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Huang S, Lim SY, Tan SH, Chan MY, Ni W, Li SFY. Targeted Plasma Metabolomics Reveals Association of Acute Myocardial Infarction Risk with the Dynamic Balance between Trimethylamine- N-oxide, Betaine, and Choline. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15097-15105. [PMID: 37781984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), betaine, and choline with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) end point remains unclear. We analyzed plasma TMAO, betaine, and choline concentrations in AMI cases and non-AMI community-dwelling controls by LC-MS/MS to understand how the balance between these metabolites helps to reduce AMI risk. Results showed that the odds ratio (OR) for the highest versus lowest quartiles of betaine was 0.30 (95% CI, 0.10-0.82) after adjustment for AMI risk factors, and the unadjusted OR for quartile 3 versus quartile 1 of TMAO was 2.47 (95% CI, 1.02-6.17) (p < 0.05). The study populations with "high betaine + low TMAO" had a significant protective effect concerning AMI with a multivariable-adjusted OR of 0.20 (95% CI, 0.07-0.55) (p < 0.01). Multivariate linear regression showed that the chronological age was correlated with TMAO concentrations among AMI patients (95% CI, 0.05-3.24, p < 0.01) but not among the controls. This implies a further potential interplay between age and metabolite combination─AMI risk association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Tea Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, International Joint Research Laboratory of Tea Chemistry and Health Effects of Ministry of Education, Anhui Provincial Laboratory, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Si Ying Lim
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences & Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Sock Hwee Tan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Mark Y Chan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Wuzhong Ni
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Integrative Sciences & Engineering Programme, NUS Graduate School, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), #02-01, T-Lab Building, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
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Tate BN, Van Guilder GP, Aly M, Spence LA, Diaz-Rubio ME, Le HH, Johnson EL, McFadden JW, Perry CA. Changes in Choline Metabolites and Ceramides in Response to a DASH-Style Diet in Older Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:3687. [PMID: 37686719 PMCID: PMC10489641 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This feeding trial evaluated the impact of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on changes in plasma choline, choline metabolites, and ceramides in obese older adults; 28 adults consumed 3oz (n = 15) or 6oz (n = 13) of beef within a standardized DASH diet for 12 weeks. Plasma choline, betaine, methionine, dimethylglycine (DMG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphotidylcholine (LPC), sphingomyelin, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), L-carnitine, ceramide, and triglycerides were measured in fasted blood samples. Plasma LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species were also quantified. In response to the study diet, with beef intake groups combined, plasma choline decreased by 9.6% (p = 0.012); DMG decreased by 10% (p = 0.042); PC decreased by 51% (p < 0.001); total LPC increased by 281% (p < 0.001); TMAO increased by 26.5% (p < 0.001); total ceramide decreased by 22.1% (p < 0.001); and triglycerides decreased by 18% (p = 0.021). All 20 LPC species measured increased (p < 0.01) with LPC 16:0 having the greatest response. Sphingomyelin 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 increased (all p < 0.001) by 10.4%, 22.5%, and 24%, respectively. In contrast, we observed that sphingomyelin 24:0 significantly decreased by 10%. Ceramide 22:0 and 24:0 decreased by 27.6% and 10.9% (p < 0.001), respectively, and ceramide 24:1 increased by 36.8% (p = 0.013). Changes in choline and choline metabolites were in association with anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. These findings show the impact of the DASH diet on choline metabolism in older adults and demonstrate the influence of diet to modify circulating LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna N. Tate
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (B.N.T.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Gary P. Van Guilder
- High Altitude Exercise Physiology Department, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO 81231, USA;
| | - Marwa Aly
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (M.A.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Lisa A. Spence
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (M.A.); (L.A.S.)
| | - M. Elena Diaz-Rubio
- Proteomic and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Henry H. Le
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (H.H.L.); (E.L.J.)
| | - Elizabeth L. Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (H.H.L.); (E.L.J.)
| | - Joseph W. McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (B.N.T.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Cydne A. Perry
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (M.A.); (L.A.S.)
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Ross AB, Shertukde SP, Livingston Staffier K, Chung M, Jacques PF, McKeown NM. The Relationship between Whole-Grain Intake and Measures of Cognitive Decline, Mood, and Anxiety-A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:652-670. [PMID: 37085091 PMCID: PMC10334137 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Greater intake of whole grains, compared to refined grains, is consistently associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, both of which are associated with cognitive decline. To better understand the relationship between whole-grain intake, cognition, mood, and anxiety, a systematic review was conducted to synthesize available evidence linking whole grains to these outcomes. Four electronic databases were searched from inception to August 2021 for potentially relevant observational and interventional studies. Risk of bias (RoB) assessments were performed using the newly developed Nutrition Quality Evaluation Strengthening Tools, and the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was used to determine the strength of evidence for each outcome. In total, 23 studies [4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 19 observational studies] met the predefined eligibility criteria. Of these,12 studies included analysis of whole-grain intake and cognitive decline, 9 included mood outcomes, and 2 included both cognition and mood outcomes. The overall evidence for an association between whole-grain intake and cognition is inconclusive. With respect to mood outcomes, evidence from RCTs prospective cohort and case-control studies suggest that higher intake is linked to improved outcomes for mood and depression although the evidence is mixed for cross-sectional studies. Reporting of whole-grain intake fell short of suggested standards, and the strength of available evidence was low or very low for all outcomes. A high RoB toward studies reporting results was also noted, complicating both the interpretation of some studies and the combined evidence. Of note, few well-designed RCTs assessing the effect of whole-grain intake on measures of cognition, mood, and anxiety were identified, highlighting the need for more studies in this area. The available, although limited, evidence suggests that greater whole-grain intake is associated with better mood and anxiety-related scores and is inconclusive regarding cognitive outcomes. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021266355.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shruti P Shertukde
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kara Livingston Staffier
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mei Chung
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul F Jacques
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nicola M McKeown
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States; Programs of Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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Dobrijević D, Pastor K, Nastić N, Özogul F, Krulj J, Kokić B, Bartkiene E, Rocha JM, Kojić J. Betaine as a Functional Ingredient: Metabolism, Health-Promoting Attributes, Food Sources, Applications and Analysis Methods. Molecules 2023; 28:4824. [PMID: 37375378 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Betaine is a non-essential amino acid with proven functional properties and underutilized potential. The most common dietary sources of betaine are beets, spinach, and whole grains. Whole grains-such as quinoa, wheat and oat brans, brown rice, barley, etc.-are generally considered rich sources of betaine. This valuable compound has gained popularity as an ingredient in novel and functional foods due to the demonstrated health benefits that it may provide. This review study will provide an overview of the various natural sources of betaine, including different types of food products, and explore the potential of betaine as an innovative functional ingredient. It will thoroughly discuss its metabolic pathways and physiology, disease-preventing and health-promoting properties, and further highlight the extraction procedures and detection methods in different matrices. In addition, gaps in the existing scientific literature will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Dobrijević
- Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Children and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Kristian Pastor
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Nastić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Fatih Özogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Jelena Krulj
- Institute of Food Technology (FINS), University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana Kokić
- Institute of Food Technology (FINS), University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - João Miguel Rocha
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina-Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jovana Kojić
- Institute of Food Technology (FINS), University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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The Wheat Aleurone Layer: Optimisation of Its Benefits and Application to Bakery Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223552. [PMID: 36429143 PMCID: PMC9689362 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The wheat aleurone layer is, according to millers, the main bran fraction. It is a source of nutritionally valuable compounds, such as dietary fibres, proteins, minerals and vitamins, that may exhibit health benefits. Despite these advantages, the aleurone layer is scarce on the market, probably due to issues related to its extraction. Many processes exist with some patents, but a choice must be made between the quality and quantity of the resulting product. Nonetheless, its potential has been studied mainly in bread and pasta. While the nutritional benefits of aleurone-rich flour addition to bread agree, opposite results have been obtained concerning its effects on end-product characteristics (namely loaf volume and sensory characteristics), thus ensuing different acceptability responses from consumers. However, the observed negative effects of aleurone-rich flour on bread dough could be reduced by subjecting it to pre- or post-extracting treatments meant to either reduce the particle size of the aleurone's fibres or to change the conformation of its components.
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Soujanya KV, Jayadeep AP. Obesity-associated biochemical markers of inflammation and the role of grain phytochemicals. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14257. [PMID: 35674206 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity or excessive fat accumulation in the body is increasing worldwide and has become one of the major growing health problems. Obese condition is linked with an increased level of body lipids, oxidative stress, and expression of inflammatory markers. This leads to plasma and hepatic hyperlipidemia, activation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β), and transcriptional factors, which in turn lead to a high risk of cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, diabetes, asthma, rheumatological problem, and liver failure. Grains are the major staple food crops grown for consumption in most of the developing countries. Cereals and millets, such as rice, wheat, maize, barley, finger millet, foxtail millet, proso millet, kodo millet in the whole form with bran, germ, and endosperm, are found to be rich in phytochemicals, such as phenolics acids, vitamin E, phytosterols, carotenoids, antioxidants, dietary fiber, which have a potential health benefit on various lifestyle disorders. In this article, we summarize the findings and investigations regarding the anti-inflammatory effect of various grain phytochemicals in in vitro and in vivo models and their potential health benefits. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The occurrence of obesity is rising globally and is becoming a major health concern. Obesity will lead to multiple health problems due to oxidative and inflammatory stress in the body. Whole forms of cereals and millets consumptions have shown to reduce the risk of metabolic disorders and several chronic diseases. Potential bioactive components in various grains will act on the inhibition ofbiochemical markers connected with inflammation and adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kategowdru Vijayakumar Soujanya
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Appukuttan Padmanabhan Jayadeep
- Department of Grain Science and Technology, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
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Impact of wheat aleurone on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease, gut microbiota and metabolites in adults with high body mass index: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2651-2671. [PMID: 35247098 PMCID: PMC9279244 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Aleurone is a cereal bran fraction containing a variety of beneficial nutrients including polyphenols, fibers, minerals and vitamins. Animal and human studies support the beneficial role of aleurone consumption in reducing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Gut microbiota fiber fermentation, polyphenol metabolism and betaine/choline metabolism may in part contribute to the physiological effects of aleurone. As primary objective, this study evaluated whether wheat aleurone supplemented foods could modify plasma homocysteine. Secondary objectives included changes in CVD biomarkers, fecal microbiota composition and plasma/urine metabolite profiles. Methods A parallel double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized trial was carried out in two groups of obese/overweight subjects, matched for age, BMI and gender, consuming foods supplemented with either aleurone (27 g/day) (AL, n = 34) or cellulose (placebo treatment, PL, n = 33) for 4 weeks. Results No significant changes in plasma homocysteine or other clinical markers were observed with either treatment. Dietary fiber intake increased after AL and PL, animal protein intake increased after PL treatment. We observed a significant increase in fecal Bifidobacterium spp with AL and Lactobacillus spp with both AL and PL, but overall fecal microbiota community structure changed little according to 16S rRNA metataxonomics. Metabolomics implicated microbial metabolism of aleurone polyphenols and revealed distinctive biomarkers of AL treatment, including alkylresorcinol, cinnamic, benzoic and ferulic acids, folic acid, fatty acids, benzoxazinoid and roasted aroma related metabolites. Correlation analysis highlighted bacterial genera potentially linked to urinary compounds derived from aleurone metabolism and clinical parameters. Conclusions Aleurone has potential to modulate the gut microbial metabolic output and increase fecal bifidobacterial abundance. However, in this study, aleurone did not impact on plasma homocysteine or other CVD biomarkers. Trial Registration The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02067026) on the 17th February 2014. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-022-02836-9.
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Costabile G, Vitale M, Della Pepa G, Cipriano P, Vetrani C, Testa R, Mena P, Bresciani L, Tassotti M, Calani L, Del Rio D, Brighenti F, Napoli R, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G, Giacco R. A wheat aleurone-rich diet improves oxidative stress but does not influence glucose metabolism in overweight/obese individuals: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:715-726. [PMID: 35123855 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aleurone is the innermost layer of wheat bran, rich in fiber, minerals, vitamins, phenolic compounds, and betaine. The metabolic effects of aleurone rich foods are still unknown. Our aim was to investigate the effects of consuming a Wheat Aleurone rich diet vs. a Refined Wheat diet for 8 weeks on fasting and postprandial glycemic and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress in overweight/obese individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS According to a randomized cross-over study design, 23 overweight/obese individuals, age 56 ± 9 years (M±SD), were assigned to two isoenergetic diet - Wheat Aleurone and Refined Wheat diets - for 8 weeks. The diets were similar for macronutrient composition but different for the aleurone content (40-50 g/day in the Wheat Aleurone diet). After each diet, fasting and postprandial plasma metabolic profile, ferulic acid metabolites and 8-isoprostane concentrations in 24-h urine samples were evaluated. Compared with the Refined Wheat Diet, the Wheat Aleurone Diet increased fasting plasma concentrations of betaine by 15% (p = 0.042) and decreased the excretion of 8-isoprostane by 33% (p = 0.035). Conversely, it did not affect the fasting and postprandial glucose, insulin and triglyceride responses, homocysteine, and C-Reactive Protein concentrations, nor excretion of phenolic metabolites. CONCLUSION An 8-week Wheat Aleurone Diet improves the oxidative stress and increases plasma betaine levels in overweight/obese individuals with an increased cardiometabolic risk. However, further studies with longer duration and larger sample size are needed to evaluate the benefits of aleurone-rich foods on glucose and lipid metabolism in individuals with more severe metabolic abnormalities. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER NCT02150356, (https://clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Costabile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Marilena Vitale
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Della Pepa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Cipriano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Vetrani
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Testa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pedro Mena
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Letizia Bresciani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Tassotti
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Calani
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Rio
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Furio Brighenti
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via Volturno, 39, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Raffaele Napoli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela A Rivellese
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosalba Giacco
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 8 Avellino, Italy
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Redruello-Requejo M, Carretero-Krug A, Rodríguez-Alonso P, Samaniego-Vaesken ML, Partearroyo T, Varela-Moreiras G. Dietary Intake Adequacy and Food Sources of Nutrients Involved in the Methionine-Methylation Cycle in Women of Childbearing Age from the ANIBES Spanish Population. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092958. [PMID: 34578836 PMCID: PMC8466001 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence confirms choline as a critical perinatal nutrient. However, intake levels of choline and betaine among the Spanish fertile population remain unknown. Given their role in one-carbon metabolism with potential epigenetic effects, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the dietary intakes, their adequacy to existing guidelines and the main food sources together with other micronutrients involved in the methylation-methionine cycle (vitamin B6, folates and vitamin B12) in women of childbearing age. The ANIBES study, a cross-sectional study of a representative sample of women of childbearing age (18–45 years, n = 641) resident in Spain, was used. The sample was divided into younger women (18–30 years, n = 251) and older women (31–45 years, n = 390). Dietary intake was assessed by a three-day dietary record by using a tablet device. Total median intakes for the total sample were 303.9 mg/d for choline; 122.6 mg/d for betaine; 1.3 mg/d for vitamin B6; 140.8 μg/d for folates, and 3.8 μg/d for vitamin B12. The older subgroup showed significantly higher choline (p < 0.05), betaine (p < 0.001) and folates (p < 0.05) intakes than younger women. Main food sources for the whole sample were meat and meat products for choline (28.3%), vitamin B6 (25.7%) and vitamin B12 (22.8%); cereals and derivatives (79.9%) for betaine; vegetables (20.0%) for folates. Overall intake adequacy was only observed for vitamin B12, with a very limited number of participants showing adequate intakes for all the other micronutrients. These results illustrate there is a relevant need to raise awareness about optimizing the status of the methionine cycle-related vitamins and cofactors in this potentially vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Redruello-Requejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.C.-K.); (M.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición Para la Vida (Nutrition for Life)”, ref: E02/0720, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Carretero-Krug
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.C.-K.); (M.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición Para la Vida (Nutrition for Life)”, ref: E02/0720, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Lourdes Samaniego-Vaesken
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.C.-K.); (M.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición Para la Vida (Nutrition for Life)”, ref: E02/0720, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Partearroyo
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.C.-K.); (M.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición Para la Vida (Nutrition for Life)”, ref: E02/0720, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-R.); (A.C.-K.); (M.L.S.-V.); (T.P.)
- Grupo USP-CEU de Excelencia “Nutrición Para la Vida (Nutrition for Life)”, ref: E02/0720, Alcorcón, 28925 Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Española de la Nutrición, 28010 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-372-47-26
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Boshuizen B, Moreno de Vega CV, De Maré L, de Meeûs C, de Oliveira JE, Hosotani G, Gansemans Y, Deforce D, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Delesalle C. Effects of Aleurone Supplementation on Glucose-Insulin Metabolism and Gut Microbiome in Untrained Healthy Horses. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:642809. [PMID: 33912605 PMCID: PMC8072273 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.642809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aleurone, a layer of the bran fraction, is deemed to be responsible for the positive health effects associated with the consumption of whole-grain products. Studies on rodents, pigs, and humans report beneficial effects of aleurone in five main areas: the reduction of oxidative stress, immunomodulatory effects, modulation of energy management, digestive health, and the storage of vitamins and minerals. Our study is the first aleurone supplementation study performed in horses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an increase in the dose levels of aleurone on the postprandial glucose-insulin metabolism and the gut microbiome in untrained healthy horses. Seven adult Standardbred horses were supplemented with four different dose levels of aleurone (50, 100, 200, and 400 g/day for 1 week) by using a Latin square model with a 1-week wash out in between doses. On day 7 of each supplementation week, postprandial blood glucose-insulin was measured and fecal samples were collected. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing was performed and QIIME2 software was used for microbiome analysis. Microbial community function was assessed by using the predictive metagenome analysis tool Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) and using the Metacyc database of metabolic pathways. The relative abundancies of a pathway were analyzed by using analysis of composition of microbiomes (ANCOM) in R. There was a significant dose-dependent increase in the postprandial time to peak of glucose (p = 0.030), a significant delay in the time to peak of insulin (p = 0.025), and a significant decrease in both the insulin peak level (p = 0.049) and insulin area under the curve (AUC) (p = 0.019) with increasing dose levels of aleurone, with a consideration of 200 g being the lowest significant dose. Alpha diversity and beta diversity of the fecal microbiome showed no significant changes. Aleurone significantly decreased the relative abundance of the genera Roseburia, Shuttleworthia, Anaerostipes, Faecalibacter, and Succinovibrionaceae. The most pronounced changes in the relative abundance at phyla level were seen in Firmicutes and Verrucomicrobia (downregulation) and Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetes (upregulation). The PICRUSt analysis shows that aleurone induces a downregulation of the degradation of L-glutamate and taurine and an upregulation of the three consecutive pathways of the phospholipid membrane synthesis of the Archaea domain. The results of this study suggest a multimodal effect of aleurone on glucose-insulin metabolism, which is most likely to be caused by its effect on feed texture and subsequent digestive processing; and a synergistic effect of individual aleurone components on the glucose-insulin metabolism and microbiome composition and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Boshuizen
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Wolvega Equine Hospital, Oldeholtpade, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Vidal Moreno de Vega
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lorie De Maré
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Small Animals and Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Constance de Meeûs
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yannick Gansemans
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Catherine Delesalle
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Ghanavati M, Asbaghi O, Tinsley GM, Mombaini D, Kooti W, Kashkooli S, Wong A. Effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6516-6533. [PMID: 33764214 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1902938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Controversy regarding the effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular markers has persisted for decades. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the effects of betaine supplementation on cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers. Studies examining betaine supplementation on CVD markers published up to February 2021 were identified through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and SCOPUS. Betaine supplementation had a significant effect on concentrations of betaine (MD: 82.14 μmol/L, 95% CI: 67.09 to 97.20), total cholesterol (TC) (MD: 14.12 mg/dl, 95% CI%: 9.23 to 19.02), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (MD: 10.26 mg/dl, 95% CI: 6.14 to 14.38)], homocysteine (WMD: -1.30 micromol/L, 95% CI: -1.61 to -0.98), dimethylglycine (DMG) (MD: 21.33 micromol/L, 95% CI: 13.87 to 28.80), and methionine (MD: 2.06 micromol/L, 95% CI: 0.23 to 3.88). Moreover, our analysis indicated that betaine supplementation did not affect serum concentrations of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), fasting blood glucose (FBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), liver enzymes [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)], and blood pressure. Our subgroup analysis suggested that a maximum dose of 4 g/d might have homocysteine-lowering effects without any adverse effect on lipid profiles reported with doses of ≥4 g/d. In conclusion, the present systematic review and meta-analysis supports the advantage of a lower dose of betaine supplementation (<4 g/d) on homocysteine concentrations without the lipid-augmenting effect observed with a higher dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoon Ashtary-Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Matin Ghanavati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Asbaghi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Delsa Mombaini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Wesam Kooti
- Lung Diseases & Allergy Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sara Kashkooli
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, Texas, USA
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12
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Zawieja EE, Zawieja B, Chmurzynska A. Betaine Supplementation Moderately Increases Total Cholesterol Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Diet Suppl 2019; 18:105-117. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2019.1699223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia E. Zawieja
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bogna Zawieja
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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13
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Hoevenaars FPM, Esser D, Schutte S, Priebe MG, Vonk RJ, van den Brink WJ, van der Kamp JW, Stroeve JHM, Afman LA, Wopereis S. Whole Grain Wheat Consumption Affects Postprandial Inflammatory Response in a Randomized Controlled Trial in Overweight and Obese Adults with Mild Hypercholesterolemia in the Graandioos Study. J Nutr 2019; 149:2133-2144. [PMID: 31504709 PMCID: PMC6887734 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole grain wheat (WGW) consumption is associated with health benefits in observational studies. However, WGW randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies show mixed effects. OBJECTIVES The health impact of WGW consumption was investigated by quantification of the body's resilience, which was defined as the "ability to adapt to a standardized challenge." METHODS A double-blind RCT was performed with overweight and obese (BMI: 25-35 kg/m2) men (n = 19) and postmenopausal women (n = 31) aged 45-70 y, with mildly elevated plasma total cholesterol (>5 mmol/L), who were randomly assigned to either 12-wk WGW (98 g/d) or refined wheat (RW). Before and after the intervention a standardized mixed-meal challenge was performed. Plasma samples were taken after overnight fasting and postprandially (30, 60, 120, and 240 min). Thirty-one biomarkers were quantified focusing on metabolism, liver, cardiovascular health, and inflammation. Linear mixed-models evaluated fasting compared with postprandial intervention effects. Health space models were used to evaluate intervention effects as composite markers representing resilience of inflammation, liver, and metabolism. RESULTS Postprandial biomarker changes related to liver showed decreased alanine aminotransferase by WGW (P = 0.03) and increased β-hydroxybutyrate (P = 0.001) response in RW. Postprandial changes related to inflammation showed increased C-reactive protein (P = 0.001), IL-6 (P = 0.02), IL-8 (P = 0.007), and decreased IL-1B (P = 0.0002) in RW and decreased C-reactive protein (P < 0.0001), serum amyloid A (P < 0.0001), IL-8 (P = 0.02), and IL-10 (P < 0.0001) in WGW. Health space visualization demonstrated diminished inflammatory (P < 0.01) and liver resilience (P < 0.01) by RW, whereas liver resilience was rejuvenated by WGW (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Twelve-week 98 g/d WGW consumption can promote liver and inflammatory resilience in overweight and obese subjects with mildly elevated plasma cholesterol. The health space approach appeared appropriate to evaluate intervention effects as composite markers. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02385149.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke P M Hoevenaars
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Diederik Esser
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sophie Schutte
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marion G Priebe
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Center for Medical Biomics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Roel J Vonk
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Center for Medical Biomics, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johanna H M Stroeve
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Lydia A Afman
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Suzan Wopereis
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, Netherlands
- Address correspondence to SW (e-mail: )
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14
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Analysis of the expression of transcription factors and other genes associated with aleurone layer development in wheat endosperm. J Cereal Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Turck D, Bresson JL, Burlingame B, Dean T, Fairweather-Tait S, Heinonen M, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Naska A, Neuhäuser-Berthold M, Nowicka G, Pentieva K, Sanz Y, Siani A, Sjödin A, Stern M, Tomé D, Vinceti M, Willatts P, Engel KH, Marchelli R, Pöting A, Poulsen M, Schlatter JR, Turla E, van Loveren H. Safety of betaine as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. EFSA J 2017; 15:e05057. [PMID: 32625349 PMCID: PMC7009864 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on betaine as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 258/97. The information provided on the composition, the specifications, the batch-to-batch variability, stability and production process of the NF is sufficient and does not raise concerns about the safety of the NF. The NF is proposed to be used in foods intended to meet additional requirements for intense muscular effort with a maximum intake of 2.5 g/day of betaine for sports people above 10 years of age. Based on the lowest BMDL05, which was derived from a chronic toxicity study in rats in which a dose-related increase in platelet counts was observed, and the anticipated daily intake of the NF in the target population, the Margins of Exposure are 3.6 and 5, which are generally regarded as not sufficient. However, the total exposure to betaine from the diet (about 830 mg/day) is not known to be associated with adverse effects. Moreover, no adverse effects on platelet counts were noted in human intervention studies with exposure levels of 4 g/day of betaine for up to 6 months. A significant increase in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol concentrations was noted at intakes of 4 g/day of betaine in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome but not in healthy subjects, nor at intakes of 3 g/day. Thus, considering 4 g/day of betaine as a reference point and applying an uncertainty factor of 10 to account for interindividual variability, an amount of 400 mg/day of betaine (i.e. 6 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for adults) in addition to the background exposure is considered as safe. The Panel considers that the NF is safe to be used at maximum intake of 6 mg/kg bw per day in the target population.
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16
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Tabassum S, Haider S, Ahmad S, Madiha S, Parveen T. Chronic choline supplementation improves cognitive and motor performance via modulating oxidative and neurochemical status in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Shewry PR, Corol DI, Jones HD, Beale MH, Ward JL. Defining genetic and chemical diversity in wheat grain by 1H-NMR spectroscopy of polar metabolites. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:1600807. [PMID: 28087883 PMCID: PMC5516129 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The application of high-throughput 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) of unpurified extracts to determine genetic diversity and the contents of polar components in grain of wheat. METHODS AND RESULTS Milled whole wheat grain was extracted with 80:20 D2 O:CD3 OD containing 0.05% d4 -trimethylsilylpropionate. 1H-NMR spectra were acquired under automation at 300°K using an Avance Spectrometer operating at 600.0528 MHz. Regions for individual metabolites were identified by comparison to a library of known standards run under identical conditions. The individual 1H-NMR peaks or levels of known metabolites were then compared by Principal Component Analysis using SIMCA-P software. CONCLUSIONS High-throughput 1H-NMR is an excellent tool to compare the extent of genetic diversity within and between wheat species, and to quantify specific components (including glycine betaine, choline, and asparagine) in individual genotypes. It can also be used to monitor changes in composition related to environmental factors and to support comparisons of the substantial equivalence of transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Shewry
- Department of Plant and Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Delia I Corol
- Department of Plant and Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Huw D Jones
- Department of Plant and Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Michael H Beale
- Department of Plant and Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jane L Ward
- Department of Plant and Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK
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18
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Using NMR-Based Metabolomics to Evaluate Postprandial Urinary Responses Following Consumption of Minimally Processed Wheat Bran or Wheat Aleurone by Men and Women. Nutrients 2016; 8:96. [PMID: 26901221 PMCID: PMC4772058 DOI: 10.3390/nu8020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran, and especially wheat aleurone fraction, are concentrated sources of a wide range of components which may contribute to the health benefits associated with higher consumption of whole-grain foods. This study used NMR metabolomics to evaluate urine samples from baseline at one and two hours postprandially, following the consumption of minimally processed bran, aleurone or control by 14 participants (7 Females; 7 Males) in a randomized crossover trial. The methodology discriminated between the urinary responses of control, and bran and aleurone, but not between the two fractions. Compared to control, consumption of aleurone or bran led to significantly and substantially higher urinary concentrations of lactate, alanine, N-acetylaspartate acid and N-acetylaspartylglutamate and significantly and substantially lower urinary betaine concentrations at one and two hours postprandially. There were sex related differences in urinary metabolite profiles with generally higher hippurate and citrate and lower betaine in females compared to males. Overall, this postprandial study suggests that acute consumption of bran or aleurone is associated with a number of physiological effects that may impact on energy metabolism and which are consistent with longer term human and animal metabolomic studies that used whole-grain wheat diets or wheat fractions.
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19
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In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Acids from a Commercial Aleurone-Enriched Bread Compared to a Whole Grain Bread. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010042. [PMID: 26771635 PMCID: PMC4728655 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat aleurone, due to its potentially higher bioaccessibility and bioavailability of micronutrients and phenolic acids, could represent a useful ingredient in the production of commonly consumed cereal-based food. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro bioaccessibility of phenolic acids both from an aleurone-enriched bread and from a whole grain bread. The two bread samples were firstly characterized for the phenolic acid content. An in vitro digestion was then performed in order to evaluate the release of phenolic acids. The results obtained suggest that the bioaccessibility of the phenolic acids in the aleurone-enriched bread is higher than in the whole grain bread. These in vitro results suggest the potential use of aleurone in the production of foods, and this may represent an attractive possibility to vehicle nutritionally interesting components to consumers.
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20
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Onipe OO, Jideani AIO, Beswa D. Composition and functionality of wheat bran and its application in some cereal food products. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin O. Onipe
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture University of Venda Private Bag X5050 Thohoyandou 0950 Limpopo Province South Africa
| | - Afam I. O. Jideani
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture University of Venda Private Bag X5050 Thohoyandou 0950 Limpopo Province South Africa
| | - Daniso Beswa
- Department of Food Science and Technology School of Agriculture University of Venda Private Bag X5050 Thohoyandou 0950 Limpopo Province South Africa
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21
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Shewry PR, Hey SJ. The contribution of wheat to human diet and health. Food Energy Secur 2015; 4:178-202. [PMID: 27610232 PMCID: PMC4998136 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is the most important staple crop in temperate zones and is in increasing demand in countries undergoing urbanization and industrialization. In addition to being a major source of starch and energy, wheat also provides substantial amounts of a number of components which are essential or beneficial for health, notably protein, vitamins (notably B vitamins), dietary fiber, and phytochemicals. Of these, wheat is a particularly important source of dietary fiber, with bread alone providing 20% of the daily intake in the UK, and well-established relationships between the consumption of cereal dietary fiber and reduced risk of cardio-vascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and forms of cancer (notably colo-rectal cancer). Wheat shows high variability in the contents and compositions of beneficial components, with some (including dietary fiber) showing high heritability. Hence, plant breeders should be able to select for enhanced health benefits in addition to increased crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Shewry
- Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ UK; University of Reading Whiteknights Reading Berkshire RG6 6AH UK
| | - Sandra J Hey
- Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ UK
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22
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Hefni M, McEntyre C, Lever M, Slow S. Validation of HPLC-UV Methods for the Quantification of Betaine in Foods by Comparison with LC-MS. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Hedemann MS, Theil PK, Lærke HN, Bach Knudsen KE. Distinct difference in absorption pattern in pigs of betaine provided as a supplement or present naturally in cereal dietary fiber. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2725-2733. [PMID: 25716171 DOI: 10.1021/jf506024v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The net absorption of betaine and choline was determined for 4 h after the first meal of the day in three experiments with porto-arterial catheterized pigs in which betaine was added as a supplement to a low-betaine diet (n=4 pigs) and compared to the net absorption of betaine and choline from high-fiber breads differing in amount and source of dietary fiber (two experiments, n=6 pigs each). Plasma betaine peaked after 30 min when betaine was fed as a supplement, whereas it peaked after 120-180 min when high-fiber breads were fed. Plasma betaine showed no diet×time interaction after feeding with high-fiber breads, indicating that the absorption kinetic did not differ between fiber sources. The net absorption of choline was not affected by the experimental diets. In conclusion, betaine in cereal sources has to be liberated from the matrix prior to absorption, causing delayed absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Skou Hedemann
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Post Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Peter Kappel Theil
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Post Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Helle Nygaard Lærke
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Post Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Knud Erik Bach Knudsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Post Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Rosa-Sibakov N, Poutanen K, Micard V. How does wheat grain, bran and aleurone structure impact their nutritional and technological properties? Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Postprandial plasma betaine and other methyl donor-related responses after consumption of minimally processed wheat bran or wheat aleurone, or wheat aleurone incorporated into bread. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:445-53. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The bran and particularly the aleurone fraction of wheat are high in betaine and other physiological methyl donors, which may exert beneficial physiological effects. We conducted two randomised, controlled, cross-over postprandial studies to assess and compare plasma betaine and other methyl donor-related responses following the consumption of minimally processed bran and aleurone fractions (study A) and aleurone bread (study B). For both studies, standard pharmacokinetic parameters were derived for betaine, choline, folate, dimethylglycine (DMG), total homocysteine and methionine from plasma samples taken at 0, 0·5, 1, 2 and 3 h. In study A (n 14), plasma betaine concentrations were significantly and substantially elevated from 0·5 to 3 h following the consumption of both bran and aleurone compared with the control; however, aleurone gave significantly higher responses than bran. Small, but significant, increases were also observed in DMG measures; however, no significant responses were observed in other analytes. In study B (n 13), plasma betaine concentrations were significantly and substantially higher following consumption of the aleurone bread compared with the control bread; small, but significant, increases were also observed in DMG and folate measures in response to consumption of the aleurone bread; however, no significant responses were observed in other analytes. Peak plasma betaine concentrations, which were 1·7–1·8 times the baseline levels, were attained earlier following the consumption of minimally processed aleurone compared with the aleurone bread (time taken to reach peak concentration 1·2 v. 2·1 h). These results showed that the consumption of minimally processed wheat bran, and particularly the aleurone fraction, yielded substantial postprandial increases in plasma betaine concentrations. Furthermore, these effects appear to be maintained when aleurone was incorporated into bread.
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Hanhineva K, Lankinen MA, Pedret A, Schwab U, Kolehmainen M, Paananen J, de Mello V, Sola R, Lehtonen M, Poutanen K, Uusitupa M, Mykkänen H. Nontargeted metabolite profiling discriminates diet-specific biomarkers for consumption of whole grains, fatty fish, and bilberries in a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr 2015; 145:7-17. [PMID: 25527657 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.196840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontargeted metabolite profiling allows for concomitant examination of a wide range of metabolite species, elucidating the metabolic alterations caused by dietary interventions. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of dietary modifications on the basis of increasing consumption of whole grains, fatty fish, and bilberries on plasma metabolite profiles to identify applicable biomarkers for dietary intake and endogenous metabolism. METHODS Metabolite profiling analysis was performed on fasting plasma samples collected in a 12-wk parallel-group intervention with 106 participants with features of metabolic syndrome who were randomly assigned to 3 dietary interventions: 1) whole-grain products, fatty fish, and bilberries [healthy diet (HD)]; 2) a whole-grain-enriched diet with the same grain products as in the HD intervention but with no change in fish or berry consumption; and 3) refined-wheat breads and restrictions on fish and berries (control diet). In addition, correlation analyses were conducted with the food intake data to define the food items correlating with the biomarker candidates. RESULTS Nontargeted metabolite profiling showed marked differences in fasting plasma after the intervention diets compared with the control diet. In both intervention groups, a significant increase was observed in 2 signals identified as glucuronidated alk(en)-ylresorcinols [corrected P value (Pcorr) < 0.05], which correlated strongly with the intake of whole-grain products (r = 0.63, P < 0.001). In addition, the HD intervention increased the signals for furan fatty acids [3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (CMPF)], hippuric acid, and various lipid species incorporating polyunsaturated fatty acids (Pcorr < 0.05). In particular, plasma CMPF correlated strongly with the intake of fish (r = 0.47, P < 0.001) but not with intakes of any other foods. CONCLUSIONS Novel biomarkers of the intake of health-beneficial food items included in the Nordic diet were identified by the metabolite profiling of fasting plasma and confirmed by the correlation analyses with dietary records. The one with the most potential was CMPF, which was shown to be a highly specific biomarker for fatty fish intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00573781.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Pedret
- Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Technological Center of Nutrition and Health, CIBERDEM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, IISPV, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain; and
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition and Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Technological Center of Nutrition and Health, CIBERDEM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, IISPV, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain; and
| | | | | | | | - Rosa Sola
- Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, Technological Center of Nutrition and Health, CIBERDEM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, IISPV, Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Reus, Spain; and
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa Poutanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
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Assmann G, Buono P, Daniele A, Della Valle E, Farinaro E, Ferns G, Krogh V, Kromhout D, Masana L, Merino J, Misciagna G, Panico S, Riccardi G, Rivellese AA, Rozza F, Salvatore F, Salvatore V, Stranges S, Trevisan M, Trimarco B, Vetrani C. Functional foods and cardiometabolic diseases* International Task Force for Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:1272-1300. [PMID: 25467217 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports the hypothesis that functional foods containing physiologically-active components may be healthful. Longitudinal cohort studies have shown that some food classes and dietary patterns are beneficial in primary prevention, and this has led to the identification of putative functional foods. This field, however, is at its very beginning, and additional research is necessary to substantiate the potential health benefit of foods for which the diet-health relationships are not yet scientifically validated. It appears essential, however, that before health claims are made for particular foods, in vivo randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trials of clinical end-points are necessary to establish clinical efficacy. Since there is need for research work aimed at devising personalized diet based on genetic make-up, it seems more than reasonable the latter be modeled, at present, on the Mediterranean diet, given the large body of evidence of its healthful effects. The Mediterranean diet is a nutritional model whose origins go back to the traditional dietadopted in European countries bordering the Mediterranean sea, namely central and southern Italy, Greece and Spain; these populations have a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases than the North American ones, whose diet is characterized by high intake of animal fat. The meeting in Naples and this document both aim to focus on the changes in time in these two different models of dietary habits and their fall out on public health.
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Fardet A. How can both the health potential and sustainability of cereal products be improved? A French perspective. J Cereal Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Dietary fibre alone does not fully explain the frequent association between greater intake of whole grains and reduced risk of disease in observational studies, and other phytochemicals or food structure may also play an important role. For all the observational evidence for the benefits of a whole-grain-rich diet, we have only limited knowledge of the mechanisms behind this reduction in disease risk, aside from the action of specific cereal fibres on reduction of blood cholesterol and the post-prandial glucose peak. Nutritional metabolomics, the global measurement and interpretation of metabolic profiles, assesses the interaction of food with the endogenous gene–protein cascade and the gut microbiome. This approach allows the generation of new hypotheses which account for systemic effects, rather than just focusing on one or two mechanisms or metabolic pathways. To date, animal and human trials using metabolomics to investigate mechanistic changes to metabolism on eating whole grains and cereal fractions have led to new hypotheses around mechanistic effects of whole grains. These include the role of cereals as a major source of dietary glycine betaine, a possible effect on phospholipid synthesis or metabolism, the role of branched-chain amino acids and improvements in insulin sensitivity, and the possibility that whole grains may have an effect on protein metabolism. These hypotheses help explain some of the observed effects of whole grains, although mechanistic studies using stable isotopes and fully quantitative measures are required to confirm these potential mechanisms.
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Giacco R, Costabile G, Della Pepa G, Anniballi G, Griffo E, Mangione A, Cipriano P, Viscovo D, Clemente G, Landberg R, Pacini G, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G. A whole-grain cereal-based diet lowers postprandial plasma insulin and triglyceride levels in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:837-844. [PMID: 24598599 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Until recently, very few intervention studies have investigated the effects of whole-grain cereals on postprandial glucose, insulin and lipid metabolism, and the existing studies have provided mixed results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 12-week intervention with either a whole-grain-based or a refined cereal-based diet on postprandial glucose, insulin and lipid metabolism in individuals with metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty-one men and women age range 40-65 years, with the metabolic syndrome were recruited to participate in this study using a parallel group design. After a 4-week run-in period, participants were randomly assigned to a 12-week diet based on whole-grain products (whole-grain group) or refined cereal products (control group). Blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the intervention, both fasting and 3 h after a lunch, to measure biochemical parameters. Generalized linear model (GLM) was used for between-group comparisons. Overall, 26 participants in the control group and 28 in the whole-grain group completed the dietary intervention. Drop-outs (five in the control and two in the whole-grain group) did not affect randomization. After 12 weeks, postprandial insulin and triglyceride responses (evaluated as average change 2 and 3 h after the meal, respectively) decreased by 29% and 43%, respectively, in the whole-grain group compared to the run-in period. Postprandial insulin and triglyceride responses were significantly lower at the end of the intervention in the whole-grain group compared to the control group (p = 0.04 and p = 0.05; respectively) whereas there was no change in postprandial response of glucose and other parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS A twelve week whole-grain cereal-based diet, compared to refined cereals, reduced postprandial insulin and triglycerides responses. This finding may have implications for type 2 diabetes risk and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Giacco
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - G Costabile
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Della Pepa
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Anniballi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - E Griffo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - A Mangione
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - P Cipriano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - D Viscovo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Clemente
- Institute of Food Science, National Research Council, Via Roma 64, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - R Landberg
- Department of Food Science, BioCentre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Pacini
- Metabolic Unit, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Research Council, Padova, Italy
| | - A A Rivellese
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Riccardi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Ross AB, Zangger A, Guiraud SP. Cereal foods are the major source of betaine in the Western diet – Analysis of betaine and free choline in cereal foods and updated assessments of betaine intake. Food Chem 2014; 145:859-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Grosso G, Buscemi S, Galvano F, Mistretta A, Marventano S, La Vela V, Drago F, Gangi S, Basile F, Biondi A. Mediterranean diet and cancer: epidemiological evidence and mechanism of selected aspects. BMC Surg 2013; 13 Suppl 2:S14. [PMID: 24267672 PMCID: PMC3850991 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2482-13-s2-s14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Populations living in the area of the Mediterranean Sea suffered by decreased incidence of cancer compared with those living in the regions of northern Europe and US countries, attributed to healthier dietary habits. Nowadays, we are assisting to a moving away from the traditional Mediterranean dietary pattern, but whether this changing is influencing risk of cancers is still unclear. The aim of the study was to review recent evidence on potential relationship between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cancer. Discussion The most recent pooled analyses of epidemiological studies supported strongly the hypothesis that the Mediterranean diet may play a role in preventing several types of cancers, especially those of digestive tract, whereas contrasting results were reported for hormone-dependent cancers. Specific aspects of the Mediterranean diet such as high fruit and vegetables and low red processed meat intake may explain such protective effects. Moreover, evidence regarding olive oil and whole grains increase the beneficial effects of such dietary pattern against cancer. Conclusions Literature evidence actually demonstrates that the increased adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern is beneficial to health across populations and may translate a protective effect with certain cancers.
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Ross AB, Godin JP, Minehira K, Kirwan JP. Increasing whole grain intake as part of prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:585876. [PMID: 23762052 PMCID: PMC3670556 DOI: 10.1155/2013/585876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In conjunction with the rise in rates of obesity, there has been an increase in the rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). While NAFLD at least partially originates from poor diet, there is a lack of nutritional recommendations for patients with suspected or confirmed diagnosis of NAFLD, beyond eating a healthy diet, increasing physical activity, and emphasising weight loss. The limited current literature suggests that there may be opportunities to provide more tailored dietary advice for people diagnosed with or at risk of NAFLD. Epidemiological studies consistently find associations between whole grain intake and a reduced risk of obesity and related diseases, yet no work has been done on the potential of whole grains to prevent and/or be a part of the treatment for fatty liver diseases. In this review, we examine the potential and the current evidence for whole grains having an impact on NAFLD. Due to their nutrient and phytochemical composition, switching from consuming mainly refined grains to whole grains should be considered as part of the nutritional guidelines for patients diagnosed with or at risk for fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B. Ross
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
- Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kaori Minehira
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers chez les Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - John P. Kirwan
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Belobrajdic DP, Bird AR. The potential role of phytochemicals in wholegrain cereals for the prevention of type-2 diabetes. Nutr J 2013; 12:62. [PMID: 23679924 PMCID: PMC3658901 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets high in wholegrains are associated with a 20-30% reduction in risk of developing type-2 diabetes (T2D), which is attributed to a variety of wholegrain components, notably dietary fibre, vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals. Most phytochemicals function as antioxidants in vitro and have the potential to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation which are implicated in the pathogenesis of T2D. In this review we compare the content and bioavailability of phytochemicals in wheat, barley, rice, rye and oat varieties and critically evaluate the evidence for wholegrain cereals and cereal fractions increasing plasma phytochemical concentrations and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in humans. Phytochemical content varies considerably within and among the major cereal varieties. Differences in genetics and agro-climatic conditions explain much of the variation. For a number of the major phytochemicals, such as phenolics and flavanoids, their content in grains may be high but because these compounds are tightly bound to the cell wall matrix, their bioavailability is often limited. Clinical trials show that postprandial plasma phenolic concentrations are increased after consumption of wholegrain wheat or wheat bran however the magnitude of the response is usually modest and transient. Whether this is sufficient to bolster antioxidant defences and translates into improved health outcomes is still uncertain. Increased phytochemical bioavailability may be achieved through bio-processing of grains but the improvements so far are small and have not yet led to changes in clinical or physiological markers associated with reduced risk of T2D. Furthermore, the effect of wholegrain cereals and cereal fractions on biomarkers of oxidative stress or strengthening antioxidant defence in healthy individuals is generally small or nonexistent, whereas biomarkers of systemic inflammation tend to be reduced in people consuming high intakes of wholegrains. Future dietary intervention studies seeking to establish a direct role of phytochemicals in mediating the metabolic health benefits of wholegrains, and their potential for mitigating disease progression, should consider using varieties that deliver the highest possible levels of bioavailable phytochemicals in the context of whole foods and diets. Both postprandial and prolonged responses in systemic phytochemical concentrations and markers of inflammation and oxidative stress should be assessed along with changes related to health outcomes in healthy individuals as well as those with metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien P Belobrajdic
- Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation-CSIRO, Food Futures National Flagship, GPO BOX 10041, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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35
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Yan J, Winter LB, Burns-Whitmore B, Vermeylen F, Caudill MA. Plasma choline metabolites associate with metabolic stress among young overweight men in a genotype-specific manner. Nutr Diabetes 2012; 2:e49. [PMID: 23169489 PMCID: PMC3488811 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to test the hypotheses that (i) plasma choline metabolites differ between normal (body mass index (BMI)<25 kg m(-2)) and overweight (BMI 25 kg m(-2)) men, and (ii) an elevated BMI alters associations between plasma choline metabolites and indicators of metabolic stress. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. A one-time fasting blood sample was obtained for measurements of the choline metabolites and metabolic stress indicators (that is, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and homocysteine), and for genotype determination. SUBJECTS The analysis was conducted with 237 Mexican American men with a median age of 22 years. RESULTS Compared with men with a normal BMI (n=98), those with an elevated BMI (n=139) had 6% lower (P=0.049) plasma betaine and an 11% lower (P=0.002) plasma betaine to choline ratio. Among men with an elevated BMI, plasma betaine and the plasma betaine to choline ratio positively associated (P0.044) with a favorable serum cholesterol profile, and inversely associated (P=0.001) with serum ALT, a marker of liver dysfunction. The phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) 5465GA (rs7946) genotype interacted (P0.007) with the plasma betaine to choline ratio to modulate indicators of metabolic stress with stronger inverse associations observed among overweight men with the PEMT 5465GG genotype. CONCLUSIONS Plasma choline metabolites predict metabolic stress among overweight men often in a genotype-specific manner. The diminished betaine among overweight men coupled with the inverse association between betaine and metabolic stress suggest that betaine supplementation may be effective in mitigating some of the metabolic insults arising from lipid overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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36
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Different metabolic and absorption patterns of betaine in response to dietary intake of whole-wheat grain, wheat aleurone or rye aleurone in catheterized pigs. Eur Food Res Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-012-1825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Poutanen K. Grains for health - combating metabolic syndrome: results obtained in healthgrain. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-837x.2012.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Poutanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland; P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT; Finland
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Gillies SA, Futardo A, Henry RJ. Gene expression in the developing aleurone and starchy endosperm of wheat. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2012; 10:668-79. [PMID: 22672716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Wheat is a critical food source globally. Food security is an increasing concern; current production levels are not expected to keep pace with global demand. New technologies have provided a vast array of wheat genetic data; however, best use of this data requires placing it within a framework in which the various genes, pathways and interactions can be examined. Here we present the first systematic comparison of the global transcriptomes of the aleurone and starchy endosperm of the developing wheat seed (Triticum aestivum), at time points critical to the development of the aleurone layer; 6-, 9- and 14-day post-anthesis. Illumina sequencing gave 25-55 million sequence reads per tissue, of the trimmed reads, 70%-81% mapped to reference expressed sequence transcripts. Transcript abundance was analysed by performing RNA-Seq normalization to generate reads per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads values, and these were used in comparative analyses between the tissues at each time point using Kal's Z-test. This identified 9414-13 202 highly differentially expressed transcripts that were categorized on the basis of tissue and time point expression and functionally analysed revealing two very distinct tissues. The results demonstrate the fundamental biological reprogramming of the two major biologically and economically significant tissues of the wheat seed over this time course. Understanding these changes in gene expression profiles is essential to mining the potential these tissues hold for human nutrition and contributing to the systems biology of this important crop plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Gillies
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia.
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39
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Variability of plasma and urine betaine in diabetes mellitus and its relationship to methionine load test responses: an observational study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:34. [PMID: 22510294 PMCID: PMC3395555 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since betaine is an osmolyte and methyl donor, and abnormal betaine loss is common in diabetes mellitus (>20% patients), we investigated the relationship between betaine and the post-methionine load rise in homocysteine, in diabetes and control subjects. The post-methionine load test is reported to be both an independent vascular risk factor and a measure of betaine sufficiency. Methods Patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 34) and control subjects (n = 17) were recruited. We measured baseline fasting plasma and 4-hour post-methionine load (L-methionine, 0.1 mg/kg body weight) concentrations of homocysteine, betaine, and the betaine metabolite N,N-dimethylglycine. Baseline urine excretions of betaine, dimethylglycine and glucose were measured on morning urine samples as the ratio to urine creatinine. Statistical determinants of the post-methionine load increase in homocysteine were identified in multiple linear regression models. Results Plasma betaine concentrations and urinary betaine excretions were significantly (p < 0.001) more variable in the subjects with diabetes compared with the controls. Dimethylglycine excretion (p = 0.00014) and plasma dimethylglycine concentrations (p = 0.039) were also more variable. In diabetes, plasma betaine was a significant negative determinant (p < 0.001) of the post-methionine load increase in homocysteine. However, it was not conclusive that this was different from the relationship in the controls. In the patients with diabetes, a strong relationship was found between urinary betaine excretion and urinary glucose excretion (but not with plasma glucose). Conclusions Both high and low plasma betaine concentrations, and high and low urinary betaine excretions, are more prevalent in diabetes. The availability of betaine affects the response in the methionine load test. The benefits of increasing betaine intake should be investigated.
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Björck I, Östman E, Kristensen M, Mateo Anson N, Price RK, Haenen GR, Havenaar R, Bach Knudsen KE, Frid A, Mykkänen H, Welch RW, Riccardi G. Cereal grains for nutrition and health benefits: Overview of results from in vitro, animal and human studies in the HEALTHGRAIN project. Trends Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Brouns F, Hemery Y, Price R, Anson NM. Wheat Aleurone: Separation, Composition, Health Aspects, and Potential Food Use. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:553-68. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.589540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kristensen M, Toubro S, Jensen MG, Ross AB, Riboldi G, Petronio M, Bügel S, Tetens I, Astrup A. Whole grain compared with refined wheat decreases the percentage of body fat following a 12-week, energy-restricted dietary intervention in postmenopausal women. J Nutr 2012; 142:710-6. [PMID: 22357746 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.142315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies show inverse associations between intake of whole grain and adiposity and cardiovascular risk; however, only a few dietary intervention trials have investigated the effect of whole-grain consumption on health outcomes. We studied the effect of replacing refined wheat (RW) with whole-grain wheat (WW) for 12 wk on body weight and composition after a 2-wk run-in period of consumption of RW-containing food intake. In this open-label randomized trial, 79 overweight or obese postmenopausal women were randomized to an energy-restricted diet (deficit of ~1250 kJ/d) with RW or WW foods providing 2 MJ/d. Body weight and composition, blood pressure, and concentration of circulating risk markers were measured at wk 0, 6, and 12. Fecal output and energy excretion were assessed during run-in and wk 12. Plasma alkylresorcinol analysis indicated good compliance with the intervention diets. Body weight decreased significantly from baseline in both the RW (-2.7 ± 1.9 kg) and WW (-3.6 ± 3.2 kg) groups, but the decreases did not differ between the groups (P = 0.11). The reduction in body fat percentage was greater in the WW group (-3.0%) than in the RW group (-2.1%) (P = 0.04). Serum total and LDL cholesterol increased by ~5% (P < 0.01) in the RW group but did not change in the WW group; hence, the changes differed between the groups (P = 0.02). In conclusion, consumption of whole-grain products resulted in a greater reduction in the percentage fat mass, whereas body weight changes did not differ between the RW and WW groups. Serum total and LDL cholesterol, two important risk factors of cardiovascular disease, increased with RW but not WW consumption, which may suggest a cardioprotective role for whole grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Kristensen
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Evaluation of the effect of wheat aleurone-rich foods on markers of antioxidant status, inflammation and endothelial function in apparently healthy men and women. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1644-51. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511007070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Observational data show an inverse association between the consumption of wholegrain foods, and inflammation and related diseases. Although the underlying mechanisms are unclear, wholegrains, and in particular the aleurone layer, contain a wide range of components with putative antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We evaluated the effects of a diet high in wheat aleurone on plasma antioxidants status, markers of inflammation and endothelial function. In this parallel, participant-blinded intervention, seventy-nine healthy, older, overweight participants (45–65 years, BMI>25 kg/m2) incorporated either aleurone-rich cereal products (27 g aleurone/d), or control products balanced for fibre and macronutrients, into their habitual diets for 4 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and on day 29. Results showed that, compared to control, consumption of aleurone-rich products provided substantial amounts of micronutrients and phytochemicals which may function as antioxidants. Additionally, incorporating these products into a habitual diet resulted in significantly lower plasma concentrations of the inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (P = 0·035), which is an independent risk factor for CVD. However, no changes were observed in other markers of inflammation, antioxidant status or endothelial function. These results provide a possible mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of longer-term wholegrain intake. However, it is unclear whether this effect is owing to a specific component, or a combination of components in wheat aleurone.
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Choline supplementation and measures of choline and betaine status: a randomised, controlled trial in postmenopausal women. Br J Nutr 2011; 108:1264-71. [PMID: 22172554 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451100674x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient and can also be obtained by de novo synthesis via an oestrogen responsive pathway. Choline can be oxidised to the methyl donor betaine, with short-term supplementation reported to lower plasma total homocysteine (tHcy); however, the effects of longer-term choline supplementation are less clear. We investigated the effect of choline supplementation on plasma concentrations of free choline, betaine and tHcy and B-vitamin status in postmenopausal women, a group more susceptible to low choline status. We also assessed whether supplementation altered plasma lipid profiles. In this randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study, forty-two healthy postmenopausal women received 1 g choline per d (as choline bitartrate), or an identical placebo supplement with their habitual diet. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week 6 and week 12. Administration of choline increased median choline and betaine concentrations in plasma, with significant effects evident after 6 weeks of supplementation (P<0·001) and remaining significant at 12 weeks (P<0·001); no effect was observed on folate status or on plasma lipids. Choline supplementation induced a median (25th, 75th percentile) change in plasma tHcy concentration at week 6 of -0·9 (-1·6, 0·2) μmol, a change which, when compared to that observed in the placebo group 0·6 (-0·4, 1·9) μmol, approached statistical significance (P=0·058). Choline supplementation at a dose of 1 g/d significantly increases the circulating concentration of free choline, and can also significantly increase the concentration of the methyl donor, betaine, thereby potentially enhancing the betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase-mediated remethylation of tHcy.
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Lever M, George PM, Atkinson W, Molyneux SL, Elmslie JL, Slow S, Richards AM, Chambers ST. Plasma lipids and betaine are related in an acute coronary syndrome cohort. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21666. [PMID: 21747945 PMCID: PMC3128609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low plasma betaine has been associated with unfavorable plasma lipid profiles and cardiovascular risk. In some studies raised plasma betaine after supplementation is associated with elevations in plasma lipids. We aimed to measure the relationships between plasma and urine betaine and plasma lipids, and the effects of lipid-lowering drugs on these. METHODOLOGY Fasting plasma samples were collected from 531 subjects (and urine samples from 415) 4 months after hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome episode. In this cross-sectional study, plasma betaine and dimethylglycine concentrations and urine excretions were compared with plasma lipid concentrations. Subgroup comparisons were made for gender, with and without diabetes mellitus, and for drug treatment. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Plasma betaine negatively correlated with triglyceride (Spearman's r(s) = -0.22, p<0.0001) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r(s) = -0.27, p<0.0001). Plasma betaine was a predictor of BMI (p<0.05) and plasma non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride (p<0.001) independently of gender, age and the presence of diabetes. Using data grouped by plasma betaine decile, increasing plasma betaine was linearly related to decreases in BMI (p = 0.008) and plasma non-HDL cholesterol (p = 0.002). In a non-linear relationship betaine was negatively associated with elevated plasma triglycerides (p = 0.004) only for plasma betaine >45 µmol/L. Subjects taking statins had higher plasma betaine concentrations (p<0.001). Subjects treated with a fibrate had lower plasma betaine (p = 0.003) possibly caused by elevated urine betaine loss (p<0.001). The ratio of coenzyme Q to non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in subjects with higher plasma betaine, and in subjects taking a statin. CONCLUSION Low plasma betaine concentrations correlated with an unfavourable lipid profile. Betaine deficiency may be common in the study population. Controlled clinical trials of betaine supplementation should be conducted in appropriate populations to determine whether correction affects cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lever
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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