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Yu J, Ashraf R, Mahajan A, Hogan JL, Darlington G, Buchholz AC, Duncan AM, Haines J, Ma DW. Dietary Sugar Research in Preschoolers: Methodological, Genetic, and Cardiometabolic Considerations. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:259. [PMID: 39076398 PMCID: PMC11262449 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2409259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Excess dietary sugar intake increases the risk of unhealthy weight gain, an important cardiometabolic risk factor in children. To further our understanding of this relationship, we performed a narrative review using two approaches. First, research examining dietary sugar intake, its associations with cardiometabolic health, impact of genetics on sweet taste perception and intake, and how genetics moderates the association of dietary sugar intake and cardiometabolic risk factors in preschool-aged children 1.5-5 years old is reviewed. Second, methodological considerations for collecting and analyzing dietary intake of sugar, genetic information, and markers of cardiometabolic health among young children are provided. Our key recommendations include the following for researchers: (1) Further longitudinal research on sugar intake and cardiometabolic risk factors is warranted to inform policy decisions and guidelines for healthy eating in preschool-aged children. (2) Consistency in sugar definitions is needed across research studies to aid with comparisons of results. (3) Select dietary collection tools specific to each study's aim and sugar definition(s). (4) Limit subjectivity of dietary assessment tools as this impacts interpretation of study results. (5) Choose non-invasive biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease until the strengths and limitations of available biomarkers in preschool-aged children are clarified. (6) Select approaches that account for the polygenic nature of cardiometabolic disease such as genome risk scores and genome wide association studies to assess how genetics moderates the relationship between dietary sugar intake and cardiometabolic risk. This review highlights potential recommendations that will support a research environment to help inform policy decisions and healthy eating policies to reduce cardiometabolic risk in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Yu
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rahbika Ashraf
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anisha Mahajan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jaimie L. Hogan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gerarda Darlington
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrea C. Buchholz
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of
Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alison M. Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of
Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David W.L. Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph,
Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Austerberry C, Mateen M, Fearon P, Ronald A. Heritability of Psychological Traits and Developmental Milestones in Infancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2227887. [PMID: 35994288 PMCID: PMC9396365 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.27887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although infancy is the most rapid period of postnatal growth and development, factors associated with variation in infant traits are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To synthesize the large twin study literature partitioning phenotypic variance in psychological traits and developmental milestones in infancy into estimates of heritability and shared and nonshared environment. DATA SOURCES PubMed, PsycINFO, and references of included publications were searched up to February 11, 2021. STUDY SELECTION Peer-reviewed publications using the classical twin design to study psychological traits and developmental milestones from birth to 2 years old were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and categorized using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and Youth Version. Data were pooled in 3-level random effects models, incorporating within-cohort variance in outcome measurement and between-cohort variance. Data were analyzed from March 2021 through September 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcomes were monozygotic and dizygotic twin correlations. These were used to calculate genetic and shared and nonshared environment estimates. RESULTS Among 139 publications that were systematically retrieved, data were available on 79 044 twin pairs (31 053 monozygotic and 47 991 dizygotic pairs), 52 independent samples, and 21 countries. Meta-analyses were conducted on psychological traits and developmental milestones from 106 publications organized into 10 categories of functioning, disability, and health. Moderate to high genetic estimates for 8 categories were found, the highest of which was psychomotor functions (pooled h2, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.25-0.79; P < .001). Several categories of traits had substantial shared environment estimates, the highest being mental functions of language (pooled c2, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.24-0.86; P = .001). All examined categories of traits had moderate or high nonshared environment estimates, the highest of which were emotional functions (pooled e2, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.33-0.50; P < .001) and family relationships (pooled e2, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.30-0.55; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings may be an important source of information to guide future gene discovery research, public perspectives on nature and nurture, and clinical insights into the degree to which family history and environments may estimate major domains of infant functioning, disability, and health in psychological traits and developmental milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Austerberry
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Mateen
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Angelica Ronald
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Çınar Ç, Wesseldijk L, Karinen A, Jern P, Tybur J. Sex differences in the genetic and environmental underpinnings of meat and plant preferences. Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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COSTA MD, CHAPANSKI VDR, CREMA AFDA, MENONCIN BLV, HÖFELMANN DA, FRAIZ FC. Untreated early childhood caries: the role of parental eating behavior. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e010. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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5
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Wood AC, Senn MK, Beltran A, Demet R, Hughes SO, Thompson D, O' Connor TM, Baranowski T. Vegetable parenting practices vary by feeding styles among middle class mothers of young children. Appetite 2021; 171:105850. [PMID: 34896389 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The optimal approach to feeding preschool children balances expectation setting (demandingness) with responsivity to the child (responsiveness), and ideal feeding practices use environmental structuring and covert, non-directive control strategies while maintaining responsiveness. However, research has not examined the extent to which demandingness and responsiveness in feeding style is concordant with structure, responsiveness and control (directive and non-directive) in feeding practices. We classified the feeding style of 122 parents of preschoolers as authoritative (high demandingness/high responsiveness), authoritarian (high demandingness/low responsiveness), indulgent (low demandingness/high responsiveness), or uninvolved (low demandingness/low responsiveness). Parents reported on their frequency of use of 31 vegetable parenting practices (VPPs), that were classified into the domains of structure, control and responsiveness, and subcategorized as effective (likely to obtain the desired change without increasing child obesity risk) or ineffective (unlikely or increases risk) by expert consensus. We hypothesized that parents with an authoritative feeding style would have the highest effective structure, responsiveness and control VPPs, and the authoritarian style would differ with less responsiveness VPPs. We also hypothesized that the indulgent feeding style would have low levels of structure and control VPPs and high ineffective responsiveness VPPs. As expected, we found that parents with an authoritative feeding style reported using more effective structure and responsiveness VPPs. Surprisingly, parents with an authoritarian feeding style did not have VPPs which differed from those with an authoritative feeding style, and parents with an indulgent feeding style had surprisingly high effective control VPPs. Further research into the similarities and differences between parents' overall approach to feeding and their use of feeding practices related to specific foods is warranted, which may help inform the design of more effective interventions aimed at improving child dietary quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C Wood
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - MacKenzie K Senn
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alicia Beltran
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rosemary Demet
- UT Health, The University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sheryl O Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Debbe Thompson
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Teresia M O' Connor
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tom Baranowski
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Ruzicka EB, Darling KE, Sato AF. Controlling child feeding practices and child weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13135. [PMID: 32840023 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Controlling child feeding practices (restriction and pressure-to-eat) have been theorized to predict increased child weight status. However, mixed evidence has been found for this association within previous narrative reviews. The present study quantitatively examined the association between controlling feeding practices and child weight status and examine potential study-level and person-level moderators. PubMed, PsychINFO, and Cochrane databases were utilized. Studies examining the association of controlling child feeding practices and child weight were included. Data from 51 studies, with 17 431 parent-child dyads, were included. There was a small but significant association between restrictive child feeding practices and child weight (d = .22, 95% CI, .14 to .30). Restriction was significantly associated with higher child weight status. This association was significantly moderated by child age and household income. There was also a significant association between pressure-to-eat child feeding practices and child weight (d = -.30, 95% CI, -.38 to -.22). No significant moderators were identified. Pressure-to-eat was significantly associated with lower child weight status. There was a high degree of heterogeneity of effects between studies included in analyses. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine the effect of controlling feeding on child weight over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Ruzicka
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Amy F Sato
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
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7
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Silventoinen K, Konttinen H. Obesity and eating behavior from the perspective of twin and genetic research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 109:150-165. [PMID: 31959301 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has dramatically increased during the last decades and is currently one of the most serious global health problems. We present a hypothesis that obesity is a neuro-behavioral disease having a strong genetic background mediated largely by eating behavior and is sensitive to the macro-environment; we study this hypothesis from the perspective of genetic research. Genetic family and genome-wide-association studies have shown well that body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) is a highly heritable and polygenic trait. New genetic variation of BMI emerges after early childhood. Candidate genes of BMI notably express in brain tissue, supporting that this new variation is related to behavior. Obesogenic environments at both childhood family and societal levels reinforce the genetic susceptibility to obesity. Genetic factors have a clear influence on macro-nutrient intake and appetite-related eating behavior traits. Results on the gene-by-diet interactions in obesity are mixed, but emerging evidence suggests that eating behavior traits partly mediate the effect of genes on BMI. However, more rigorous prospective study designs controlling for measurement bias are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karri Silventoinen
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hanna Konttinen
- Department of Social Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Bogl LH, Mehlig K, Ahrens W, Gwozdz W, de Henauw S, Molnár D, Moreno L, Pigeot I, Russo P, Solea A, Veidebaum T, Kaprio J, Lissner L, Hebestreit A. Like me, like you - relative importance of peers and siblings on children's fast food consumption and screen time but not sports club participation depends on age. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:50. [PMID: 32295621 PMCID: PMC7160987 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00953-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle interventions to prevent paediatric obesity often target family and peer settings; their success is likely to depend on the influence that peers and families exert on children’s lifestyle behaviors at different developmental stages. Objective First, to determine whether children’s lifestyle behavior more closely resembles their peers’ or siblings’ behaviors. Secondly, to investigate longitudinally whether children’s behavioral change is predicted by that of their peers or their siblings as they grow older. Methods The European prospective IDEFICS/I.Family cohort (baseline survey: 2007/2008, first follow-up: 2009/2010, and second follow-up: 2013/2014) aims at investigating risk factors for overweight and related behaviors during childhood and adolescence. The present investigation includes 2694 observations of children and their siblings aged 2 to 18 years. Peers were defined as same-sex, same-age children in the same community and identified from the full cohort. The longitudinal analysis (mean follow-up time: 3.7 years) includes 525 sibling pairs. Children’s lifestyle behaviors including fast food consumption (frequency/week), screen time (hours/week) and sports club participation (hours/week) were assessed by questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multilevel linear models. Results Children’s lifestyle behavior was associated with the respective behavior of their peers and sibling for all 3 behaviors. For fast food consumption, the peer resemblance was more than 6-fold higher than the sibling resemblance and the peer resemblance surpassed the sibling resemblance by the age of 9–10 years. The similarities with peers for fast food consumption and screen time steadily increased, while the similarities with siblings steadily decreased with increasing age of the children (Pinteraction < 0.001). In contrast, the relative importance of peers and siblings on sports club duration did not vary by the age of the children. Longitudinal results showed that children’s changes in fast food consumption were more strongly associated with those in their peer group than their sibling, in particular if the age gap between siblings was large. Conclusion In conclusion, our results support the implementation of multi-setting interventions for improving lifestyle behaviors in children. Our findings might also guide future intervention studies in the choice of timing and setting in which interventions are likely to be most effective. From the ages of 9–10 years onwards, family- or home-based interventions targeting children’s fast food intake and screen time behavior may become less effective than school- or community-based interventions aimed at peer groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie H Bogl
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstrasse 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany. .,Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1st floor, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kirsten Mehlig
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Ahrens
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstrasse 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.,University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Bremen, Germany
| | - Wencke Gwozdz
- Department of Management, Society and Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Faculty Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences & Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Dénes Molnár
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Luis Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iris Pigeot
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstrasse 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.,University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Bremen, Germany
| | - Paola Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Antonia Solea
- Research and Education Institute of Child Health, Strovolos, Cyprus
| | - Toomas Veidebaum
- Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauren Lissner
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Antje Hebestreit
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstrasse 30, D-28359, Bremen, Germany.
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9
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Feeding circuit development and early-life influences on future feeding behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 19:302-316. [PMID: 29662204 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of maternal exposures - undernutrition, obesity, diabetes, stress and infection - are associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease in offspring. Developmental influences can cause persistent structural changes in hypothalamic circuits regulating food intake in the service of energy balance. The physiological relevance of these alterations has been called into question because maternal impacts on daily caloric intake do not persist to adulthood. Recent behavioural and epidemiological studies in humans provide evidence that the relative contribution of appetitive traits related to satiety, reward and the emotional aspects of food intake regulation changes across the lifespan. This Opinion article outlines a neurodevelopmental framework to explore the possibility that crosstalk between developing circuits regulating different modalities of food intake shapes future behavioural responses to environmental challenges.
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Hull P, Emerson JS, Quirk ME, Canedo JR, Jones JL, Vylegzhanina V, Schmidt DC, Mulvaney SA, Beech BM, Briley C, Harris C, Husaini BA. A Smartphone App for Families With Preschool-Aged Children in a Public Nutrition Program: Prototype Development and Beta-Testing. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2017; 5:e102. [PMID: 28768611 PMCID: PMC5559651 DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.7477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in the United States provides free supplemental food and nutrition education to low-income mothers and children under age 5 years. Childhood obesity prevalence is higher among preschool children in the WIC program compared to other children, and WIC improves dietary quality among low-income children. The Children Eating Well (CHEW) smartphone app was developed in English and Spanish for WIC-participating families with preschool-aged children as a home-based intervention to reinforce WIC nutrition education and help prevent childhood obesity. Objective This paper describes the development and beta-testing of the CHEW smartphone app. The objective of beta-testing was to test the CHEW app prototype with target users, focusing on usage, usability, and perceived barriers and benefits of the app. Methods The goals of the CHEW app were to make the WIC shopping experience easier, maximize WIC benefit redemption, and improve parent snack feeding practices. The CHEW app prototype consisted of WIC Shopping Tools, including a barcode scanner and calculator tools for the cash value voucher for purchasing fruits and vegetables, and nutrition education focused on healthy snacks and beverages, including a Yummy Snack Gallery and Healthy Snacking Tips. Mothers of 63 black and Hispanic WIC-participating children ages 2 to 4 years tested the CHEW app prototype for 3 months and completed follow-up interviews. Results Study participants testing the app for 3 months used the app on average once a week for approximately 4 and a half minutes per session, although substantial variation was observed. Usage of specific features averaged at 1 to 2 times per month for shopping-related activities and 2 to 4 times per month for the snack gallery. Mothers classified as users rated the app’s WIC Shopping Tools relatively high on usability and benefits, although variation in scores and qualitative feedback highlighted several barriers that need to be addressed. The Yummy Snack Gallery and Healthy Snacking Tips scored higher on usability than benefits, suggesting that the nutrition education components may have been appealing but too limited in scope and exposure. Qualitative feedback from mothers classified as non-users pointed to several important barriers that could preclude some WIC participants from using the app at all. Conclusions The prototype study successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using the CHEW app prototype with mothers of WIC-enrolled black and Hispanic preschool-aged children, with moderate levels of app usage and moderate to high usability and benefits. Future versions with enhanced shopping tools and expanded nutrition content should be implemented in WIC clinics to evaluate adoption and behavioral outcomes. This study adds to the growing body of research focused on the application of technology-based interventions in the WIC program to promote program retention and childhood obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Hull
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Janice S Emerson
- Center for Prevention Research, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Meghan E Quirk
- Center for Prevention Research, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States.,The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Juan R Canedo
- Progreso Community Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Meharry-Vanderbilt Alliance, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica L Jones
- Center for Prevention Research, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Violetta Vylegzhanina
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Douglas C Schmidt
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | | | - Bettina M Beech
- Departments of Pediatrics and Family Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Chiquita Briley
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Calvin Harris
- Center for Prevention Research, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Baqar A Husaini
- Center for Prevention Research, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN, United States
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11
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Syrad H, Llewellyn CH, van Jaarsveld CHM, Johnson L, Jebb SA, Wardle J. Energy and nutrient intakes of young children in the UK: findings from the Gemini twin cohort. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:1843-50. [PMID: 27093345 PMCID: PMC4839003 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Data on the diets of young children in the UK are limited, despite growing evidence of the importance of early diet for long-term health. We used the largest contemporary dietary data set to describe the intake of 21-month-old children in the UK. Parents of 2336 children aged 21 months from the UK Gemini twin cohort completed 3-d diet diaries in 2008/2009. Family background information was obtained from questionnaires completed 8 months after birth. Mean total daily intakes of energy, macronutrients (g and %E) and micronutrients from food and beverages, including and excluding supplements, were derived. Comparisons with UK dietary reference values (DRV) were made using t tests and general linear regression models, respectively. Daily energy intake (kJ), protein (g) and most micronutrients exceeded DRV, except for vitamin D and Fe, where 96 or 84 % and 70 or 6 % of children did not achieve the reference nutrient intake or lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI), respectively, even with supplementation. These findings reflect similar observations in the smaller sample of children aged 18-36 months in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. At a population level, young children in the UK are exceeding recommended daily intakes of energy and protein, potentially increasing their risk of obesity. The majority of children are not meeting the LRNI for vitamin D, largely reflecting inadequate use of the supplements recommended at this age. Parents may need more guidance on how to achieve healthy energy and nutrient intakes for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Syrad
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Health
Behaviour Research Centre, University College
London, Gower Street, London WC1E
6BT, UK
| | - C. H. Llewellyn
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Health
Behaviour Research Centre, University College
London, Gower Street, London WC1E
6BT, UK
| | - C. H. M. van Jaarsveld
- Department for Health Evidence & Department of Primary and Community
Care, Radboud University Medical Center,
PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The
Netherlands
| | - L. Johnson
- School for Policy Studies, Centre for Exercise, Nutrition
and Health Sciences, University of Bristol,
8 Priory Rd, Bristol BS8 1TZ,
UK
| | - S. A. Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences,
University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory
Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2
6GG, UK
| | - J. Wardle
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Health
Behaviour Research Centre, University College
London, Gower Street, London WC1E
6BT, UK
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12
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Midlife moderation-quantified healthy diet and 40-year mortality risk from CHD: the prospective National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:326-34. [PMID: 27188259 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516001914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether influences of midlife whole diet on the long-term CHD mortality risk are independent of genetic and common environmental factors or familial predisposition. We addressed this question prospectively using data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study. We included 910 male twins who were middle-aged and had usual diet assessed with nutritionist-administered, cross-checked dietary history interview at baseline (1969-1973). Moderation-quantified healthy diet (MQHD), a dietary pattern, was created to evaluate a whole diet. Primary outcome was time-to-CHD death. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using frailty survival model. Known CHD risk factors were controlled. During the follow-up of 40 years through 31 December 2009, 113 CHD deaths, 198 total cardiovascular deaths and 610 all-cause deaths occurred. In the entire cohort, the multivariable-adjusted HR for the overall association (equivalent to a general population association) was 0·76 (95 % CI 0·66, 0·88) per 10-unit increment in the MQHD score for CHD, and the multivariable-adjusted HR for a twin with a MQHD score ten units higher than his co-twin brother was 0·79 (95 % CI 0·64, 0·96, P=0·02) for CHD independent of familial predisposition. Similar results were found for a slightly more food-specified alternative moderation-quantified healthy diet (aMQHD). The between-pair association (reflecting familial influence) was significant for CHD for both MQHD and aMQHD. It is concluded that associations of MQHD and aMQHD with a lower long-term CHD mortality risk are both nutritionally and familially affected, supporting their use for dietary planning to prevent CHD mortality.
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Twin metabolomics: the key to unlocking complex phenotypes in nutrition research. Nutr Res 2016; 36:291-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pimpin L, Jebb S, Johnson L, Wardle J, Ambrosini GL. Dietary protein intake is associated with body mass index and weight up to 5 y of age in a prospective cohort of twins. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:389-97. [PMID: 26718416 PMCID: PMC4733258 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.118612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few large epidemiologic studies have investigated the role of postweaning protein intake in excess weight and adiposity of young children, despite children in the United Kingdom consistently consuming protein in excess of their physiologic requirements. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether a higher proportion of protein intake from energy beyond weaning is associated with greater weight gain, higher body mass index (BMI), and risk of overweight or obesity in children up to 5 y of age. DESIGN Participants were 2154 twins from the Gemini cohort. Dietary intake was collected by using a 3-d diet diary when the children had a mean age of 21 mo. Weight and height were collected every 3 mo, from birth to 5 y. Longitudinal models investigated associations of protein intake with BMI, weight, and height, with adjustment for age at diet diary, sex, total energy intake, birth weight/length, and rate of prior growth and clustering within families. Logistic regression investigated protein intake in relation to the odds of overweight or obesity at 3 and 5 y of age. RESULTS A total of 2154 children had a mean ± SD of 5.7 ± 3.2 weight and height measurements up to 5 y. Total energy from protein was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.043; 95% CI: 0.011, 0.075) and weight (β = 0.052; 95% CI: 0.031, 0.074) but not height (β = 0.088; 95% CI: -0.038, 0.213) between 21 mo and 5 y. Substituting percentage energy from fat or carbohydrate for percentage energy from protein was associated with decreases in BMI and weight. Protein intake was associated with a trend in increased odds of overweight or obesity at 3 y (OR = 1.10; 95% CI 0.99, 1.22, P = 0.075), but the effect was not statistically significant at 5 y. CONCLUSION A higher proportion of energy from protein during the complementary feeding stage is associated with greater increases in weight and BMI in early childhood in this large cohort of United Kingdom children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pimpin
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Jebb
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Johnson
- Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Wardle
- Cancer Research UK Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Gina L Ambrosini
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Cambridge, United Kingdom; School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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How parental dietary behavior and food parenting practices affect children's dietary behavior. Interacting sources of influence? Appetite 2015; 89:246-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Twin studies advance the understanding of gene–environment interplay in human nutrigenomics. Nutr Res Rev 2014; 27:242-51. [DOI: 10.1017/s095442241400016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into the genetic architecture of diet–disease relationships are particularly relevant today with the global epidemic of obesity and chronic disease. Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic makeup plays a significant role in a multitude of dietary phenotypes such as energy and macronutrient intakes, dietary patterns, and specific food group intakes. Besides estimating heritability of dietary assessment, twins provide a naturally unique, case–control experiment. Due to their shared upbringing, matched genes and sex (in the case of monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs), and age, twins provide many advantages over classic epidemiological approaches. Future genetic epidemiological studies could benefit from the twin approach particularly where defining what is ‘normal’ is problematic due to the high inter-individual variability underlying metabolism. Here, we discuss the use of twins to generate heritability estimates of food intake phenotypes. We then highlight the value of discordant MZ pairs to further nutrition research through discovery and validation of biomarkers of intake and health status in collaboration with cutting-edge omics technologies.
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Abstract
Ageing is a complex multifactorial process, reflecting the progression of all degenerative pathways within an organism. Due to the increase of life expectancy, in recent years, there is a pressing need to identify early-life events and risk factors that determine health outcomes in later life. So far, genetic variation only explains ~20–25 % of the variability of human survival to age 80+. This clearly implies that other factors (environmental, epigenetic and lifestyle) contribute to lifespan and the rate of healthy ageing within an individual. Twin studies in the past two decades proved to be a very powerful tool to discriminate the genetic from the environmental component. The aim of this review is to describe the basic concepts of the twin study design and to report some of the latest studies in which high-throughput technologies (e.g. genome/epigenome-wide assay, next generation sequencing, MS metabolic profiling) combined with the classical twin design have been applied to the analysis of novel ‘omics’ to further understand the molecular mechanisms of human ageing.
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