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Pinto AJ, Bergouignan A, Dempsey PC, Roschel H, Owen N, Gualano B, Dunstan DW. Physiology of sedentary behavior. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2561-2622. [PMID: 37326297 PMCID: PMC10625842 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary behaviors (SB) are characterized by low energy expenditure while in a sitting or reclining posture. Evidence relevant to understanding the physiology of SB can be derived from studies employing several experimental models: bed rest, immobilization, reduced step count, and reducing/interrupting prolonged SB. We examine the relevant physiological evidence relating to body weight and energy balance, intermediary metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system, and immunity and inflammatory responses. Excessive and prolonged SB can lead to insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, shift in substrate use toward carbohydrate oxidation, shift in muscle fiber from oxidative to glycolytic type, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, loss of muscle mass and strength and bone mass, and increased total body fat mass and visceral fat depot, blood lipid concentrations, and inflammation. Despite marked differences across individual studies, longer term interventions aimed at reducing/interrupting SB have resulted in small, albeit marginally clinically meaningful, benefits on body weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HDL concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and vascular function in adults and older adults. There is more limited evidence for other health-related outcomes and physiological systems and for children and adolescents. Future research should focus on the investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning adaptations to increasing and reducing/interrupting SB and the necessary changes in SB and physical activity to impact physiological systems and overall health in diverse population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J Pinto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Poppelreuther M, Lundsgaard A, Mensberg P, Sjøberg K, Vilsbøll T, Kiens B, Füllekrug J. Acyl-CoA synthetase expression in human skeletal muscle is reduced in obesity and insulin resistance. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15817. [PMID: 37726199 PMCID: PMC10509033 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon intramuscular entry, fatty acids are converted to amphiphatic fatty acyl-CoAs by action of the acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) enzymes. While it has been reported that insulin resistant skeletal muscle shows an accumulation of fatty acyl-CoAs, the role of the enzymes which catalyze their synthesis is still sparsely studied in human muscle, in particular the influence of obesity, and insulin resistance. We analyzed muscle biopsies obtained from normal weight controls (n = 7, average BMI 24), males/females with obesity (n = 7, average BMI 31), and males/females with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) (n = 7, average BMI 34), for relevant ACS (long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1), -3 (ACSL3) and - 4 (ACSL4), fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) and - 4 (FATP4)). The mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR, and total oleoyl-CoA synthetase activity was measured. In the males/females with obesity and T2D, the response to 16 weeks of exercise training with minor weight loss was evaluated. ACSL1 is the dominantly expressed ACS isoform in human skeletal muscle. The content of total ACS mRNA, as well as ACSL1 mRNA, were lower in muscle of males/females with obesity and T2D. Exercise training in the males/females with obesity and T2D increased the total ACS enzyme activity, along with a lowering of the HOMA-IR index. The capacity for synthesis of fatty acyl-CoAs is lower in skeletal muscle of obese males/females with T2D. This suggests a decreased ability to convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoAs, which in turn may affect their entry into storage or metabolic pathways in muscle. Thus, the accumulation of fatty acyl-CoAs in the obese or insulin resistant state that has been shown in previous reports is not likely to result from increased fatty acid acylation. The upregulation of ACS activity by exercise training appears beneficial and occurred concomitantly with increased insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Poppelreuther
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Internal Medicine IVUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Anne‐Marie Lundsgaard
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Kim Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Clinical ResearchSteno Diabetes Center CopenhagenHerlevDenmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Joachim Füllekrug
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Internal Medicine IVUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
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Shakoor H, Kizhakkayil J, Khalid M, Mahgoub A, Platat C. Effect of Moderate-Intense Training and Detraining on Glucose Metabolism, Lipid Profile, and Liver Enzymes in Male Wistar Rats: A Preclinical Randomized Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3820. [PMID: 37686852 PMCID: PMC10490015 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training positively regulates glucose metabolism. This study investigated the impact of training and detraining on glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, and liver enzymes. Twenty-six rats completed an initial 4-week moderate-intense training (T0-T4). Then, the animals were randomly assigned to two groups at the end of week 4: AT4: detraining for 8 weeks; AT8: training for 8 weeks and 4-week detraining. Six animals were sacrificed at T0 and T4, four animals/group at T8, and three/group at T12. The study continued for 12 weeks, and all parameters were assessed at T0, T4, T8, and T12. IPGTT significantly improved after 4 weeks of training (p < 0.01) and was further reduced in AT8 at T8. In AT8, 8-week training significantly reduced total cholesterol at T4 and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.05), LDL at T4, T8, and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.01), ALP at T8, T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.01), and increased HDL at T8 and ALT at T8 and T12 vs. T0 (p < 0.05). Triglycerides and hexokinase activity increased significantly at T4 and T8 (p < 0.05) and then decreased at T12 in AT8. Pyruvate and glycogen increased at T12 in AT8 vs. AT4. Eight-week training improved LPL and ATGL expressions. Training positively modulated insulin, glucose metabolism, and lipid profiles, but detraining reduced the benefits associated with the initial training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Shakoor
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.S.)
| | - Jaleel Kizhakkayil
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.S.)
| | - Mariyam Khalid
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar Mahgoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Carine Platat
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (H.S.)
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Archer E, Lavie CJ, Dobersek U, Hill JO. Metabolic Inheritance and the Competition for Calories between Mother and Fetus. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040545. [PMID: 37110203 PMCID: PMC10146335 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the prenatal period, maternal and fetal cells compete for calories and nutrients. To ensure the survival of the mother and development of the fetus, the prenatal hormonal milieu alters the competitive environment via metabolic perturbations (e.g., insulin resistance). These perturbations increase maternal caloric consumption and engender increments in both maternal fat mass and the number of calories captured by the fetus. However, a mother's metabolic and behavioral phenotypes (e.g., physical activity levels) and her external environment (e.g., food availability) can asymmetrically impact the competitive milieu, leading to irreversible changes in pre- and post-natal development-as exhibited by stunting and obesity. Therefore, the interaction of maternal metabolism, behavior, and environment impact the competition for calories-which in turn creates a continuum of health trajectories in offspring. In sum, the inheritance of metabolic phenotypes offers a comprehensive and consilient explanation for much of the increase in obesity and T2DM over the past 50 years in human and non-human mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart & Vascular Institute Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
| | - Urska Dobersek
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN 47712, USA
| | - James O Hill
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Bourdier P, Simon C, Bessesen DH, Blanc S, Bergouignan A. The role of physical activity in the regulation of body weight: The overlooked contribution of light physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13528. [PMID: 36394185 PMCID: PMC10910694 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of physical activity (PA) in the regulation of body weight is still a major topic of debate. This may be because studies have essentially focused on the effects of moderate/vigorous PA (MVPA) on body weight while overlooking the other components of PA, namely, light-intensity PA (LPA, daily life activities) and sedentary behaviors (SB, too much sitting). In this review, we will (i) describe the history of changes in PA behaviors that occurred with modernization; (ii) review data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that examined the associations between PA, SB, and measures of obesity; (iii) review interventional studies that investigated the effects of changes in PA and SB on body weight and adiposity; and (iv) discuss experimental studies that addressed potential biological mechanisms underlying the effects of PA and SB on weight regulation. Overall recent findings support the importance of considering all components of PA to better understand the regulation of energy balance and suggest an important role for LPA and SB in addition to MVPA on body weight regulation. Longitudinal large-scale rigorous studies are needed to advance our knowledge of the role of PA/SB in combating the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bourdier
- CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRAE 1397, University of Lyon, Oullins, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel H. Bessesen
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Pesola AJ, Gao Y, Finni T. Responsiveness of electromyographically assessed skeletal muscle inactivity: methodological exploration and implications for health benefits. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20867. [PMID: 36460701 PMCID: PMC9718848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged sedentary behaviour is detrimental to health due to low contractile activity in large lower extremity muscle groups. This muscle inactivity can be measured with electromyography (EMG), but it is unknown how methodological factors affect responsiveness longitudinally. This study ranks 16 different EMG inactivity thresholds based on their responsiveness (absolute and standardized effect size, responsiveness) using data from a randomized controlled trial targeted at reducing and breaking up sedentary time (InPact, ISRCTN28668090). EMG inactivity duration and usual EMG inactivity bout duration (weighted median of bout lengths) were measured from large lower extremity muscle groups (quadriceps, hamstring) with EMG-sensing shorts. The results showed that the EMG inactivity threshold above signal baseline (3 μV) provided overall the best responsiveness indices. At baseline, EMG inactivity duration of 66.8 ± 9.6% was accumulated through 73.9 ± 36.0 s usual EMG inactivity bout duration, both of which were reduced following the intervention (-4.8 percentage points, -34.3 s). The proposed methodology can reduce variability in longitudinal designs and the detailed results can be used for sample size calculations. Reducing EMG inactivity duration and accumulating EMG inactivity in shorter bouts has a potential influence on muscle physiology and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Pesola
- grid.479679.20000 0004 5948 8864Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Raviradantie 22b, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Y. Gao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - T. Finni
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Wilson SM, Maes AP, Yeoman CJ, Walk ST, Miles MP. Determinants of the postprandial triglyceride response to a high-fat meal in healthy overweight and obese adults. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:107. [PMID: 34544430 PMCID: PMC8451105 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is a feature of impaired metabolic health in conjunction with impaired glucose metabolism and central obesity. However, the contribution of factors to postprandial lipemia in healthy but metabolically at-risk adults is not well understood. We investigated the collective contribution of several physiologic and lifestyle factors to postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to a high-fat meal in healthy, overweight and obese adults. Methods Overweight and obese adults (n = 35) underwent a high-fat meal challenge with blood sampled at fasting and hourly in the 4-hour postprandial period after a breakfast containing 50 g fat. Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and postprandial magnitude for TG were calculated and data analyzed using a linear model with physiologic and lifestyle characteristics as explanatory variables. Model reduction was used to assess which explanatory variables contributed most to the postprandial TG response. Results TG responses to a high-fat meal were variable between individuals, with approximately 57 % of participants exceeded the nonfasting threshold for hypertriglyceridemia. Visceral adiposity was the strongest predictor of TG iAUC (β = 0.53, p = 0.01), followed by aerobic exercise frequency (β = 0.31, p = 0.05), insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR (β = 0.30, p = 0.04), and relative exercise intensity at which substrate utilization crossover occurred (β = 0.05, p = 0.04). For postprandial TG magnitude, visceral adiposity was a strong predictor (β = 0.43, p < 0.001) followed by aerobic exercise frequency (β = 0.23, p = 0.01), and exercise intensity for substrate utilization crossover (β = 0.53, p = 0.01). Conclusions Postprandial TG responses to a high-fat meal was partially explained by several physiologic and lifestyle characteristics, including visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, aerobic exercise frequency, and relative substrate utilization crossover during exercise. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04128839, Registered 16 October 2019 – Retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01543-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Wilson
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Box 173540, 20 Herrick Hall, MT, 59717, Bozeman, USA
| | - Adam P Maes
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Seth T Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Mary P Miles
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Box 173540, 20 Herrick Hall, MT, 59717, Bozeman, USA.
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McDonald SM, Yeo S, Liu J, Wilcox S, Sui X, Pate RR. Association between change in maternal physical activity during pregnancy and infant size, in a sample overweight or obese women. Women Health 2020; 60:929-938. [PMID: 32588785 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1779904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) naturally declines during pregnancy and its effects on infant size are unclear, especially in overweight or obese pregnancies, a low-active subpopulation that tends deliver heavier infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in prenatal PA and infant birthweight in a group of overweight or obese pregnant women. We employed a prospective analysis using data from a randomized controlled exercise trial (2001 to 2006) in sedentary, overweight or obese pregnant women in Michigan. Women with complete data on peak oxygen consumption, daily PA (via pedometers) and birthweight were included in the analyses. Change in PA was estimated via repeated measures analyses, and then its influence on infant birthweight was assessed via linear regression. Eighty-nine pregnant women were included and considered low-active (6,579.91 ± 2379.17 steps/day). PA declined from months 4 to 8 (-399.73 ± 371.38 steps∙day-1∙month-1). Analyses showed that the decline in PA (β = -0.28 g, 95%CI: -0.70, 0.25 g, p = .35) was not associated with birthweight. The findings of this study demonstrated that the decline in maternal PA during mid- to late-pregnancy, in overweight or obese women, was unrelated to infant birthweight. Future investigations should employ rigorous measurements of PA and infant anthropometry in this subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M McDonald
- School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University , Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - SeonAe Yeo
- College of Nursing, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jihong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina , Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sara Wilcox
- University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Xuemei Sui
- University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC, USA
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Sherk VD, Jackman MR, Higgins JA, Giles ED, Foright RM, Presby DM, Carpenter RD, Johnson GC, Oljira R, Houck JA, Maclean PS. Impact of Exercise and Activity on Weight Regain and Musculoskeletal Health Post-Ovariectomy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2465-2473. [PMID: 31274683 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether obesity and/or exercise training alters weight regain and musculoskeletal health after ovariectomy (OVX). Female rats were fed high-fat diet (HFD) to reveal obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) phenotypes. The OP and OR exercising (EX) and sedentary (SED) rats were calorically restricted to lose 15% of body weight using medium-fat diet. Rats were then maintained in energy balance for 8 wk before OVX. After OVX and a brief calorically limited phase, rats were allowed to eat ad libitum until body weight plateaued. Starting at weight loss, EX ran 1 h·d, 6 d·wk, 15 m·min. Energy intake, spontaneous physical activity (SPA), and total energy expenditure were evaluated at the end of weight maintenance pre-OVX, and at three time points post-OVX: before weight regain, during early regain, and after regain. Data are presented as mean ± SE. Exercise attenuated weight regain after OVX in OP only (OP-EX, 123 ± 10 g; OP-SED, 165 ± 12 g; OR-EX, 121 ± 6 g; OR-SED, 116 ± 6 g), which was primarily an attenuation of fat gain. The early post-OVX increase in energy intake explained much of the weight regain, and was similar across groups. Exercising improved bone strength, as did maintaining SPA. Group differences in muscle mitochondrial respiration were not significant. The large decrease in SPA due to OVX was persistent, but early weight regain was dependent on decreased SPA. In conclusion, leanness and exercise do not necessarily protect from OVX-induced weight gain. Exercise prevented weight gain in obese rats, but loss of SPA was the greatest contributor to post-OVX weight gain. Thus, understanding the mechanisms resulting in reduction in SPA after ovarian hormone loss is critical in the prevention of menopause-associated metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa D Sherk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Janine A Higgins
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Erin D Giles
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Rebecca M Foright
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - David M Presby
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - R Dana Carpenter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Robera Oljira
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Julie A Houck
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Paul S Maclean
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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Substrate utilization and metabolic profile in response to overfeeding with a high-fat diet in South Asian and white men: a sedentary lifestyle study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:136-146. [PMID: 31040398 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For the same BMI, South Asians have a higher body fat percentage, a higher liver fat content and a more adverse metabolic profile than whites. South Asians may have a lower fat oxidation than whites, which could result in an unfavorable metabolic profile when exposed to increased high-fat foods consumption and decreased physical activity as in current modern lifestyle. OBJECTIVE To determine substrate partitioning, liver fat accumulation and metabolic profile in South Asian and white men in response to overfeeding with high-fat diet under sedentary conditions in a respiration chamber. DESIGN Ten South Asian men (BMI, 18-29 kg/m2) and 10 white men (BMI, 22-33 kg/m2), matched for body fat percentage, aged 20-40 year were included. A weight maintenance diet (30% fat, 55% carbohydrate, and 15% protein) was given for 3 days. Thereafter, a baseline measurement of liver fat content (1H-MRS) and blood parameters was performed. Subsequently, subjects were overfed (150% energy requirement) with a high-fat diet (60% fat, 25% carbohydrate, and 15% protein) over 3 consecutive days while staying in a respiration chamber mimicking a sedentary lifestyle. Energy expenditure and substrate use were measured for 3 × 24-h. Liver fat and blood parameters were measured again after the subjects left the chamber. RESULTS The 24-h fat oxidation as a percentage of total energy expenditure did not differ between ethnicities (P = 0.30). Overfeeding increased liver fat content (P = 0.02), but the increase did not differ between ethnicities (P = 0.64). In South Asians, overfeeding tended to increase LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.08), tended to decrease glucose clearance (P = 0.06) and tended to elevate insulin response (P = 0.07) slightly more than whites. CONCLUSIONS Despite a similar substrate partitioning and similar accretion of liver fat, overfeeding with high-fat under sedentary conditions tended to have more adverse effects on the lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in South Asians.
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The Role of Energy Intake on Fitness-Adjusted Racial/Ethnic Differences in Central Adiposity Using Quantile Regression. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 6:292-300. [PMID: 30656610 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-018-0523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy intake (EI) is suggested to be associated with adiposity and may explain previously observed fitness-adjusted racial disparities in waist circumference (WC). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the role of EI on the fitness-adjusted racial/ethnic disparities in WC in a nationally representative sample of females using quantile regression. METHODS Our sample consisted of 3874 female participants (aged 12 to 49 years) from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The role of EI was assessed in separate analyses via estimation using a 24-hour dietary recall (DR) and the Institute of Medicine total daily energy expenditure equations. Age-stratified quantile regression models were used to estimate the differences in WC between minority groups and non-Hispanic (NH) white, adjusting for EI, CRF, age, and height. RESULTS Results from the quantile regression analyses adjusting for EI via DR showed significant differences in WC between NH black and NH white at the 25th-90th WC percentiles (5.9-11.1 cm) for females 20-49 and at the 90th WC percentile (10.1 cm) for females 16-19. For females 12-15, no significant differences were observed between NH black and NH white. Analyses adjusting for EI via IOM showed significant differences in WC between NH black and NH white only for females aged 20-49 years, at the 50th and 75th percentile (1.7-3.6 cm). Compared to NH White, Mexican American females, in all age groups, tended to have significantly greater WC. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of rigor in energy intake assessments, suggesting that EI, if adequately assessed, may explain a substantial part of the racial/ethnic differences in WC between NH black and NH white females. Additionally, the observed persistence of estimated differences in WC with advancing age suggests other factors (e.g., hormones) may play a role.
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12
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De Jong NP, Rynders CA, Goldstrohm DA, Pan Z, Lange AH, Mendez C, Melanson EL, Bessesen DH, Bergouignan A. Effect of frequent interruptions of sedentary time on nutrient metabolism in sedentary overweight male and female adults. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:984-992. [PMID: 30629473 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00632.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared 24-h nutrient oxidation responses between a sedentary condition (SED) and a condition in which short 5-min bouts of moderate-intensity physical activity were performed hourly for nine consecutive hours over 4 days (MICRO). To determine whether any shifts in fuel use were due solely to increases in energy expenditure, we also studied a condition consisting of a single isoenergetic 45-min bout of moderate-intensity exercise (ONE). Twenty sedentary overweight or obese adults (10 men/10 women; 32.4 ± 6.3 yr; BMI, 30.6 ± 2.9 kg/m2) completed all three conditions (MICRO, SED, and ONE) in a randomized order. Each condition consisted of a 3-day free-living run-in followed by a 24-h stay in a whole-room calorimeter to measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and substrate utilization. Dietary fat oxidation was also assessed during the chamber stay by administering a [1-13C] oleic acid tracer at breakfast. Energy intake was matched across conditions. Both MICRO and ONE increased TEE relative to SED, resulting in a negative energy balance. HOMA-IR improved in both activity conditions. MICRO increased 24-h carbohydrate oxidation compared with both ONE and SED ( P < 0.01 for both). ONE was associated with higher 24-h total fat oxidation compared with SED, and higher 24-h dietary fat oxidation compared with both SED and MICRO. Differences in substrate oxidation remained significant after adjusting for energy balance. In overweight and obese men and women, breaking up sitting time increased reliance upon carbohydrate as fuel over 24 h, while a single energy-matched continuous bout of exercise preferentially relies upon fat over 24 h. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Insulin sensitivity, as assessed by HOMA-IR, was improved after 4 days of physical activity, independent of frequency and duration of activity bouts. Temporal patterns of activity across the day differentially affect substrate oxidation. Frequent interruptions of sedentary time with short bouts of walking primarily increase 24-h carbohydrate oxidation, whereas an energy-matched single continuous bout of moderate intensity walking primarily increased 24-h fat oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan P De Jong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Corey A Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A Goldstrohm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Perinatal Research Center , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew H Lange
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carlos Mendez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Edward L Melanson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado , Aurora, Colorado.,Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center , Denver, Colorado
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,Denver Health Medical Center , Denver, Colorado
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine , Aurora, Colorado.,Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , Strasbourg , France.,UMR 7178, CNRS, Strasbourg , France
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13
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Damiot A, Demangel R, Noone J, Chery I, Zahariev A, Normand S, Brioche T, Crampes F, de Glisezinski I, Lefai E, Bareille MP, Chopard A, Drai J, Collin-Chavagnac D, Heer M, Gauquelin-Koch G, Prost M, Simon P, Py G, Blanc S, Simon C, Bergouignan A, O'Gorman DJ. A nutrient cocktail prevents lipid metabolism alterations induced by 20 days of daily steps reduction and fructose overfeeding: result from a randomized study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 126:88-101. [PMID: 30284519 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00018.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors are independent risk factors for numerous diseases. We examined the ability of a nutrient cocktail composed of polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and selenium to prevent the expected metabolic alterations induced by physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors. Healthy trained men ( n = 20) (averaging ∼14,000 steps/day and engaged in sports) were randomly divided into a control group (no supplementation) and a cocktail group for a 20-day free-living intervention during which they stopped exercise and decreased their daily steps (averaging ∼3,000 steps/day). During the last 10 days, metabolic changes were further triggered by fructose overfeeding. On days 0, 10, and 20, body composition (dual energy X-ray), blood chemistry, glucose tolerance [oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)], and substrate oxidation (indirect calorimetry) were measured. OGTT included 1% fructose labeled with (U-13C) fructose to assess liver de novo lipogenesis. Histological changes and related cellular markers were assessed from muscle biopsies collected on days 0 and 20. While the cocktail did not prevent the decrease in insulin sensitivity and its muscular correlates induced by the intervention, it fully prevented the hypertriglyceridemia, the drop in fasting HDL and total fat oxidation, and the increase in de novo lipogenesis. The cocktail further prevented the decrease in the type-IIa muscle fiber cross-sectional area and was associated with lower protein ubiquitination content. The circulating antioxidant capacity was improved by the cocktail following the OGTT. In conclusion, a cocktail of nutrient compounds from dietary origin protects against the alterations in lipid metabolism induced by physical inactivity and fructose overfeeding. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to test the efficacy of a novel dietary nutrient cocktail on the metabolic and physiological changes occurring during 20 days of physical inactivity along with fructose overfeeding. The main findings of this study are that 1) reduction in daily steps leads to decreased insulin sensitivity and total fat oxidation, resulting in hyperlipemia and increased de novo lipogenesis and 2) a cocktail supplement prevents the alterations on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Damiot
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg , France
| | - Rémi Demangel
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR866 34060, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier , France
| | - John Noone
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology and School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Isabelle Chery
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg , France
| | - Alexandre Zahariev
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg , France
| | - Sylvie Normand
- CARMEN, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235 Lyon , France
| | - Thomas Brioche
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR866 34060, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier , France
| | - François Crampes
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, UMR 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases , Toulouse , France.,Paul Sabatier University , Toulouse , France
| | - Isabelle de Glisezinski
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospitals, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Sports Medicine , Toulouse , France
| | - Etienne Lefai
- CARMEN, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235 Lyon , France
| | | | - Angèle Chopard
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR866 34060, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier , France
| | - Jocelyne Drai
- CARMEN, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235 Lyon , France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Delphine Collin-Chavagnac
- CARMEN, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235 Lyon , France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Martina Heer
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | | | - Michel Prost
- Laboratoire de recherches appliquées Spiral/Kirial International, Couternon, France
| | | | - Guillaume Py
- Université de Montpellier, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR866 34060, Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme, Montpellier , France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg , France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CARMEN, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235 Lyon , France.,Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Institut pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien UMR 7178, Strasbourg , France.,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Donal J O'Gorman
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology and School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University , Dublin , Ireland.,3U Diabetes Consortium, Dublin City University , Ireland
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Archer E, Pavela G, McDonald S, Lavie CJ, Hill JO. Cell-Specific "Competition for Calories" Drives Asymmetric Nutrient-Energy Partitioning, Obesity, and Metabolic Diseases in Human and Non-human Animals. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1053. [PMID: 30147656 PMCID: PMC6097573 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian body is a complex physiologic “ecosystem” in which cells compete for calories (i.e., nutrient-energy). Axiomatically, cell-types with competitive advantages acquire a greater number of consumed calories, and when possible, increase in size and/or number. Thus, it is logical and parsimonious to posit that obesity is the competitive advantages of fat-cells (adipocytes) driving a disproportionate acquisition and storage of nutrient-energy. Accordingly, we introduce two conceptual frameworks. Asymmetric Nutrient-Energy Partitioning describes the context-dependent, cell-specific competition for calories that determines the partitioning of nutrient-energy to oxidation, anabolism, and/or storage; and Effective Caloric Intake which describes the number of calories available to constrain energy-intake via the inhibition of the sensorimotor appetitive cells in the liver and brain that govern ingestive behaviors. Inherent in these frameworks is the independence and dissociation of the energetic demands of metabolism and the neuro-muscular pathways that initiate ingestive behaviors and energy intake. As we demonstrate, if the sensorimotor cells suffer relative caloric deprivation via asymmetric competition from other cell-types (e.g., skeletal muscle- or fat-cells), energy-intake is increased to compensate for both real and merely apparent deficits in energy-homeostasis (i.e., true and false signals, respectively). Thus, we posit that the chronic positive energy balance (i.e., over-nutrition) that leads to obesity and metabolic diseases is engendered by apparent deficits (i.e., false signals) driven by the asymmetric inter-cellular competition for calories and concomitant differential partitioning of nutrient-energy to storage. These frameworks, in concert with our previous theoretic work, the Maternal Resources Hypothesis, provide a parsimonious and rigorous explanation for the rapid rise in the global prevalence of increased body and fat mass, and associated metabolic dysfunctions in humans and other mammals inclusive of companion, domesticated, laboratory, and feral animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Pavela
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | | | - Carl J Lavie
- School of Medicine, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, The University of Queensland, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - James O Hill
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, United States
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15
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The Contributions of ‘Diet’, ‘Genes’, and Physical Activity to the Etiology of Obesity: Contrary Evidence and Consilience. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 61:89-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Archer E. In Defense of Sugar: A Critique of Diet-Centrism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 61:10-19. [PMID: 29727610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sugars are foundational to biological life and played essential roles in human evolution and dietary patterns for most of recorded history. The simple sugar glucose is so central to human health that it is one of the World Health Organization's Essential Medicines. Given these facts, it defies both logic and a large body of scientific evidence to claim that sugars and other nutrients that played fundamental roles in the substantial improvements in life- and health-spans over the past century are now suddenly responsible for increments in the prevalence of obesity and chronic non-communicable diseases. Thus, the purpose of this review is to provide a rigorous, evidence-based challenge to 'diet-centrism' and the disease-mongering of dietary sugar. The term 'diet-centrism' describes the naïve tendency of both researchers and the public to attribute a wide-range of negative health outcomes exclusively to dietary factors while neglecting the essential and well-established role of individual differences in nutrient-metabolism. The explicit conflation of dietary intake with both nutritional status and health inherent in 'diet-centrism' contravenes the fact that the human body is a complex biologic system in which the effects of dietary factors are dependent on the current state of that system. Thus, macronutrients cannot have health or metabolic effects independent of the physiologic context of the consuming individual (e.g., physical activity level). Therefore, given the unscientific hyperbole surrounding dietary sugars, I take an adversarial position and present highly-replicated evidence from multiple domains to show that 'diet' is a necessary but trivial factor in metabolic health, and that anti-sugar rhetoric is simply diet-centric disease-mongering engendered by physiologic illiteracy. My position is that dietary sugars are not responsible for obesity or metabolic diseases and that the consumption of simple sugars and sugar-polymers (e.g., starches) up to 75% of total daily caloric intake is innocuous in healthy individuals.
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17
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Gillingham MB, Heitner SB, Martin J, Rose S, Goldstein A, El-Gharbawy AH, Deward S, Lasarev MR, Pollaro J, DeLany JP, Burchill LJ, Goodpaster B, Shoemaker J, Matern D, Harding CO, Vockley J. Triheptanoin versus trioctanoin for long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders: a double blinded, randomized controlled trial. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:831-843. [PMID: 28871440 PMCID: PMC6545116 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational reports suggest that supplementation that increases citric acid cycle intermediates via anaplerosis may have therapeutic advantages over traditional medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) treatment of long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAODs) but controlled trials have not been reported. The goal of our study was to compare the effects of triheptanoin (C7), an anaplerotic seven-carbon fatty acid triglyceride, to trioctanoin (C8), an eight-carbon fatty acid triglyceride, in patients with LC-FAODs. METHODS A double blinded, randomized controlled trial of 32 subjects with LC-FAODs (carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2, very long-chain acylCoA dehydrogenase, trifunctional protein or long-chain 3-hydroxy acylCoA dehydrogenase deficiencies) who were randomly assigned a diet containing 20% of their total daily energy from either C7 or C8 for 4 months was conducted. Primary outcomes included changes in total energy expenditure (TEE), cardiac function by echocardiogram, exercise tolerance, and phosphocreatine recovery following acute exercise. Secondary outcomes included body composition, blood biomarkers, and adverse events, including incidence of rhabdomyolysis. RESULTS Patients in the C7 group increased left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction by 7.4% (p = 0.046) while experiencing a 20% (p = 0.041) decrease in LV wall mass on their resting echocardiogram. They also required a lower heart rate for the same amount of work during a moderate-intensity exercise stress test when compared to patients taking C8. There was no difference in TEE, phosphocreatine recovery, body composition, incidence of rhabdomyolysis, or any secondary outcome measures between the groups. CONCLUSIONS C7 improved LV ejection fraction and reduced LV mass at rest, as well as lowering heart rate during exercise among patients with LC-FAODs. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01379625.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate Programs in Human Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Stephen B Heitner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julie Martin
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate Programs in Human Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sarah Rose
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate Programs in Human Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- PRA Health Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Amy Goldstein
- Neurogenetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Areeg Hassan El-Gharbawy
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Deward
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Lasarev
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jim Pollaro
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - James P DeLany
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Luke J Burchill
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Bret Goodpaster
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- The Florida Hospital Translational Research Institute, and the Sanford Burnham Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - James Shoemaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dietrich Matern
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Graduate Programs in Human Nutrition, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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18
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Gastebois C, Chanon S, Rome S, Durand C, Pelascini E, Jalabert A, Euthine V, Pialoux V, Blanc S, Simon C, Lefai E. Transition from physical activity to inactivity increases skeletal muscle miR-148b content and triggers insulin resistance. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/17/e12902. [PMID: 27597765 PMCID: PMC5027343 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated miR‐148b as a potential physiological actor of physical inactivity‐induced effects in skeletal muscle. By using animal and human protocols, we demonstrated that the early phase of transition toward inactivity was associated with an increase in muscle miR‐148b content, which triggered the downregulation of NRAS and ROCK1 target genes. Using human myotubes, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR‐148b decreased NRAS and ROCK1 protein levels, and PKB phosphorylation and glucose uptake in response to insulin. Increase in muscle miR‐148b content might thus participate in the decrease in insulin sensitivity at the whole body level during the transition toward physical inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gastebois
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University of Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - Stéphanie Chanon
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University of Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - Sophie Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University of Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - Christine Durand
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University of Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - Elise Pelascini
- Department of Digestive and Bariatric Surgery, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Jalabert
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University of Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - Vanessa Euthine
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University of Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | | | - Stéphane Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR 7178 University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University of Lyon 1, Oullins, France
| | - Etienne Lefai
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060 INRA 1397 University of Lyon 1, Oullins, France
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GAO YING, SILVENNOINEN MIKA, PESOLA ARTOJ, KAINULAINEN HEIKKI, CRONIN NEILJ, FINNI TAIJA. Acute Metabolic Response, Energy Expenditure, and EMG Activity in Sitting and Standing. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1927-1934. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Rynders CA, Blanc S, DeJong N, Bessesen DH, Bergouignan A. Sedentary behaviour is a key determinant of metabolic inflexibility. J Physiol 2017; 596:1319-1330. [PMID: 28543022 DOI: 10.1113/jp273282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility is defined as the ability to adapt substrate oxidation rates in response to changes in fuel availability. The inability to switch between the oxidation of lipid and carbohydrate appears to be an important feature of chronic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Laboratory assessment of metabolic flexibility has traditionally involved measurement of the respiratory quotient (RQ) by indirect calorimetry during the fasted to fed transition (e.g. mixed meal challenge) or during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. Under these controlled experimental conditions, 'metabolic inflexibility' is characterized by lower fasting fat oxidation (higher fasting RQ) and/or an impaired ability to oxidize carbohydrate during feeding or insulin-stimulated conditions (lower postprandial or clamp RQ). This experimental paradigm has provided fundamental information regarding the role of substrate oxidation in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. However, the key determinants of metabolic flexibility among relevant clinical populations remain unclear. Herein, we propose that habitual physical activity levels are a primary determinant of metabolic flexibility. We present evidence demonstrating that high levels of physical activity predict metabolic flexibility, while physical inactivity and sedentary behaviours trigger a state of metabolic 'inflexibility', even among individuals who meet physical activity recommendations. Furthermore, we describe alternative experimental approaches to studying the concept of metabolic flexibility across a range of activity and inactivity. Finally, we address the promising use of strategies that aim to reduce sedentary behaviours as therapy to improve metabolic flexibility and reduce weight gain risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephane Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.,UMR 7178 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathan DeJong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.,Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.,UMR 7178 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Strasbourg, France.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Lefai E, Blanc S, Momken I, Antoun E, Chery I, Zahariev A, Gabert L, Bergouignan A, Simon C. Exercise training improves fat metabolism independent of total energy expenditure in sedentary overweight men, but does not restore lean metabolic phenotype. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1728-1736. [PMID: 28669989 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a dietary fat storage disease. Although exercise prevents weight gain, effects of chronic training on dietary fat oxidation remains understudied in overweight adults. OBJECTIVE We tested whether 2 months of training at current guidelines increase dietary fat oxidation in sedentary overweight adults like in sedentary lean adults. DESIGN Sedentary lean (n=10) and overweight (n=9) men trained on a cycle ergometer at 50% VO2peak, 1 h day-1, four times per week, for 2 months while energy balance was clamped. Metabolic fate of [d31]palmitate and [1-13C]oleate mixed in standard meals, total substrate use, total energy expenditure (TEE), activity energy expenditure (AEE) and key muscle proteins/enzymes were measured before and at the end of the intervention. RESULTS Conversely to lean subjects, TEE and AEE did not increase in overweight participants due to a spontaneous decrease in non-training AEE. Despite this compensatory behavior, aerobic fitness, insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation were improved by exercise training. The latter was not explained by changes in dietary fat trafficking but more likely by a coordinated response at the muscle level enhancing fat uptake, acylation and oxidation (FABPpm, CD36, FATP1, ACSL1, CPT1, mtGPAT). ACSL1 fold change positively correlated with total fasting (R2=0.59, P<0.0001) and post-prandial (R2=0.49, P=0.0006) fat oxidation whereas mtGPAT fold change negatively correlated with dietary palmitate oxidation (R2=0.40, P=0.009), suggesting modified fat trafficking between oxidation and storage within the muscle. However, for most of the measured parameters the post-training values observed in overweight adults remained lower than the pre-training values observed in the lean subjects. CONCLUSION Independent of energy balance and TEE, exercise training at current recommendations improved fitness and fat oxidation in overweight adults. However the improved metabolic phenotype of overweight adults was not as healthy as the one of their lean counterparts before the 2-month training, likely due to the spontaneous reduction in non-training AEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lefai
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235, Lyon, France
| | - S Blanc
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - I Momken
- Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l'Exercice, Evry, France
| | - E Antoun
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - I Chery
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - A Zahariev
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - L Gabert
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235, Lyon, France.,Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - A Bergouignan
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7178, Strasbourg, France.,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C Simon
- CARMEN, INSERM U1060/University of Lyon 1/INRA U1235, Lyon, France.,Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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22
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Ortmeyer HK, Goldberg AP, Ryan AS. Exercise with weight loss improves adipose tissue and skeletal muscle markers of fatty acid metabolism in postmenopausal women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1246-1253. [PMID: 28547918 PMCID: PMC5487288 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of 6-month weight loss (WL) versus aerobic exercise training (AEX)+WL on fat and skeletal muscle markers of fatty acid metabolism were determined in normal (NGT) and impaired (IGT) glucose tolerant African-American and Caucasian postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity. METHODS Fat (gluteal and abdominal) lipoprotein lipase (LPL), skeletal muscle LPL, acyl-CoA synthase (ACS), ß-hydroxacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT-1), and citrate synthase (CS) activities were measured at baseline (n = 104) and before and after WL (n = 34) and AEX+WL (n = 37). RESULTS After controlling for age and race, muscle LPL and CPT-1 were lower in IGT, and the ratios of fat/muscle LPL activity were higher in IGT compared to NGT. Muscle LPL was related to insulin sensitivity (M value) and inversely related to G120 , fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. AEX+WL decreased abdominal fat LPL and increased muscle LPL, ACS, and CS. The ratios of fat/muscle LPL decreased after AEX+WL. The change in VO2 max was related to the changes in LPL, ACS, and CS and inversely related to the changes in fat/muscle LPL activity ratios. CONCLUSIONS Six-month AEX+WL, and not WL alone, is capable of enhancing skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in postmenopausal African-American and Caucasian women with NGT, IGT, and overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K. Ortmeyer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew P. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alice S. Ryan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Veterans Affairs Research Service and the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center at the Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland
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23
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McDonald S, Ortaglia A, Supino C, Kacka M, Clenin M, Bottai M. Fitness adjusted racial disparities in central adiposity among women in the USA using quantile regression. Obes Sci Pract 2017; 3:153-161. [PMID: 28713584 PMCID: PMC5478808 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study comprehensively explores racial/ethnic disparities in waist circumference (WC) after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), among both adult and adolescent women, across WC percentiles. METHODS Analysis was conducted using data from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Female participants (n = 3,977) aged 12-49 years with complete data on CRF, height, weight and WC were included. Quantile regression models, stratified by age groups (12-15, 16-19 and 20-49 years), were used to assess the association between WC and race/ethnicity adjusting for CRF, height and age across WC percentiles (10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th). RESULTS For non-Hispanic (NH) Black, in both the 16-19 and 20-49 years age groups, estimated WC was significantly greater than for NH White across percentiles above the median with estimates ranging from 5.2 to 11.5 cm. For Mexican Americans, in all age groups, estimated WC tended to be significantly greater than for NH White particularly for middle percentiles (50th and 75th) with point estimates ranging from 1.9 to 8.4 cm. CONCLUSIONS Significant disparities in WC between NH Black and Mexican women, as compared to NH White, remain even after adjustment for CRF. The magnitude of the disparities associated with race/ethnicity differs across WC percentiles and age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. McDonald
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaUSA
| | - A. Ortaglia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaUSA
| | - C. Supino
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaUSA
| | - M. Kacka
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaUSA
| | - M. Clenin
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public HealthUniversity of South CarolinaColumbiaUSA
| | - M. Bottai
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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Mensah K, Maire A, Oppert JM, Dugas J, Charreire H, Weber C, Simon C, Nazare JA. Assessment of sedentary behaviors and transport-related activities by questionnaire: a validation study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:753. [PMID: 27506456 PMCID: PMC4977835 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comprehensive assessment of sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA), including transport-related activities (TRA), is required to design innovative PA promotion strategies. There are few validated instruments that simultaneously assess the different components of human movement according to their context of practice (e.g. work, transport, leisure). We examined test-retest reliability and validity of the Sedentary, Transportation and Activity Questionnaire (STAQ), a newly developed questionnaire dedicated to assessing context-specific SB, TRA and PA. Methods Ninety six subjects (51 women) kept a contextualized activity-logbook and wore a hip accelerometer (Actigraph GT3X + TM) for a 7-day or 14-day period, at the end of which they completed the STAQ. Activity-energy expenditure was measured in a subgroup of 45 subjects using the double labeled water (DLW) method. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intra-class-coefficients (ICC) in a subgroup of 32 subjects who filled the questionnaire twice one month apart. Accelerometry was annotated using the logbook to obtain total and context-specific objective estimates of SB. Spearman correlations, Bland-Altman plots and ICC were used to analyze validity with logbook, accelerometry and DLW data validity criteria. Results Test-retest reliability was fair for total sitting time (ICC = 0.52), good to excellent for work sitting time (ICC = 0.71), transport-related walking (ICC = 0.61) and car use (ICC = 0.67), and leisure screen-related SB (ICC = 0.64-0.79), but poor for total sitting time during leisure and transport-related contexts. For validity, compared to accelerometry, significant correlations were found for STAQ estimates of total (r = 0.54) and context-specific sitting times with stronger correlations for work sitting time (r = 0.88), and screen times (TV/DVD viewing: r = 0.46; other screens: r = 0.42) than for transport (r = 0.35) or leisure-related sitting-times (r = 0.19). Compared to contextualized logbook, STAQ estimates of TRA was higher for car (r = 0.65) than for active transport (r = 0.41). The questionnaire generally overestimated work- and leisure-related SB and sitting times, while it underestimated total and transport-related sitting times. Conclusions The STAQ showed acceptable reliability and a good ranking validity for assessment of context-specific SB and TRA. This instrument appears as a useful tool to study SB, TRA and PA in context in adults. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3412-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitly Mensah
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes/CENS, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélia Maire
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes/CENS, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Merieux Medical School, Fr-69600, Oullins, France, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Oppert
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité - EREN (Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle), U1153 Inserm, Inra, Cnam, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et, Biostatistiques, CRNH IdF, Bobigny, France.,Department of Nutrition Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital (AP-HP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Julien Dugas
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes/CENS, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Merieux Medical School, Fr-69600, Oullins, France, Lyon, France
| | | | - Christiane Weber
- Laboratoire Image, Ville et Environnement, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes/CENS, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France. .,Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Merieux Medical School, Fr-69600, Oullins, France, Lyon, France. .,Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabète, Nutrition Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, 165 Chemin du Grand Revoyet, F69310, Pierre-Bénite, France.
| | - Julie-Anne Nazare
- CRNH Rhône-Alpes/CENS, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Univ-Lyon, CarMeN laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Charles Merieux Medical School, Fr-69600, Oullins, France, Lyon, France
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25
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Effect of low-glycemic-sugar-sweetened beverages on glucose metabolism and macronutrient oxidation in healthy men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:990-7. [PMID: 26869244 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Sugar-sweetened-beverages (SSB) provide high amounts of rapidly absorbable sugar and have been shown to impair insulin sensitivity and promote weight gain. We hypothesized that when compared with high-glycemic index (GI) SSB low-GI SSB lead to lower insulin secretion and thus an improved preservation of insulin sensitivity and fat oxidation during an inactive phase. SUBJECTS/METHODS In a controlled cross-over dietary intervention 13 healthy men (age: 23.7±2.2 years, body mass index: 23.6±1.9 kg m(-)(2)) consumed low-GI (isomaltulose) or high-GI (75% maltodextrin+25% sucrose, adapted for sweetness) SSBs providing 20% of energy requirement for 7 days. During this phase, participant's habitual high physical activity (11 375±3124 steps per day) was reduced (2363±900 steps per day). The provided ad libitum diet comprised 55% CHO, 30% fat and 15% protein. Glycemic and insulinemic responses were assessed: Day-long (7-day continuous interstitial glucose monitoring, 24-h-urinary c-peptide excretion), during meal test (37 g isomaltulose vs 28 g maltodextrin+9g sucrose) and measures of insulin sensitivity (basal: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), postprandial: Matsuda-ISI). Macronutrient oxidation was assessed by non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) in the fasted state (npRQfasting) and postprandial as the area under the npRQ-curve during meal test (npRQtAUC-meal). RESULTS Day-long glycemia was lower with low-GI compared with high-GI SSB (-5%, P<0.05). Low-GI SSB led to lower insulin secretion during meal test (-28%, P<0.01) and throughout the day (-31%, P<0.01), whereas postprandial glucose levels did not differ between low-GI and high-GI SSBs. Insulin sensitivity deteriorated on inactivity with both SSBs, but was better preserved with low-GI isomaltulose compared with high-GI maltodextrin-sucrose (ΔHOMA-IR: +0.37±0.52 vs +0.85±0.86; ΔMatsuda-ISI: -5.1±5.5 vs -9.6±5.1, both P<0.05). Both, fasting and postprandial fat oxidation declined on inactivity, with no difference between high-GI and low-GI SSBs. CONCLUSIONS Compared with high-GI SSB, 7-day consumption of beverages sweetened with low-GI isomaltulose had beneficial effects on inactivity-induced impairment of glucose metabolism without effecting fuel selection.
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Jayewardene AF, Mavros Y, Reeves A, Hancock DP, Gwinn T, Rooney KB. Interactions Between Fatty Acid Transport Proteins, Genes That Encode for Them, and Exercise: A Systematic Review. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:1671-87. [PMID: 26638980 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) movement into skeletal muscle involves a highly mediated process in which lipid rafts are utilized in the cellular membrane, involving numerous putative plasma membrane-associated LCFA transport proteins. The process of LCFA uptake and oxidation is of particular metabolic significance both at rest and during light to moderate exercise. A comprehensive systematic search of electronic databases was conducted to investigate whether exercise alters protein and/or gene expression of putative LCFA transport proteins. There were 31 studies meeting all eligibility criteria, of these 13 utilized an acute exercise protocol and 18 examined chronic exercise adaptations. Seventeen involved a study design incorporating an exercise stimulus, while the remaining 14 incorporated a combined exercise and diet stimulus. Divergent data relating to acute exercise, as well as prolonged exercise training (≥3 weeks), on protein content (PC) response was identified for proteins CD36, FABPpm and CAV1. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) data did not always correspond to functional PC, supporting previous suggestions of a disconnect due to potentially limiting factors post gene expression. The large array of study designs, cohorts, and primary dependent variables within the studies included in the present review elucidate the complexity of the interaction between exercise and LCFA transport proteins. Summary of the results in the present review validate the need for further targeted investigation within this topic, and provide an important information base for such research. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1671-1687, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avindra F Jayewardene
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yorgi Mavros
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anneliese Reeves
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dale P Hancock
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tom Gwinn
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kieron B Rooney
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Peng L, Seay AN, Montero C, Barnes LL, Vincent KR, Conrad BP, Chen C, Vincent HK. Metabolic, cardiopulmonary, and gait profiles of recently injured and noninjured runners. PM R 2014; 7:26-33. [PMID: 24998402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether runners recovering from a lower body musculoskeletal injury have different metabolic, cardiopulmonary, and gait responses compared with healthy runners. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Research laboratory at an academic institution. METHODS Healthy runners (n = 50) were compared with runners who were recently injured but had returned to running (n = 50). Both groups were participating in similar cross-training modalities such as swimming, weight training, biking, and yoga. Running gait was analyzed on a treadmill using 3-dimensional motion capture, and metabolic and cardiopulmonary measures were captured simultaneously with a portable metabolic analyzer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Rate of oxygen consumption, heart rate, ventilation, carbohydrate and fat oxidation values, gait temporospatial parameters and range of motion measures (ROM) in the sagittal plane, energy expenditure, and vertical displacement of the body's center of gravity (COG). RESULTS The self-selected running speed was different between the injured and healthy runners (9.7 ± 1.1 km/h and 10.6 ± 1.1 km/h, respectively; P = .038). No significant group differences were noted in any metabolic or cardiopulmonary variable while running at the self-selected or standard speed (13.6 km/h). The vertical displacement of the COG was less in the injured group (8.4 ± 1.4 cm and 8.9 ± 1.4, respectively; P = .044). ROM about the right ankle in the sagittal plane at the self-selected running speed during the gait cycle was less in the injured runners compared with the healthy runners (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Runners with a recent lower body injury who have returned to running have similar cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to running as healthy runners at the self-selected and standard speeds; this finding may be due in part to participation in cross-training modes that preserve cardiopulmonary and metabolic adaptations. Injured runners may conserve motion by minimizing COG displacement and ankle joint ROM during a gait cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Peng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(∗)
| | - Amanda N Seay
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL†
| | - Cindy Montero
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(‡)
| | - Leslie L Barnes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(§)
| | - Kevin R Vincent
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(¶)
| | - Bryan P Conrad
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(#)
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Interdisciplinary Center for Musculoskeletal Training and Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL(∗∗)
| | - Heather K Vincent
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Division of Research, University of Florida Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Institute, Gainesville, FL(††).
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28
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Jacome-Sosa MM, Parks EJ. Fatty acid sources and their fluxes as they contribute to plasma triglyceride concentrations and fatty liver in humans. Curr Opin Lipidol 2014; 25:213-20. [PMID: 24785962 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Different sources of fatty acids (FA) used for VLDL-triglyceride synthesis include dietary FA that clear to the liver via chylomicron uptake, FA synthesized de novo in the liver from carbohydrates, nonesterified fatty acids derived from adipose tissue, nonesterified fatty acids derived from the spillover of chylomicron-triglyceride in the fasted and fed states, and FA stored in liver lipid droplets. RECENT FINDINGS Data have amassed on the contributions of each of these sources to liver-triglyceride accrual, VLDL-triglyceride synthesis, and hypertriglyceridemia. Discussed here is the timing of use of FA from each of these sources for synthesis of VLDL-triglyceride. Secondly, as all of these FA sources have been shown to contribute significantly to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), data are presented demonstrating how poor handling of FA and glucose in the periphery can contribute to NAFLD. Lastly, we highlight how the stress of excess FA availability on the liver can be corrected by reduction of dietary intake of sugars and fats, weight loss, and increased physical activity. SUMMARY A better understanding of how lifestyle factors improve FA flux will aid in the development of improved treatments for the devastating condition of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miriam Jacome-Sosa
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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