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Wang Y, Tian X, Song Q, Wang W, Guo X, Cui T, Pan Z, Chen Y, Chen W, Tan L, Zhang W. Application and Comparison of Different Regression Models in Iodine Balance Experiment on Women of Childbearing Age and Pregnant Women. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2474-2487. [PMID: 37807000 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The iodine balance experiment is a traditional approach to evaluate the physiological requirement for iodine, while the simple linear regression model (SLM) and the mixed effects model (MEM) are two primary methods used to analyze iodine balance experiments. In the present study, we aimed to compare the effects of these two regression models on the evaluation of iodine balance experiments to investigate appropriate valuation methods. By constructing SLM and MEM, zero iodine balance values (IBV) were determined, and the evaluation effects were compared. No changes were made to the experimental data for women of childbearing age, and cutoff values of 600 µg/day and 1000 µg/day, respectively, were chosen for further processing of the experimental data for pregnant women. Equation combinations 1-3 (EC1-3) were obtained by fitting SLM, and zero IBV were calculated as 110.26 µg/day, 333.06 µg/day, and 434.84 µg/day, respectively. EC4-6 were obtained by fitting MEM, and zero IBV were calculated as 110.44 µg/day, 335.79 µg/day, and 418.06 µg/day, respectively. The inclusion of inter-measurement variation as a random factor in the MEM yielded EC7-8, which reduced the test power of the iodine balance experiment on women of childbearing age. Our study suggested that when experimental conditions were tightly controlled, with fewer uncertainties or significant influences, computationally straightforward and well-understood SLM was preferred. If some uncertain factors might cause large changes in the experimental results, it was advised to use a more "conservative" MEM to calculate the zero IBV. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: Registered at Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03279315 (17th September 2017, retrospectively registered), NCT03710148 (18th October 2018, retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Third Central Hospital Nutrition Department, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyi Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Nankai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, China
| | - Tingkai Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Ziyun Pan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongjie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China.
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China
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Cui Y, Wang Y, Zhang D, Duan Y, Li W, Li F, Chen L. How did we eliminate the hazards of water-borne excessive iodine in northern China? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115795. [PMID: 38091668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Drinking water is the main cause of iodine excess among Chinese residents and we have found that water iodine concentration (WIC) reduction was the effective intervening measure. In this study, to eliminate the hazards of water-borne excessive iodine, we firstly investigated the WIC of villages in Tianjin in 2017 to determine the distribution range. Secondly, the risk characterization of excessive iodine on residents in 6∼< 9 years old, 9∼< 12 years old, 12∼< 15 years old, 15∼< 18 years old and adults were evaluated, and the safe upper limit of WIC was determined. Finally, WIC was investigated again after the completion of WIC reduction in water-borne excessive-iodine villages in 2020, and the differences in urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid volume (Tvol) of children aged 8-10 years before and after WIC reduction were analyzed. The WIC of 2459 villages surveyed was 22.30 (8.60-58.80) μg/L and the maximum was 514 μg/L. There were 422 villages with WIC > 100 μg/L. Under the conditions of non-iodized salt intake, recommended amount of iodized salt intake and actual amount intake, the maximum of excessive iodine exposure hazard quotient (HQ) were the highest in the age group of 6∼< 9 years, which were 2.300, 2.663 and 2.771, the safe upper WIC limits were 223 μg/L, 142 μg/L and 118 μg/L and villages with HQ> 1 accounted for 4.14%, 6.09% and 6.88% of all villages, respectively. After the WIC reduction, the WIC of the former water-borne iodine-excess villages decreased to < 100 μg/L, and the UIC and Tvol of children decreased (both P < 0.001) and was within normal range. Determining the distribution range of water-borne iodine-excess areas, exploring appropriate intervening measure, carrying out risk assessment, determining the WIC safe upper limit, intervening and evaluating the intervention effect can be the process to eliminate the hazards of water-borne excessive iodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Cui
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Yani Duan
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Wenfeng Li
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Fang Li
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Huayue Road, Hedong District, Tianjin 300011, China.
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Si H, Chen K, Qin Q, Liu Y, Zhao B. Long-term effect of a large dose of iodinated contrast in patients with mild thyroid dysfunction: a prospective cohort study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:2044-2049. [PMID: 36729845 PMCID: PMC10476826 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 75 million procedures with intravascular iodine-based contrast media (ICM) are performed worldwide every year, and some patients undergoing these procedures do not have normal thyroid function. The long-term effects of ICM in patients with mild thyroid dysfunction (TD) are unclear. METHODS This prospective cohort study was conducted in China. Patients with stable angina pectoris with total triiodothyronine (TT3) reduction, normal thyroid-stimulating hormone, and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) were enrolled and divided into high-dose (≥100 mL ICM) and low-dose groups (<100 mL ICM). We dynamically investigated the trends in thyroid function, rT3, and thyroid antibodies one year after ICM exposure. RESULTS A total of 154 patients completed 6 months of follow-up and 149 completed 1 year of follow-up. Thyroglobulin antibody (TGAB) levels were elevated in 41 (26.6%) patients before ICM exposure, 11 (7.1%) of whom also had elevated thyroid peroxidase antibody levels. Transient subclinical TD occurred 6 months after ICM exposure; 75.5% (34/45) of post-operative TD occurred in the high-dose group. One patient developed severe hypothyroidism with myxedema, requiring drug intervention 1 year after ICM exposure. The level of rT3 showed no statistically significant changes during post-operative follow-up ( P = 0.848). The TGAB level decreased at 6th month ( P < 0.001), but increased at 1 year after ICM exposure ( P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Patients with T3 reduction are at a risk of transient subclinical TD and hypothyroidism after a single large dose of ICM. Follow-up of this population at 9-12 months after ICM exposure is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Si
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China
| | - Kangyin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Comprehensive Disease Center, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China
| | - Bingrang Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China
- Tianjin Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300051, China
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Li Y, Wang J, Liu X, Li W, Mao D, Lu J, Li X, Tan H, Liu Y, Yan J, Yu W, Guo C, Liu X, Yang X. Re-exploring the requirement of dietary iodine intake in Chinese female adults based on 'iodine overflow theory'. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1467-1478. [PMID: 36651989 PMCID: PMC10030447 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We re-explored the basal iodine requirement based on healthy Chinese female and a new iodine overflow theory was proposed for iodine balance study. METHODS Thirty-six Chinese healthy female adults (age 20.7 ± 1.1) were recruited for this study, which included 40 days low iodine depletion period and six stages of 30 days supplementation period. Uniform diets with low iodine were provided and the content of iodine in the diet was regulated by dairy products. The total iodine intake from food and the total iodine excretion through 24-h urine and staged feces were completely gathered and monitored. The incremental (Δ) intake and excretion over the range were calculated. RESULTS The iodine intake and excretion were 13.6 μg/day and 48.6 μg/day at the first stage, respectively. The incremental iodine intakes and excretions were 21.1 μg/day to 120.3 μg/day and 25.8 μg/day to 105.4 μg/day for the supplementation stages, respectively. According to the 'iodine overflow theory', the zero iodine balance (Δ iodine intake = Δ iodine excretion) derived from a mixed effect model indicated a mean iodine intake of 52.2 μg/d (1.0 μg/d kg). The RNI for iodine to healthy Chinese female adult was 73.1 μg/d (1.4 μg/d kg). CONCLUSION A daily iodine intake of 52.2 μg/d may meet the basal iodine requirement for healthy Chinese female adults, and Chinese female may need more than 20% iodine intake than male based on the 'iodine overflow theory'. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry in May 2018 (No: ChiCTR1800016184).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Li
- Changzhi Medical College, No. 360, Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, No. 29, Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, No. 29, Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Deqian Mao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, No. 29, Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Lu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, No. 29, Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwei Li
- National Reference Laboratory for iodine deficiency disorders, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxing Tan
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, No. 2021, Buxin Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, No. 2021, Buxin Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junan Yan
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, No. 2021, Buxin Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yu
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, No. 2021, Buxin Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongzheng Guo
- Changzhi Medical College, No. 360, Jiefang East Street, Changzhi, 046000, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, No. 2021, Buxin Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Nutrition and Health, Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission, No. 29, Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, No. 2021, Buxin Road, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasingly, patients are asking their physicians about the benefits of dietary and alternative approaches to manage their diseases, including thyroid disease. We seek to review the evidence behind several of the vitamins, minerals, complementary medicines, and elimination diets that patients are most commonly using for the treatment of thyroid disorders. SUMMARY Several trace elements are essential to normal thyroid function, and their supplementation has been studied in various capacities. Iodine supplementation has been implemented on national scales through universal salt iodization with great success in preventing severe thyroid disease, but can conversely cause thyroid disorders when given in excess. Selenium and zinc supplementation has been found to be beneficial in specific populations with otherwise limited generalizability. Other minerals, such as vitamin B12, low-dose naltrexone, and ashwagandha root extract, have little to no evidence of any impact on thyroid disorders. Avoidance of gluten and dairy has positive impacts only in patients with concomitant sensitivities to those substances, likely by improving absorption of levothyroxine. Avoidance of cruciferous vegetables and soy has little proven benefit in patients with thyroid disorders. CONCLUSION While many patients are seeking to avoid conventional therapy and instead turn to alternative and dietary approaches to thyroid disease management, many of the most popular approaches have no proven benefit or have not been well studied. It is our responsibility to educate our patients about the evidence for or against benefit, potential harms, or dearth of knowledge behind these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Larsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sargun Singh
- Government Medical College Amritsar, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Maria Brito
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Karbownik-Lewińska M, Stępniak J, Iwan P, Lewiński A. Iodine as a potential endocrine disruptor-a role of oxidative stress. Endocrine 2022; 78:219-240. [PMID: 35726078 PMCID: PMC9584999 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. However, overtreatment with iodine can unfavorably affect thyroid physiology. The aim of this review is to present the evidence that iodine-when in excess-can interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis and, therefore, can act as a potential endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), and that this action, as well as other abnormalities in the thyroid, occurs-at least partially-via oxidative stress. METHODS We reviewed published studies on iodine as a potential EDC, with particular emphasis on the phenomenon of oxidative stress. RESULTS This paper summarizes current knowledge on iodine excess in the context of its properties as an EDC and its effects on oxidative processes. CONCLUSION Iodine does fulfill the criteria of an EDC because it is an exogenous chemical that interferes-when in excess-with thyroid hormone synthesis. However, this statement cannot change general rules regarding iodine supply, which means that iodine deficiency should be still eliminated worldwide and, at the same time, iodine excess should be avoided. Universal awareness that iodine is a potential EDC would make consumers more careful regarding their diet and what they supplement in tablets, and-what is of great importance-it would make caregivers choose iodine-containing medications (or other chemicals) more prudently. It should be stressed that compared to iodine deficiency, iodine in excess (acting either as a potential EDC or via other mechanisms) is much less harmful in such a sense that it affects only a small percentage of sensitive individuals, whereas the former affects whole populations; therefore, it causes endemic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jan Stępniak
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Iwan
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
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Wang J, Zhang H, Mao D, Tan H, Yu W, Xu J, Hong W, Piao J, Yang L, Liu X, Lu J, Li W, Li Y, Liu X, Yang X. Exploration of the lower threshold of iodine intake in Southern Chinese young adults based on ‘overflow theory’ in an iodine balance study. Nutr J 2022; 21:35. [PMID: 35644684 PMCID: PMC9150309 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Appropriate iodine intake for adults is essential to reduce the prevalence of thyroid diseases, but there is little research data on iodine requirement of Chinese population. This study aimed to explore the iodine requirement of young adults to maintain a healthy status based on ‘overflow theory’.
Methods
Iodine-balance experiment has been performed in this project. We conducted an 18-day study consisted of a 6-day acclimation period and 3 consecutive experimental stages in 37 Chinese healthy young adults (23 female and 14 male). Each stage was consumed for 4 days. Strictly-controlled low-iodine intake diets were provided for adults in the first period, an egg or 125mL milk was added in the second and third period, respectively. The dietary samples, 24-h urine specimens and faeces of volunteers were collected daily for assessment of iodine intake and excretion in volunteers.
Results
Mean values of iodine intake (22.7±3.6, 35.1±3.7, and 52.2±3.8μg/d), excretion (64.7±13.9, 62.3±12.6, and 94.3±14.5μg/d) and iodine balance (-35.2±19.5, -21.0±19.8, and -33.5±26.9μg/d) were significantly different among three periods for male (P<0.001 for all); mean values of iodine intake (16.6±3.1, 29.7±2.7, and 48.0±2.7μg/d), and excretion (47.0±9.9, 55.5±8.1, and 75.7±12.4μg/d) were significantly different among three periods for female (P < 0.001 for all). No significant difference was observed among the 3 periods for female in the iodine balance (-30.5±9.3, -25.9±7.3, and -27.6±12.1μg/d). The linear regression equation of iodine excretion on iodine intake was Y=0.979X+37.04 (male) and Y=0.895X+31.48 (female). Compared with stage 2, iodine excretion increments in stage 3 had exceeded the iodine intake increment for men. The ratio of increment was 1.675 for male when the average iodine intake was 52.2μg/d in stage 3. When the iodine excretion increment equaled to the iodine intake increment, the daily iodine intake of men was 47.0μg.
Conclusion
We have evaluated the iodine requirement of young adults in southern China based on overflow theory. Our results indicate the lower limit of iodine requirement for Chinese young men is 47.0μg/d. The trial was registered at www.chictr.org.cn as ChiCTR1800014877.
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Bradbury RA, Christie-David D, Smith HC, Byth K, Eastman CJ. Prior iodine exposure and impact on thyroid function during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation: A prospective study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2021; 62:133-139. [PMID: 34406645 DOI: 10.1111/ajo.13419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Iodine supplements are recommended for women planning pregnancy, but their impact on thyroid function during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) and into pregnancy is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of iodine supplementation on thyroid function during COH. METHODS One-hundred and six euthyroid women (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.4-2.5 mIU/L) planning their first COH cycle were subdivided according to iodine supplementation (nil, <6 months, ≥6 months) and compared to levothyroxine (LT4)-treated controls. Serial TSH, free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine and thyroglobulin (Tg) levels were recorded at four time points: (i) baseline, (ii) day 7 ovarian stimulation, (iii) ovulation trigger and (iv) two weeks post oocyte retrieval. Oocyte numbers, fertilisation rates and pregnancy outcome were recorded. RESULTS TSH increased during COH for those women taking iodine supplements for ≥6 months (P = 0.025). One quarter recorded a TSH level >2.5 mIU/L before embryo transfer. A similar increase in TSH was demonstrated by LT4-dependent controls (P = 0.024) but not the remaining subgroups. Tg levels did not change during COH in any group but decreased significantly post oocyte retrieval if nil iodine (P < 0.0001) or supplemented for ≥6 months (P < 0.005). Iodine supplementation did not influence oocyte count, fertilisation or implantation rates. Women taking iodine for <6 months were four times more likely to achieve a live birth than women taking iodine for longer. CONCLUSIONS Women taking iodine supplements for ≥6 months are less able to adapt to the thyroidal demands of COH, with responses comparable to LT4-dependent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Bradbury
- Westmead Fertility Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darshika Christie-David
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Howard C Smith
- Westmead Fertility Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Byth
- Western Sydney Local Health District (WSLHD) Research and Education Network, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Clinical Trial Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Creswell J Eastman
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Babić Leko M, Gunjača I, Pleić N, Zemunik T. Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6521. [PMID: 34204586 PMCID: PMC8234807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise) and pollutants (chemicals and heavy metals). Many inconsistencies in the results have been observed between studies, making it difficult to draw a general conclusion about how a particular environmental factor influences TSH and thyroid hormone levels. However, lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with TSH and thyroid hormones were smoking, body mass index (BMI) and iodine (micronutrient taken from the diet). Smoking mainly led to a decrease in TSH levels and an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, while BMI levels were positively correlated with TSH and free T3 levels. Excess iodine led to an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in thyroid hormone levels. Among the pollutants analyzed, most studies observed a decrease in thyroid hormone levels after exposure to perchlorate. Future studies should continue to analyze the impact of environmental factors on thyroid function as they could contribute to understanding the complex background of gene-environment interactions underlying the pathology of thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (N.P.)
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Ren B, Wan S, Liu L, Qu M, Wu H, Shen H. Distributions of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone in 2020 thyroid disease-free adults from areas with different iodine levels: a cross-sectional survey in China. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1001-1010. [PMID: 32816248 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to describe the distributions of serum thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in thyroid disease-free adults from areas with different iodine levels in China. Meanwhile, we aimed to evaluate the influence of age and gender on the distribution of TSH, assess the relationship between concentrations of TSH and free thyroxine (FT4), and analyze the factors that may affect TSH levels. METHODS 2020 adults were included from April 2016 to June 2019. Urinary iodine concentration, serum iodine concentration, serum TSH, FT4, free triiodothyronine, thyroid peroxidase antibodies and thyroglobulin antibodies were measured, and thyroid ultrasonography was performed. RESULTS The median of TSH in iodine-fortification areas (IFA), iodine-adequate areas (IAA), iodine-excessive areas (IEA) were 2.32, 2.11 and 2.34 mIU/L, respectively. Serum TSH concentrations were significantly higher in IFA and IEA than that in IAA (p = 0.005 and < 0.0001). The TSH values of most adults were distributed within the range of 1.01-3.00 mIU/L with the same trend in three groups. In our study, TSH levels did not change with age, and the TSH level of females was higher than that of males (p < 0.0001). There was a negative correlation between FT4 and TSH in IAA (r = - 0.160, p < 0.0001) and IEA (r = - 0.177, p < 0.0001), but there was no correlation between FT4 and TSH in IFA (r = - 0.046, p = 0.370). BMI, smoking status, education levels, and marital status were associated with TSH. CONCLUSION Our study provides a basis for establishing the reference intervals of TSH in different iodine level areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ren
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - S Wan
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | - L Liu
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - M Qu
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H Wu
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - H Shen
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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11
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Sugiyama K, Kobayashi S, Kurihara I, Miyashita K, Yokota K, Kohno T, Yoshimura Noh J, Itoh H. Effect of long-term amiodarone treatment on thyroid function in euthyroid Japanese patients: a 12-month retrospective analysis. Endocr J 2020; 67:1247-1252. [PMID: 32814732 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug. However, it is associated with changes in thyroid function in euthyroid patients due to its high iodine content and intrinsic drug effects. Studies have been conducted in iodine-deficient and iodine-sufficient countries; however, data from countries with excessive iodine intake are lacking. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of long-term amiodarone treatment on thyroid function in euthyroid Japanese patients. Japanese adults aged ≥18 years who were treated with amiodarone for at least 90 consecutive days were included in this retrospective chart review. Patients with abnormal thyroid function test results at baseline were excluded. Serial changes in thyroid function tests at baseline and at days 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360 were analyzed using a mixed-effects model for repeated measures. In total, 46 patients with a mean age of 63.7 years were evaluated. The mean TSH level significantly increased from 1.62 μIU/mL at baseline to 3.43, 2.75, 2.84, 2.78, and 2.65 μIU/mL at days 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360, respectively. The mean free T4 level significantly increased from 1.3 ng/dL at baseline to 1.4, 1.5, 1.5, 1.5, and 1.5 ng/dL at days 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360, respectively. The mean free T3 level significantly decreased from 2.8 pg/mL at baseline to 2.4, 2.3, 2.3, 2.4, and 2.4 pg/mL at days 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360, respectively. In conclusion, significant changes in thyroid function persisted not only in the acute phase but also in the chronic phase of long-term amiodarone treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Sugiyama
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Sakiko Kobayashi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Isao Kurihara
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Miyashita
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yokota
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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12
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An iodine balance study to explore the recommended nutrient intake of iodine in Chinese young adults. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:1156-1165. [PMID: 32624007 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Data on average iodine requirements for the Chinese population are limited following implementation of long-term universal salt iodisation. We explored the minimum iodine requirements of young adults in China using a balance experiment and the 'iodine overflow' hypothesis proposed by our team. Sixty healthy young adults were enrolled to consume a sequential experimental diet containing low, medium and high levels of iodine (about 20, 40 and 60 μg/d, respectively). Each dose was consumed for 4 d, and daily iodine intake, excretion and retention were assessed. All participants were in negative iodine balance throughout the study. Iodine intake, excretion and retention differed among the three iodine levels (P < 0·01 for all groups). The zero-iodine balance derived from a random effect model indicated a mean iodine intake of 102 μg/d, but poor correlation coefficients between observed and predicted iodine excretion (r 0·538 for μg/d data) and retention (r 0·304 for μg/d data). As iodine intake increased from medium to high, all of the increased iodine was excreted ('overflow') through urine and faeces by males, and 89·5 % was excreted by females. Although the high iodine level (63·4 μg/d) might be adequate in males, the corresponding level of 61·6 μg/d in females did not meet optimal requirements. Our findings indicate that a daily iodine intake of approximately half the current recommended nutrient intake (120 μg/d) may satisfy the minimum iodine requirements of young male adults in China, while a similar level is insufficient for females based on the 'iodine overflow' hypothesis.
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13
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Noahsen P, Kleist I, Larsen HM, Andersen S. Intake of seaweed as part of a single sushi meal, iodine excretion and thyroid function in euthyroid subjects: a randomized dinner study. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:431-438. [PMID: 31571150 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Globalisation has extended to the kitchen and the Asian cuisine has gained international popularity with sushi and seaweed now being widespread. We explored the possible acute adverse effects of an iodine load from a single sushi-and-seaweed meal as seaweed iodine may induce thyroid dysfunction. METHODS Nine euthyroid participants were randomized into three groups: Halibut maki roll with either (A) newly harvested Greenlandic seaweed salad, (B) no seaweed salad on the side, or (C) Japanese seaweed salad purchased at a local store. We collected spot urine and blood samples daily for a week for measurement of iodine and creatinine in urine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and estimated-free T4 (fT4) in serum. RESULTS All participants ingested the full meal and the drop-out was nil. No adverse effects were reported. Pre-meal urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was 75 µg/g. UIE rose (p < 0.001) by 385%, 59% and 43% for groups A, B, and C, peaked in the 6-h spot urine sample at 393, 120, and 109 µg/g, and was down to pre-meal values by day 2. Serum TSH rose (p = 0.012) 150% on day 2 and was down to pre-meal values by day 3. Serum fT4 remained at the same level. No adverse reactions were reported. CONCLUSION A sushi meal increased urinary iodine excretion by 40 µg/g, or 400 µg/g if a newly harvested seaweed salad was added. An ensuing rise in serum TSH was brief, and a single sushi meal with seaweed salad did not cause any adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Noahsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland.
- Nuuk Healthcare Centre, Sanamut Aqquttaa, Box 1001, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Arctic Health Research Centre, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
- Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland.
| | - I Kleist
- Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Arctic Health Research Centre, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - H M Larsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Andersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrid's Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Arctic Health Research Centre, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
- Department of Geriatric and Internal Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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14
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Andersen S, Noahsen P, Rex KF, Florian-Sørensen HC, Mulvad G. Iodine in Edible Seaweed, Its Absorption, Dietary Use, and Relation to Iodine Nutrition in Arctic People. J Med Food 2019; 22:421-426. [PMID: 30990756 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary iodine is important to human health, and both low and high iodine intake levels increase the risk of disease. Seaweed is rich in iodine and it is a common component in both Asian and in Arctic cuisines. While the intake and impact are known for Asian people, data are lacking for Arctic people. We aimed to (1) measure iodine content of dietary seaweeds in Greenland, (2) estimate iodine absorption, and (3) assess the impact on iodine intake in Arctic people. A hunter in East Greenland donated household seaweed for (1) measurement of iodine content and (2) ingestion of 45 g by each of eight individuals with subsequent urine collections. (3) In Ammassalik, 96% of 50-69-year-old Inuit reported on the frequency of intake of seaweed and provided a spot urine sample for iodine measurement. Seaweed species provided were Chondrus crispus and Ascophyllum nodosum. (1) The iodine content was 47 and 102 mg/g, respectively. (2) An estimated 1.1 and 1.9 mg of the ingested 2.1 and 4.6 of iodine in seaweed were excreted in the urine within 2 days. (3) More than two in three Inuit reported some dietary use, and 41% (109 of 268) reported a weekly intake of dietary seaweed, which was associated with iodine excretion. In conclusion, the iodine content of edible seaweeds in the Arctic is very high and bioavailable. Dietary intake contributed to the recommended iodine intake level, but marked variation in iodine excretion calls for evaluation of the impact on thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stig Andersen
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrids Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland.,2 Department of Clinical Medicine, Arctic Health Research Centre, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,3 Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland.,4 Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Paneeraq Noahsen
- 2 Department of Clinical Medicine, Arctic Health Research Centre, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,3 Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland.,5 Primary Health Care Clinic, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Karsten F Rex
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Queen Ingrids Hospital, Nuuk, Greenland.,2 Department of Clinical Medicine, Arctic Health Research Centre, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,3 Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland
| | | | - Gert Mulvad
- 3 Ilisimatusarfik, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland.,5 Primary Health Care Clinic, Nuuk, Greenland
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15
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Chen W, Zhang Y, Hao Y, Wang W, Tan L, Bian J, Pearce EN, Zimmermann MB, Shen J, Zhang W. Adverse effects on thyroid of Chinese children exposed to long-term iodine excess: optimal and safe Tolerable Upper Intake Levels of iodine for 7- to 14-y-old children. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 107:780-788. [PMID: 29722836 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adverse effects of iodine excess on the thyroid in children are not well understood, and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for iodine in children is unclear. Objective The aims of this study were to assess the effects of chronic long-term iodine excess on thyroid function in children and to explore the safe Tolerable Upper Intake Level of iodine in Chinese children. Design A multistage cross-sectional study was conducted in 2224 children from areas with adequate to excessive iodine content in drinking water. Repeated samples of 24-h urine and spot urine samples were collected to estimate habitual daily iodine intakes of children. The thyroid volume in children was measured and blood samples were collected to determine thyroid function. Results The habitual iodine intake of children was 298 μg/d (range: 186-437 μg/d). The total goiter rate was 9.7%, 232 (11.2%) children had hyperthyrotropinemia, and 232 (11.2%) children had thyroglobulin (Tg) concentrations >40 μg/L. The prevalence of hyperthyrotropinemia was >10% in children at iodine intakes of 200-300 μg/d. Tg concentrations increased with increased iodine intake (β = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4, 0.6), and the prevalence of Tg >40 μg/L was >3% in all iodine-intake groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the risk of total goiter significantly increased at iodine intakes ≥250-299 μg/d in 7- to 10-y-old children (OR: 8.8; 95% CI: 2.3, 34.0) and at iodine intakes ≥300-399 μg/d in 11- to 14-y-old children (OR: 5.2; 95% CI: 1.5, 18.3). However, there were no consistent differences in the risk of hyperthyrotropinemia and Tg >40 μg/L in children between different iodine-intake groups. Conclusions Thyroid volume and goiter appear to be more sensitive indicators of thyroid stress than thyrotropin and Tg in children with long-term excess iodine intakes. We recommend 250 and 300 μg/d as safe Tolerable Upper Intake Levels of iodine for children aged 7-10 y and 11-14 y, respectively. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02915536.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunmeng Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiancao Bian
- The Shandong Institute for Endemic Disease Control and Research, Shandong, China
| | - Elizabeth N Pearce
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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16
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Chen Y, Chen W, Du C, Fan L, Wang W, Gao M, Zhang Y, Cui T, Hao Y, Pearce EN, Wang C, Zhang W. Iodine Nutrition and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women Exposed to Different Iodine Sources. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:52-59. [PMID: 30280309 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women are more vulnerable to iodine deficiency and iodine excess. The study aimed to assess the changes in iodine nutrition and thyroid function of pregnant women exposed to different iodine sources resulting in various iodine intakes during pregnancy. From 2016 to 2017, 2004 healthy pregnant women aged 20-35 years from Shandong and Tianjin, China, were enrolled. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), drinking water iodine content (WIC), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroglobulin (Tg), serum thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) were measured. Pregnant women in both Shandong and Tianjin were iodine sufficient, but the median UIC in pregnant women was significantly higher in Shandong (244 μg/L) than that in Tianjin (159 μg/L). No differences were found in UIC over the course of gestation in Shandong. In Tianjin, the UIC decreased during 13-24 weeks and stabilized thereafter. Compared with Tianjin, TSH levels were higher and FT3 and FT4 levels were lower in Shandong. Both FT3 and FT4 significantly decreased during pregnancy in Shandong and Tianjin. TSH and Tg increased over the course of gestation in both Shandong and Tianjin. The iodine status of pregnant women in Tianjin and Shandong were sufficient, but different changing patterns in UIC and thyroid function during pregnancy were presented. More attention should be focused on iodine nutrition of pregnant women, even in iodine-sufficient areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Cong Du
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Tingkai Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yunmeng Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Elizabeth N Pearce
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Chongdan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Tanggu Maternity Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, #22 Qixiangtai Street, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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17
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Exploration of the appropriate recommended nutrient intake of iodine in healthy Chinese women: an iodine balance experiment. Br J Nutr 2018; 121:519-528. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThere is a dearth of data on the iodine balance studies of Chinese population. In the present study, we aimed to explore the appropriate recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of iodine based on healthy Chinese women. A 4-week study was conducted in twenty-five Chinese euthyroid women. Uniform diets with different iodine contents were provided in two different periods, in which non-iodised salt was given in the first 3 weeks, followed by 1 week of iodised salt administration. The total iodine intake from diet, water and air as well as the total iodine excretion through urine, faeces and respiration were monitored and determined. The sweat iodine loss was also considered. Moreover, the regression curve model was established between the 24 h iodine intake and 24 h iodine excretion. The 24 h iodine intake in the two periods was 194·8 (sd 62·9) and 487·1 (sd 177·3) μg/d, respectively. The 24 h iodine excretion was 130·9 (sd 39·5) and 265·4 (sd 71·8) μg/d, respectively. Both 24 h iodine intake and 24 h iodine excretion of the two periods were significantly different (all P<0·05). The iodised salt contributed approximately 62·7 % of the total daily iodine intake. Moreover, 92·3 % (277/300) of samples were in positive balance, while twenty-three cases were in negative balance. Our data show that the estimated average requirement for iodine was 110·5 μg/d. Therefore, the RNI for iodine to non-pregnant, non-lactating Chinese women was 154·7 μg/d.
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18
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Inoue K, Leung AM, Sugiyama T, Tsujimoto T, Makita N, Nangaku M, Ritz BR. Urinary Iodine Concentration and Mortality Among U.S. Adults. Thyroid 2018; 28:913-920. [PMID: 29882490 PMCID: PMC6916127 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine deficiency has long been recognized as an important public health problem. Global approaches such as salt iodization that aim to overcome iodine deficiency have been successful. Meanwhile, they have led to excessive iodine consumption in some populations, thereby increasing the risks of iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction, as well as the comorbidities and mortality associated with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. This study aimed to elucidate whether iodine intake is associated with mortality among U.S. adults. METHODS This was an observational study to estimate mortality risks according to urinary iodine concentration (UIC) utilizing a nationally representative sample of 12,264 adults aged 20-80 years enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III. Crude and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were employed to investigate the association between UIC (<50, 50-99, 100-299, 300-399, and ≥400 μg/L) and mortalities (all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer). In sensitivity analyses, the study adjusted for total sodium intake and fat/calorie ratio in addition to other potential confounders. Stratum-specific analyses were also conducted to estimate the effects of UIC on mortality according to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and estimated glomerular filtration rate category. RESULTS Over a median follow-up of 19.2 years, there were 3159 deaths from all causes. Participants with excess iodine exposure (UIC ≥400 μg/L) were at higher risk for all-cause mortality compared to those with adequate iodine nutrition (hazard ratio = 1.19 [confidence interval 1.04-1.37]). Elevated hazard ratios of cardiovascular and cancer mortality were also found, but the confidence interval of the effect estimates included the null value for both outcomes. Low UIC was not associated with increased mortality. Restricted cubic spline models showed similar results for all outcomes. The results did not change substantially after adjusting for total sodium intake and fat/calorie ratio. None of the potential interactions were statistically significant on a multiplicative scale. CONCLUSION Higher all-cause mortality among those with excess iodine intake compared to individuals with adequate iodine intake highlights the importance of monitoring population iodine status. Further studies with longitudinal measures of iodine status are needed to validate these results and to assess the potential risks excess iodine intake may have on long-term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Inoue
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Angela M. Leung
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Takehiro Sugiyama
- Diabetes and Metabolism Information Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Public Health/Health Policy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tsujimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Center Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Makita
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nangaku
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Beate R. Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Synthesis and characterization of new tyrosine capped anisotropic silver nanoparticles and their exploitation for the selective determination of iodide ions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Wang Z, Su X, Liu P, Liu S. Dynamic Changes in the Bivariable Distribution of Urinary Iodine Concentration and Thyroid Volume in Children Aged 8 to 10 Years in China. Asia Pac J Public Health 2017; 29:288-295. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539517709027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
National iodine-deficiency disorder surveillance surveys were conducted in 1999, 2005, and 2011 in China. Probability-proportional-to-size sampling technique was used to select sampling units. The mean of thyroid volume (Tvol) in the 100 to 199 µg/L UIC (urinary iodine concentration) group was significantly lower than that in the 200 to 299 µg/L UIC group in 2011 ( P < .05). The status in the 100 to 199 µg/L versus ≥300 µg/L and 200 to 299 µg/L versus ≥300 µg/L groups in 1999, and 100 to 199 µg/L versus ≥300 µg/L group in 2011 were the same ( P < .05). The mean Tvol in the <100 µg/L UIC group was significantly higher than that in the 100 to 199 µg/L UIC group in 1999 ( P < .05). Both insufficient and excess iodine may be associated with an increase in Tvol, and adequate iodine intake should be defined as median UIC 100 to 299 µg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, HL, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, HL, China
| | - Shoujun Liu
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, HL, China
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Sun D, Codling K, Chang S, Zhang S, Shen H, Su X, Chen Z, Scherpbier RW, Yan J. Eliminating Iodine Deficiency in China: Achievements, Challenges and Global Implications. Nutrients 2017; 9:E361. [PMID: 28379180 PMCID: PMC5409700 DOI: 10.3390/nu9040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention of iodine deficiency through salt iodization has been recognized as a global success story, and China stands at the forefront of this achievement with one of the most successful programs in the world. High level political commitment, national mandatory legislation, a state-managed edible salt industry and a complex and highly sophisticated surveillance system have facilitated the success of the program. Challenges have arisen however, including: (i) concern that adequate iodine status in pregnant women cannot be achieved without causing above adequate iodine intakes in children; (ii) declining iodine intake as a result of reductions in salt consumption and increased consumption of processed foods, which may not be made with iodized salt; (iii) the existence of areas with high iodine content in the water; and (iv) declines in household use of iodized salt due to concerns about excess iodine intake and thyroid disease. This article reviews the achievements and challenges of the Chinese Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) Elimination Program and reflects on lessons learned and implications for other national salt iodization programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Sun
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, China Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Karen Codling
- United Nations Children's Fund, 12 Sanlitun Lu, Beijing 100600, China.
- Iodine Global Network, P.O. Box 51030, 375 des Epinettes, Ottawa, ON K1E 3E6, Canada.
| | - Suying Chang
- United Nations Children's Fund, 12 Sanlitun Lu, Beijing 100600, China.
| | - Shubin Zhang
- Parasitic and Endemic Disease Prevention and Control Division of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, 14 Zhichun Road, Beijing 100088, China.
| | - Hongmei Shen
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, China Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Centre for Endemic Disease Control, China Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Zupei Chen
- Iodine Global Network, P.O. Box 51030, 375 des Epinettes, Ottawa, ON K1E 3E6, Canada.
| | - Robert W Scherpbier
- Iodine Global Network, P.O. Box 51030, 375 des Epinettes, Ottawa, ON K1E 3E6, Canada.
| | - Jun Yan
- Parasitic and Endemic Disease Prevention and Control Division of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, 14 Zhichun Road, Beijing 100088, China.
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Katagiri R, Yuan X, Kobayashi S, Sasaki S. Effect of excess iodine intake on thyroid diseases in different populations: A systematic review and meta-analyses including observational studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173722. [PMID: 28282437 PMCID: PMC5345857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several reports concerning the association of iodine excess and thyroid disease have appeared, no systematic review of the association between iodine excess intake and thyroid diseases, especially hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, has yet been reported. METHOD We conducted a systematic search of Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, Ichushi-Web and CiNii database for intervention trials and observational studies. Search terms were constructed from related words for excess AND iodine intake or excretion AND thyroid hormones or diseases AND study designs. After considering the qualitative heterogeneity among studies, a meta-analysis was conducted and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated in random-effects models. A protocol was registered with PROSPERO (No. CRD42015028081). RESULTS 50 articles were included, including three intervention trials, six case-control studies, six follow-up studies and 35 cross-sectional studies. Three cross-sectional studies in adults included in meta-analysis. Odds ratio of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism between excess and adequate populations were 2.78 (CI:1.47 to 5.27) and 2.03 (CI:1.58 to 2.62) in adults, respectively. Source of excess iodine status was mainly iodized salt or water in included studies. CONCLUSION Although universal salt iodization has improved goiter rates, chronic exposure to excess iodine from water or poorly monitored salt are risk factors for hypothyroidism in free-living populations. Monitoring of both iodine concentration in salt as well as the iodine concentration in local drinking water are essential to preventing thyroid diseases. Hypothyroidism should be also carefully monitored in areas with excess iodine. Because of the low quality and limited number of included studies, further evidence and review are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Katagiri
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Kobayashi
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sasaki
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, School of Public Health, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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He FJ, Ma Y, Feng X, Zhang W, Lin L, Guo X, Zhang J, Niu W, Wu Y, MacGregor GA. Effect of salt reduction on iodine status assessed by 24 hour urinary iodine excretion in children and their families in northern China: a substudy of a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011168. [PMID: 27670515 PMCID: PMC5051323 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of salt reduction on iodine status and to determine whether iodine consumption was still adequate after salt reduction in a population where universal salt iodisation is mandatory. DESIGN A substudy of a cluster randomised controlled trial, with schools randomly assigned to either the intervention or the control group. SETTING 28 primary schools in Changzhi, northern China. PARTICIPANTS 279 children in grade 5 of primary school (mean age: 10.1); 553 adults (age: 43.8). INTERVENTION Children were educated about the harmful effects of salt and how to reduce salt intake using the schools' usual health education lessons. Children then delivered the message to their families. The duration was 1 school term (≈3.5 months). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Difference between the intervention and control groups in the change of iodine intake as measured by repeat 24 hour urinary iodine from baseline to the end of the trial. RESULTS At baseline, the mean salt intake was 7.0±2.5 g/day in children and 11.7±4.4 g/day in adults and the median iodine intake was 165.1 μg/day (IQR: 122.6-216.7) and 280.7 μg/day (IQR: 205.1-380.9) in children and adults, respectively. At the end of the study, salt and iodine decreased in the intervention compared with control group. The mean effect on salt for intervention versus control was -1.9 g/day (95% CI -2.6 to -1.3) in children and -2.9 g/day (95% CI -3.7 to -2.2) in adults. The mean effect on iodine was -19.3% (95% CI -29.4% to -7.7%) in children and -11.4% (95% CI -20.3% to -1.5%) in adults. CONCLUSIONS With ≈25% reduction in salt intake, there was a significant reduction in iodine consumption in northern China where salt is iodised. Despite this, iodine intake was still adequate, and well above the estimated average requirement. Our findings indicate that reducing salt to the WHO's target-30% reduction by 2025-will not compromise iodine status. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01821144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng J He
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yuan Ma
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wanqi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin, China
| | - Laixiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin, China
- Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaohui Guo
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Niu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Graham A MacGregor
- Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Iodine nutrition status and thyroid disorders: a cross-sectional study from the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 70:1332-1336. [PMID: 27188916 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Iodine nutritional status and its influence on thyroid function have been thoroughly investigated in many places in China, but little is known about Xinjiang province, where multiple minorities are living in a special geographical location and have different lifestyles compared with people from other parts of China. The aim of this study was to evaluate iodine status and thyroid disorders in two major ethnic groups living in the Xinjiang region of China. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 2253 residents over the age of 18 years who had lived in Xinjiang for more than 3 years were enrolled. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), serum thyroid hormone concentrations and thyroid autoantibodies were measured, and thyroid ultrasonography was performed. RESULTS The median UIC was 130.7 μg/l in adults. Among the subjects, those with deficient UIC levels were 34.4%. The prevalence of overt hyper- and hypothyroidism in the iodine-deficient group was higher than in the iodine-sufficient group (1.3% vs 0%, χ2=3.891, P=0.049; 4.8% vs 2.8%, χ2=8.715, P=0.003, respectively), and subclinical hypothyroidism was more frequent in the iodine-deficient group than in the iodine-excess group (19.6% vs 12.5%, χ2=4.529, P=0.033). CONCLUSIONS One-third of the population is still iodine deficient in Xinjiang. Uyghur females are more susceptible to hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmune diseases. Thyroid disorders, especially hyper/hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism, are more likely to be prevalent in an iodine-deficient population.
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Wang N, Zhou Y, Fu C, Wang H, Huang P, Wang B, Su M, Jiang F, Fang H, Zhao Q, Chen Y, Jiang Q. Influence of Bisphenol A on Thyroid Volume and Structure Independent of Iodine in School Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141248. [PMID: 26496713 PMCID: PMC4619836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have evaluated the relationship between bisphenol A (BPA) and thyroid functions, their results are not entirely consistent. Little is known about BPA in relation to thyroid volume and structure. METHODS We examined the association of BPA with thyroid volume and thyroid nodules using data from 718 Chinese children living in the East Coast of China in 2012. First morning urine samples were collected for the determination of urinary BPA, creatinine, and urinary iodine concentrations (UIC). Thyroid volume (TV) and nodules were assessed by thyroid ultrasonography. RESULTS The median of TV was 3.14ml. 459(63.9%) children took iodized salt at home and the median of UIC was 159μg/l. BPA was detected in 99.9% of the urine samples and the medians for boys and girls were 2.64 and 2.35μg/g creatinine, respectively. Of all participants 14.0% had thyroid nodules. Urinary BPA concentration was inversely associated with thyroid volume (β = -0.033, 95% CI: -0.053, -0.013) and the risk for multiple nodules (OR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.97). The associations above were similar for children who consumed iodized salt and those consumed non-iodized salt. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that BPA may be one of the influencing factors for TV and thyroid nodules and its effects are independent of iodine nutrition status in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaowei Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hexing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixin Huang
- Department of Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Haimen City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haimen, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meifang Su
- Department of Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Yuhuan County Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Fang
- Department of Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Minhang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chen W, Sang Z, Tan L, Zhang S, Dong F, Chu Z, Wei W, Zhao N, Zhang G, Yao Z, Shen J, Zhang W. Neonatal thyroid function born to mothers living with long-term excessive iodine intake from drinking water. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 83:399-404. [PMID: 25280177 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of long-term excessive maternal iodine intake on neonatal thyroid function are less known. This study aimed to assess the effects of maternal excessive iodine intake from drinking water on thyroid functions of both mothers and their neonates. DESIGN AND METHODS This observational study was performed in high iodine (HI) areas and adequate iodine (AI) intake areas, including 384 healthy pregnant women in late gestation (mean week 39·3 ± 1·6 weeks) and their newborns. Blood and urine samples were obtained from pregnant women, while cord blood samples were obtained from neonates. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid function were evaluated. RESULTS The median maternal UIC was 1241 and 217 μg/l in HI and AI areas, respectively (P < 0·001). The concentrations of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) in neonates in HI areas were 7·33 mIU/l (range 5·47, 11·06 mIU/l), 2·93 ± 0·59 and 15·03 ± 1·92 pmol/l, respectively, while that were 4·71 mIU/l (range 3·96, 6·04 mIU/l), 2·31 ± 0·28 and 16·50 ± 1·35 pmol/l in AI neonates (P < 0·05). Similar changes were also observed in neonates in HI areas when excluding the effect of maternal thyroid autoimmunity. Cord blood TSH concentration (r = 0·31, P = 0·001) and FT3 concentration (r = 0·43, P = 0·001) were positively correlated with maternal UIC. Cord blood FT4 concentration was negatively correlated with maternal UIC (r = -0·25, P = 0·001). Mothers living in HI areas (β = 0·296, 95% CI: 0·163, 0·255) and with subclinical hypothyroidism (β = 0·360, 95% CI: 0·034, 0·175) contributed to elevated cord blood TSH concentration in neonates, while male neonates were more likely to present with higher TSH concentration compared with female infants (β = -0·760, 95% CI: -0·119, -0·033). CONCLUSIONS Excessive iodine intake during pregnancy was associated with an increased rate of hyperthyrotropinaemia in neonates and their mothers, especially in male neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongna Sang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Tan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Feng Dong
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zanjun Chu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guiqin Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaixiao Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with adequate and excessive iodine intake in Hebei Province, People's Republic of China. Public Health Nutr 2014; 18:1692-7. [PMID: 25373938 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980014002237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore (i) the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in populations with adequate and excessive iodine intakes and (ii) the effect of iodine exposure on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. DESIGN Cross-sectional study was conducted in Hebei in 2010. The population was classified as having adequate or excessive iodine intake according to the iodine concentration in drinking water. Demographic information was collected by questionnaire. Levels of serum thyroid hormones, thyroid autoantibodies and iodine in drinking water and urine were measured. SETTING Villages with adequate or excessive drinking water iodine in Hebei Province, People's Republic of China. SUBJECTS A total of 854 men and women aged 20-50 years who had lived in the surveyed areas for over 5 years, including 348 from the adequate iodine area (AIA) and 506 from the excessive iodine area (EIA). RESULTS Median urinary iodine concentration was 185 μg/l in AIA and 1152 μg/l in EIA. The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in AIA was 10.3%, which included 1.1% with hypothyroidism and 8.1% with subclinical hypothyroidism; and 20.6% in EIA, which included 3.6% with hypothyroidism and 13.6% with subclinical hypothyroidism. The positive rates of thyroglobulin antibody were 16.1% in AIA and 11.9% in EIA; the positive rates of thyroperoxidase antibody were 20.7% in AIA and 16.4% in EIA. CONCLUSIONS Excessive iodine intake may lead to increased prevalence of biochemical thyroid dysfunction, especially biochemical hypothyroidism. This is not related to an increase in prevalence of thyroid antibodies. Women are more susceptible to iodine excess.
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Geographical distribution patterns of iodine in drinking-water and its associations with geological factors in Shandong Province, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:5431-44. [PMID: 24852390 PMCID: PMC4053898 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110505431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
County-based spatial distribution characteristics and the related geological factors for iodine in drinking-water were studied in Shandong Province (China). Spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial scan statistic were applied to analyze the spatial characteristics. Generalized linear models (GLMs) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) studies were conducted to explore the relationship between water iodine level and its related geological factors. The spatial distribution of iodine in drinking-water was significantly heterogeneous in Shandong Province (Moran's I = 0.52, Z = 7.4, p < 0.001). Two clusters for high iodine in drinking-water were identified in the south-western and north-western parts of Shandong Province by the purely spatial scan statistic approach. Both GLMs and GWR indicated a significantly global association between iodine in drinking-water and geological factors. Furthermore, GWR showed obviously spatial variability across the study region. Soil type and distance to Yellow River were statistically significant at most areas of Shandong Province, confirming the hypothesis that the Yellow River causes iodine deposits in Shandong Province. Our results suggested that the more effective regional monitoring plan and water improvement strategies should be strengthened targeting at the cluster areas based on the characteristics of geological factors and the spatial variability of local relationships between iodine in drinking-water and geological factors.
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Abstract
Iodine is a micronutrient that is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. The primary source of iodine is the diet via consumption of foods that have been fortified with iodine, including salt, dairy products and bread, or that are naturally abundant in the micronutrient, such as seafood. Recommended daily iodine intake is 150 µg in adults who are not pregnant or lactating. Ingestion of iodine or exposure above this threshold is generally well-tolerated. However, in certain susceptible individuals, including those with pre-existing thyroid disease, the elderly, fetuses and neonates, or patients with other risk factors, the risk of developing iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction might be increased. Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism as a result of supraphysiologic iodine exposure might be either subclinical or overt, and the source of the excess iodine might not be readily apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Leung
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard (111D), Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Lewis E Braverman
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 88 East Newton Street, Evans 201, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Dušová H, Trávníček J, Peksa Z, Šimák-Líbalová K, Šimková A, Falta D, Švejdová K. The Influence of High Iodine Intake on Chosen Blood Parameters of Sheep. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun201462010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Sang Z, Chen W, Shen J, Tan L, Zhao N, Liu H, Wen S, Wei W, Zhang G, Zhang W. Long-term exposure to excessive iodine from water is associated with thyroid dysfunction in children. J Nutr 2013; 143:2038-43. [PMID: 24108132 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.179135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated an association between iodine excess and increased incidence of thyroid dysfunction in adults. However, there have been few studies on how the intake of excessive iodine affects thyroid function in children. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a long-term exposure to excessive iodine on thyroid dysfunction in children. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid function in 371 children from a high iodine (HI) area (water iodine: 150-963 μg/L) and 150 children from an adequate iodine (AI) area (water iodine: 12.8-50.9 μg/L) were measured. The water iodine concentration in the HI area was higher than that in the AI area (P < 0.001) and the median urinary iodine concentration of children in the HI area was 1030 μg/L, which was 8.6 times that of children in the AI area (123 μg/L) (P < 0.001). Children in the HI area had a higher concentration of sensitive thyroid stimulating hormone and higher positivity of both thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb). The prevalence of thyroid diseases was higher in HI area children than that in AI area children (P = 0.000), especially subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH; P = 0.004). A body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 22.3 kg/m(2) was associated with the incidence of SCH (OR: 5.51; 95% CI: 1.52, 19.9; P = 0.009). UIC ≥ 600 μg/L (OR: 3.62; 95% CI: 1.22, 10.8; P = 0.024) and TPOAb or TGAb-positivity (Ab+ OR: 6.48; 95% CI: 1.78, 23.6; P = 0.005) in children were significantly and independently associated with SCH. Interactions between UIC ≥ 800 μg/L and Ab+ (P-interaction = 0.004) were found. Furthermore, increased thyroid volume was correlated with higher UIC (β = 0.22; P = 0.002). Excessive iodine intake in children in HI areas is associated with impaired thyroid function; UIC ≥ 600 μg/L and Ab+ are the risk factors for SCH. Effective measures need to be taken for reducing excessive iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongna Sang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, and 4Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China 5Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, Cangzhou, China
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Mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt modestly improves iodine status in schoolchildren. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1109-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in many parts of the world including the UK, Australia and New Zealand (NZ). In 2009, the NZ government introduced the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt as a strategy to improve iodine intakes. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of fortification on the iodine status of NZ schoolchildren. A school-based cluster survey was used to randomly select schools from two NZ cities. Children aged 8–10 years were administered a general questionnaire, and asked to provide a casual urine and finger-prick blood sample. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the children (n147) was 113 μg/l, which falls between 100 and 199 μg/l indicating adequate iodine status; 12 % of children had a UIC < 50 μg/l and 39 % had a UIC < 100 μg/l. The median serum thyroxine concentration was 115 nmol/l. The median serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration was 10·8 μg/l and falls in the 10·0–19·9 μg/l range indicative of mild iodine deficiency, suggesting that these children still had enlarged thyroid glands. When compared with the median UIC of 68 μg/l reported in the 2002 NZ Children's Nutrition Survey, the UIC of children in the present study had increased, which is probably caused by the addition of iodised salt to bread. However, the elevated concentration of Tg in these children suggests that the increase in UIC is not sufficient to ensure that thyroid volume has normalised. The fortification of other staple foods, in addition to bread, should be considered to ensure good iodine status in NZ children.
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Swanson CA, Zimmermann MB, Skeaff S, Pearce EN, Dwyer JT, Trumbo PR, Zehaluk C, Andrews KW, Carriquiry A, Caldwell KL, Egan SK, Long SE, Bailey RL, Sullivan KM, Holden JM, Betz JM, Phinney KW, Brooks SPJ, Johnson CL, Haggans CJ. Summary of an NIH workshop to identify research needs to improve the monitoring of iodine status in the United States and to inform the DRI. J Nutr 2012; 142:1175S-85S. [PMID: 22551802 PMCID: PMC3738225 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.156448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the NIH sponsored a workshop on May 12-13, 2011, to bring together representatives from various NIH institutes and centers as a first step in developing an NIH iodine research initiative. The workshop also provided an opportunity to identify research needs that would inform the dietary reference intakes for iodine, which were last revised in 2001. Iodine is required throughout the life cycle, but pregnant women and infants are the populations most at risk of deficiency, because iodine is required for normal brain development and growth. The CDC monitors iodine status of the population on a regular basis, but the status of the most vulnerable populations remains uncertain. The NIH funds very little investigator-initiated research relevant to iodine and human nutrition, but the ODS has worked for several years with a number of other U.S. government agencies to develop many of the resources needed to conduct iodine research of high quality (e.g., validated analytical methods and reference materials for multiple types of samples). Iodine experts, scientists from several U.S. government agencies, and NIH representatives met for 2 d to identify iodine research needs appropriate to the NIH mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Swanson
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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