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Gowda D, Gowda SGB, Ikeda A, Ketema RM, Ait Bamai Y, Kishi R, Chiba H, Hui SP. Quantitative determination of plasma cholesteryl ester levels in Japanese preadolescents from the Hokkaido study using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2024; 211:109498. [PMID: 39147006 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Cholesteryl esters (CE) are sterols comprising various fatty acyl chains attached to a cholesterol hydroxyl moiety. CEs are often considered plasma biomarkers of liver function; however, their absolute concentrations in the plasma of Japanese preadolescents have not been well explored. This study aimed to determine the plasma CE levels in Japanese preadolescents of different sexes, ages, and body weights living in Hokkaido, Japan using targeted liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis was performed on the non-fasting plasma of preadolescents aged 9-12 years (n = 339 healthy volunteers; 178 boys and 161 girls) from Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. The analysis results showed that the total CE levels in boys and girls were 871 ± 153 and 862 ± 96 pmol/μL, respectively. CE 18:2 (41 ± 2.9 %) was found to be the most abundant species followed by CE 18:1 (16 ± 1.5 %) and CE 16:0 (13 ± 1.1 %). The ω-3 fatty acid-containing CEs such as CE 18:3 and CE 20:5 were significantly lower in girls than in boys. Despite the different ages, CEs were tightly regulated in the plasma of children's, and the total CEs ranged between 844 and 906 pmol/μL in boys and 824 and 875 pmol/μL in girls. The participants were further classified into three groups based on their body mass index underweight (n = 237), normal weight (n = 94), and overweight (n = 8). Most of the quantified CEs were accumulated in the overweight group. Interestingly, CE 18:3 was significantly upregulated in the overweight group compared to that in the normal range, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.73, suggesting that it could be a possible marker for obesity. This study marks the initial investigation of absolute CE levels in the plasma of children and can help elucidate the relationship between CEs and childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Siddabasave Gowda B Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ikeda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma, Nishi-4-3-1-15, Higashi-ku, Sapporo 007-0894, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Hajihashemi P, Feizi A, Heidari Z, Haghighatdoost F. Association of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids with blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:2247-2259. [PMID: 36939291 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1973364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at summarizing earlier findings on the association of n-6 PUFAs levels in diets or blood with blood pressure. METHODS PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for observational studies. Publications with data on the risk of hypertension, or the correlation between n-6 PUFAs or mean values of serum n-6 PUFAs levels in normotensive and hypertensive were included. RESULTS Twenty-two studies (16 cross-sectional studies, 5 cohorts and one case-control) were eligible. Combining 14 extracted effect sizes showed that higher circulatory/dietary n-6 PUFAs tended to be associated with 10% lower risk of HTN (95% CI: 0.81, 1.00), whereas combining 23 effect sizes illustrated no difference in circulatory/dietary n-6 PUFAs mean levels between normotensive and hypertensive subjects. According to subgroup analysis based on fatty acid types, total n-6 PUFAs (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.97) and linoleic acid (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.82) were inversely related to the risk of HTN. Circulatory/dietary n-6 PUFAs were correlated neither with systolic nor with diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Higher circulatory/dietary n-6 PUFAs tend to be associated with lower odds of HTN. Particularly, total n-6 PUFAs and linoleic acid were associated with lower risk of HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Hajihashemi
- Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Liu X, Shi L, Dai X, Chen H, Zhang C, Wang P, Wu Q, Zeng L, Yan H. Plasma metabolites mediate the association of coarse grain intake with blood pressure in hypertension-free adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1512-1519. [PMID: 32624346 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased intake of whole/coarse grains was associated with improved blood pressure control, but concurrent metabolism alterations are less clear. We sought to identify metabolomic profiles of blood pressure, and to explore their mediation effects on the coarse grain intake-blood pressure association among young adults free of hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma metabolome of 86 participants from the Carbohydrate Alternatives and Metabolic Phenotypes study was characterized by untargeted lipidomics and metabolomics using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. We identified 24 and 117 metabolites associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respectively, using random forest modeling and partial correlation analysis. Moreover, metabolite panels for highly specific prediction of blood pressure (8 metabolites for SBP and 11 metabolites for DBP) were determined using ten-fold cross-validated ridge regression (R2 ≥ 0.70). We also observed an inverse association between metabolite panel of SBP (β ± SE = -0.02 ± 0.01, P = 0.04) or DBP (β ± SE = -0.03 ± 0.01, P = 0.02) and coarse grain intake. Furthermore, we observed significant mediating effects of metabolites, in particular, sphingolipid ceramides, on the association between coarse grain exposure and blood pressure using both bias-corrected bootstrap tests and high-dimensional mediation analysis adapted for large-scale and high-throughput omics data. CONCLUSIONS We identified metabolomic profiles specifically associated with blood pressure in young Chinese adults without diagnosed hypertension. The inverse association between coarse grain intake and blood pressure may be mediated by sphingolipid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden; School of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi' an, 710062, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Dai
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Agro, Shenzhen, 518083, PR China.
| | - Huangtao Chen
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingxia Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76 West Yanta Road, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 West Yanta Road, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Hosseini SH, Papanikolaou Y, Isalm N, Rashmi P, Shamloo A, Vatanparast H. Consumption Patterns of Grain-Based Foods among Children and Adolescents in Canada: Evidence from Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition 2015. Nutrients 2019; 11:E623. [PMID: 30875785 PMCID: PMC6471334 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current analyses used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition 2015 to investigate grain-based food (GBF) dietary patterns of consumptions among 6,400,000 Canadian children and adolescents 2 to 18 years old. Nutrient intakes, socioeconomic differences, body mass index (BMI) z-scores, and intakes of several food groups were examined across the identified grain patterns of consumption. We employed k-mean cluster analysis to identify the consumption patterns of grain products. Based on the contributions of 21 grain food groups to the total energy intake of each individual, seven GBF consumption patterns were identified including other bread; salty snacks; pasta; rice; cakes and cookies; white bread; and mixed grains. Individuals having less than one serving of grain products were also separately categorized as no-grain consumers. Mean energy intake (kcal/day) was lowest for the "no-grain" consumers and greatest in children/adolescents consuming a "salty snacks" pattern when all GBF patterns were compared. Children and adolescents with "no-grain" and "rice" GBF consumption patterns had significantly lower intakes of several nutrients including dietary fiber, folate, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin. No associations were observed with any of the identified GBF patterns and BMI z-scores. In addition, the socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as household incomes and immigration status of participants were shown to be significantly different across the identified clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Hamzeh Hosseini
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | | | - Naorin Isalm
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Patil Rashmi
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Arash Shamloo
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Hassan Vatanparast
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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Wolters M, Pala V, Russo P, Risé P, Moreno LA, De Henauw S, Mehlig K, Veidebaum T, Molnár D, Tornaritis M, Galli C, Ahrens W, Börnhorst C. Associations of Whole Blood n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents - Results from the IDEFICS/I.Family Cohort. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165981. [PMID: 27806134 PMCID: PMC5091790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polyunsaturated n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are precursors of biologically active metabolites that affect blood pressure (BP) regulation. This study investigated the association of n-3 and n-6 PUFA and BP in children and adolescents. Methods In a subsample of 1267 children aged 2–9 years at baseline of the European IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants) cohort whole blood fatty acids were measured by a validated gas chromatographic method. Systolic and diastolic BP was measured at baseline and after two and six years. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the associations between fatty acids at baseline and BP z-scores over time adjusting for relevant covariables. Models were further estimated stratified by sex and weight status. Results The baseline level of arachidonic acid was positively associated with subsequent systolic BP (β = 0.08, P = 0.002) and diastolic BP (β = 0.07, P<0.001). In thin/normal weight children, baseline alpha-linolenic (β = -1.13, P = 0.003) and eicosapentaenoic acid (β = -0.85, P = 0.003) levels were inversely related to baseline and also to subsequent systolic BP and alpha-linolenic acid to subsequent diastolic BP. In overweight/obese children, baseline eicosapentaenoic acid level was positively associated with baseline diastolic BP (β = 0.54, P = 0.005). Conclusions Low blood arachidonic acid levels in the whole sample and high n-3 PUFA levels in thin/normal weight children are associated with lower and therefore healthier BP. The beneficial effects of high n-3 PUFA on BP were not observed in overweight/obese children, suggesting that they may have been overlaid by the unfavorable effects of excess weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Wolters
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Valeria Pala
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Russo
- Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Risé
- DiSFeB, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Mehlig
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Denés Molnár
- National Institute of Health Promotion, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Claudio Galli
- DiSFeB, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Institute of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Claudia Börnhorst
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
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Kaikkonen JE, Kresanov P, Ahotupa M, Jula A, Mikkilä V, Viikari JSA, Juonala M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Kangas AJ, Soininen P, Ala-Korpela M, Raitakari OT. Longitudinal study of circulating oxidized LDL and HDL and fatty liver: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:396-404. [PMID: 26695550 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1133906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative reactions are thought to play a role in the inflammatory condition called fatty liver. It is unclear whether oxidized lipoprotein lipids or proteins are associated with future fatty liver. In the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, we determined the circulating levels of LDL and HDL oxidized lipids and studied their associations with fatty liver assessed by ultrasonography. There were 1286 middle-aged subjects with normal liver and 288 subjects with fatty liver. Analysis of oxidized lipids consisted of conjugated dienes in isolated HDL (oxHDLlipids) and LDL (oxLDLlipids). Oxidized LDL was also measured with a method based on antibodies against oxidized apolipoprotein B (oxLDLprot). After adjustment for age, sex, leisure-time physical activity, body mass index, alcohol intake, smoking, serum LDL and HDL cholesterol as well as particle concentrations, participants with elevated oxLDLlipids (odds ratio for 1-SD change in oxLDLlipids = 1.27, p =0.011) had an increased risk for fatty liver. Similarly, a high oxidation score (oxLDLlipids + oxLDLprot) was directly associated with fatty liver (odds ratio=1.34, p = 0.012). The strongest direct association was seen with a high oxLDLlipids/oxHDLlipids ratio (odds ratio=1.49, p = 0.001). These data suggest that oxidized lipoprotein lipids are linked with the risk of fatty liver in middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari E Kaikkonen
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Petri Kresanov
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Markku Ahotupa
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- b National Institute for Health and Welfare , Turku , Finland
| | - Vera Mikkilä
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland ;,c Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences , University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- d Department of Medicine , University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- d Department of Medicine , University of Turku and Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital , Turku, Finland ;,e Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Nina Hutri-Kähönen
- f Department of Pediatrics , Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- g Department of Clinical Physiology , Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- h Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland
| | - Antti J Kangas
- i Computational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu , Oulu , Finland
| | - Pasi Soininen
- i Computational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu , Oulu , Finland ;,j NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Mika Ala-Korpela
- i Computational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu and Biocenter Oulu , Oulu , Finland ;,j NMR Metabolomics Laboratory, School of Pharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland ;,k Computational Medicine, School of Social and Community Medicine , University of Bristol , Bristol, United Kingdom ;,l Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- a Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku , Turku , Finland ;,m Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine , Turku University Hospital , Turku , Finland
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Early‐life exercise may promote lasting brain and metabolic health through gut bacterial metabolites. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:151-7. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wolters M, Schlenz H, Foraita R, Galli C, Risé P, Moreno LA, Molnár D, Russo P, Veidebaum T, Tornaritis M, Vyncke K, Eiben G, Iacoviello L, Ahrens W. Reference values of whole-blood fatty acids by age and sex from European children aged 3-8 years. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 38 Suppl 2:S86-98. [PMID: 25219413 PMCID: PMC4165865 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish reference values for fatty acids (FA) especially for n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC PUFA) in whole-blood samples from apparently healthy 3-8-year-old European children. The whole-blood FA composition was analysed and the age- and sex-specific distribution of FA was determined. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Blood samples for FA analysis were taken from 2661 children of the IDEFICS (identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants) study cohort. Children with obesity (n=454) and other diseases that are known to alter the FA composition (n=450) were excluded leaving 1653 participants in the reference population. MEASUREMENTS The FA composition of whole blood was analysed from blood drops by a rapid, validated gas chromatographic method. RESULTS Pearson correlation coefficients showed an age-dependent increase of C18:2n-6 and a decrease of C18:1n-9 in a subsample of normal weight boys and girls. Other significant correlations with age were weak and only seen either in boys or in girls, whereas most of the FA did not show any age dependence. For age-dependent n-3 and n-6 PUFA as well as for other FA that are correlated with age (16:0, C18:0 and C18:1n-9) percentiles analysed with the general additive model for location scale and shape are presented. A higher median in boys than in girls was observed for C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6 and C22:4n-6. CONCLUSIONS Given the reported associations between FA status and health-related outcome, the provision of FA reference ranges may be useful for the interpretation of the FA status of children in epidemiological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wolters
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - H Schlenz
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - R Foraita
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - C Galli
- DiSFeB, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Risé
- DiSFeB, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - L A Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - D Molnár
- National Institute of Health Promotion, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - P Russo
- Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - T Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - M Tornaritis
- Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - K Vyncke
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Eiben
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L Iacoviello
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy [2] Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Neurovascular Epidemiology, Casa di Cura Montevergine, Mercogliano, Italy
| | - W Ahrens
- 1] Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany [2] Institute of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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Nyantika AN, Tuomainen TP, Kauhanen J, Voutilainen S, Virtanen JK. Serum long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids and future blood pressure in an ageing population. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:498-503. [PMID: 25923477 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the associations of serum long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and hair mercury with future blood pressure in an ageing population. DESIGN Prospective study with baseline measurements in 1998-2001 and follow-up measurements in 2005-2008. The linear relationships (β) of baseline serum fatty acids and hair mercury with future systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were analyzed with multiple linear regression models, using log-transformed values. PARTICIPANTS 181 men and 200 women aged 53-73 y from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD) population in Eastern Finland, who were free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes or hypertension at baseline. MEASUREMENTS Total serum esterified and nonesterified fatty acids and pubic hair mercury were used as markers for exposure. Anthropometric and other lifestyle and health-related data were collected. RESULTS The mean serum concentrations were 1.67% (SD 0.92) for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), 0.79% (SD 0.16) for docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and 2.78 (SD 0.92) for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), of all serum fatty acids. The mean hair mercury concentration was 1.5 µg/g (SD 1.6). We did not find statistically significant associations between the baseline serum long-chain omega-3 PUFA concentrations or hair mercury content and future blood pressure. Hair mercury did not modify the associations with the long-chain omega-3 PUFAs, either. CONCLUSIONS Higher serum long-chain omega-3 PUFA concentration, a biomarker of fish or fish oil consumption, may not have an impact on future blood pressure in an ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Nyantika
- Jyrki K. Virtanen, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland, +358 (0) 294454542 / +358 (0) 403552957 Fax +358-17-162936. E-mail:
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10
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Voortman T, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Geelen A, Villamor E, Moll HA, de Jongste JC, Raat H, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Franco OH, van den Hooven EH. The development of a diet quality score for preschool children and its validation and determinants in the Generation R Study. J Nutr 2015; 145:306-14. [PMID: 25644352 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.199349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies have examined health effects of infant feeding, studies on diet quality shortly after the weaning and lactation period are scarce. OBJECTIVES Our aims were to develop and evaluate a diet score that measures overall diet quality in preschool children and to examine the sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants of this score. METHODS On the basis of national and international dietary guidelines for young children, we developed a diet score containing 10 components: intake of vegetables; fruit; bread and cereals; rice, pasta, potatoes, and legumes; dairy; meat and eggs; fish; oils and fats; candy and snacks; and sugar-sweetened beverages. The total score ranged from 0 to 10 on a continuous scale and was standardized to an energy intake of 1200 kcal/d with the residual method. The score was evaluated in 3629 children participating in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. Food consumption was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at a median age of 13 mo. RESULTS The mean ± SD diet score was 4.1 ± 1.3. The food-based diet score was positively associated with intakes of many nutrients, including n-3 (ω-3) fatty acids [FAs; 0.25 SD increase (95% CI: 0.22, 0.27) per 1 point increase in the diet score], dietary fiber [0.32 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.34)], and calcium [0.13 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.16)], and was inversely associated with intakes of sugars [-0.28 (95% CI: -0.31, -0.26)] and saturated fat [-0.03 (95% CI: -0.05, -0.01)]. A higher diet score was associated with several health-conscious behaviors, such as maternal folic acid supplement use during pregnancy, no smoking during pregnancy, and children watching less television. CONCLUSION We developed a novel food-based diet score for preschool children that could be applied in future studies to compare diet quality in early childhood and to investigate associations between diet in early childhood and growth, health, and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy Voortman
- The Generation R Study Group and Departments of Epidemiology
| | | | - Anouk Geelen
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Hein Raat
- Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group and Departments of Epidemiology Pediatrics, and
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Moraes MMD, Veiga GVD. [Accuracy of body fat and waist circumference in predicting metabolic abnormalities indicating cardiovascular risk in adolescents]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 58:341-51. [PMID: 24936728 DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000002865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of percent body fat (%BF) and waist circumference (WC) in predicting metabolic abnormalities indicating cardiovascular risk in adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample of 573 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years from state public schools in Niterói, RJ. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve was used to evaluate the accuracy of WC and %BF in predicting alterations in blood pressure, lipid profile, and blood glucose. RESULTS The best %BF cutoff points were 21% for boys, and 23% for girls, with sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) of approximately 60%. The best WC cutoff points were 71 cm for boys, and 66 cm for girls (SE: 55% to 70%; SP: 55% to 78%). CONCLUSION Even the best cutoff points misidentified high proportions of adolescents with metabolic abnormalities. Caution is recommended in the use of these indicators for cardiovascular risk screening in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Miranda de Moraes
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Gloria Valeria da Veiga
- Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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When to prevent cardiovascular disease? As early as possible: lessons from prospective cohorts beginning in childhood. Curr Opin Cardiol 2014; 28:561-8. [PMID: 23928921 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e32836428f4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To detail recent developments linking modifiable youth risk factors with preclinical markers of cardiovascular disease such as carotid artery intima-media thickness, pulse-wave velocity (PVW) and large artery stiffness, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation, left ventricular geometry, and coronary artery calcification in adulthood. RECENT FINDINGS Population-based data from prospective cohort studies beginning in youth with follow-up into adulthood have shown that the modifiable youth risk factors of elevated blood lipids, blood pressure, and adiposity, smoking (active and passive), metabolic disorders, physical inactivity, low cardiorespiratory fitness, and diet associate with preclinical markers of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. The data suggest that, in some instances, those who amend their trajectory by not maintaining these risk factors into adulthood experience reductions in preclinical markers to levels associated with never having had the risk factor. SUMMARY Though avoidance of risk factors in youth is ideal, there is still a window for intervention where long-lasting cardiovascular effects might be avoided. Health-enhancing changes in the rates of active and passive smoking, adiposity, increased physical activity, accentuated fitness, modified diet, and socioeconomic position in the transition from youth to adulthood might be important in modifying an individual's trajectory from high risk in youth to low risk in adulthood.
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Kaikkonen JE, Kresanov P, Ahotupa M, Jula A, Mikkilä V, Viikari JSA, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT. High serum n6 fatty acid proportion is associated with lowered LDL oxidation and inflammation: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:420-6. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.883071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Niinivirta K, Laakso P, Linderborg K, Poussa T, Isolauri E, Laitinen K. Maternal dietary counseling during pregnancy and infant fatty acid profiles. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2013; 65:268-72. [PMID: 24224882 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2013.854744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to explore whether maternal dietary counseling to increase the intake of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) is reflected in infant FA status. Serum cholesteryl ester (CE) and triacylglycerol (TAG) FA were analyzed from infants of 45 women randomized to receive dietary counseling from the first trimester of pregnancy and 45 control women. Counseling resulted in a higher intake of polyunsaturated FA and a lower intake of saturated FA. The dietary intake was reflected in cord blood TAGs: the n-6 to n-3 FA ratio was lower [mean difference -0.50 (95%CI -0.95 to -0.06)] and the sum of n-3 FA was higher in the intervention than in the control group [1.46 (0.44 to 2.48)% of total FA]. Reasons for the lack of changes in the cord blood CE fraction and FA fractions at 1-month remain unclear, but may indicate that the changes achieved in the maternal diet through counseling were too modest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Niinivirta
- The Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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Juonala M, Viikari JSA, Raitakari OT. Main findings from the prospective Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:57-64. [PMID: 23069987 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32835a7ed4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a comprehensive overview on the main findings from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. This prospective multicenter study initiated in 1980 (N = 3596, baseline age 3-18 years) has followed up study participants over 30 years to investigate childhood risk factors for cardiometabolic outcomes in adulthood. RECENT FINDINGS Childhood BMI, socioeconomic status, parental risk factor status, as well as genetic polymorphisms are independent predictors of adult obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Results from the Young Finns Study and other follow-up studies have shown that conventional childhood risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, obesity, elevated blood pressure and smoking, are predictive of subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults. Recent findings suggest that childhood lifestyle (diet, physical activity) is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and its progression in adulthood. Concerning the timing of risk factor measurements, they seem to be predictive of adult atherosclerosis from the age of 9 onwards. From a clinical point of view, a recent observation suggesting that the adverse cardiometabolic effects of childhood overweight/obesity are reversed among those who become nonobese adults, provides optimism during the days of obesity epidemic. SUMMARY Current data suggest that childhood risk factors are associated with higher risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in adulthood. Future studies among aging cohorts followed since childhood will provide data on their influence on clinical cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Juonala
- University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Center, Turku, Finland.
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Schwenke DC. Beyond the Mediterranean to optimal dietary patterns. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:96-100. [PMID: 23298963 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32835c94d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Impact of nutrition since early life on cardiovascular prevention. Ital J Pediatr 2012; 38:73. [PMID: 23259704 PMCID: PMC3543392 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-38-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries and it is related to the atherosclerotic process. Cardiovascular disease risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity, accelerate the atherosclerotic process which begins in childhood and progresses throughout the life span. The cardiovascular disease risk factor detection and management through prevention delays the atherosclerotic progression towards clinical cardiovascular disease. Dietary habits, from prenatal nutrition, breastfeeding, complementary feeding to childhood and adolescence nutrition play a basic role for this topic. The metabolic and neuroendocrine environment of the fetus is fundamental in the body’s “metabolic programming”. Further several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of breastfeeding on cardiovascular risk factors reduction. Moreover the introduction of complementary foods represents another important step, with particular regard to protein intake. An adequate distribution between macronutrients (lipids, proteins and carbohydrates) is required for correct growth development from infancy throughout adolescence and for prevention of several cardiovascular disease risk determinants in adulthood. The purpose of this review is to examine the impact of nutrition since early life on disease. La malattia cardiovascolare rappresenta la principale causa di morbilità e mortalità dei paesi occidentali ed è correlata a degenerazione vascolare aterosclerotica. I fattori di rischio cardiovascolari quali dislipidemia, ipertensione, insulino resistenza e obesità accelerano tale processo il cui esordio è noto sin dell’età pediatrica ed evolve nel corso della vita. L’individuazione e la cura dei fattori di rischio cardiovascolari mediante la prevenzione dei fattori causali ritardano la progressione dell’aterosclerosi e l’insorgenza dei sintomi cardiovascolari. La nutrizione svolge un ruolo preventivo fondamentale sin dall’epoca prenatale e nelle diverse età della crescita. La condizione metabolica e neuro-endocrino cui è sottoposto il feto è rilevante per la “programmazione metabolica”. E’ dimostrata inoltre l’importanza delle modalità di allattamento e divezzamento con particolare interesse per l’assunzione di proteine nel controllo dei fattori di rischio cardiovascolari. La corretta distribuzione di macronutrienti (lipidi, proteine e carboidrati) dall’infanzia all’adolescenza favorisce una crescita corretta e risulta utile a prevenire l’insorgenza dei determinanti di rischio di malattia cardiovascolare in età adulta. Nella presente review verrà esaminato l’impatto della nutrizione dalle più precoci fasi delle vita sul rischio cardiovascolare.
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