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Elshorbagy A, Bastani NE, Lee-Ødegård S, Øvrebø B, Haj-Yasein N, Svendsen K, Turner C, Refsum H, Vinknes KJ, Olsen T. The association of fasting plasma thiol fractions with body fat compartments, biomarker profile, and adipose tissue gene expression. Amino Acids 2023; 55:313-323. [PMID: 36542145 PMCID: PMC10038976 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
People with high plasma total cysteine (tCys) have higher fat mass and higher concentrations of the atherogenic apolipoprotein B (apoB). The disulfide form, cystine, enhanced human adipogenesis and correlated with total fat mass in a Middle-Eastern cohort. In 35 European adults with overweight (88.6% women) and with dual-X-ray absorptiometry measurements of regional fat, we investigated how cystine compared to other free disulfides in their association with total regional adiposity, plasma lipid and glucose biomarkers, and adipose tissue lipid enzyme mRNA (n = 19). Most total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) (78%) was protein-bound; 63% of total glutathione (tGSH) was reduced. tCys was 49% protein-bound, 30% mixed-disulfide, 15% cystine, and 6% reduced. Controlling for age and lean mass, cystine and total free cysteine were the fractions most strongly associated with android and total fat: 1% higher cystine predicted 1.97% higher android fat mass (95% CI 0.64, 3.31) and 1.25% (0.65, 2.98) higher total fat mass (both p = 0.005). A positive association between tCys and apoB (β: 0.64%; 95% CI 0.17, 1.12%, p = 0.009) was apparently driven by free cysteine and cystine; cystine was also inversely associated with the HDL-associated apolipoprotein A1 (β: -0.57%; 95% CI -0.96, -0.17%, p = 0.007). No independent positive associations with adiposity were noted for tGSH or tHcy fractions. Plasma cystine correlated with CPT1a mRNA (Spearman's r = 0.68, p = 0.001). In conclusion, plasma cystine-but not homocysteine or glutathione disulfides-is associated with android adiposity and an atherogenic plasma apolipoprotein profile. The role of cystine in human adiposity and cardiometabolic risk deserves investigation. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02647970 and NCT03629392.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Elshorbagy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nasser E Bastani
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sindre Lee-Ødegård
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Øvrebø
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadia Haj-Yasein
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karianne Svendsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
- The Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cheryl Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kathrine J Vinknes
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Blindern, Postboks 1046, Oslo, Norway.
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Zhang Y, Jelleschitz J, Grune T, Chen W, Zhao Y, Jia M, Wang Y, Liu Z, Höhn A. Methionine restriction - Association with redox homeostasis and implications on aging and diseases. Redox Biol 2022; 57:102464. [PMID: 36152485 PMCID: PMC9508608 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine is an essential amino acid, involved in the promotion of growth, immunity, and regulation of energy metabolism. Over the decades, research has long focused on the beneficial effects of methionine supplementation, while data on positive effects of methionine restriction (MR) were first published in 1993. MR is a low-methionine dietary intervention that has been reported to ameliorate aging and aging-related health concomitants and diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive disorders. In addition, MR seems to be an approach to prolong lifespan which has been validated extensively in various animal models, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, yeast, and murine models. MR appears to be associated with a reduction in oxidative stress via so far mainly undiscovered mechanisms, and these changes in redox status appear to be one of the underlying mechanisms for lifespan extension and beneficial health effects. In the present review, the association of methionine metabolism pathways with redox homeostasis is described. In addition, the effects of MR on lifespan, age-related implications, comorbidities, and diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Julia Jelleschitz
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany; NutriAct-Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Institute of Nutrition, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yihang Zhao
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mengzhen Jia
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Annika Höhn
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany.
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How Aging and Oxidative Stress Influence the Cytopathic and Inflammatory Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: The Role of Cellular Glutathione and Cysteine Metabolism. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071366. [PMID: 35883857 PMCID: PMC9311797 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome with inflammatory and thrombotic complications, the severity of which increases with patients’ age and presence of comorbidity. The reasons for an age-dependent increase in the risk of severe COVID-19 could be many. These include defects in the homeostatic processes that control the cellular redox and its pivotal role in sustaining the immuno-inflammatory response to the host and the protection against oxidative stress and tissue degeneration. Pathogens may take advantage of such age-dependent abnormalities. Alterations of the thiol redox balance in the lung tissue and lining fluids may influence the risk of infection, and the host capability to respond to pathogens and to avoid severe complications. SARS-CoV-2, likewise other viruses, such as HIV, influenza, and HSV, benefits in its replication cycle of pro-oxidant conditions that the same viral infection seems to induce in the host cell with mechanisms that remain poorly understood. We recently demonstrated that the pro-oxidant effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with changes in the cellular metabolism and transmembrane fluxes of Cys and GSH. These appear to be the consequence of an increased use of Cys in viral protein synthesis and to ER stress pathway activation that interfere with transcription factors, as Nrf2 and NFkB, important to coordinate the metabolism of GSH with other aspects of the stress response and with the pro-inflammatory effects of this virus in the host cell. This narrative review article describes these cellular and molecular aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the role that antivirals and cytoprotective agents such as N-acetyl cysteine may have to limit the cytopathic effects of this virus and to recover tissue homeostasis after infection.
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The Intestinal Redox System and Its Significance in Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7255497. [PMID: 35585883 PMCID: PMC9110227 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7255497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis (CIM) is a significant dose-limiting adverse reaction brought on by the cancer treatment. Multiple studies reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) is rapidly produced during the initial stages of chemotherapy, when the drugs elicit direct damage to intestinal mucosal cells, which, in turn, results in necrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS production. However, the mechanism behind the intestinal redox system-based induction of intestinal mucosal injury and necrosis of CIM is still undetermined. In this article, we summarized relevant information regarding the intestinal redox system, including the composition and regulation of redox enzymes, ROS generation, and its regulation in the intestine. We innovatively proposed the intestinal redox “Tai Chi” theory and revealed its significance in the pathogenesis of CIM. We also conducted an extensive review of the English language-based literatures involving oxidative stress (OS) and its involvement in the pathological mechanisms of CIM. From the date of inception till July 31, 2021, 51 related articles were selected. Based on our analysis of these articles, only five chemotherapeutic drugs, namely, MTX, 5-FU, cisplatin, CPT-11, and oxaliplatin were shown to trigger the ROS-based pathological mechanisms of CIM. We also discussed the redox system-mediated modulation of CIM pathogenesis via elaboration of the relationship between chemotherapeutic drugs and the redox system. It is our belief that this overview of the intestinal redox system and its role in CIM pathogenesis will greatly enhance research direction and improve CIM management in the future.
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Pavão ML, Ferin R, Lima A, Baptista J. Cysteine and related aminothiols in cardiovascular disease, obesity and insulin resistance. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 109:75-127. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Giustarini D, Santucci A, Bartolini D, Galli F, Rossi R. The age-dependent decline of the extracellular thiol-disulfide balance and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101902. [PMID: 33662873 PMCID: PMC7889000 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection can cause a severe respiratory distress syndrome. The risk of severe manifestations and mortality characteristically increase in the elderly and in the presence of non-COVID-19 comorbidity. We and others previously demonstrated that the low molecular weight (LMW) and protein thiol/disulfide ratio declines in human plasma with age and such decline is even more rapid in the case of inflammatory and premature aging diseases, which are also associated with the most severe complications of COVID-19 infection. The same decline with age of the LMW thiol/disulfide ratio observed in plasma appears to occur in the extracellular fluids of the respiratory tract and in association with many pulmonary diseases that characteristically reduce the concentrations and adaptive stress response of the lung glutathione. Early evidence in literature suggests that the thiol to disulfide balance of critical Cys residues of the COVID-19 spike protein and the ACE-2 receptor may influence the risk of infection and the severity of the disease, with a more oxidizing environment producing the worst prognosis. With this hypothesis paper we propose that the age-dependent decline of LMW thiol/disulfide ratio of the extracellular fluids, could play a role in promoting the physical (protein-protein) interaction of CoV-2 and the host cell in the airways. Therefore, this redox-dependent interaction is expected to affect the risk of severe infection in an age-dependent manner. The hypothesis can be verified in experimental models of in vitro CoV-2 infection and at the clinical level in that LMW thiols and protein thiolation can now be investigated with standardized, reliable and versatile laboratory protocols. Presenting the verification strategy of our hypothesis, we also discuss available nutritional and ancillary pharmacological strategies to intervene on the thiol/disulfide ratio of extracellular fluids of subjects at risk of infection and COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Giochetto 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Giochetto 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
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Protein thiolation index in microvolumes of plasma. Anal Biochem 2021; 618:114125. [PMID: 33524411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein Thiolation Index (PTI) has been recently proposed as a new biomarker of oxidative stress. It is calculated by measuring both free thiols and S-thiolated proteins in plasma with the assumption that this redox ratio is altered by a pro-oxidant stimulus. Here the original protocol was modified and adapted to the use of microvolumes of blood collected by finger prick and down to 3 μl blood was shown to be the lowest volume suitable for this kind of analysis. The new procedure was used to evaluate both the circadian rhythm and the annual fluctuations of PTI in healthy humans.
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Margaritelis NV, Chatzinikolaou PN, Bousiou FV, Malliou VJ, Papadopoulou SK, Potsaki P, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A, Geladas ND, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. Dietary Cysteine Intake is Associated with Blood Glutathione Levels and Isometric Strength. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:441-447. [PMID: 33124012 DOI: 10.1055/a-1255-2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is the most abundant cellular antioxidant and regulates redox homeostasis. Healthy individuals with certain antioxidant inadequacies/deficiencies exhibit impairments in physiological functions. The aim was to investigate whether low levels of dietary cysteine intake are associated with a) lower erythrocyte glutathione, b) increased plasma F2-isoprostanes, and c) impaired muscle function. Towards this aim, we recorded the dietary intake of the three amino acids that synthesize glutathione (i. e., glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine) in forty-one healthy individuals, and subsequently measured erythrocyte glutathione levels. Maximal isometric strength and fatigue index were also assessed using an electronic handgrip dynamometer. Our findings indicate that dietary cysteine intake was positively correlated with glutathione levels (r=0.765, p<0.001). In addition, glutathione levels were negatively correlated with F2-isoprostanes (r=- 0.311, p=0.048). An interesting finding was that glutathione levels and cysteine intake were positively correlated with maximal handgrip strength (r=0.416, p=0.007 and r=0.343, p=0.028, respectively). In conclusion, glutathione concentration is associated with cysteine intake, while adequate cysteine levels were important for optimal redox status and muscle function. This highlights the importance of proper nutritional intake and biochemical screening with the goal of personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Flora V Bousiou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki J Malliou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Potsaki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikos D Geladas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Arora N, Strand TA, Chandyo RK, Elshorbagy A, Shrestha L, Ueland PM, Ulak M, Schwinger C. Association of Maternal Plasma Total Cysteine and Growth among Infants in Nepal: A Cohort Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2849. [PMID: 32957568 PMCID: PMC7551827 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid that has been positively associated with growth in children. However, transgenerational effects remain unclear. The aim of this analysis was to assess whether maternal plasma total cysteine (tCys) concentration is associated with various growth indicators in infants living in peri-urban settings in Bhaktapur, Nepal. We used data from the 561 mothers enrolled in an ongoing randomized controlled trial. We built linear regression models to evaluate the associations between maternal tCys and birth weight, length-for-age Z-scores (LAZ) and weight-for-length Z-scores (WLZ) at birth and six months of age. Maternal tCys was inversely associated with birth weight among boys after adjusting for confounders (p < 0.05). In addition, there was a negative association between maternal tCys and LAZ at birth (p < 0.01). No associations between maternal tCys and the other anthropometric indicators were found significant, although there was a tendency for maternal tCys to be associated positively with WLZ at birth among girls (p < 0.10). This is a first study evaluating transgenerational relation of tCys on growth in infants. Further, larger and more comprehensive studies are needed to determine if and how maternal tCys alters child growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Arora
- Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Tor A. Strand
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (T.A.S.); (M.U.)
- Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, 2609 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ram K. Chandyo
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
| | - Amany Elshorbagy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria 21131, Egypt; or
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | - Laxman Shrestha
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
| | - Per M. Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Manjeswori Ulak
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (T.A.S.); (M.U.)
- Department of Child Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal;
| | - Catherine Schwinger
- Centre for Intervention Science in Maternal and Child Health, Centre for International Health, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; (T.A.S.); (M.U.)
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Watson WH, Greenwell JC, Zheng Y, Furmanek S, Torres-Gonzalez E, Ritzenthaler JD, Roman J. Impact of sex, age and diet on the cysteine/cystine and glutathione/glutathione disulfide plasma redox couples in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 84:108431. [PMID: 32615368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age, sex and diet are well-established risk factors for several diseases. In humans, each of these variables has been linked to differences in plasma redox potentials (Eh) of the glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) redox couples. Mice have been very useful for modeling human disease processes, but it is unknown if age, sex and diet affect redox couples in mice as they do in humans. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of these factors on plasma redox potentials in C57BL/6J mice. We found that age had no effect on either redox couple in either sex. Plasma Eh Cys/CySS and Eh GSH/GSSG were both more oxidized (more positive) in females than in males. A 24-hour fast negated the sex differences in both redox potentials by oxidizing both redox couples in male mice, while having no effect on Eh Cys/CySS and a smaller effect on Eh GSH/GSSG in female mice. A diet with excess sulfur amino acids reduced the plasma Eh Cys/CySS in females to a level comparable to that seen in male mice. Thus, sex-specific differences in plasma Eh Cys/CySS could be normalized by two different dietary interventions. Some of these findings are consistent with reported human studies, while others are not. Most strikingly, mice do not exhibit age-dependent oxidation of plasma redox potentials. Care must be taken when designing and interpreting mouse studies to investigate redox regulation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Watson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - John C Greenwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yuxuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Stephen Furmanek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Edilson Torres-Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA.
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11
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Bettermann EL, Hartman TJ, Easley KA, Ferranti EP, Jones DP, Quyyumi AA, Vaccarino V, Ziegler TR, Alvarez JA. Higher Mediterranean Diet Quality Scores and Lower Body Mass Index Are Associated with a Less-Oxidized Plasma Glutathione and Cysteine Redox Status in Adults. J Nutr 2018; 148:245-253. [PMID: 29490099 PMCID: PMC6251672 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both systemic redox status and diet quality are associated with risk outcomes in chronic disease. It is not known, however, the extent to which diet quality influences plasma thiol/disulfide redox status. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of diet, as measured by diet quality scores and other dietary factors, on systemic thiol/disulfide redox status. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of 685 working men and women (ages ≥18 y) in Atlanta, GA. Diet was assessed by 3 diet quality scores: the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). We measured concentrations of plasma glutathione (GSH), cysteine, their associated oxidized forms [glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and cystine (CySS), respectively], and their redox potentials (EhGSSG and EhCySS) to determine thiol/disulfide redox status. Linear regression modeling was performed to assess relations between diet and plasma redox after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), sex, race, and history of chronic disease. Results MDS was positively associated with plasma GSH (β = 0.02; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.03) and total GSH (GSH + GSSG) (β = 0.02; 95% CI: 0.003, 0.03), and inversely associated with the CySS:GSH ratio (β = -0.02; 95% CI: -0.04, -0.004). There were significant independent associations between individual MDS components (dairy, vegetables, fish, and monounsaturated fat intake) and varying plasma redox indexes (P < 0.05). AHEI and DASH diet quality indexes and other diet factors of interest were not significantly correlated with plasma thiol and disulfide redox measures. Conclusion Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was significantly associated with a favorable plasma thiol/disulfide redox profile, independent of BMI, in a generally healthy working adult population. Although longitudinal studies are warranted, these findings contribute to the feasibility of targeting a Mediterranean diet to improve plasma redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika L Bettermann
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins
School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Terryl J Hartman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins
School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kirk A Easley
- Departments of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public
Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Erin P Ferranti
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine,Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition and Divisions of Cardiology and
Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- Divisions of Cardiology and Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipids, Department
of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins
School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Thomas R Ziegler
- Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition and Divisions of Cardiology and
Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition and Divisions of Endocrinology,
Metabolism & Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA,Section of Endocrinology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta,
GA
| | - Jessica A Alvarez
- Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition and Divisions of Cardiology and
Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of
Medicine, Atlanta, GA,Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition and Divisions of Endocrinology,
Metabolism & Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA,Address correspondence to JAA (E-mail: )
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12
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Elremaly W, Mohamed I, Rouleau T, Lavoie JC. Adding glutathione to parenteral nutrition prevents alveolar loss in newborn Guinea pig. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:274-81. [PMID: 26164632 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a main complication of prematurity, is characterized by an alveolar hypoplasia. Oxidative stress is suspected to be a trigger event in this population who has a low level of glutathione, a main endogenous antioxidant, and who receives high oxidative load, particularly ascorbylperoxide from their parenteral nutrition. HYPOTHESIS the addition of glutathione (GSSG) in parenteral nutrition improves detoxification of ascorbylperoxide by glutathione peroxidase and therefore prevents exaggerated apoptosis and loss of alveoli. METHODS Ascorbylperoxide is assessed as substrate for glutathione peroxidase in Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Three-days old guinea pig pups were divided in 6 groups to receive, through a catheter in jugular vein, the following solutions: 1) Sham (no infusion); 2) PN(-L): parenteral nutrition protected against light (low ascorbylperoxide); 3) PN(+L): PN without photo-protection (high ascorbylperoxide); 4) 180 μM ascorbylperoxide; 5) PN(+L)+10 μM GSSG; 6) ascorbylperoxyde+10 μM GSSG. After 4 days, lungs were sampled and prepared for histology and biochemical determinations. Data were analysed by ANOVA, p < 0.05 RESULTS: The Km of ascorbylperoxide for glutathione peroxidase was 126 ± 6 μM and Vmax was 38.4 ± 2.5 nmol/min/ U. The presence of GSSG in intravenous solution has prevented the high GSSG, oxidized redox potential of glutathione, activation of caspase-3 (apoptosis marker) and loss of alveoli induced by PN(+L) or ascorbylperoxide. CONCLUSION A correction of the low glutathione levels observed in newborn animal on parenteral nutrition, protects lungs from toxic effect of ascorbylperoxide. Premature infants having a low level of glutathione, this finding is of high importance because it provides hope in a possible prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam Elremaly
- Department of Nutrition, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Thérèse Rouleau
- Department of Nutrition, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Jean-Claude Lavoie
- Department of Nutrition, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada H3T 1C5; Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Qc, Canada H3T 1C5.
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13
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Yin J, Ren W, Yang G, Duan J, Huang X, Fang R, Li C, Li T, Yin Y, Hou Y, Kim SW, Wu G. L-Cysteine metabolism and its nutritional implications. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:134-46. [PMID: 25929483 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
L-Cysteine is a nutritionally semiessential amino acid and is present mainly in the form of L-cystine in the extracellular space. With the help of a transport system, extracellular L-cystine crosses the plasma membrane and is reduced to L-cysteine within cells by thioredoxin and reduced glutathione (GSH). Intracellular L-cysteine plays an important role in cellular homeostasis as a precursor for protein synthesis, and for production of GSH, hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), and taurine. L-Cysteine-dependent synthesis of GSH has been investigated in many pathological conditions, while the pathway for L-cysteine metabolism to form H(2)S has received little attention with regard to prevention and treatment of disease in humans. The main objective of this review is to highlight the metabolic pathways of L-cysteine catabolism to GSH, H(2)S, and taurine, with special emphasis on therapeutic and nutritional use of L-cysteine to improve the health and well-being of animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Animal Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jielin Duan
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingguo Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Rejun Fang
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Chongyong Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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14
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Borges CR, Rehder DS, Jensen S, Schaab MR, Sherma ND, Yassine H, Nikolova B, Breburda C. Elevated plasma albumin and apolipoprotein A-I oxidation under suboptimal specimen storage conditions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1890-9. [PMID: 24736286 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
S-cysteinylated albumin and methionine-oxidized apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) have been posed as candidate markers of diseases associated with oxidative stress. Here, a dilute-and-shoot form of LC-electrospray ionization-MS requiring half a microliter of blood plasma was employed to simultaneously quantify the relative abundance of these oxidized proteoforms in samples stored at -80 °C, -20 °C, and room temperature and exposed to multiple freeze-thaw cycles and other adverse conditions in order to assess the possibility that protein oxidation may occur as a result of poor sample storage or handling. Samples from a healthy donor and a participant with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes started at the same low level of protein oxidation and behaved similarly; significant increases in albumin oxidation via S-cysteinylation were found to occur within hours at room temperature and days at -20 °C. Methionine oxidation of apoA-I took place on a longer time scale, setting in after albumin oxidation reached a plateau. Freeze-thaw cycles had a minimal effect on protein oxidation. In matched collections, protein oxidation in serum was the same as that in plasma. Albumin and apoA-I oxidation were not affected by sample headspace or the degree to which vials were sealed. ApoA-I, however, was unexpectedly found to oxidize faster in samples with lower surface-area-to-volume ratios. An initial survey of samples from patients with inflammatory conditions normally associated with elevated oxidative stress-including acute myocardial infarction and prostate cancer-demonstrated a lack of detectable apoA-I oxidation. Albumin S-cysteinylation in these samples was consistent with known but relatively brief exposures to temperatures above -30 °C (the freezing point of blood plasma). Given their properties and ease of analysis, these oxidized proteoforms, once fully validated, may represent the first markers of blood plasma specimen integrity based on direct measurement of oxidative molecular damage that can occur under suboptimal storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad R Borges
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287; §Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287;
| | - Douglas S Rehder
- §Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Sally Jensen
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Matthew R Schaab
- §Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Nisha D Sherma
- §Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Hussein Yassine
- ‖Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | | | - Christian Breburda
- **Maricopa Integrated Health Systems, Phoenix, Arizona 85008; ‡‡College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona 85004
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15
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Park Y, Lee K, Ziegler TR, Martin GS, Hebbar G, Vidakovic B, Jones DP. Multifractal analysis for nutritional assessment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69000. [PMID: 23990878 PMCID: PMC3749179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of multifractality is currently used to describe self-similar and complex scaling properties observed in numerous biological signals. Fractals are geometric objects or dynamic variations which exhibit some degree of similarity (irregularity) to the original object in a wide range of scales. This approach determines irregularity of biologic signal as an indicator of adaptability, the capability to respond to unpredictable stress, and health. In the present work, we propose the application of multifractal analysis of wavelet-transformed proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra of plasma to determine nutritional insufficiency. For validation of this method on 1H NMR signal of human plasma, standard deviation from classical statistical approach and Hurst exponent (H), left slope and partition function from multifractal analysis were extracted from 1H NMR spectra to test whether multifractal indices could discriminate healthy subjects from unhealthy, intensive care unit patients. After validation, the multifractal approach was applied to spectra of plasma from a modified crossover study of sulfur amino acid insufficiency and tested for associations with blood lipids. The results showed that standard deviation and H, but not left slope, were significantly different for sulfur amino acid sufficiency and insufficiency. Quadratic discriminant analysis of H, left slope and the partition function showed 78% overall classification accuracy according to sulfur amino acid status. Triglycerides and apolipoprotein C3 were significantly correlated with a multifractal model containing H, left slope, and standard deviation, and cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were significantly correlated to H. In conclusion, multifractal analysis of 1H NMR spectra provides a new approach to characterize nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngja Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong City, Korea
| | - Kichun Lee
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (KL); (DPJ)
| | - Thomas R. Ziegler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Greg S. Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gautam Hebbar
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brani Vidakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KL); (DPJ)
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16
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Roede JR, Uppal K, Liang Y, Promislow DEL, Wachtman LM, Jones DP. Characterization of plasma thiol redox potential in a common marmoset model of aging. Redox Biol 2013; 1:387-93. [PMID: 24024176 PMCID: PMC3757708 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its short lifespan, ease of use and age-related pathologies that mirror those observed in humans, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is poised to become a standard nonhuman primate model of aging. Blood and extracellular fluid possess two major thiol-dependent redox nodes involving cysteine (Cys), cystine (CySS), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG). Alteration in these plasma redox nodes significantly affects cellular physiology, and oxidation of the plasma Cys/CySS redox potential (EhCySS) is associated with aging and disease risk in humans. The purpose of this study was to determine age-related changes in plasma redox metabolites and corresponding redox potentials (Eh) to further validate the marmoset as a nonhuman primate model of aging. We measured plasma thiol redox states in marmosets and used existing human data with multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) to model the relationships between age and redox metabolites. A classification accuracy of 70.2% and an AUC of 0.703 were achieved using the MARS model built from the marmoset redox data to classify the human samples as young or old. These results show that common marmosets provide a useful model for thiol redox biology of aging. Characterization of the Common Marmoset as a model for aging research. Plasma thiol redox measurements in marmosets ranging in age from 2–16 years. Similar to humans, marmosets exhibit age-related alterations in plasma thiol redox metabolites. Marmoset redox data can be used to classify humans as young or old.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Roede
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Rodrigues SD, Batista GB, Ingberman M, Pecoits-Filho R, Nakao LS. Plasma Cysteine/Cystine Reduction Potential Correlates with Plasma Creatinine Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease. Blood Purif 2012; 34:231-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000342627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Baek S, Choi CM, Ahn SH, Lee JW, Gong G, Ryu JS, Oh SJ, Bacher-Stier C, Fels L, Koglin N, Hultsch C, Schatz CA, Dinkelborg LM, Mittra ES, Gambhir SS, Moon DH. Exploratory clinical trial of (4S)-4-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-L-glutamate for imaging xC- transporter using positron emission tomography in patients with non-small cell lung or breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5427-37. [PMID: 22893629 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE (4S)-4-(3-[(18)F]fluoropropyl)-l-glutamate (BAY 94-9392, alias [(18)F]FSPG) is a new tracer to image x(C)(-) transporter activity with positron emission tomography (PET). We aimed to explore the tumor detection rate of [(18)F]FSPG in patients relative to 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG). The correlation of [(18)F]FSPG uptake with immunohistochemical expression of x(C)(-) transporter and CD44, which stabilizes the xCT subunit of system x(C)(-), was also analyzed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n = 10) or breast cancer (n = 5) who had a positive [(18)F]FDG uptake were included in this exploratory study. PET images were acquired following injection of approximately 300 MBq [(18)F]FSPG. Immunohistochemistry was done using xCT- and CD44-specific antibody. RESULTS [(18)F]FSPG PET showed high uptake in the kidney and pancreas with rapid blood clearance. [(18)F]FSPG identified all 10 NSCLC and three of the five breast cancer lesions that were confirmed by pathology. [(18)F]FSPG detected 59 of 67 (88%) [(18)F]FDG lesions in NSCLC, and 30 of 73 (41%) in breast cancer. Seven lesions were additionally detected only on [(18)F]FSPG in NSCLC. The tumor-to-blood pool standardized uptake value (SUV) ratio was not significantly different from that of [(18)F]FDG in NSCLC; however, in breast cancer, it was significantly lower (P < 0.05). The maximum SUV of [(18)F]FSPG correlated significantly with the intensity of immunohistochemical staining of x(C)(-) transporter and CD44 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS [(18)F]FSPG seems to be a promising tracer with a relatively high cancer detection rate in patients with NSCLC. [(18)F]FSPG PET may assess x(C)(-) transporter activity in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Baek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chronic Inflammation Alters Production and Release of Glutathione and Related Thiols in Human U373 Astroglial Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 33:19-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Circu ML, Aw TY. Intestinal redox biology and oxidative stress. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:729-37. [PMID: 22484611 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium sits at the interface between an organism and its luminal environment, and as such is prone to oxidative damage induced by luminal oxidants. Mucosal integrity is maintained by the luminal redox status of the glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) couples which also support luminal nutrient absorption, mucus fluidity, and a diverse microbiota. The epithelial layer is uniquely organized for rapid self-renewal that is achieved by the well-regulated processes of crypt stem cell proliferation and crypt-to-villus cell differentiation. The GSH/GSSG and Cys/CySS redox couples, known to modulate intestinal cell transition through proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis, could govern the regenerative potential of the mucosa. These two couples, together with that of the thioredoxin/thioredoxin disulfide (Trx/TrxSS) couple are the major intracellular redox systems, and it is proposed that they each function as distinctive redox control nodes or circuitry in the control of metabolic processes and networks of enzymatic reactions. Specificity of redox signaling is accomplished in part by subcellular compartmentation of the individual redox systems within the mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytosol wherein each defined redox environment is suited to the specific metabolic function within that compartment. Mucosal oxidative stress would result from the disruption of these unique redox control nodes, and the subsequent alteration in redox signaling can contribute to the development of degenerative pathologies of the intestine, such as inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Circu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Elshorbagy AK, Kozich V, Smith AD, Refsum H. Cysteine and obesity: consistency of the evidence across epidemiologic, animal and cellular studies. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15:49-57. [PMID: 22108094 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32834d199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The concentrations of several plasma amino acids increase in obesity. Notably, plasma total concentrations of the sulphur amino acid cysteine (tCys) are linearly associated with fat mass in large population studies. Animal and cellular experiments support the concept that cysteine may be obesogenic. Here we review experimental and epidemiologic findings linking cysteine and related compounds with fat regulation and obesity. RECENT FINDINGS tCys, and to a lesser extent cystathionine, are the only plasma sulphur amino acids consistently associated with human obesity, whereas glutathione is inversely associated with BMI. Supplementing cyste(i)ne in rodents decreases energy expenditure and promotes adiposity, whereas defects of cysteine-synthesizing enzymes decrease body weight. In adipocytes, cysteine inhibits lipolysis and promotes lipogenesis via H2O2 production. Unlike most plasma amino acids, tCys levels do not decrease with gastric bypass-induced weight loss, further supporting the concept that elevated cysteine may be a cause, not a consequence of obesity. Although cysteine products (glutathione, taurine and H2S) are altered in obesity, they do not appear to explain cysteine's effects on body weight. SUMMARY Cellular, animal and epidemiologic data are consistent with the view that cysteine is obesogenic. Targeted research linking in-vitro and in-vivo findings is needed to elucidate mechanisms involved.
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Banerjee R. Redox outside the box: linking extracellular redox remodeling with intracellular redox metabolism. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4397-402. [PMID: 22147695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r111.287995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic organisms generate reactive oxygen species as metabolic side products and must achieve a delicate balance between using them for signaling cellular functions and protecting against collateral damage. Small molecule (e.g. glutathione and cysteine)- and protein (e.g. thioredoxin)-based buffers regulate the ambient redox potentials in the various intracellular compartments, influence the status of redox-sensitive macromolecules, and protect against oxidative stress. Less well appreciated is the fact that the redox potential of the extracellular compartment is also carefully regulated and is dynamic. Changes in intracellular metabolism alter the redox poise in the extracellular compartment, and these are correlated with cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and death. In this minireview, the mechanism of extracellular redox remodeling due to intracellular sulfur metabolism is discussed in the context of various cell-cell communication paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Abstract
The intestinal tract, known for its capability for self-renew, represents the first barrier of defence between the organism and its luminal environment. The thiol/disulfide redox systems comprising the glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG), cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) and reduced and oxidized thioredoxin (Trx/TrxSS) redox couples play important roles in preserving tissue redox homeostasis, metabolic functions, and cellular integrity. Control of the thiol-disulfide status at the luminal surface is essential for maintaining mucus fluidity and absorption of nutrients, and protection against chemical-induced oxidant injury. Within intestinal cells, these redox couples preserve an environment that supports physiological processes and orchestrates networks of enzymatic reactions against oxidative stress. In this review, we focus on the intestinal redox and antioxidant systems, their subcellular compartmentation, redox signalling and epithelial turnover, and contribution of luminal microbiota, key aspects that are relevant to understanding redox-dependent processes in gut biology with implications for degenerative digestive disorders, such as inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L Circu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Park Y, Le NA, Yu T, Strobel F, Gletsu-Miller N, Accardi CJ, Lee KS, Wu S, Ziegler TR, Jones DP. A sulfur amino acid-free meal increases plasma lipids in humans. J Nutr 2011; 141:1424-31. [PMID: 21677075 PMCID: PMC3138636 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.138875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The content of sulfur amino acid (SAA) in a meal affects postprandial plasma cysteine concentrations and the redox potential of cysteine/cystine. Because such changes can affect enzyme, transporter, and receptor activities, meal content of SAA could have unrecognized effects on metabolism during the postprandial period. This pilot study used proton NMR ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy of human plasma to test the hypothesis that dietary SAA content changes macronutrient metabolism. Healthy participants (18-36 y, 5 males and 3 females) were equilibrated for 3 d to adequate SAA, fed chemically defined meals without SAA for 5 d (depletion), and then fed isoenergetic, isonitrogenous meals containing 56 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1) SAA for 4.5 d (repletion). On the first and last day of consuming the chemically defined meals, a morning meal containing 60% of the daily food intake was given and plasma samples were collected over an 8-h postprandial time course for characterization of metabolic changes by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. SAA-free food increased peak intensity in the plasma (1)H-NMR spectra in the postprandial period. Orthogonal signal correction/partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed changes in signals associated with lipids, some amino acids, and lactate, with notable increases in plasma lipid signals (TG, unsaturated lipid, cholesterol). Conventional lipid analyses confirmed higher plasma TG and showed an increase in plasma concentration of the lipoprotein lipase inhibitor, apoC-III. The results show that plasma (1)H-NMR spectra can provide useful macronutrient profiling following a meal challenge protocol and that a single meal with imbalanced SAA content alters postprandial lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngja Park
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ngoc-Anh Le
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Fred Strobel
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Carolyn J. Accardi
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kichun S. Lee
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shaoxiong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Thomas R. Ziegler
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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25
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Patel RS, Al Mheid I, Morris AA, Ahmed Y, Kavtaradze N, Ali S, Dabhadkar K, Brigham K, Hooper WC, Alexander RW, Jones DP, Quyyumi AA. Oxidative stress is associated with impaired arterial elasticity. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:90-5. [PMID: 21605864 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Arterial stiffening may lead to hypertension, greater left ventricular after-load and adverse clinical outcomes. The underlying mechanisms influencing arterial elasticity may involve oxidative injury to the vessel wall. We sought to examine the relationship between novel markers of oxidative stress and arterial elastic properties in healthy humans. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 169 subjects (mean age 42.6 ± 14 years, 51.6% male) free of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Indices of arterial stiffness and wave reflections measured included carotid-femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV), Augmentation Index (Aix) and Pulse Pressure Amplification (PPA). Non-free radical oxidative stress was assessed as plasma oxidized and reduced amino-thiol levels (cysteine/cystine, glutathione/GSSG) and their ratios (redox potentials), and free radical oxidative stress as derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs). Inflammation was assessed as hsCRP and interleukin-6 levels. The non-free radical marker of oxidative stress, cystine was significantly correlated with all arterial indices; PWV (r=0.38, p<0.001), Aix (r=0.35, p<0.001) and PPA (r=-0.30, p<0.001). Its redox potential, was also associated with PWV (r=0.22, p=0.01), while the free radical marker of oxidative stress dROMS was associated with Aix (r=0.25, p<0.01). After multivariate adjustment for age, gender, arterial pressure, height, weight, heart rate and CRP, of these oxidative stress markers, only cystine remained independently associated with PWV (p=0.03), Aix (p=0.01) and PPA (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS In healthy subjects without confounding risk factors or significant systemic inflammation, a high cystine level, reflecting extracellular oxidant burden, is associated with increased arterial stiffness and wave reflections. This has implications for understanding the role of oxidant burden in pre-clinical vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyaz S Patel
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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26
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Go YM, Jones DP. Cysteine/cystine redox signaling in cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:495-509. [PMID: 21130865 PMCID: PMC3040416 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular thiol/disulfide redox environments are highly regulated in healthy individuals. The major thiol/disulfide redox couple in human plasma is cysteine (Cys) and its disulfide form, cystine (CySS). Oxidation of this redox couple, measured as a more positive steady-state redox potential (E(h)), is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including aging, smoking, obesity, and alcohol abuse. Rodent and vascular cell studies show that the extracellular redox state of Cys/CySS (E(h)CySS) can play a vital role in controlling CVD through proinflammatory signaling. This inflammatory signaling is regulated by cell-surface protein redox state and involves mitochondrial oxidation, nuclear factor-κB activation, and elevated expression of genes for monocyte recruitment to endothelial cells. Gene array and proteomics studies reveal the global nature of redox effects, and different cell types, e.g., endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, show cell-specific redox responses with different phenotypic traits, e.g., proliferation and apoptosis, which can contribute to CVD. The critical nature of the proinflammatory redox signaling and cell biology associated with E(h)CySS supports the use of plasma levels of Cys, CySS, and E(h)CySS as key indicators of vascular health. Plasma redox-state-based pharmacologic interventions to control or improve E(h)CySS may be effective in preventing CVD onset or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Go
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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27
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Yarandi SS, Zhao VM, Hebbar G, Ziegler TR. Amino acid composition in parenteral nutrition: what is the evidence? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011; 14:75-82. [PMID: 21076291 PMCID: PMC3071792 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e328341235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Complete parenteral nutrition solutions contain mixed amino acid products providing all nine essential amino acids and a varying composition of nonessential amino acids. Relatively little rigorous comparative efficacy research on altered parenteral nutrition amino acid composition has been published in recent years. RECENT FINDINGS Limited data from randomized, double-blind, adequately powered clinical trials to define optimal doses of total or individual amino acids in parenteral nutrition are available. An exception is the growing number of studies on the efficacy of glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition or given as a single parenteral agent. Parenteral glutamine appears to confer benefit in selected patients; however, additional data to define optimal glutamine dosing and the patient subgroups who may most benefit from this amino acid are needed. Although some promising studies have been published, little data are available in the current era of nutrition support on the clinical efficacy of altered doses of arginine, branched chain amino acids, cysteine, or taurine supplementation of parenteral nutrition. SUMMARY Despite routine use of parenteral nutrition, surprisingly little clinical efficacy data are available to guide total or specific amino acid dosing in adult and pediatric patients requiring this therapy. This warrants increased attention by the research community and funding agencies to better define optimal amino acid administration strategies in patient subgroups requiring parenteral nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi S. Yarandi
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vivian M. Zhao
- Nutrition and Metabolic Support Service, Emory University Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gautam Hebbar
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas R. Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Nutrition and Metabolic Support Service, Emory University Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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28
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Abstract
Living systems have three major types of cell signalling systems that are dependent upon high-energy chemicals, redox environment and transmembranal ion-gating mechanisms. Development of integrated systems biology descriptions of cell signalling require conceptual models incorporating all three. Recent advances in redox biology show that thiol-disulphide redox systems are regulated under dynamic, nonequilibrium conditions, progressively oxidized with the life cycle of cells and distinct in terms of redox potentials amongst subcellular compartments. This article uses these observations as a basis to distinguish 'redox-sensing' mechanisms, which are more global biologic redox control mechanisms, from 'redox signalling', which involves conveyance of discrete activating or inactivating signals. Both redox sensing and redox signalling use sulphur switches, especially cysteine (Cys) residues in proteins which are sensitive to reversible oxidation, nitrosylation, glutathionylation, acylation, sulfhydration or metal binding. Unlike specific signalling mechanisms, the redox-sensing mechanisms provide means to globally affect the rates and activities of the high-energy, ion-gating and redox-signalling systems by controlling sensitivity, distribution, macromolecular interactions and mobility of signalling proteins. Effects mediated through Cys residues not directly involved in signalling means redox-sensing control can be orthogonal to the signalling mechanisms. This provides a capability to integrate signals according to cell cycle and physiologic state without fundamentally altering the signalling mechanisms. Recent findings that thiol-disulphide pools in humans are oxidized with age, environmental exposures and disease risk suggest that redox-sensing thiols could provide a central mechanistic link in disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Jones
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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