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Lewbart GA, Zachariah TT. Aquatic and Terrestrial Invertebrate Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3375. [PMID: 37958134 PMCID: PMC10649180 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates are a diverse group of animals that make up the majority of the animal kingdom and encompass a wide array of species with varying adaptations and characteristics. Invertebrates are found in nearly all of the world's habitats, including aquatic, marine, and terrestrial environments. There are many misconceptions about invertebrate sentience, welfare requirements, the need for environmental enrichment, and overall care and husbandry for this amazing group of animals. This review addresses these topics and more for a select group of invertebrates with biomedical, economical, display, and human companionship importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Lewbart
- College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Trevor T. Zachariah
- Brevard Zoo|Sea Turtle Healing Center, 8225 North Wickham Road, Melbourne, FL 32940, USA;
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2
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Threat induces cardiac and metabolic changes that negatively impact survival in flies. Curr Biol 2021; 31:5462-5472.e4. [PMID: 34710349 PMCID: PMC8699741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adjusting to a dynamic environment involves fast changes in the body’s internal state, characterized by coordinated alterations in brain activity and physiological and motor responses. Threat-induced defensive states are a classic case of coordinated adjustment of bodily responses, cardiac regulation being one of the best characterized examples in vertebrates. A great deal is known regarding the neural basis of invertebrate defensive behaviors, mainly in Drosophila melanogaster. However, whether physiological changes accompany these remains unknown. Here, we set out to describe the internal bodily state of fruit flies upon an inescapable threat and found cardiac acceleration during running and deceleration during freezing. In addition, we found that freezing leads to increased cardiac pumping from the abdomen toward the head-thorax, suggesting mobilization of energy resources. Concordantly, threat-triggered freezing reduces sugar levels in the hemolymph and renders flies less resistant to starvation. The cardiac responses observed during freezing were absent during spontaneous immobility, underscoring the active nature of freezing response. Finally, we show that baseline cardiac activity predicts the amount of freezing upon threat. This work reveals a remarkable similarity with the cardiac responses of vertebrates, suggesting an evolutionarily convergent defensive state in flies. Our findings are at odds with the widespread view that cardiac deceleration while freezing has first evolved in vertebrates and that it is energy sparing. Investigating the physiological changes coupled to defensive behaviors in the fruit fly has revealed that freezing is costly yet accompanied by cardiac deceleration and points to heart activity as a key modulator of defensive behaviors. Flies show tight coupling between defensive behaviors and cardiac activity Flies bias cardiac pumping toward the head and thorax during defensive behaviors After prolonged freezing, sugar levels and resistance to starvation are decreased Cardiac reversal rate and rate variability are predictive of freezing intensity
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Osorio-Palacios M, Montiel-Trejo L, Oliver-Domínguez I, Hernández-Falcón J, Mendoza-Ángeles K. Sleep Phases in Crayfish: Relationship Between Brain Electrical Activity and Autonomic Variables. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:694924. [PMID: 34720849 PMCID: PMC8551808 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.694924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates like mammals and birds, two types of sleep have been identified: rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep. Each one is associated with specific electroencephalogram patterns and is accompanied by variations in cardiac and respiratory frequencies. Sleep has been demonstrated only in a handful of invertebrates, and evidence for different sleep stages remains elusive. Previous results show that crayfish sleeps while lying on one side on the surface of the water, but it is not known if this animal has sleep phases. Heart rate and respiratory frequency are modified by diverse changes in the crayfish environment during wakefulness, and previously, we showed that variations in these variables are present during sleep despite that there are no autonomic anatomical structures described in this animal. Here, we conducted experiments to search for sleep phases in crayfish and the relationships between sleep and cardiorespiratory activity. We used the wavelet transform, grouping analysis with k-means clustering, and principal component analysis, to analyze brain and cardiorespiratory electrical activity. Our results show that (a) crayfish can sleep lying on one side or when it is motionless and (b) the depth of sleep (measured as the power of electroencephalographic activity) changes over time and is accompanied by oscillations in cardiorespiratory signal amplitude and power. Finally, we propose that in crayfish there are at least three phases of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Osorio-Palacios
- Laboratorio de Redes Neuronales, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jesús Hernández-Falcón
- Laboratorio de Redes Neuronales, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, Mexico
| | - Karina Mendoza-Ángeles
- Laboratorio de Redes Neuronales, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, Mexico
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4
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Vogt G. Synthesis of digestive enzymes, food processing, and nutrient absorption in decapod crustaceans: a comparison to the mammalian model of digestion. ZOOLOGY 2021; 147:125945. [PMID: 34217027 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The ∼15.000 decapod crustaceans that are mostly omnivorous have evolved a structurally and functionally complex digestive system. They have highly effective cuticular chewing and filtering structures in the stomach, which are regularly renewed by moulting. Decapods produce a broad range of digestive enzymes including chitinases, cellulases, and collagenases with unique properties. These enzymes are synthesized in the F-cells of the hepatopancreas and are encoded in the genome as pre-pro-proteins. In contrast to mammals, they are stored in a mature form in the lumen of the stomach to await the next meal, and therefore, the enzymes are particularly stable. The fat emulsifiers are fatty acyl-dipeptides rather than bile salts. After mechanical and chemical processing of the food in the cardiac stomach, the chyme is filtered by two unique filter systems of different mesh-size. The filtrate is then transferred to the hepatopancreas where the nutrients are absorbed by the R-cells, mostly via carriers, resembling nutrient absorption in the small intestine of mammals. The absorbed nutrients are used to fuel the metabolism of the hepatopancreas, are supplied to other organs, and are stored in the R-cells as glycogen and lipid reserves. Export lipids are secreted from the R-cells into the haemolymph as high density lipoproteins that mainly consist of phospholipids. In contrast to mammals, the midgut tube and hindgut contribute only little to food processing and nutrient absorption. The oesophagus, stomach and hindgut are well innervated but the hepatopancreas lacks nerves. Hormone cells are abundant in the midgut and hepatopancreas epithelia. Microorganisms are often present in the intestine of decapods, but they are apparently not essential for digestion and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Invertebrate animals comprise more than 95% of the animal kingdom's species and approximately 40 separate phyla. Yet, invertebrates are an artificial taxon, in which all members simply possess a single negative trait: they lack a vertebral column (backbone). In fact, some invertebrates are more closely related to vertebrates than to their "fellow" invertebrates. For the purpose of this veterinary article, we have elected to review a handful of important groups: Coelenterates, Gastropods, Cephalopods, Chelicerates, Crustaceans, Insects, and Echinoderms. We have primarily included behaviors that may have an impact on clinical case outcome, or be of interest to the veterinary clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Lewbart
- Department of Clinical Sciences, NC State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
| | - Laurie Bergmann
- NorthStar VETS, 315 Robbinsville-Allentown Road, Robbinsville, NJ 08691, USA
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6
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Ballinger- C, Anyagaligb O, Bernard J, Bierbower SM, Dupont-Ver EE, Ghoweri A, Greenhalgh A, Harrison D, Istas O, McNabb M, Saelinger C, Stanback A, Stanback M, Thibault O, Cooper RL. Effects of Bacterial Endotoxin (LPS) on Cardiac and Synaptic Function in Various Animal Models: Larval Drosophila, Crayfish, Crab and Rodent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2020.33.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Effects of bacterial endotoxin on regulation of the heart, a sensory-CNS-motor nerve circuit and neuromuscular junctions: Crustacean model. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 237:110557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Robert A, Monsinjon T, Péden R, Rasoamampianina V, Le Mével JC, Knigge T. In vivo effects of serotonin and fluoxetine on cardio-ventilatory functions in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L. 1758). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 207:132-141. [PMID: 30557758 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) takes a key position in regulating vital functions, such as cardio-ventilatory activity, locomotion and behaviour. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) modulate the serotonergic system and thus affect these functions. Rhythmic behaviours, such as cardio-ventilatory activity, are controlled by central pattern generators, which in turn are regulated by 5-HT. In crustaceans, 5-HT also regulates the synthesis and secretion of crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone, a pleiotropic hormone involved in the mobilisation and release of glucose into the haemolymph, thus stimulating the animal's activity. As a matter of consequence, SSRIs may affect cardio-ventilatory activity. In order to examine how the SSRIs affect fundamental physiological parameters based on rhythmic behaviours in decapods, cardio-respiratory activity in the shore crab Carcinus maenas was assessed after pericardial injection of a single dose of either 0.5 μM, 0.75 μM or 1 μM fluoxetine, respectively. Simultaneous recordings of heart and scaphognathite movements in both brachial chambers were conducted by measuring impedance changes in the respective body compartments. Injection of 5-HT had an immediate effect on cardio-ventilatory activities and strongly upregulated both cardiac and ventilatory activities. Fluoxetine showed similar effects, entailing moderate tachycardia and increased ventilation rates. Compared to 5-HT, these effects were delayed in time and much less pronounced. Metabolism of fluoxetine into the active compound nor-fluoxetine might account for the delayed action, whereas compensatory regulation of cardio-ventilatory frequencies and amplitudes are likely to explain the attenuation of the responses compared to the strong and immediate increase by 5-HT. Overall, the results suggest increased 5-HT levels in invertebrates following fluoxetine exposure, which are able to disturb physiological functions regulated by 5-HT, such as cardiac and respiratory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandrine Robert
- Normandie Université, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), Université Le Havre Normandie, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- Normandie Université, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), Université Le Havre Normandie, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Romain Péden
- Normandie Université, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), Université Le Havre Normandie, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600, Le Havre, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LIEC, F-57000, Metz, France
| | - Virginie Rasoamampianina
- Normandie Université, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), Université Le Havre Normandie, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600, Le Havre, France
| | - Jean-Claude Le Mével
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, INSERM U1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, SFR ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, CHU de Brest, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, CS 93837, F-29238, Brest Cedex 3, France
| | - Thomas Knigge
- Normandie Université, FR CNRS 3730 SCALE, UMR-I 02 Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), Université Le Havre Normandie, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, F-76600, Le Havre, France.
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Zhu Y, de Castro L, Cooper RL. Effect of temperature change on synaptic transmission at crayfish neuromuscular junctions. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio037820. [PMID: 30404904 PMCID: PMC6310894 DOI: 10.1242/bio.037820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectothermic animals in areas characterised by seasonal changes are susceptible to extreme fluctuations in temperature. To survive through varied temperatures, ectotherms have developed unique strategies. This study focuses on synaptic transmission function at cold temperatures, as it is a vital component of ectothermic animals' survival. For determining how synaptic transmission is influenced by an acute change in temperature (20°C to 10°C within a minute) and chronic cold (10°C), the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) neuromuscular junction (NMJ) was used as a model. To simulate chronic cold conditions, crayfish were acclimated to 15°C for 1 week and then to 10°C for 1 week. They were then used to examine the synaptic properties associated with the low output nerve terminals on the opener muscle in the walking legs and high output innervation on the abdominal deep extensor muscle. The excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) of the opener NMJs increased in amplitude with acute warming (20°C) after being acclimated to cold; however, the deep extensor muscles showed varied changes in EPSP amplitude. Synaptic transmission at both NMJs was enhanced with exposure to the modulators serotonin or octopamine. The membrane resistance of the muscles decreased 33% and the resting membrane potential hyperpolarised upon warm exposure. Analysis of haemolymph indicated that octopamine increases during cold exposure. These results suggest bioamine modulation as a possible mechanism for ensuring that synaptic transmission remains functional at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechen Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
| | - Leo de Castro
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), 50 Vassar St, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Robin Lewis Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
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10
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Weineck K, Ray AJ, Fleckenstein LJ, Medley M, Dzubuk N, Piana E, Cooper RL. Physiological Changes as a Measure of Crustacean Welfare under Different Standardized Stunning Techniques: Cooling and Electroshock. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E158. [PMID: 30231519 PMCID: PMC6162729 DOI: 10.3390/ani8090158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stunning of edible crustaceans to reduce sensory perception prior and during slaughter is an important topic in animal welfare. The purpose of this project was to determine how neural circuits were affected during stunning by examining the physiological function of neural circuits. The central nervous system circuit to a cardiac or skeletal muscle response was examined. Three commercially important crustacean species were utilized for stunning by immersion in an ice slurry below 4 °C and by electrocution; both practices are used in the seafood industry. The blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), and the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) responded differently to stunning by cold and electric shock. Immersion in ice slurry induced sedation within seconds in crayfish and shrimp but not crabs and cardiac function was reduced fastest in shrimp. However, crabs could retain a functional neural circuit over the same time when shrimp and crayfish were nonresponsive. An electroshock of 10 s paralyzed all three species and subsequently decreased heart rate within 1 min and then heart rate increased but resulted in irregularity over time. Further research is needed to study a state of responsiveness by these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Weineck
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rostock University, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Andrew J Ray
- Division of Aquaculture, Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, 103 Athletic Road, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
| | - Leo J Fleckenstein
- Division of Aquaculture, Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, 103 Athletic Road, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
| | - Meagan Medley
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475, USA.
| | - Nicole Dzubuk
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
- Biochemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.
| | - Elena Piana
- Sea Farms Limited, Redditch, Worcestershire B98 0RE, UK.
| | - Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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Zhu YC, Cooper RL. Cold Exposure Effects on Cardiac Function and Synaptic Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction in Invertebrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2018.49.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Using optogenetics to assess neuroendocrine modulation of heart rate in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:791-806. [PMID: 28612236 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila melanogaster heart has become a principal model in which to study cardiac physiology and development. While the morphology of the heart in Drosophila and mammals is different, many of the molecular mechanisms that underlie heart development and function are similar and function can be assessed by similar physiological measurements, such as cardiac output, rate, and time in systole or diastole. Here, we have utilized an intact, optogenetic approach to assess the neural influence on heart rate in the third instar larvae. To simulate the release of modulators from the nervous system in response to environmental influences, we have directed expression of channel-rhodopsin variants to targeted neuronal populations to assess the role of these neural ensembles in directing release of modulators that may affect heart rate in vivo. Our observations show that the activation of targeted neurons, including cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurons, stimulate the release of cardioactive substances that increase heart rate after the initial activation at both room temperature and in a cold environment. This parallels previous studies suggesting these modulators play a crucial role in altering heart rate when applied to exposed hearts and adds to our understanding of chemical modulation of heart rate in intact Drosophila larvae.
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Zhu YC, Yocom E, Sifers J, Uradu H, Cooper RL. Modulatory effects on Drosophila larva hearts: room temperature, acute and chronic cold stress. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:829-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0997-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Seebaugh DR, Wallace WG, L'Amoreaux WJ, Stewart GM. Carbon assimilation and digestive toxicity in naïve grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) exposed to dietary cadmium. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 88:449-455. [PMID: 22143373 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Naïve grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio were pulse-fed cadmium-contaminated meals containing carbon-14, fluorescent or near-infrared markers and analyzed for carbon assimilation efficiency, gut residence time, feces elimination rate, extracellular digestive protease activity or gut pH. Carbon assimilation efficiency (~83%), minimum gut residence time (~435 min) and proventriculus pH (~5.29 to ~6.01) were not impacted significantly by cadmium ingestion. A dose-dependent decrease in feces elimination rate (from ~14.4 to ~6.4 mm h(-1)) was observed for shrimp for 2 h following minimum gut residence time. Protease activities increased ~2.4-fold over the range of dietary cadmium exposures, however, this variation was not dose-dependent. Differential impacts of cadmium exposure on carbon and cadmium assimilation reported previously are consistent with work involving shrimp subjected to chronic field exposure. The influence of ingested cadmium on feces elimination rate may be related to pre-assimilatory impacts on packaging, intestinal transport or release of feces. Protease activities may have been influenced by pre-assimilatory interactions between available cadmium ions in gut fluid and enzyme-secreting cells of the hepatopancreatic epithelium or direct impacts on active enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Seebaugh
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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15
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Chung YS, Cooper RM, Graff J, Cooper RL. The acute and chronic effect of low temperature on survival, heart rate and neural function in crayfish (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>) and prawn (<i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>) species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmip.2012.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Seebaugh DR, L'Amoreaux WJ, Wallace WG. Digestive toxicity in grass shrimp collected along an impact gradient. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:609-617. [PMID: 21946169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ingested pollutants may elicit digestive toxicity following incorporation into consumer tissues. This post-assimilatory toxicity may include tissue damage influencing synthesis of digestive enzymes, gut transit time and absorption of nutrients as well as pollutants by the gut epithelium. This study investigated impacts of chronic field exposure on gut residence time (GRT), feces elimination rate (FER), extracellular digestive protease activities and gut pH in grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. Adult shrimp were collected from differentially impacted sites within the New York/New Jersey Harbor Estuary and fed prepared meals containing fluorescent or near-infrared markers and analyzed for digestive toxicity. Relationships between digestive parameters and assimilation efficiencies (AE) for Cd, Hg and organic carbon reported previously were also analyzed. Minimum GRT did not vary significantly for field-collected shrimp, but was positively correlated with Cd, but not Hg or carbon, AE. FER was not impacted by field exposure. Digestive protease activities exhibited a marked decrease in grass shrimp from impacted field sites relative to reference shrimp. Relationships between the assimilation of elements and digestive physiology in field-collected shrimp suggest that digestive plasticity (increasing GRT) may be important in compensating for post-assimilatory digestive toxicity (reduced protease activities) in order to maintain nutrient assimilation. Stress-induced variability in digestive function among grass shrimp populations may, in turn, enhance the assimilation of non-essential elements, such as Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Seebaugh
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, 6S-143, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA.
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17
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Bierbower SM, Cooper RL. The effects of acute carbon dioxide on behavior and physiology in Procambarus clarkii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 313:484-97. [PMID: 20878748 DOI: 10.1002/jez.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Bierbower
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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18
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Wigginton A, Cooper R, Fryman-Gri E, Birge W. Effects of Cadmium and Body Mass on Two Anti-Predator Behaviors of Five Species of Crayfish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ijzr.2010.92.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Burnovicz A, Oliva D, Hermitte G. The cardiac response of the crab Chasmagnathus granulatus as an index of sensory perception. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 212:313-24. [PMID: 19112151 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.022459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When an animal's observable behavior remains unaltered, one can be misled in determining whether it is able to sense an environmental cue. By measuring an index of the internal state, additional information about perception may be obtained. We studied the cardiac response of the crab Chasmagnathus to different stimulus modalities: a light pulse, an air puff, virtual looming stimuli and a real visual danger stimulus. The first two did not trigger observable behavior, but the last two elicited a clear escape response. We examined the changes in heart rate upon sensory stimulation. Cardiac response and escape response latencies were also measured and compared during looming stimuli presentation. The cardiac parameters analyzed revealed significant changes (cardio-inhibitory responses) to all the stimuli investigated. We found a clear correlation between escape and cardiac response latencies to different looming stimuli. This study proved useful to examine the perceptual capacity independently of behavior. In addition, the correlation found between escape and cardiac responses support previous results which showed that in the face of impending danger the crab triggers several coordinated defensive reactions. The ability to escape predation or to be alerted to subtle changes in the environment in relation to autonomic control is associated with the complex ability to integrate sensory information as well as motor output to target tissues. This ;fear, fight or flight' response gives support to the idea of an autonomic-like reflexive control in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Burnovicz
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de la Memoria, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
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Dasari S, Viele K, Turner AC, Cooper RL. Influence of PCPA and MDMA (ecstasy) on physiology, development and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:424-38. [PMID: 17650115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and 3,4 methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') were investigated in relation to development, behavior and physiology in larval Drosophila. PCPA blocks the synthesis of serotonin (5-HT) and MDMA is known to deplete 5-HT in mammalian neurons; thus these studies were conducted primarily to target the serotonergic system. Treatment with PCPA and MDMA delayed time to pupation and eclosion. The developmental rate was investigated with a survival analysis statistical approach that is unique for Drosophila studies. Locomotion and eating were reduced in animals exposed to MDMA or PCPA. Sensitivity to exogenously applied 5-HT on an evoked sensory-central nervous system (CNS)-motor circuit showed that the CNS is sensitive to 5-HT but that when depleted of 5-HT by PCPA a decreased sensitivity occurred. A diet with MDMA produced an enhanced response to exogenous 5-HT on the central circuit. Larvae eating MDMA from the first to third instar did not show a reduction in 5-HT within the CNS; however, eating PCPA reduced 5-HT as well as dopamine content as measured by high performance liquid chromatography from larval brains. As the heart serves as a good bioindex of 5-HT exposure, it was used in larvae fed PCPA and MDMA but no significant effects occurred with exogenous 5-HT. In summary, the action of these pharmacological compounds altered larval behaviors and development. PCPA treatment changed the sensitivity in the CNS to 5-HT, suggesting that 5-HT receptor regulation is modulated by neural activity of the serotonergic neurons. The actions of acute MDMA exposure suggest a 5-HT agonist action or possible dumping of 5-HT from neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Dasari
- Department of Biology, 675 Rose Street, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
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