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Arimboor R, Gopalan V, M SC, Bhaskaranpillai RA. Development and validation of extraction and clean-up procedures for UPLC-MS/MS analysis of aflatoxins in spices. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00546-1. [PMID: 38990417 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
UPLC-MS/MS analytical conditions for the analysis of aflatoxins in spices were optimized and validated in this study. Liquid-liquid partition-based protocols for the cleaning up of extracts using common organic solvents such as acetonitrile, hexane, and ethyl acetate were developed and validated. The developed liquid-liquid partition methods were compared with immuno-affinity column and QuEChERS clean-up methods for the UPLC-MS/MS analysis of aflatoxins in 8 spices. The reduction of lipophilic components using the partition with hexane is particularly useful in spices like red pepper that have higher levels of fatty acids, carotenoids, sterols, triterpenoids, etc. The subsequent partitioning with ethyl acetate considerably reduced the matrix interference from the polar components and increased the sensitivity. The cleaning up of spice extracts using liquid-liquid partition techniques resulted in limits of quantification (LOQ) of 2-5 µgL-1 in UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Trueness, repeatability, and reproducibility of the methods were in acceptable ranges. The accuracy of the developed methods was further verified by analyzing aflatoxins in naturally incurred samples of spices and comparing the results with those obtained from the immuno-affinity column cleanup-HPLC-FD method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Arimboor
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Chennai, 601201, India.
| | - Venugopal Gopalan
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Chennai, 601201, India
| | - Srilatha C M
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, Suganda Bhavan, Palarivattom, Cochin, 682025, India
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2
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Rodríguez-Cañás I, González-Jartín JM, Alfonso A, Alvariño R, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Application of a multi-toxin detect method to analyze mycotoxins occurrence in plant-based beverages. Food Chem 2024; 434:137427. [PMID: 37708575 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plant-based beverages have gained popularity on the market due to environmental and ethical concerns, as well as milk intolerances and allergies. However, raw materials employed in the manufacture of these products are susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. For this reason, a new method based on a QuEChERS extraction procedure followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection was developed for the analysis of 29 mycotoxins in oat, rice, soy, and almond beverages. The method was validated in terms of linearity, detection and quantification limits, matrix effect, recoveries, accuracy and precision. Satisfactory performance characteristics were achieved, with recoveries above 70% for most mycotoxins. Several commercial samples were analyzed, aflatoxins were frequently detected in rice and almond beverages, while T-2 and HT-2 toxins were identified in oat-based products. In addition, emerging mycotoxins such as enniatins and beauvericin were detected in the four types of beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Rodríguez-Cañás
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jesús M González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, IDIS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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3
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Bates J, Bahadoor A, Tittlemier SA, Melanson JE. Comparison of calibration strategies for accurate quantitation by isotope dilution mass spectrometry: a case study of ochratoxin A in flour. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:487-496. [PMID: 38047937 PMCID: PMC10761375 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of low-level organic contaminants in complex matrices is essential for monitoring global food safety. However, balancing sample throughput with complex experimental designs and/or sample clean-up to best reduce matrix effects is a constant challenge. Multiple strategies exist to mitigate these effects, with internal standard-based methods such as isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) being the most advantageous. Here, multiple internal calibration strategies were investigated for the quantification of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wheat samples by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Internal standard-based quantitation methods such as single (ID1MS), double (ID2MS), and quintuple (ID5MS) isotope dilution mass spectrometry, as well as external standard calibration, were explored and compared. A certified reference material (CRM) of OTA in flour, MYCO-1, was used to evaluate the accuracy of each method. External calibration generated results 18-38% lower than the certified value for MYCO-1, largely due to matrix suppression effects. Concurrently, consistently lower OTA mass fractions were obtained for the wheat samples upon quantitation by external calibration as opposed to ID1MS, ID2MS, and ID5MS. All isotope dilution methods produced results that fell within the expected range for MYCO-1 (3.17-4.93 µg/kg), validating their accuracy. However, an average 6% decrease in the OTA mass fraction was observed from results obtained by ID1MS compared to those by ID2MS and ID5MS. Upon scrutiny, these differences were attributed to an isotopic enrichment bias in the isotopically labelled internal standard [13C6]-OTA that was used for ID1MS, the OTAL-1 CRM. The advantages and limitations of each isotopic method are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bates
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Adilah Bahadoor
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Sheryl A Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
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Phungsiangdee Y, Chaothong P, Karnpanit W, Tanaviyutpakdee P. Validation of UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Method for Determining Steviol Glycoside and Its Derivatives in Foods and Beverages. Foods 2023; 12:3941. [PMID: 37959060 PMCID: PMC10647612 DOI: 10.3390/foods12213941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate a method for determining nine types of steviol glycoside and its derivatives in food and beverage products, using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC ESI MS/MS). The performance characteristics of the analysis method were determined along with their suitability for the intended use. Coefficient of determination (R2) calibration curves from 0.2 to 1.0 mg L-1 were in the ranges of 0.9911-0.9990, 0.9939-1.0000 and 0.9973-0.9999 for a beverage, yogurt and snack, respectively. Intra-day precisions in terms of percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) of concentration, at 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1, for the beverage, yogurt and snack were lower than 15% (1.1-9.3%). At all concentrations, percentage recoveries were in the accepted range of 70-120%. For the matrix effect study, matrix-matched calibration was used for all compounds, obtaining a linear concentration range from 0.2 mg L-1 to 1.0 mg L-1. Almost all matrix-matched results presented as percentage recoveries were within the accepted range of 80-120%. The limit of detection (LOD) for steviol glycosides ranged from 0.003 to 0.078 μg g-1, while the limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.011 to 0.261 μg g-1. These results indicate that the modified test method can be applied to determine the presence of steviol glycoside and its derivatives in a wide range of sample matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yollada Phungsiangdee
- Master of Science Program in Toxicology and Nutrition for Food Safety, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Pimpuk Chaothong
- Food Toxicology Unit, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand;
| | - Weeraya Karnpanit
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia;
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Liang SH, York JL, Konschnik JD, Majer H, Steimling JA. Simultaneous Determination of Alternaria Toxins, Ergot Alkaloid Epimers, and Other Major Mycotoxins in Various Food Matrixes by LC-MS/MS. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:333-340. [PMID: 36331343 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various food commodities are vulnerable to different types of fungal pathogens and could be contaminated with differential classes of mycotoxins as a result. It is ideal to implement a generic method for the simultaneous determination of multi-mycotoxins in different food matrixes or agricultural products. OBJECTIVE In this study, a simplified sample preparation procedure and a reliable LC-MS/MS analytical method were developed for the comprehensive measurement of 37 regulated and emerging mycotoxins including five Alternaria toxins (ATs) and six major ergot alkaloids (EAs) and their corresponding epimers. Four different food commodities (baby wheat cereal, peanut, tomato puree, and blended flour) were chosen for method validation to demonstrate the applicability of this analytical method across a wide range of food types. METHODS Sample extraction was performed using a formic acid-acidified acetonitrile-water (4 + 1, v/v) solution followed by extract dry-down and reconstitution in a water-methanol (1 + 1, v/v) solution for analysis on a biphenyl LC column. Chromatographic analysis was performed using regular acidic LC conditions for baseline separation of ergot alkaloid epimers and completed with a short 11 min cycle time. RESULTS Accurate quantification was achieved using matrix-matched calibration standards in the range of 0.4 to 400 µg/kg. The recoveries of all mycotoxins (except citrinin) in fortified samples were from 70 to 120%, and the RSD was less than 20%. CONCLUSION The established workflow was simple and fast for multi-mycotoxin determination in a wide variety of food commodities with LOQs needed to meet the regulatory levels. HIGHLIGHTS The developed method provided the unique benefit of simultaneous analysis of Alternaria toxins (ATs) and ergot alkaloids (EAs) together with other major regulated mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Hsin Liang
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Jamie L York
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | | | - Hansjoerg Majer
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
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Current Developments of Analytical Methodologies for Aflatoxins' Determination in Food during the Last Decade (2013-2022), with a Particular Focus on Nuts and Nut Products. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030527. [PMID: 36766055 PMCID: PMC9914313 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide a clear overview of the most important analytical development in aflatoxins analysis during the last decade (2013-2022) with a particular focus on nuts and nuts-related products. Aflatoxins (AFs), a group of mycotoxins produced mainly by certain strains of the genus Aspergillus fungi, are known to impose a serious threat to human health. Indeed, AFs are considered carcinogenic to humans, group 1, by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Since these toxins can be found in different food commodities, food control organizations worldwide impose maximum levels of AFs for commodities affected by this threat. Thus, they represent a cumbersome issue in terms of quality control, analytical result reliability, and economical losses. It is, therefore, mandatory for food industries to perform analysis on potentially contaminated commodities before the trade. A full perspective of the whole analytical workflow, considering each crucial step during AFs investigation, namely sampling, sample preparation, separation, and detection, will be presented to the reader, focusing on the main challenges related to the topic. A discussion will be primarily held regarding sample preparation methodologies such as partitioning, solid phase extraction (SPE), and immunoaffinity (IA) related methods. This will be followed by an overview of the leading analytical techniques for the detection of aflatoxins, in particular liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to a fluorescence detector (FLD) and/or mass spectrometry (MS). Moreover, the focus on the analytical procedure will not be specific only to traditional methodologies, such as LC, but also to new direct approaches based on imaging and the ability to detect AFs, reducing the need for sample preparation and separative techniques.
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Rimayi C, Park JH. Adjustment of Matrix Effects in Analysis of 36 Secondary Metabolites of Microbial and Plant Origin in Indoor Floor Dust Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. BUILDINGS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:10.3390/buildings13051112. [PMID: 38650616 PMCID: PMC11034732 DOI: 10.3390/buildings13051112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to microbial agents in water-damaged buildings is a major public health concern. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become a primary tool for testing environmental samples for microbial secondary metabolites (SMs); however, matrix effects can lead to inaccurate results in exposure assessment. Applying a universal internal standard (ISTD) and a matrix-matched calibration can adjust for matrix effects, as shown by our previous study. However, there are only few isotope-labeled internal standards for SMs available on the market. In this study, we determined the best-performing ISTDs among ten candidates (nine 13C-labeled isotopes and one unlabeled analogue) for each of 36 SMs. We analyzed school floor dust spiked with the 36 SMs to identify the best-performing ISTDs (initial experiment) and examined reproducibility with the selected ISTDs and the same spiked dust (validation 1). We also tested applicability for the selected ISTDs using spiked dust collected from different schools (validation 2). The three experiments showed that 26, 17, and 19 SMs had recoveries within the range 100 ± 40%. 13C-ochratoxin A and 13C-citrinin were most frequently selected as the best ISTDs for the 36 SMs, followed by deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, 13C-sterigmatocystin, and 13C-deoxynivalenol. Our study shows that using the identified, best-performing analogous ISTDs for those metabolites may improve testing accuracy for indoor dust and help better estimate exposure effects on potential health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ju-Hyeong Park
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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8
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Na TW, Seo HJ, Jang SN, Kim H, Yun H, Kim H, Ahn J, Cho H, Hong SH, Kim HJ, Lee SH. Multi-residue analytical method for detecting pesticides, veterinary drugs, and mycotoxins in feed using liquid- and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides represents a risk to human health. Consequently, legal frameworks have been established to ensure food safety, including control programs for pesticide residues. In this context, the performance of analytical methods acquires special relevance. Such methods are expected to be able to determine the largest number of compounds at trace concentration levels in complex food matrices, which represents a great analytical challenge. Technical advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have led to the development of more efficient analytical methods for the determination of pesticides. This review provides an overview of current analytical strategies applied in pesticide analysis, with a special focus on MS methods. Current targeted MS methods allow the simultaneous determination of hundreds of pesticides, whereas non-targeted MS methods are now applicable to the identification of pesticide metabolites and transformation products. New trends in pesticide analysis are also presented, including approaches for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues and other food contaminants (i.e., mega-methods), or the recent application of techniques such as ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM–MS) for this purpose.
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10
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Kenngott KGJ, Albert J, Meyer-Wolfarth F, Schaumann GE, Muñoz K. Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize Field Soils: Method Validation and Implications for Sampling Strategy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:130. [PMID: 35202157 PMCID: PMC8875666 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While mycotoxins are generally regarded as food contamination issues, there is growing interest in mycotoxins as environmental pollutants. The main sources of trichothecene and zearalenone mycotoxins in the environment are mainly attributed to Fusarium infested fields, where mycotoxins can wash off in infested plants or harvest residues. Subsequently, mycotoxins inevitably enter the soil. In this context, investigations into the effects, fate, and transport are still needed. However, there is a lack of analytical methods used to determine Fusarium toxins in soil matrices. We aimed to validate an analytical method capable of determining the toxins nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), and zearalenone (ZEN), at environmentally relevant concentrations, in five contrasting agricultural soils. Soils were spiked at three levels (3, 9 and 15 ng g-1), extracted by solid-liquid extraction assisted with ultrasonication, using a generic solvent composition of acetonitrile:water 84:16 (v:v) and measured by LC-HRMS. Method validation was successful for NIV, DON, and 15-AcDON with mean recoveries > 93% and RSDr < 10%. ZEN failed the validation criteria. The validated method was applied to eight conventionally managed maize field soils during harvest season, to provide a first insight into DON, NIV, and 15-AcDON levels. Mycotoxins were present in two out of eight sampled maize fields. Soil mycotoxin concentrations ranged from 0.53 to 19.4 ng g-1 and 0.8 to 2.2 ng g-1 for DON and NIV, respectively. Additionally, we found indication that "hot-spot" concentrations were restricted to small scales (<5 cm) with implications for field scale soil monitoring strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian G. J. Kenngott
- Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; (K.G.J.K.); (J.A.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Julius Albert
- Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; (K.G.J.K.); (J.A.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Friederike Meyer-Wolfarth
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Messeweg 11/12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Gabriele E. Schaumann
- Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; (K.G.J.K.); (J.A.); (G.E.S.)
| | - Katherine Muñoz
- Group of Organic and Ecological Chemistry, Institute for Environmental Sciences (iES) Landau, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
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Cherewyk J, Grusie-Ogilvie T, Blakley B, Al-Dissi A. Validation of a New Sensitive Method for the Detection and Quantification of R and S-Epimers of Ergot Alkaloids in Canadian Spring Wheat Utilizing Deuterated Lysergic Acid Diethylamide as an Internal Standard. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:22. [PMID: 35050999 PMCID: PMC8778827 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot sclerotia effect cereal crops intended for consumption. Ergot alkaloids within ergot sclerotia are assessed to ensure contamination is below safety standards established for human and animal health. Ergot alkaloids exist in two configurations, the R and S-epimers. It is important to quantify both configurations. The objective of this study was to validate a new ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for quantification of six R and six S-epimers of ergot alkaloids in hard red spring wheat utilizing deuterated lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-D3) as an internal standard. Validation parameters such as linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effects, recovery and precision were investigated. For the 12 epimers analyzed, low LOD and LOQ values were observed, allowing for the sensitive detection of ergot epimers. Matrix effects ranged between 101-113% in a representative wheat matrix. Recovery was 68.3-119.1% with an inter-day precision of <24% relative standard deviation (RSD). The validation parameters conform with previous studies and exhibit differences between the R and S-epimers which has been rarely documented. This new sensitive method allows for the use of a new internal standard and can be incorporated and applied to research or diagnostic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jensen Cherewyk
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | | | - Barry Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
| | - Ahmad Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada;
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12
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Seo H, Jang S, Jo H, Kim H, Lee S, Yun H, Jeong M, Moon J, Na T, Cho H. Optimization of the QuEChERS-Based Analytical Method for Investigation of 11 Mycotoxin Residues in Feed Ingredients and Compound Feeds. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110767. [PMID: 34822551 PMCID: PMC8618524 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances naturally produced by various fungi, and these compounds not only inflict economic damage, but also pose risks to human and animal health. The goal of the present study was to optimize the QuEChERS-based extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the analysis of 11 mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly found in feed. The QuEChERS method, characterized by being “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe”, has become one of the most common extractions and clean-up procedures for mycotoxin analyses in food. Therefore, in this experiment, an optimal method for the analysis of 11 mycotoxins in feed was established by modifying the general QuEChERS method. In this process, it was confirmed that even if feed samples of different weights were extracted, the quantitative value of mycotoxins in the feed was not affected. To reduce matrix effects, 13C-labeled compounds and deuterium were used as internal standards. This optimized method was then applied in the determination of 11 mycotoxins in 736 feed ingredients and compound feeds obtained from South Korea. The results showed that the occurrence rates of FBs, ZEN, and DON were 59.4%, 38.0%, and 32.1%, respectively, and OTA, AFs, and T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin were found in fewer than 1% of the 736 feeds. The mean concentration ranges of FBs, ZEN, and DON were 757–2387, 44–4552, and 248–9680 μg/kg, respectively. Among the samples in which DON and ZEN were detected, 10 and 12 samples exceeded the management recommendation standards presented by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA). However, when the detected concentrations of DON and ZEN were compared with guideline levels in foreign countries, such as the US, Japan, China, and the EU, the number of positive samples changed. In addition, the co-occurrence of mycotoxins in the feed was analyzed, and the results showed that 43.8% of the samples were contaminated with two or three mycotoxins, among which the co-occurrence rate of FBs, ZEN, and DON was the highest. In conclusion, these results suggest the need for stricter management standards for FBs, DON, and ZEN in South Korea, and emphasize the importance of the continuous monitoring of feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungju Seo
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Sunyeong Jang
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Hyeongwook Jo
- Hansalim Agro-Food Analysis Center, Hankyong National University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Suwon 16500, Korea; (H.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Haejin Kim
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Seunghwa Lee
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Hyejeong Yun
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Minhee Jeong
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
| | - Joonkwan Moon
- Hansalim Agro-Food Analysis Center, Hankyong National University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Suwon 16500, Korea; (H.J.); (J.M.)
| | - Taewoong Na
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-54-429-7813 (T.N.); +82-54-429-7810 (H.C.)
| | - Hyunjeong Cho
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, 141, Yongjeon-ro, Gimcheon-si 39660, Korea; (H.S.); (S.J.); (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.Y.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (H.C.); Tel.: +82-54-429-7813 (T.N.); +82-54-429-7810 (H.C.)
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13
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Nasiri A, Jahani R, Mokhtari S, Yazdanpanah H, Daraei B, Faizi M, Kobarfard F. Overview, consequences, and strategies for overcoming matrix effects in LC-MS analysis: a critical review. Analyst 2021; 146:6049-6063. [PMID: 34546235 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01047f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique is widely applied to routine analysis in many matrices. Despite the enormous application of LC/MS, this technique is subjected to drawbacks called matrix effects (MEs) that could lead to ion suppression or ion enhancement. This phenomenon can exert a deleterious impact on the ionization efficacy of an analyte and subsequently on the important method performance parameters. LC-MS susceptibility to MEs is the main challenge of this technique in the analysis of complex matrices such as biological and food samples. Nowadays, the assessment, estimation, and overcoming of the MEs before developing a method is mandatory in any analysis. Two main approaches including the post-column infusion and post-extraction spike are proposed to determine the degree of MEs. Different strategies can be adopted to reduce or eliminate MEs depending on the complexity of the matrix. This could be done by improving extraction and clean-up methods, changing the type of ionization employed, optimization of liquid chromatography conditions, and using corrective calibration methods. This review article will provide an overview of the MEs as the Achilles heel of the LC-MS technique, the causes of ME occurrence, their consequences, and systemic approaches towards overcoming MEs during LC-MS-based multi-analyte procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Nasiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Jahani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaya Mokhtari
- Central Research Laboratories, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yazdanpanah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Central Research Laboratories, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Uribe C, Cosio E. Combination of single-point standard addition calibration and natural internal standardization for quantification of terpenes in Pisco samples. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Pitarch-Motellón J, Bijlsma L, Sancho Llopis JV, Roig-Navarro AF. Isotope pattern deconvolution as a successful alternative to calibration curve for application in wastewater-based epidemiology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3433-3442. [PMID: 33730202 PMCID: PMC7966919 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD) quantification method has been applied for the determination of five substances (amphetamine, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, methamphetamine and MDMA) in wastewater for the application in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). A previously validated method that used a calibration curve for quantification was modified to apply IPD. The two approaches were compared in terms of analytical uncertainty in recovery studies of quality control samples, i.e. six wastewater samples from different geographical origins spiked at two concentration levels. Both methods were reliable as they passed (z-score < 2) in an interlaboratory exercise. After 60 individual determinations, IPD provided 11 results outside recovery limits (70-120%) while the previous method produced 31 adverse results. All mean values for IPD were accurate whereas 6 out of 10 results showed RSD values higher than 30% or recoveries outside limits when using the former method. Moreover, the calculated method bias for the latter doubles that of IPD, which, in turn, makes the combined uncertainty (u(c)) much higher. Consequently, a simple change of data treatment-IPD quantification methodology-resulted in a lower uncertainty of the estimated illicit drug concentration, one of the main steps contributing to the final uncertainty in the normalized daily drug consumption through WBE. The current study demonstrated that the employment of IPD can also be very interesting for future applications of WBE, especially when matrix effects are high, complicating accurate quantification. In addition, when a high number of samples and/or compounds need to be analysed, IPD is faster than calibration and, eventually, cost-effective when isotopically labelled internal standard is highly expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pitarch-Motellón
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Juan Vicente Sancho Llopis
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - Antoni F Roig-Navarro
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071, Castelló, Spain.
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16
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Pantano L, La Scala L, Olibrio F, Galluzzo FG, Bongiorno C, Buscemi MD, Macaluso A, Vella A. QuEChERS LC-MS/MS Screening Method for Mycotoxin Detection in Cereal Products and Spices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3774. [PMID: 33916634 PMCID: PMC8038554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a screening method for mycotoxin analysis in cereal products and spices. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis. Dispersive solid-phase extractions (d-SPEs) were used for the extraction of samples. Ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), aflatoxins (AFLA; AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FUMO; FB1, FB2, FB3), T2, and HT2 were validated in maize. AFLA and DON were validated in black pepper. The method satisfies the requirements of Commission Regulation (EC) no. 401/2006 and (EC) no. 1881/2006. The screening target concentration (STC) was under maximum permitted levels (MLs) for all mycotoxins validated. The method's performance was assessed by two different proficiencies and tested with 100 real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licia Pantano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Ladislao La Scala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesco Olibrio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Francesco Giuseppe Galluzzo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bongiorno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Maria Drussilla Buscemi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Macaluso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Antonio Vella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (L.P.); (L.L.S.); (F.O.); (C.B.); (M.D.B.); (A.M.); (A.V.)
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17
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Current role of modern chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of mycotoxins in food. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Lago LO, Nievierowski TH, Mallmann LP, Rodrigues E, Welke JE. QuEChERS-LC-QTOFMS for the simultaneous determination of legislated and emerging mycotoxins in malted barley and beer using matrix-matched calibration as a solution to the commercial unavailability of internal standards for some mycotoxins. Food Chem 2020; 345:128744. [PMID: 33333360 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The combination of QuEChERS-LC-QTOFMS and matrix-matched calibration (MMC) to simultaneously determinate legislated and emerging mycotoxins in malt and beer was evaluated for the first time. The method performance was satisfactory displaying suitable linearity (R2 >0.99) and recovery (71-102%). The lowest values (in μg kg-1) of LOD (0.01) and LOQ (0.05) were found for enniatins, while the highest LOD (15) and LOQ (50) were reported for fumonisin B1. Precision and sensitivity (RSD <10%) were in accordance with the different guidelines of method validation. MMC was important to avoid inaccurate quantification of all mycotoxins due to signal enhancement or suppression. Another advantage was the enhanced throughput, requiring 1.2 min of analysis per analyte. The detection of legislated (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, zearalanone, T-2 and HT-2 toxin) and emerging mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin and sterigmatocystin) allowed verifying compliance with legislation and generating data to support the establishment of limits for emerging mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira Lago
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Tássia Henrique Nievierowski
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Luana Peixoto Mallmann
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Elisa Welke
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil.
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19
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Ouakhssase A, Ait Addi E. Mycotoxins in food: a review on liquid chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry and their experimental designs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:2606-2626. [PMID: 33287555 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1856034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of a multi-mycotoxins method using LC-MS/MS is necessary and it is clear that the development of such method involves many compromises in the choice of the different parameters. This review summarizes applications using conventional experimental designs and some recent studies using response surface methodology (RSM) as a mathematical modeling tool for the optimization of extraction procedures. The authors also discuss pros and cons of the different procedures. To our knowledge, it is the first review on experimental design for the development of multi-mycotoxin methods. This review could be useful in the development and optimization of LC-MS/MS methods with the aim of describing experimental design and variables (factors) that are likely to affect sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Ouakhssase
- Research group: Génie des procédés et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Elhabib Ait Addi
- Research group: Génie des procédés et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Supérieure de Technologie d'Agadir, Université Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco
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20
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Kaufmann A, Butcher P, Maden K, Walker S, Widmer M. Optimized multimatrix calibration concept for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based bioanalysis methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1159:122393. [PMID: 33137679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a calibration procedure for LC/MS-based bioanalysis methods, termed "A/B fortification", is proposed. The concept relies on the post-extraction fortification (B-spike) of an aliquot of the injection-ready sample extract for the determination and compensation of specific signal suppression or enhancement effects compared to matrix-free extract prepared in buffer or mobile phase. Conventional analyte recovery, observed due to the incomplete extraction of analytes from the sample or losses during a cleanup, is determined by the conventional pre-extraction fortification (A-spike) of a blank sample that belongs to the same type of matrix as the sample with the unknown analyte concentration. This approach permits a higher throughput than conventional sample fortification strategies. The results obtained by utilizing the A/B fortification concept were extensively compared against conventional methods (representative bank matrix fortification, sample fortification and internal standard). The proposed concept (based on the pre-fortification of a reference matrix and post-fortification of the sample) was found to be significantly less biased than internal standard-based techniques. The A/B fortification indicated a better accuracy than the sample fortification or representative blank matrix fortification approach and, most importantly, produced significantly fewer outliers. This was linked to the fact that in the case of the A/B fortification, the uncertainty of the subtraction of two peak areas (fortified minus unfortified sample) is reduced, because fortifications are not made prior to the extraction step but are made into the final injection-ready sample extract. Fortification into an injection-ready aliquot eliminates all sample processing-related differences (procedural errors), which can affect conventional sample fortification-based quantifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaufmann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - P Butcher
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K Maden
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Walker
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Widmer
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Bogdanova E, Pugajeva I, Reinholds I, Bartkevics V. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry method for simultaneous monitoring of 70 regulated and emerging mycotoxins in Pu-erh tea. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461145. [PMID: 32381303 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Iveta Pugajeva
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ingars Reinholds
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, Riga, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment, Riga, Latvia; University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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22
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Kiseleva M, Chalyy Z, Sedova I, Aksenov I. Stability of Mycotoxins in Individual Stock and Multi-Analyte Standard Solutions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E94. [PMID: 32019119 PMCID: PMC7076964 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard solutions of mycotoxins prepared in RP HPLC solvents from neat standards are usually used for analytical method development. Multi-mycotoxin HPLC-MS/MS methods necessitate stability estimation for the wide spectrum of fungal metabolites. The stability of individual diluted stock standard solutions of mycotoxins in RP-HPLC solvents and multi-analyte HPLC-MS/MS calibrants was evaluated under standard storage and analysis conditions. Individual stock standard solutions of aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, A- and B-trichothecenes, zearalenone and its analogues, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, Alternaria toxins, enniatins and beauvericin, moniliformin, citrinin, mycophenolic, cyclopiazonic acids and citreoviridin were prepared in RP-HPLC solvents and stored at -18 °C for 14 months. UV-spectroscopy was utilized to monitor the stability of analytes, excluding fumonisins. The gradual degradation of α-, β-zearalenol and α-, β-zearalanol in acetonitrile was detected. Aflatoxins and sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, Alternaria toxins, enniatins and beauvericin, citrinin, mycophenolic, cyclopiazonic acids and citreoviridin can be referred to as stable. The concentration of the majority of trichothecenes should be monitored. Diluted multi-mycotoxin standard in water/methanol (50/50 v/v) solutions acidified with 0.1% formic acid proved to be stable in silanized glass at 23 °C exposed to light for at least 75 h (CV≤10%). An unexpected manifestation of MS/MS signal suppression/enhancement was discovered in the course of multi-mycotoxin standard solution stability evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Kiseleva
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, Ust’inskiy pr., 2/14, 109240 Moscow, Russian; (Z.C.); (I.S.); (I.A.)
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23
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Jiménez Medina ML, Lafarga T, Garrido Frenich A, Romero-González R. Natural Occurrence, Legislation, and Determination of Aflatoxins Using Chromatographic Methods in Food: A Review (from 2010 to 2019). FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1701009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Jiménez Medina
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Tomas Lafarga
- Processed Fruits & Vegetables, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), XaRTA-Postharvest, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Research Group “Analytical Chemistry of Contaminants”, Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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24
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Pitarch-Motellón J, Roig-Navarro AF, Le Goff C, Cavalier E, Fabregat-Cabello N. Re-certification of hydroxyvitamin D standards by isotope pattern deconvolution. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:89-94. [PMID: 31071583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D testing in analytical clinical laboratories has been experiencing a rapid increase of demand over the last years, as it plays a key role in several disorders. Due to the narrow ranges of medical significance regarding its concentration levels in human serum, accurate and precise determinations of vitamin D metabolites are required. METHODS We present an isotope dilution mass spectrometry quantification method for the re-certification of routine commercial standards used in method validation steps, isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD) based on LC-MS/MS. RESULTS IPD allowed to compensate for the observed biases of +4.7% for 25(OH)D3, -29% for 25(OH)D2 and -30% for 24,25(OH)2D3 standard concentrations, respectively in an easy, cheap and straightforward way. CONCLUSIONS Is has been observed that, in some cases, discrepancies may exist between stated purity or amount of routinely used commercial standards and actual values, which would lead to unwanted bias in the developed methodologies. The present correction has helped meeting the regulations established by international standardization programs, including Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pitarch-Motellón
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - A F Roig-Navarro
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - C Le Goff
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - E Cavalier
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - N Fabregat-Cabello
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium.
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25
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Ciasca B, Pascale M, Altieri VG, Longobardi F, Suman M, Catellani D, Lattanzio VMT. In-house validation and small-scale collaborative study to evaluate analytical performances of multimycotoxin screening methods based on liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry: Case study on Fusarium toxins in wheat. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:743-752. [PMID: 29677705 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A strong trend toward using highly selective mass spectrometry technologies for screening of multiple mycotoxins has been observed in recent years. In the present study, the process of validation of a multimycotoxin screening method based on liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method is presented. The method was intended for the simultaneous screening of the major Fusarium toxins (deoxynivalenol, 3- and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone, enniatins A, A1, B, and B1, and beauvericin) in wheat. The sample preparation protocol was based on a double extraction (methanol followed by acetonitrile/water mixture) and purification through solid-phase extraction C18 column. To provide insights for full exploitation of the potential of the double-stage high-resolution mass spectrometry detection, a full-scan acquisition event followed by a sequence of 5 fragmentation events (variable data-independent acquisition) was set for mycotoxin detection, the latter to be exploited for confirmatory purposes. Method analytical performances were evaluated through in-house validation and small-scale interlaboratory study, designed according to Commission Regulation 519/2014/EU, setting performance requirements for screening methods for mycotoxins. Screening target concentrations were close to European Union maximum permitted or indicative levels. The in-house validation provided the precision of the response under repeatability conditions and the intermediate precision (both resulting lower than 30%), the cutoff value, and the rate of false suspect results for negative (free of the mycotoxin of interest) samples, which resulted lower than 0.1% in all cases. The collaborative study provided reproducibility and laboratory independent cutoff values. Analysis of reference materials proved method trueness and suitability for screening of the major Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat. Finally, the applicability of the full-scan/variable data-independent acquisition detection approach was successfully tested on a set of naturally contaminated wheat samples, where 2 characteristic product ions could be detected for all identified mycotoxins even at levels in the low μg/kg range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biancamaria Ciasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Pascale
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Suman
- Barilla SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Dante Catellani
- Barilla SpA, Advanced Laboratory Research, via Mantova 166, 43122, Parma, Italy
| | - Veronica M T Lattanzio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy, Bari, Italy
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Huang P, Kong W, Wang S, Wang R, Lu J, Yang M. Multiclass mycotoxins in lotus seeds analysed by an isotope-labelled internal standard-based UPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:1378-1388. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to explore the residue levels of multiclass mycotoxins in medicinal and edible lotus seeds.
Methods
A rapid and reliable isotope-labelled internal standard-based UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for sensitive and accurate analysis of multiclass mycotoxins including aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), T-2 and HT-2 toxins in lotus seeds. Some critical conditions such as extract solution with the addition of isotope-labelled internal standard, type of mobile phase and the elution condition were scientifically optimized. The 11 mycotoxins obtained satisfactory resolution and sensitive detection in multiple reactions monitoring scanning mode combined with the ion switching technology in positive and negative ion switching mode.
Key findings
The developed isotope-labelled internal standard-based UPLC-MS/MS method exhibited an approving linearity (r ≥ 0.9984), high sensitivity (limit of detection in the range of 0.015–30.05 μg/kg), acceptable precision (RSDs ≤6.3%) and good recovery (76.0–116.0%) for 11 analytes, respectively. Ten batches of real lotus seed samples were tested, and three batches out of which were contaminated with AFB1, FB2, T-2 and ZEN. AFB1 showed the highest occurrence rate (30%) with contents of 10.50 and 8.32 μg/kg in two samples over the official limit (5.0 μg/kg).
Conclusions
The monitoring of multiclass mycotoxins in Chinese herbal medicines is in great urgency to ensure the security of consumers. The proposed method could be further utilized for simple, sensitive and rapid detection of more mycotoxins in other complex matrices to compensate for matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinxuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Pharmacy College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Weijun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- PLA Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Lu
- Pharmacy College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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27
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Liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry method for monitoring of 17 mycotoxins in human plasma for exposure studies. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1548:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Kamel E, Bazalou M, Sdeek FA, Konuk M. Comparison of liquid chromatography instruments with single quadrupole and tandem mass spectrometry for trace level analysis: Aflatoxin m1 (afm 1) in white cheese. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1369435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kamel
- Biochemistry Dept, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bazalou
- Biochemistry Dept, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fayza A Sdeek
- Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution Department, Central Agriculture Pesticide Lab, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhsin Konuk
- Molecular Biology & Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Determination of selected endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids and ratios in urine by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and isotope pattern deconvolution. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1515:172-178. [PMID: 28803647 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) method for the determination of selected endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) in urine by UHPLC-MS/MS has been developed using the isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD) mathematical tool. The method has been successfully validated for testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone and etiocholanolone, employing their respective deuterated analogs using two certified reference materials (CRM). Accuracy was evaluated as recovery of the certified values and ranged from 75% to 108%. Precision was assessed in intraday (n=5) and interday (n=4) experiments, with RSDs below 5% and 10% respectively. The method was also found suitable for real urine samples, with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) below the normal urinary levels. The developed method meets the requirements established by the World Anti-Doping Agency for the selected steroids for Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) measurements, except in the case of androsterone, which is currently under study.
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30
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Amirahmadi M, Shoeibi S, Rastegar H, Elmi M, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Simultaneous analysis of mycotoxins in corn flour using LC/MS-MS combined with a modified QuEChERS procedure. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1354306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amirahmadi
- Food and Drug Control Laboratory Reference Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Shahram Shoeibi
- Food and Drug Control Laboratory Reference Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Rastegar
- Food and Drug Control Laboratory Reference Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mehdi Elmi
- Department of Basic Science, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SãoPaulo, Brazil
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31
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Pitarch-Motellón J, Roig-Navarro AF, Sancho JV, Ibáñez M, Fabregat-Cabello N, Pozo OJ, Ventura R, García Alonso JI, Rodríguez-González P, González Gago A, Ereño Artabe A, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Dehnes Y, Rzeppa S. Evaluation of uncertainty sources in the determination of testosterone in urine by calibration-based and isotope dilution quantification using ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1508:73-80. [PMID: 28601363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Three quantification methodologies, namely calibration with internal standard (Cal-IS, non-weighted), weighted calibration with internal standard (wCal-IS) and isotope pattern deconvolution (IPD) have been used for the determination of testosterone in urine by LC-MS/MS. Uncertainty has been calculated and compared for the three methodologies through intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility assays. IPD showed the best performance for the intra-laboratory reproducibility, with RSD and combined uncertainty values below 4% and 9% respectively. wCal-IS showed similar performance, while Cal-IS where not constant and clearly worse at the lowest concentration assayed (2ng/mL) reaching RSD values up to 16%. The inter-laboratory assay indicated similar results although wCal-IS RSD (20%) was higher than IPD (10%) and Cal-IS get worse with RSD higher than 40% for the lowest concentration level. Uncertainty budgets calculated for the three procedures revealed that intercept and slope were the most important factors contributing to uncertainty for Cal-IS. The main factors for wCal-IS and IPD were the volumes of sample and/or standard measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pitarch-Motellón
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - A F Roig-Navarro
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071, Castelló, Spain.
| | - J V Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071, Castelló, Spain
| | - M Ibáñez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071, Castelló, Spain
| | | | - O J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J I García Alonso
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Adriana González Gago
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Amaia Ereño Artabe
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Yvette Dehnes
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian Rzeppa
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Zhao Y, Wan LH, Bai XL, Liu YM, Zhang FP, Liu YM, Liao X. Quantification of mycotoxins in vegetable oil by UPLC-MS/MS after magnetic solid-phase extraction. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1201-1210. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1319074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sichuan Willtest Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Hong Wan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Bai
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - Yao-Min Liu
- Sichuan Willtest Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Liao
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
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33
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Berthiller F, Brera C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J, Tittlemier S. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2015 and mid-2016. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - C. Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety – GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M.H. Iha
- Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto, Nucleous of Chemistry and Bromatology Science, Rua Minas 866, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14085-410, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main St, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
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34
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Zhao H, Chen X, Shen C, Qu B. Determination of 16 mycotoxins in vegetable oils using a QuEChERS method combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:255-264. [PMID: 27892850 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1266096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for determining multiple mycotoxins was developed using a QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe)-based extraction procedure in vegetable oils. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used for the quantification and confirmation of 16 chemically diversified mycotoxins. Different extraction procedures were studied and optimised by spiking 16 analytes into blank matrix, and the extraction with 85% MeCN solution and C18 as cleaning sorbent allowed an efficient recovery of 72.8-105.8% with RSDs less than 7%. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.04 to 2.9 ng g-1. The developed method was finally applied to screen mycotoxins in 62 vegetable oil samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) were detected, with maximum concentrations of 0.59 (AFG1)-42.5 (ZEN) ng g-1. The method developed has the advantages of high sensitivity, accuracy and selectivity, and it can be applied to the target screening of mycotoxins in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , China
| | - Chen Shen
- a Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , China
| | - Baocheng Qu
- b Division of Food Detection , Dalian Institute of Food Inspection , Dalian , China
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