron nitride hybrids as adsorbent had better extraction efficiency for the detection of analytes. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed analytical method achieved satisfactory linearity (R2 > 0.995), and obtained desirable recoveries ranged from 77.4 to 94.0% with the relative standard deviation of 1.2-6.1% at the concentration levels of 3.2-13.4 µg/kg. The limits of quantitation of atropine, anisodamine, and scopolamine were, respectively, 3.2, 4.6, and 4.5 µg/kg with linearity ranged from 3.2 to 25.4 µg/kg. The modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe sample preparation with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully applied to evaluate the safety of goji berries collected from 30 plant areas in China, suggesting its applicability and suitability for the routine analysis of three tropane alkaloids in goji berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources, Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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34
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Gonçalves C, Cubero-Leon E, Stroka J. Determination of tropane alkaloids in cereals, tea and herbal infusions: Exploiting proficiency testing data as a basis to derive interlaboratory performance characteristics of an improved LC-MS/MS method. Food Chem 2020; 331:127260. [PMID: 32653763 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of tropane alkaloids is regulated in the European Union in cereal-based foods for infants and young children, tea and herbal infusions. The European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) developed an improved LC-MS/MS analytical method using a pentafluorophenyl column, validated it and conducted two proficiency tests targeting these food categories. A subset of the data gathered from laboratories that used the JRC method was additionally exploited to derive interlaboratory performance characteristics. The method showed fit-for-purpose figures of merit. The LOQs for atropine and scopolamine were around 0.4 and 1.2 µg/kg in cereal products, and in tea and herbal infusions, respectively. Uncertainties varied from 15 to 25%. The reproducibility varied from 11 to 38% for scopolamine and from 17 to 44% for atropine at levels ranging from 0.18 to 18.8 and 1.2-54.0 µg/kg, respectively. Recoveries ranged from 71 to 96%. These performance parameters render the method a good candidate for standardisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gonçalves
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium.
| | | | - Joerg Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium.
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35
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Thompson TS, van den Heever JP, Limanowka RE. Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine in Honey by HILIC–ESI-MS/MS. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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Çiçek SS, Malek S, Zidorn C. Flavonoids from Atropa belladonna (Solanaceae) leaves revisited. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.103990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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37
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Fatur K. Sagas of the Solanaceae: Speculative ethnobotanical perspectives on the Norse berserkers. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 244:112151. [PMID: 31404578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Norse berserkers were wild warriors of Scandinavia known to enter a trance-like state that allowed them to fight with increased strength and a rage that granted them immunity to many forms of harm in battle. Though many theories have been advanced as to the cause of this state, the most widely believed is that the intoxicating mushroom Amanita muscaria was used. AIM OF THE STUDY The following article underlines the issues with this theory and provides an alternate intoxicant that fits with the reports of berserker behaviour much better: Hyoscyamus niger. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature from a variety of disciplines pertaining to history, toxicology, pharmacology, and botany was compiled to frame and support the argument. RESULTS H. niger proved to be a more likely intoxicant used to induce the berserker rage state. CONCLUSIONS With its anticholinergic tropane alkaloids and symptom profile, H. niger is a much more likely cause of the berserker state than A muscaria. Though there is not enough archaeological and historical evidence to prove or disprove this theory, it provides a novel explanation that is at present the most viable means of understanding the berserkers' trance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Fatur
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, 32 Tržaška Cesta, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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38
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A sensitive UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of tropane alkaloids in herbal teas and extracts. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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39
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Marín-Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Effect of tea making and boiling processes on the degradation of tropane alkaloids in tea and pasta samples contaminated with Solanaceae seeds and coca leaf. Food Chem 2019; 287:265-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Marín-Sáez J, Romero-González R, Garrido Frenich A. Reliable determination of tropane alkaloids in cereal based baby foods coupling on-line spe to mass spectrometry avoiding chromatographic step. Food Chem 2019; 275:746-753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Zheng W, Yoo KH, Choi JM, Park DH, Kim SK, Kang YS, Abd El-Aty AM, Hacımüftüoğlu A, Jeong JH, Bekhit AED, Shim JH, Shin HC. A modified QuEChERS method coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous detection and quantification of scopolamine, L-hyoscyamine, and sparteine residues in animal-derived food products. J Adv Res 2018; 15:95-102. [PMID: 30581617 PMCID: PMC6300569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (CEN QuEChERS) extraction method coupled with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI+/MS-MS) to identify and quantify residues of three botanical alkaloids, namely, scopolamine, L-hyoscyamine, and sparteine, in animal-derived foods, including porcine muscle, egg, and milk. A combination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium buffer and acetonitrile acidified with 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid was used as an extraction solvent, whereas QuEChERS (CEN, 15662) kits and sorbents were applied for cleanup procedures. The proposed method was validated by determining the limits of quantification (LOQs), with values of 1-5 µg/kg achieved for the target analytes in various matrices. Linearity was estimated from matrix-matched calibration curves constructed using six concentration levels ranging from 1- to 6-fold increases in the LOQs of each analyte, and the correlation coefficients (R2 ) were ≥0.9869. Recoveries (at three concentration levels of 1-, 2-, and 3-fold increases in the LOQ) of 73-104% were achieved with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤7.7% (intra-day and inter-day precision). Ten types of each matrix procured from large markets were evaluated, and all tested samples showed negative results. The current protocol is simple and versatile and can be used for routine detection of plant alkaloids in animal food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Zheng
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Choi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hee Park
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Kang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Hacımüftüoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 221, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Alaa El-Din Bekhit
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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Both EB, Moreno-González D, García-Reyes JF, Dernovics M. Monitoring the degradation of atropine and scopolamine in soil after spiking with naturally contaminated organic millet. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1088-1092. [PMID: 29996405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The spread of Datura sp. in European countries influences crop management and implies continuous food safety issues because of tropane alkaloids, atropine and scopolamine, the most relevant natural toxic compounds of this weed. These alkaloids can contaminate cereals to such a level that hampers food/feed related use and diverts batches of contaminated raw materials towards ultimate disposal such as burning. As no unambiguous information has been available on the fate of tropane alkaloids in soils, our study focused on the quantification and follow-up of these toxic residues in a soil experiment where the tropane alkaloids were mixed to the soil in the form of naturally contaminated unhulled millet in 1:40 millet:soil ratio - this approach provides a more realistic scenario compared to standard solution based spiking. To achieve accurate results, soil and millet extraction processes have been validated and a liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry set-up was addressed to provide selective and quantitative analysis. The initial concentration of atropine (75ngg-1) and scopolamine (47ngg-1) in the soil decreased with >90% in 15days and reached a high level of elimination (>97%) in 29days. This observation opens an option for the use of tropane contaminated millet or millet waste other than burning, as these toxic alkaloids can be significantly degraded in the soil system. On the other hand, the persistence of intact tropane alkaloids in soils might be questioned to the extent that calls the attention to the (re)assignment of their supposed allelopathic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Borbála Both
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Villányi út 29-43, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Moreno-González
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Mihály Dernovics
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Villányi út 29-43, 1118 Budapest, Hungary.
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43
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Simultaneous analysis of tropane alkaloids in teas and herbal teas by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap). J Sep Sci 2018; 41:1938-1946. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Are tropane alkaloids present in organic foods? Detection of scopolamine and atropine in organic buckwheat (Fagopyron esculentum L.) products by UHPLC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2018; 239:141-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Multi-analysis determination of tropane alkaloids in cereals and solanaceaes seeds by liquid chromatography coupled to single stage Exactive-Orbitrap. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1518:46-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Chan TYK. Worldwide Occurrence and Investigations of Contamination of Herbal Medicines by Tropane Alkaloids. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090284. [PMID: 28914776 PMCID: PMC5618217 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids occur mainly in Solanaceae plants. In the present review, the main objective is to describe the worldwide occurrence and investigations of anticholinergic poisoning due to the contamination of herbal teas and herbs by tropane alkaloids. Tropane alkaloid poisoning can occur after consumption of any medicinal plant if Solanaceae plants or plant parts are present as contaminants. Globally, almost all reports in 1978–2014 involve herbal teas and one of the prescribed herbs in composite formulae. Contamination most likely occurs during harvest or processing. As for prescribed herbs, on-site inspection is necessary to exclude cross-contamination and accidental mix-up at the retail level. The diagnosis is confirmed by screening for the presence of Solanaceae species and tropane alkaloids. Herbal teas and herbs contaminated by tropane alkaloids can pose a serious health hazard because these relatively heat-stable alkaloids may exist in large quantities. The WHO repeatedly emphasises the importance of good agricultural and collection practices for medicinal plants. DNA barcoding is increasingly used to exclude the presence of contaminants (particularly toxic species) and product substitution. All suspected cases should be reported to health authorities so that investigations along the supply chain and early intervention measures to protect the public can be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Y K Chan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug and Poisons Information Bureau, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
- Prince of Wales Hospital Poison Treatment Centre, Hong Kong, China.
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Kokotkiewicz A, Migas P, Stefanowicz J, Luczkiewicz M, Krauze-Baranowska M. Densitometric TLC analysis for the control of tropane and steroidal alkaloids in Lycium barbarum. Food Chem 2017; 221:535-540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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48
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Simultaneous determination of atropine and scopolamine in buckwheat and related products using modified QuEChERS and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2017; 218:173-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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49
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de Nijs M, Noordam M, Mol H. Short inventory of EU legislation on plant toxins in food. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2016.0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. de Nijs
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M.Y. Noordam
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - H.G.J. Mol
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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50
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Mulder PP, de Nijs M, Castellari M, Hortos M, MacDonald S, Crews C, Hajslova J, Stranska M. Occurrence of tropane alkaloids in food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Massimo Castellari
- Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA) Spain
| | - Maria Hortos
- Institute for Research and Technology in Food and Agriculture (IRTA) Spain
| | | | | | - Jana Hajslova
- University of Chemistry and Technology (UCT) Czech Republic
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