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Ni X, Zhang Z, Deng Z, Li J. Optimizing ARA and DHA in infant formula: A systematic review of global trends, regional disparities, and considerations for precision nutrition. Food Res Int 2024; 182:114049. [PMID: 38519198 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
In the context of precision nutrition, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula needs to consider more factors. This study conducted a comprehensive literature review, including 112 relevant Chinese and English articles, to summarize and analyze the global levels of ARA, DHA, and the ARA/DHA ratio in breast milk. The data were correlated with local aquatic products intake and children's IQ. The results indicated that the average level of DHA in breast milk across regions is lower than that of ARA. Variations in DHA content were identified as a primary factor influencing ARA/DHA ratio fluctuations. Breast milk ARA and DHA levels decrease with prolonged lactation periods but increase over the past 22 years. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between aquatic products intake and breast milk DHA levels (r = 0.64, p < 0.05). Breast milk DHA levels also showed a significant positive correlation with children's IQ (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). Stable breast milk ARA content did not exhibit significant correlations with aquatic products intake or children's IQ (r = 0, p > 0.05). Among 22 infant formula products available in China, only 5 had ARA levels within the range of breast milk. Most formula products had higher ARA levels than DHA, resulting in ARA/DHA ratios generally exceeding 1. The temporal and spatial variability in breast milk ARA and DHA levels may lead to diverse health outcomes in infants. Therefore, the addition of ARA and DHA in infant formula should consider this variability, including the molecular forms and positional isomerism of the added ARA and DHA. Additionally, considering the impact of different cognitive development tests and infant's gene expression on formula assessment results, there is a need to establish a more comprehensive infant health assessment system to guide the addition of ARA and DHA in formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, China.
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Caffé B, Blackwell A, Fehrenkamp BD, Williams JE, Pace RM, Lackey KA, Ruiz L, Rodríguez JM, McGuire MA, Foster JA, Sellen DW, Kamau-Mbuthia EW, Kamundia EW, Mbugua S, Moore SE, Prentice AM, Kvist LJ, Otoo GE, Pareja RG, Bode L, Gebeyehu D, Gindola DK, Boothman S, Flores K, McGuire MK, Meehan CL. Human milk immune factors, maternal nutritional status, and infant sex: The INSPIRE study. Am J Hum Biol 2023; 35:e23943. [PMID: 37358306 PMCID: PMC10749986 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breastfeeding is an energetically costly and intense form of human parental investment, providing sole-source nutrition in early infancy and bioactive components, including immune factors. Given the energetic cost of lactation, milk factors may be subject to tradeoffs, and variation in concentrations have been explored utilizing the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. As human milk immune factors are critical to developing immune system and protect infants against pathogens, we tested whether concentrations of milk immune factors (IgA, IgM, IgG, EGF, TGFβ2, and IL-10) vary in response to infant sex and maternal condition (proxied by maternal diet diversity [DD] and body mass index [BMI]) as posited in the Trivers-Willard hypothesis and consider the application of the hypothesis to milk composition. METHODS We analyzed concentrations of immune factors in 358 milk samples collected from women residing in 10 international sites using linear mixed-effects models to test for an interaction between maternal condition, including population as a random effect and infant age and maternal age as fixed effects. RESULTS IgG concentrations were significantly lower in milk produced by women consuming diets with low diversity with male infants than those with female infants. No other significant associations were identified. CONCLUSIONS IgG concentrations were related to infant sex and maternal diet diversity, providing minimal support for the hypothesis. Given the lack of associations across other select immune factors, results suggest that the Trivers-Willard hypothesis may not be broadly applied to human milk immune factors as a measure of maternal investment, which are likely buffered against perturbations in maternal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Caffé
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Aaron Blackwell
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Bethaney D Fehrenkamp
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, Idaho (WWAMI) Medical Education Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Ryan M Pace
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Kimberly A Lackey
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Lorena Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Microhealth Group, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark A McGuire
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - James A Foster
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Daniel W Sellen
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Samwel Mbugua
- Department of Human Nutrition, Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Andrew M Prentice
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
| | | | - Gloria E Otoo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Lars Bode
- Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dubale Gebeyehu
- Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Debela K Gindola
- Department of Anthropology, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah Boothman
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine Flores
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Courtney L Meehan
- Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Breastfeeding enrichment of B. longum subsp. infantis mitigates the effect of antibiotics on the microbiota and childhood asthma risk. MED 2023; 4:92-112.e5. [PMID: 36603585 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early antibiotic exposure is linked to persistent disruption of the infant gut microbiome and subsequent elevated pediatric asthma risk. Breastfeeding acts as a primary modulator of the gut microbiome during early life, but its effect on asthma development has remained unclear. METHODS We harnessed the CHILD cohort to interrogate the influence of breastfeeding on antibiotic-associated asthma risk in a subset of children (n = 2,521). We then profiled the infant microbiomes in a subset of these children (n = 1,338) using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and compared human milk oligosaccharide and fatty acid composition from paired maternal human milk samples for 561 of these infants. FINDINGS Children who took antibiotics without breastfeeding had 3-fold higher asthma odds, whereas there was no such association in children who received antibiotics while breastfeeding. This benefit was associated with widespread "re-balancing" of taxonomic and functional components of the infant microbiome. Functional changes associated with asthma protection were linked to enriched Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis colonization. Network analysis identified a selection of fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides in paired maternal samples that were positively associated with B. infantis and these broader functional changes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that breastfeeding and antibiotics have opposing effects on the infant microbiome and that breastfeeding enrichment of B. infantis is associated with reduced antibiotic-associated asthma risk. FUNDING This work was supported in part by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research; the Allergy, Genes and Environment Network of Centres of Excellence; Genome Canada; and Genome British Columbia.
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Niwa S, Kawabata T, Shoji K, Ogata H, Kagawa Y, Nakayama K, Yanagisawa Y, Iwamoto S, Tatsuta N, Asato K, Arima T, Yaegashi N, Nakai K. Investigation of Maternal Diet and FADS1 Polymorphism Associated with Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Compositions in Human Milk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102160. [PMID: 35631303 PMCID: PMC9143760 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the amount of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in human milk is an important strategy for infant growth and development. We investigated the associations of LCPUFA compositions in human milk with maternal diet (especially fish and shellfish intake), with fatty acid Δ5 desaturase gene (FADS1) polymorphisms, and with gene-diet interactions. The present study was performed as part of an adjunct study of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. The participants were 304 lactating females, who provided human milk 6−7 months after delivery. Fatty acids in human milk were analyzed by gas chromatography, and dietary surveys were conducted using a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire. We also analyzed a single nucleotide polymorphism of FADS1 (rs174547, T/C). There was a significant difference in arachidonic acid (ARA) composition in human milk among the genotype groups, and the values were decreasing in the order of TT > TC > CC. The concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were also different between TT and CC genotype, indicating a tendency for decreasing values in the same order. The composition of ARA showed significant gene−dietary interactions in multiple regression analysis, and the positive correlation between fish and shellfish intake and ARA composition in human milk was significant only in the CC genotype. Moreover, the factor most strongly associated with EPA and DHA composition in human milk was fish and shellfish intake. Therefore, it was suggested that increasing fish and shellfish intake in mothers may increase EPA and DHA composition in human milk, while increasing fish and shellfish intake in CC genotype mothers may lead to increased ARA composition in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakurako Niwa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Saitama, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (H.O.); (Y.K.)
- Faculty of Home Economics, Gifu Women’s University, 80 Taromaru, Gifu City 501-2592, Gifu, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-49-282-3705
| | - Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Saitama, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (H.O.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kumiko Shoji
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Saitama, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (H.O.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hiromitsu Ogata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Saitama, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (H.O.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yasuo Kagawa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado 350-0288, Saitama, Japan; (T.K.); (K.S.); (H.O.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kazuhiro Nakayama
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8562, Chiba, Japan;
| | - Yoshiko Yanagisawa
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.I.)
| | - Sadahiko Iwamoto
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan; (Y.Y.); (S.I.)
| | - Nozomi Tatsuta
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (N.T.); (K.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Kaname Asato
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (N.T.); (K.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (T.A.); (N.Y.)
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (T.A.); (N.Y.)
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan; (N.T.); (K.A.); (K.N.)
- School of Sport and Health Science, Tokai Gakuen University, Nishinohora 21-233, Miyoshi 470-0207, Aichi, Japan
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Docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae oil supplementation on breast milk fatty acid profile of mothers who delivered prematurely: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21492. [PMID: 34728723 PMCID: PMC8564506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are deficient in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a fatty acid (FA) associated with an increase in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In two previous randomized control trials, DHA supplementation did not reduce the risk of BPD. We examined the breast milk FA profile, collected 14 days after birth, of mothers who delivered before 29 weeks of gestation and who were supplemented with DHA-rich algae oil or a placebo within 72 h after birth as part of the MOBYDIck trial. Milk FA were analyzed by gas chromatography. The total amount of FA (mg/mL) was similar in both groups but the supplementation increased DHA (expressed as % of total FA, mean ± SD, treatment vs placebo, 0.95 ± 0.44% vs 0.34 ± 0.20%; P < 0.0001), n-6 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) (0.275 ± 0.14% vs 0.04 ± 0.04%; P < 0.0001) and eicosapentaenoic acid (0.08 ± 0.08% vs 0.07 ± 0.07%; P < 0.0001) while decreasing n-3 DPA (0.16 ± 0.05% vs 0.17 ± 0.06%; P < 0.05). Supplementation changed the ratio of DHA to arachidonic acid (1.76 ± 1.55% vs 0.60 ± 0.31%; P < 0.0001) and n-6 to n-3 FA (0.21 ± 0.06% vs 0.17 ± 0.04%; P < 0.0001). DHA-rich algae supplementation successfully increased the DHA content of breast milk but also included secondary changes that are closely involved with inflammation and may contribute to changing clinical outcomes.
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Juncker HG, Mulleners SJ, van Gils MJ, de Groot CJM, Pajkrt D, Korosi A, van Goudoever JB, van Keulen BJ. The Levels of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Antibodies in Human Milk Following Vaccination. J Hum Lact 2021; 37:477-484. [PMID: 34176363 DOI: 10.1177/08903344211027112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are being administered around the world; however, lactating women were excluded from SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trials. Therefore, knowledge about the effect of vaccination in this specific group is limited. This information is essential to empower lactating women to make a well-informed decision on their choice for vaccination. After natural infection, SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies are present in human milk, which might offer protection for her newborn. The dynamics of these antibodies in human milk following vaccination remain to be elucidated. RESEARCH AIM To determine the effect of vaccination with BNT162b2 on the levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA in human milk. METHODS In this prospective longitudinal study, we included lactating women who received the BNT162b2 vaccine. Human milk samples were collected prior to vaccination and 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after both vaccine doses. Samples were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS In total, 366 human milk samples from 26 lactating women were analyzed. A biphasic response was observed, with SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) starting to increase between day 5 and 7 after the first dose of the vaccine. After the second dose, an accelerated IgA antibody response was observed. CONCLUSION After vaccination with the mRNA-based BNT162b2 vaccine, a SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody response was observed in human milk. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA after vaccination is important as antibodies are transferred via human milk, and thereby might provide protection to infants against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Juncker
- 332563 Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences - Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sien J Mulleners
- 332563 Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- 26066 Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christianne J M de Groot
- 120984709 Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- 332563 Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences - Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes B van Goudoever
- 332563 Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Britt J van Keulen
- 332563 Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Rio-Aige K, Azagra-Boronat I, Castell M, Selma-Royo M, Collado MC, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ. The Breast Milk Immunoglobulinome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061810. [PMID: 34073540 PMCID: PMC8230140 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk components contribute to the infant’s immune development and protection, and among other immune factors, immunoglobulins (Igs) are the most studied. The presence of IgA in milk has been known for a long time; however, less information is available about the presence of other Igs such as IgM, IgG, and their subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) or even IgE or IgD. The total Ig concentration and profile will change during the course of lactation; however, there is a great variability among studies due to several variables that limit establishing a clear pattern. In this context, the aim of this review was firstly to shed light on the Ig concentration in breast milk based on scientific evidence and secondly to study the main factors contributing to such variability. A search strategy provided only 75 studies with the prespecified eligibility criteria. The concentrations and proportions found have been established based on the intrinsic factors of the study—such as the sampling time and quantification technique—as well as participant-dependent factors, such as lifestyle and environment. All these factors contribute to the variability of the immunoglobulinome described in the literature and should be carefully addressed for further well-designed studies and data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rio-Aige
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Marta Selma-Royo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46890 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-R.); (M.C.C.)
| | - María Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46890 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; (M.S.-R.); (M.C.C.)
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (K.R.-A.); (I.A.-B.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-024-505
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Samuel TM, Zhou Q, Giuffrida F, Munblit D, Verhasselt V, Thakkar SK. Nutritional and Non-nutritional Composition of Human Milk Is Modulated by Maternal, Infant, and Methodological Factors. Front Nutr 2020; 7:576133. [PMID: 33117843 PMCID: PMC7557356 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.576133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is dynamic and shows a high inter- and intra-individual variability. To characterize HM with precision, it is necessary to understand the factors that modulate its composition. The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the maternal, infant and methodological factors that affect HM composition. We searched SCOPUS and PubMed databases for articles related to factors that are known to or could potentially influence HM composition and volume across lactation periods. Our comprehensive review encompasses various maternal-, infant-related, and methodological factors that modulate aspects of HM composition including macro- and micronutrients, vitamins and minerals, as well as volume. The most profound changes were observed in HM lipids and lipophiles. Evidence exists for many of the infant-related factors known to affect the nutritive and non-nutritive components of HM (e.g., birth weight, gestational age, infant age/stage of lactation). In contrast, less is known with respect to maternal factors; where there is either limited research or conflicting evidence (e.g., maternal lifestyle, obstetric history, medical conditions), except for the mother's diet, for which there is a relatively well-established understanding. Equally, although many of the methodological factors (e.g., HM sampling, handling and analytics) are known to impact HM composition, few studies have investigated this as a primary outcome, making it an important area of future research in HM. Here we propose a systematic capture of numerous maternal- and infant-related characteristics to facilitate associative comparisons of HM data within and across studies. Additionally, it would be prudent to standardize the methodological aspects known to affect HM composition in analytics, not only for HM lipids and lipophiles, but also for those nutrients whose variability is yet less well-understood. Defining the factors determining HM composition with accuracy will open perspectives for maternal intervention to optimize milk composition for specific needs of infants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Munblit
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Quin C, Vollman DM, Ghosh S, Haskey N, Estaki M, Pither J, Barnett JA, Jay MN, Birnie BW, Gibson DL. Fish oil supplementation reduces maternal defensive inflammation and predicts a gut bacteriome with reduced immune priming capacity in infants. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:2090-2104. [PMID: 32398661 PMCID: PMC7368083 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-0672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Habitual supplementation of fish oil is thought to provide benefits to the developing infant; however, the effects on infant microbial establishment and immune development are unknown. A 6-month observational cohort study was conducted where 47 out of 91 women self-administered dietary fish oil during breastfeeding. Infant stool and mothers' breast milk were collected each month over 6 months. Gas chromatography was used to quantify breast milk fatty acids and high-throughput sequencing was used to assess the infant fecal microbiota. Immune markers and parent-reported questionnaires were used to assess infant immunity and health up to 2 years. Our results reveal that fish oil supplementation decreased secretory immunoglobulin A and increased IL-10 production in lactating women along with increased breast milk eicosapentaenoic acid, and this corresponded to increased abundances of fecal Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus spp. in their infants. Docosahexaenoic acid levels in breast milk aligned with decreases in infant gut bacterial richness and the predicted bacterial phenotypes suggested that fish oil lowers commensal traits involved in pathogen colonization resistance. Despite this, there were no differences in sickness incidence in toddlers. This study revealed that fish oil associates with decreases in breast milk defensive inflammatory responses and corresponds with infant fecal microbiota with anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Quin
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Deanna M Vollman
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Natasha Haskey
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Mehrbod Estaki
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jason Pither
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jacqueline A Barnett
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Michael N Jay
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Blake W Birnie
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology Okanagan Campus, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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Borodulina T, Sokolova N, Sannikova N, Martynova T. Formation of local immunity in infants on different types of feeding. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202202007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rational feeding from the early days of life programs the health, growth and development of the child over the following years. By the age of 6 months children on artificial feeding are reliably more likely to form excess body weight. The nature of nutrition depends on the condition of the overall and local immune protection of the child. Application of non-invasive methods for determining sIgA (in oral fluid (saliva), in coprofiltrate) allows to assess local immunity in infancy age. Breastfed infants receive sIgA with mother’s milk and have additional protection against the pathogens of respiratory and intestinal infections. The level of sIgA in the mother’s breast milk can be determined to assess the condition of children’s immunity. Children on breastfeeding experience acute respiratory diseases less often compared to children fed with adapted milk formula.
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Miliku K, Duan QL, Moraes TJ, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Field CJ, Azad MB. Human milk fatty acid composition is associated with dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, and environmental factors in the CHILD Cohort Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1370-1383. [PMID: 31589250 PMCID: PMC6885479 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty acids are a vital component of human milk. They influence infant neurodevelopment and immune function, and they provide ∼50% of milk's energy content. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to characterize the composition of human milk fatty acids in a large Canadian birth cohort and identify factors influencing their variability. METHODS In a subset of the CHILD cohort (n = 1094), we analyzed milk fatty acids at 3-4 mo postpartum using GLC. Individual and total SFAs, MUFAs, and n-3 and n-6 PUFAs were analyzed using SD scores and principal component analysis (PCA). Maternal diet, sociodemographic, health, and environmental factors were self-reported. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms were assessed in the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1-rs174556) and 2 (FADS2-rs174575) genes. RESULTS Fatty acid profiles were variable, with individual fatty acid proportions varying from 2- to >30-fold between women. Using PCA, we identified 4 milk fatty acid patterns: "MUFA and low SFA," "high n-6 PUFA," "high n-3 PUFA," and "high medium-chain fatty acids." In multivariable-adjusted analyses, fish oil supplementation and fatty cold water fish intake were positively associated with DHA and the "high n-3 PUFA" pattern. Mothers carrying the minor allele of FADS1-rs174556 had lower proportions of arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6). Independent of selected dietary variables and genetic variants, Asian ethnicity was associated with higher linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and total n-3 PUFAs. Ethnic differences in ARA were explained by FADS1 genotype. Maternal obesity was independently associated with higher total SFAs, the "high medium-chain fatty acid" pattern, and lower total MUFAs. Lactation stage, season, study site, and maternal education were also independently associated with some milk fatty acids. No associations were observed for maternal age, parity, delivery mode, or infant sex. CONCLUSIONS This study provides unique insights about the "normal" variation in the composition of human milk fatty acids and the contributing dietary, genetic, sociodemographic, health, and environmental factors. Further research is required to assess implications for infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozeta Miliku
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Qing Ling Duan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Allan B Becker
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Malcolm R Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada,Address correspondence to MBA (e-mail: )
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12
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Zielinska MA, Hamulka J. Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on the Adverse Health Effects Induced by Air Pollution: Current Evidence and Possible Mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4181. [PMID: 31671856 PMCID: PMC6862650 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major social, economic, and health problem around the world. Children are particularly susceptible to the negative effects of air pollution due to their immaturity and excessive growth and development. The aims of this narrative review were to: (1) summarize evidence about the protective effects of breastfeeding on the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure, (2) define and describe the potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of breastfeeding, and (3) examine the potential effects of air pollution on breastmilk composition and lactation. A literature search was conducted using electronic databases. Existing evidence suggests that breastfeeding has a protective effect on adverse outcomes of indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure in respiratory (infections, lung function, asthma symptoms) and immune (allergic, nervous and cardiovascular) systems, as well as under-five mortality in both developing and developed countries. However, some studies reported no protective effect of breastfeeding or even negative effects of breastfeeding for under-five mortality. Several possible mechanisms of the breastfeeding protective effect were proposed, including the beneficial influence of breastfeeding on immune, respiratory, and nervous systems, which are related to the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and neuroprotective properties of breastmilk. Breastmilk components responsible for its protective effect against air pollutants exposure may be long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA), antioxidant vitamins, carotenoids, flavonoids, immunoglobins, and cytokines, some of which have concentrations that are diet-dependent. However, maternal exposure to air pollution is related to increased breastmilk concentrations of pollutants (e.g., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or heavy metals in particulate matter (PM)). Nonetheless, environmental studies have confirmed that breastmilk's protective effects outweigh its potential health risk to the infant. Mothers should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed their infants due to its unique health benefits, as well as its limited ecological footprint, which is associated with decreased waste production and the emission of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Zielinska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Hamulka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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13
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Boix-Amorós A, Collado MC, Van't Land B, Calvert A, Le Doare K, Garssen J, Hanna H, Khaleva E, Peroni DG, Geddes DT, Kozyrskyj AL, Warner JO, Munblit D. Reviewing the evidence on breast milk composition and immunological outcomes. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:541-556. [PMID: 31111150 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of biologically active components have been found in human milk (HM), and in both human and animal models, studies have provided some evidence suggesting that HM composition can be altered by maternal exposures, subsequently influencing health outcomes for the breastfed child. Evidence varies from the research studies on whether breastfeeding protects the offspring from noncommunicable diseases, including those associated with immunological dysfunction. It has been hypothesized that the conflicting evidence results from HM composition variations, which contain many immune active molecules, oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and lysozyme in differing concentrations, along with a diverse microbiome. Determining the components that influence infant health outcomes in terms of both short- and long-term sequelae is complicated by a lack of understanding of the environmental factors that modify HM constituents and thereby offspring outcomes. Variations in HM immune and microbial composition (and the differing infantile responses) may in part explain the controversies that are evidenced in studies that aim to evaluate the prevalence of allergy by prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding. HM is a "mixture" of immune active factors, oligosaccharides, and microbes, which all may influence early immunological outcomes. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of existing evidence on the studied relationships between maternal exposures, HM composition, vaccine responses, and immunological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Boix-Amorós
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
| | - Belinda Van't Land
- Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Calvert
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Le Doare
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, Porton Down, United Kingdom, and the MRC Unit, Fajara, Gambia
| | - Johan Garssen
- Department of Immunology, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ekaterina Khaleva
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diego G Peroni
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donna T Geddes
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, the University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - John O Warner
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care for NW London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Munblit
- In-VIVO Global Network, an affiliate of the World Universities Network (WUN), New York, New York, United States
- Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatrics, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia, and the Solov'ev Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia
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Moossavi S, Atakora F, Miliku K, Sepehri S, Robertson B, Duan QL, Becker AB, Mandhane PJ, Turvey SE, Moraes TJ, Lefebvre DL, Sears MR, Subbarao P, Field CJ, Bode L, Khafipour E, Azad MB. Integrated Analysis of Human Milk Microbiota With Oligosaccharides and Fatty Acids in the CHILD Cohort. Front Nutr 2019; 6:58. [PMID: 31157227 PMCID: PMC6532658 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human milk contains many bioactive components that are typically studied in isolation, including bacteria. We performed an integrated analysis of human milk oligosaccharides and fatty acids to explore their associations with milk microbiota. Methods: We studied a sub-sample of 393 mothers in the CHILD birth cohort. Milk was collected at 3-4 months postpartum. Microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene V4 sequencing. Oligosaccharides and fatty acids were analyzed by rapid high-throughput high performance and gas liquid chromatography, respectively. Dimension reduction was performed with principal component analysis for oligosaccharides and fatty acids. Center log-ratio transformation was applied to all three components. Associations between components were assessed using Spearman rank correlation, network visualization, multivariable linear regression, redundancy analysis, and structural equation modeling. P-values were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Key covariates were considered, including fucosyltransferase-2 (FUT2) secretor status of mother and infant, method of feeding (direct breastfeeding or pumped breast milk), and maternal fish oil supplement use. Results: Overall, correlations were strongest between milk components of the same type. For example, FUT2-dependent HMOs were positively correlated with each other, and Staphylococcus was negatively correlated with other core taxa. Some associations were also observed between components of different types. Using redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling, the overall milk fatty acid profile was significantly associated with milk microbiota composition. In addition, some individual fatty acids [22:6n3 (docosahexaenoic acid), 22:5n3, 20:5n3, 17:0, 18:0] and oligosaccharides (fucosyl-lacto-N-hexaose, lacto-N-hexaose, lacto-N-fucopentaose I) were associated with microbiota α diversity, while others (C18:0, 3'-sialyllactose, disialyl-lacto-N-tetraose) were associated with overall microbiota composition. Only a few significant associations between individual HMOs and microbiota were observed; notably, among mothers using breast pumps, Bifidobacterium prevalence was associated with lower abundances of disialyl-lacto-N-hexaose. Additionally, among non-secretor mothers, Staphylococcus was positively correlated with sialylated HMOs. Conclusion: Using multiple approaches to integrate and analyse milk microbiota, oligosaccharides, and fatty acids, we observed several associations between different milk components and microbiota, some of which were modified by secretor status and/or breastfeeding practices. Additional research is needed to further validate and mechanistically characterize these associations and determine their relevance to infant gut and respiratory microbiota development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Moossavi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faisal Atakora
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kozeta Miliku
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shadi Sepehri
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bianca Robertson
- Department of Pediatrics and Larson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Qing Ling Duan
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Allan B. Becker
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Stuart E. Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Theo J. Moraes
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Malcolm R. Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ehsan Khafipour
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Meghan B. Azad
- Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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15
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Alsharnoubi J, Ishaak M, Elsheikh S, Ezzat S. Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 in Human Breast Milk and Its Correlation with Infants' Parameters. Breastfeed Med 2019; 14:404-407. [PMID: 30990330 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2018.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and health protection for the infant; it contains many anti-inflammatory factors, including transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1). Our study aimed to measure the level of TGF-β1 in human milk and to find its correlation with some infant anthropometric characteristics. Subjects and Methods: A milk sample was collected from 84 mothers and the level of TGF-β1 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: TGF-β1 was significantly higher in vegetarian mothers compared with nonvegetarian mothers (p = 0.044). Additionally, the mean value of breast milk TGF-β1 was significantly higher in mothers using contraceptive pills compared with those who do not (p = 0.021). Also, the mean value of TGF-β1 was significantly higher in infants 3-6 months than those <3 months (p = 0.010); also there was a significant difference regarding infants' weight and length with average weight and length (p = 0.042) and (p = 0.009), respectively. Conclusions: TGF-β1 in human milk may play a role in infants' growth and development; mothers' diet is known to influence TGF-β1 level and its relation to infants' age and weight. Contraceptive method could have an influence on TGF-β1 levels during breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehan Alsharnoubi
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marian Ishaak
- 2 Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Middleton P, Gomersall JC, Gould JF, Shepherd E, Olsen SF, Makrides M. Omega-3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 11:CD003402. [PMID: 30480773 PMCID: PMC6516961 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003402.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher intakes of foods containing omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), such as fish, during pregnancy have been associated with longer gestations and improved perinatal outcomes. This is an update of a review that was first published in 2006. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of omega-3 LCPUFA, as supplements or as dietary additions, during pregnancy on maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcomes and longer-term outcomes for mother and child. SEARCH METHODS For this update, we searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register, ClinicalTrials.gov, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (16 August 2018), and reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing omega-3 fatty acids (as supplements or as foods, stand-alone interventions, or with a co-intervention) during pregnancy with placebo or no omega-3, and studies or study arms directly comparing omega-3 LCPUFA doses or types. Trials published in abstract form were eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed study eligibility, extracted data, assessed risk of bias in trials and assessed quality of evidence for prespecified birth/infant, maternal, child/adult and health service outcomes using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS In this update, we included 70 RCTs (involving 19,927 women at low, mixed or high risk of poor pregnancy outcomes) which compared omega-3 LCPUFA interventions (supplements and food) compared with placebo or no omega-3. Overall study-level risk of bias was mixed, with selection and performance bias mostly at low risk, but there was high risk of attrition bias in some trials. Most trials were conducted in upper-middle or high-income countries; and nearly half the trials included women at increased/high risk for factors which might increase the risk of adverse maternal and birth outcomes.Preterm birth < 37 weeks (13.4% versus 11.9%; risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81 to 0.97; 26 RCTs, 10,304 participants; high-quality evidence) and early preterm birth < 34 weeks (4.6% versus 2.7%; RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.77; 9 RCTs, 5204 participants; high-quality evidence) were both lower in women who received omega-3 LCPUFA compared with no omega-3. Prolonged gestation > 42 weeks was probably increased from 1.6% to 2.6% in women who received omega-3 LCPUFA compared with no omega-3 (RR 1.61 95% CI 1.11 to 2.33; 5141 participants; 6 RCTs; moderate-quality evidence).For infants, there was a possibly reduced risk of perinatal death (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.03; 10 RCTs, 7416 participants; moderate-quality evidence: 62/3715 versus 83/3701 infants) and possibly fewer neonatal care admissions (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.03; 9 RCTs, 6920 participants; moderate-quality evidence - 483/3475 infants versus 519/3445 infants). There was a reduced risk of low birthweight (LBW) babies (15.6% versus 14%; RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.99; 15 trials, 8449 participants; high-quality evidence); but a possible small increase in large-for-gestational age (LGA) babies (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.36; 6 RCTs, 3722 participants; moderate-quality evidence, for omega-3 LCPUFA compared with no omega-3. Little or no difference in small-for-gestational age or intrauterine growth restriction (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.13; 8 RCTs, 6907 participants; moderate-quality evidence) was seen.For the maternal outcomes, there is insufficient evidence to determine the effects of omega-3 on induction post-term (average RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.22 to 2.98; 3 trials, 2900 participants; low-quality evidence), maternal serious adverse events (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.40 to 2.72; 2 trials, 2690 participants; low-quality evidence), maternal admission to intensive care (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.12 to 2.63; 2 trials, 2458 participants; low-quality evidence), or postnatal depression (average RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.77; 2 trials, 2431 participants; low-quality evidence). Mean gestational length was greater in women who received omega-3 LCPUFA (mean difference (MD) 1.67 days, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.39; 41 trials, 12,517 participants; moderate-quality evidence), and pre-eclampsia may possibly be reduced with omega-3 LCPUFA (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.01; 20 trials, 8306 participants; low-quality evidence).For the child/adult outcomes, very few differences between antenatal omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation and no omega-3 were observed in cognition, IQ, vision, other neurodevelopment and growth outcomes, language and behaviour (mostly low-quality to very low-quality evidence). The effect of omega-3 LCPUFA on body mass index at 19 years (MD 0, 95% CI -0.83 to 0.83; 1 trial, 243 participants; very low-quality evidence) was uncertain. No data were reported for development of diabetes in the children of study participants. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS In the overall analysis, preterm birth < 37 weeks and early preterm birth < 34 weeks were reduced in women receiving omega-3 LCPUFA compared with no omega-3. There was a possibly reduced risk of perinatal death and of neonatal care admission, a reduced risk of LBW babies; and possibly a small increased risk of LGA babies with omega-3 LCPUFA.For our GRADE quality assessments, we assessed most of the important perinatal outcomes as high-quality (e.g. preterm birth) or moderate-quality evidence (e.g. perinatal death). For the other outcome domains (maternal, child/adult and health service outcomes) GRADE ratings ranged from moderate to very low, with over half rated as low. Reasons for downgrading across the domain were mostly due to design limitations and imprecision.Omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy is an effective strategy for reducing the incidence of preterm birth, although it probably increases the incidence of post-term pregnancies. More studies comparing omega-3 LCPUFA and placebo (to establish causality in relation to preterm birth) are not needed at this stage. A further 23 ongoing trials are still to report on over 5000 women, so no more RCTs are needed that compare omega-3 LCPUFA against placebo or no intervention. However, further follow-up of completed trials is needed to assess longer-term outcomes for mother and child, to improve understanding of metabolic, growth and neurodevelopment pathways in particular, and to establish if, and how, outcomes vary by different types of omega-3 LCPUFA, timing and doses; or by characteristics of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Middleton
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteWomen's and Children's Hospital72 King William RoadAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5006
| | - Judith C Gomersall
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteWomen's and Children's Hospital72 King William RoadAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5006
| | - Jacqueline F Gould
- The University of AdelaideSchool of PsychologyNorth Terrace, AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5001
| | - Emily Shepherd
- The University of AdelaideARCH: Australian Research Centre for Health of Women and Babies, Robinson Research Institute, Discipline of Obstetrics and GynaecologyAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5006
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Statens Serum InstitutCentre for Fetal Programming, Department of EpidemiologyCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Maria Makrides
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteWomen's and Children's Hospital72 King William RoadAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5006
- The University of AdelaideSchool of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthAdelaideAustraliaAustralia
- Women's and Children's Health Research InstituteNorth AdelaideAustralia
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Neues und praktisch Relevantes aus der gynäkologischen Endokrinologie und Reproduktionsmedizin: Teil 2. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-018-0185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Miliku K, Azad MB. Breastfeeding and the Developmental Origins of Asthma: Current Evidence, Possible Mechanisms, and Future Research Priorities. Nutrients 2018; 10:E995. [PMID: 30061501 PMCID: PMC6115903 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding has many established health benefits, but its impact on asthma development is uncertain. Breastfeeding appears to have a positive and dose-dependent impact on respiratory health, particularly during early childhood and in high-risk populations; however, the strength and causality of these associations are unclear. It is challenging to compare results across studies due to methodological differences and biological variation. Resolving these inconsistencies will require well-designed, prospective studies that accurately capture asthma diagnoses and infant feeding exposures (including breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and method of feeding), account for key confounders, evaluate dose effects, and consider effect modification and reverse causality. Mechanistic studies examining human milk bioactives and their impact on lung health and asthma development are beginning to emerge, and these will be important in establishing the causality and mechanistic basis of the observed associations between breastfeeding and asthma. In this review, we summarize current evidence on this topic, identify possible reasons for disagreement across studies, discuss potential mechanisms for a causal association, and provide recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozeta Miliku
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Manitoba Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
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Zhao P, Zhang S, Liu L, Pang X, Yang Y, Lu J, Lv J. Differences in the Triacylglycerol and Fatty Acid Compositions of Human Colostrum and Mature Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4571-4579. [PMID: 29658706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human colostrum is important for immune system development and plays a protective role for infants. However, the comprehensive exploration of lipids, which account for 3-5% of milk, and their biological functions in human colostrum was limited. In present study, the triacylglycerol (TAG) and fatty acid (FA) compositions of human colostrum and mature milk were analyzed and compared. Variations were observed in both the TAG and FA compositions. The concentrations of 18:1/18:1/16:0 TAG, high-molecular-weight and unsaturated TAGs were significantly higher in colostrum, whereas mature milk contained more low/medium-molecular-weight TAGs and medium-chain FAs. Furthermore, there were also specific TAGs in both colostrum and mature milk. Our data highlighted targets for further investigation to elucidate the biological function of lipids in colostrum milk. In addition, the comprehensive analysis of TAGs in Chinese colostrum might help in designing infant formula for Chinese babies, especially the preterm ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing and Quality Control, Institute of Food Science and Technology , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science , Beijing 100193 , People's Republic of China
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Sissener NH. Are we what we eat? Changes to the feed fatty acid composition of farmed salmon and its effects through the food chain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [PMID: 29514891 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.161521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
'Are we what we eat?' Yes and no. Although dietary fat affects body fat, there are many modifying mechanisms. In Atlantic salmon, there is a high level of retention of the n-3 fatty acid (FA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) relative to the dietary content, whereas saturated FAs never seem to increase above a specified level, which is probably an adaptation to low and fluctuating body temperature. Net production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and especially DHA occurs in salmon when dietary levels are low; however, this synthesis is not sufficient to maintain EPA and DHA at similar tissue levels to those of a traditional fish oil-fed farmed salmon. The commercial diets of farmed salmon have changed over the past 15 years towards a more plant-based diet owing to the limited availability of the marine ingredients fish meal and fish oil, resulting in decreased EPA and DHA and increased n-6 FAs. Salmon is part of the human diet, leading to the question 'Are we what the salmon eats?' Dietary intervention studies using salmon have shown positive effects on FA profiles and health biomarkers in humans; however, most of these studies used salmon that were fed high levels of marine ingredients. Only a few human intervention studies and mouse trials have explored the effects of the changing feed composition of farmed salmon. In conclusion, when evaluating feed ingredients for farmed fish, effects throughout the food chain on fish health, fillet composition and human health need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nini H Sissener
- Fish Nutrition, Requirements and Welfare, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Postboks 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
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21
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Jiang J, Wu K, Yu Z, Ren Y, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Xu X, Li W, Jin Y, Yuan J, Li D. Changes in fatty acid composition of human milk over lactation stages and relationship with dietary intake in Chinese women. Food Funct 2018; 7:3154-62. [PMID: 27298082 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00304d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk samples and 24-hour food records were obtained from lactating mothers on day 1 (colostrum), day 14 (transitional milk) and day 42 (mature milk) from Hangzhou (n = 202), Lanzhou (n = 133) and Beijing (n = 142), China. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by standard methods, separated and quantified by gas chromatography. We aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition (% of total fatty acid) in human milk of three lactating stages from three regions in China and the relationship with maternal dietary intake during lactation. Present results showed that the fatty acid composition of breast milk varied with lactating period and geographical regions in China. In all the milk samples, the total saturated fatty acid (SFA) remained stable. However, C10:0 and C12:0 increased over the lactation period, total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) significantly increased from colostrum (34.50%) to transitional milk (37.06%), and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) showed its highest percentage in colostrum (29.58%). In particular, C22:6n-3 and C22:5n-3 were lowest in mature milk (0.38% and 0.41%, respectively), and C18:3n-3 (1.83%) was lowest in colostrum. There were significant differences among the three regions in total MUFA and PUFA in breast milk. The Hangzhou samples had the lowest C18:1n-9 and highest C22:6n-3. Additionally, C22:6n-3, total PUFA and n-3 PUFA were lowest in the Lanzhou samples. Different dietary habits were largely the drivers behind the different fatty acid profiles among the three regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Kejian Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Zuxun Yu
- Department of Fine Chemical, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 310058 and Beingmate Research Institute, Hangzhou, China 310053
| | - Yiping Ren
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Hangzhou, China 310009
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xingfang Xu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China 310006
| | - Wei Li
- Gansu Provincial Second People's Hospital, Lanzhou, China 730046
| | - Yongxin Jin
- Gansu Provincial Second People's Hospital, Lanzhou, China 730046
| | | | - Duo Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Human Milk and Allergic Diseases: An Unsolved Puzzle. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080894. [PMID: 28817095 PMCID: PMC5579687 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence on the protective role of breastfeeding in relation to the development of allergic sensitisation and allergic disease. Studies vary in methodology and definition of outcomes, which lead to considerable heterogeneity. Human milk composition varies both within and between individuals, which may partially explain conflicting data. It is known that human milk composition is very complex and contains variable levels of immune active molecules, oligosaccharides, metabolites, vitamins and other nutrients and microbial content. Existing evidence suggests that modulation of human breast milk composition has potential for preventing allergic diseases in early life. In this review, we discuss associations between breastfeeding/human milk composition and allergy development.
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Can Early Omega-3 Fatty Acid Exposure Reduce Risk of Childhood Allergic Disease? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070784. [PMID: 28754005 PMCID: PMC5537898 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A causal link between increased intake of omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and increased incidence of allergic disease has been suggested. This is supported by biologically plausible mechanisms, related to the roles of eicosanoid mediators produced from the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid. Fish and fish oils are sources of long chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. These fatty acids act to oppose the actions of n-6 PUFAs particularly with regard to eicosanoid synthesis. Thus, n-3 PUFAs may protect against allergic sensitisation and allergic manifestations. Epidemiological studies investigating the association between maternal fish intake during pregnancy and allergic outcomes in infants/children of those pregnancies suggest protective associations, but the findings are inconsistent. Fish oil provision to pregnant women is associated with immunologic changes in cord blood. Studies performed to date indicate that provision of fish oil during pregnancy may reduce sensitisation to common food allergens and reduce prevalence and severity of atopic eczema in the first year of life, with a possible persistence until adolescence. A recent study reported that fish oil consumption in pregnancy reduces persistent wheeze and asthma in the offspring at ages 3 to 5 years. Eating oily fish or fish oil supplementation in pregnancy may be a strategy to prevent infant and childhood allergic disease.
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Munblit D, Treneva M, Peroni DG, Colicino S, Chow L, Dissanayeke S, Abrol P, Sheth S, Pampura A, Boner AL, Geddes DT, Boyle RJ, Warner JO. Colostrum and Mature Human Milk of Women from London, Moscow, and Verona: Determinants of Immune Composition. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110695. [PMID: 27827874 PMCID: PMC5133082 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors in colostrum and mature milk may play an important role in infant immune maturation, and may vary significantly between populations. We aimed to examine associations between environmental and maternal factors, and human milk (HM) cytokine and growth factor levels. We recruited 398 pregnant/lactating women in the United Kingdom, Russia, and Italy. Participants underwent skin prick testing, questionnaire interview, and colostrum and mature milk sampling. HM cytokine and growth factor levels were quantified by electro-chemiluminescence. We found significant geographical variation in growth factor levels, but no evidence of variation between sites in cytokine detectability. There was an inverse correlation between time of milk sampling and growth factor levels in colostrum for Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and TGFβ1 and TGFβ3, but not TGFβ2, and levels were significantly higher in colostrum than mature milk for all growth factors. The kinetics of decline were different for each growth factor. Cytokines were present at much lower levels than growth factors, and the decline over time was less consistent. HM growth factors and cytokine levels vary between populations for unknown reasons. Levels of HM mediators decline at different rates postpartum, and these findings suggest specific biological roles for HM growth factors and cytokines in early postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Munblit
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK.
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Pediatrics, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Marina Treneva
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
- Allergy Department, Veltischev Clinical Pediatric Research Institute of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 125412, Russia.
| | - Diego G Peroni
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Colicino
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6NP, UK.
| | - LiYan Chow
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK.
| | - Shobana Dissanayeke
- Royal Holloway University of London School of Biological Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, London TW20 0EX, UK.
| | - Priya Abrol
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK.
| | - Shreya Sheth
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK.
| | - Alexander Pampura
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
- Allergy Department, Veltischev Clinical Pediatric Research Institute of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 125412, Russia.
| | - Attilio L Boner
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, Section of Paediatrics, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy.
| | - Donna T Geddes
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, WA, Australia.
| | - Robert J Boyle
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK.
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
| | - John O Warner
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK.
- International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network of the World Universities Network, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia.
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Ryan L, Symington AM. Algal-oil supplements are a viable alternative to fish-oil supplements in terms of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA). J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Munblit D, Boyle RJ, Warner JO. Factors affecting breast milk composition and potential consequences for development of the allergic phenotype. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 45:583-601. [PMID: 25077553 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence on the protective role of breastfeeding in relation to allergic sensitization and disease. The factors in breast milk which influence these processes are still unclear and under investigation. We know that colostrum and breast milk contain a variety of molecules which can influence immune responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of a neonate. This review summarizes the evidence that variations in colostrum and breast milk composition can influence allergic outcomes in the infant, and the evidence that maternal and environmental factors can modify milk composition. Taken together, the data presented support the possibility that maternal dietary interventions may be an effective way to promote infant health through modification of breast milk composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Munblit
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK; International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, of the World Universities Network (WUN)
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28
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Lovegrove JA, Commane DM, Jackson KG, Karani V, Kennedy OB, Kuhnle GG, Spencer JPE, Wagstaff C, Yaqoob P. The Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition - 20 years of research 1995-2015. NUTR BULL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading, Whiteknights; Reading UK
| | - D. M. Commane
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading, Whiteknights; Reading UK
| | - K. G. Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading, Whiteknights; Reading UK
| | - V. Karani
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading, Whiteknights; Reading UK
| | - O. B. Kennedy
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading, Whiteknights; Reading UK
| | - G. G. Kuhnle
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading, Whiteknights; Reading UK
| | - J. P. E. Spencer
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading, Whiteknights; Reading UK
| | - C. Wagstaff
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading, Whiteknights; Reading UK
| | - P. Yaqoob
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading, Whiteknights; Reading UK
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is a predominant immunoglobulin present in human breast milk and is known to play an important role in infant gut immunity maturation. Breast milk composition varies between populations, but the environmental and maternal factors responsible for these variations are still unclear. We examined the relationship between different exposures and levels of IgA in colostrum. The objective of this study was to examine whether exposures analysed influence levels of IgA in colostrum. The present study used 294 colostrum samples from the MecMilk International cohort, collected from women residing in London, Moscow and Verona. Samples were analysed in automated Abbott Architect Analyser. We found an inverse correlation between time postpartum and colostrum total IgA level (r=-0.49, P<0.001). Adjusting for maternal parity, smoking, fresh fruit and fish consumption and allergen sensitization, multiple regression model showed that IgA levels were influenced by colostrum collection time (P<0.0001) and country of collection (P<0.01). Mode of delivery influence did not appear to be significant in univariate comparisons, once adjusted for the above maternal characteristics it showed a significant influence on total IgA (P=0.01). We conclude that the concentration of IgA in colostrum drops rapidly after birth and future studies should always consider this factor in analysis. IgA concentration varied significantly between countries, with the highest level detected in Moscow and lowest in Verona. Mode of delivery effect should be confirmed on larger cohorts. Further work is needed to determine ways to correct for IgA decline over time in colostrum, and to find the cause of variations in IgA levels between the countries.
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Gunaratne AW, Makrides M, Collins CT. Maternal prenatal and/or postnatal n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) supplementation for preventing allergies in early childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 2015:CD010085. [PMID: 26197477 PMCID: PMC8783748 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010085.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergies have become more prevalent globally over the last 20 years. Dietary consumption of n-3 (or omega 3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) has declined over the same period of time. This, together with the known role of n-3 LCPUFA in inhibiting inflammation, has resulted in speculation that n-3 LCPUFA may prevent allergy development. Dietary n-3 fatty acids supplements may change the developing immune system of the newborn before allergic responses are established, particularly for those with a genetic predisposition to the production of the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody. Individuals with IgE-mediated allergies have both the signs and symptoms of the allergic disease and a positive skin prick test (SPT) to the allergen. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnant and/or breastfeeding women on allergy outcomes (food allergy, atopic dermatitis (eczema), allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma/wheeze) in their children. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (6 August 2014), PubMed (1966 to 01 August 2014), CINAHL via EBSCOhost (1984 to 01 August 2014), Scopus (1995 to 01 August 2014), Web of Knowledge (1864 to 01 August 2014) and ClinicalTrials.gov (01 August 2014) and reference lists of retrieved studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation of pregnant and/or lactating women (compared with placebo or no treatment) on allergy outcomes of the infants or children. Trials using a cross-over design and trials examining biochemical outcomes only were not eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed eligibility and trial quality and performed data extraction. Where the review authors were also investigators on trials selected, an independent reviewer assessed trial quality and performed data extraction. MAIN RESULTS Eight trials involving 3366 women and their 3175 children were included in the review. In these trials, women were supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA during pregnancy (five trials), lactation (two trials) or both pregnancy and lactation (one trial). All trials randomly allocated women to either a n-3 LCPUFA supplement or a control group. The risk of bias varied across the eight included trials in this review with only two trials with a low risk of selection, performance and attrition bias.N-3 LCPUFA supplementation showed a clear reduction in the primary outcome of any allergy (medically diagnosed IgE mediated) in children aged 12 to 36 months (risk ratio (RR) 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44 to 0.98; two RCTs; 823 children), but not beyond 36 months (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.20; one RCT, 706 children). For any allergy (medically diagnosed IgE mediated and/or parental report), no clear differences were seen in children either at 12 to 36 months (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.11; two RCTs, 823 children) or beyond 36 months of age (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.09; three RCTs, 1765 children).For the secondary outcomes of specific allergies there were no clear differences for food allergies at 12 to 36 months and beyond 36 months, but a clear reduction was seen for children in their first 12 months with n-3 LCPUFA (both for medically diagnosed IgE mediated and medically diagnosed IgE mediated and/or parental report). There was a clear reduction in medically diagnosed IgE-mediated eczema with n-3 LCPUFA for children 12 to 36 months of age, but not at any other time point for both medically diagnosed IgE mediated and medically diagnosed IgE mediated and/or parental report. No clear differences for allergic rhinitis or asthma/wheeze were seen at any time point for both medically diagnosed IgE mediated, and medically diagnosed IgE mediated and/or parental report.There was a clear reduction in children's sensitisation to egg and sensitisation to any allergen between 12 to 36 months of age when mothers were supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA.In terms of safety for the mother and child, n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy did not show increased risk of postpartum haemorrhage or early childhood infections. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Overall, there is limited evidence to support maternal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation for reducing allergic disease in children. Few differences in childhood allergic disease were seen between women who were supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA and those who were not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoja W Gunaratne
- The University of AdelaideSchool of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5000
- Women's and Children's Hospital and Flinders Medical CentreChild Nutrition Research Centre, Women's and Children's Health Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia5000
| | - Maria Makrides
- The University of AdelaideSchool of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5000
- Women's and Children's Hospital and Flinders Medical CentreChild Nutrition Research Centre, Women's and Children's Health Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia5000
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteC/‐ WCHRI72 King William RoadAdelaideSAAustralia5006
| | - Carmel T Collins
- The University of AdelaideSchool of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5000
- Women's and Children's Hospital and Flinders Medical CentreChild Nutrition Research Centre, Women's and Children's Health Research InstituteAdelaideAustralia5000
- Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteC/‐ WCHRI72 King William RoadAdelaideSAAustralia5006
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Koletzko B, Boey CCM, Campoy C, Carlson SE, Chang N, Guillermo-Tuazon MA, Joshi S, Prell C, Quak SH, Sjarif DR, Su Y, Supapannachart S, Yamashiro Y, Osendarp SJM. Current information and Asian perspectives on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation, and infancy: systematic review and practice recommendations from an early nutrition academy workshop. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 65:49-80. [PMID: 25227906 DOI: 10.1159/000365767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Early Nutrition Academy supported a systematic review of human studies on the roles of pre- and postnatal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) published from 2008 to 2013 and an expert workshop that reviewed the information and developed recommendations, considering particularly Asian populations. An increased supply of n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy reduces the risk of preterm birth before 34 weeks of gestation. Pregnant women should achieve an additional supply ≥200 mg docosahexaenic acid (DHA)/day, usually achieving a total intake ≥300 mg DHA/day. Higher intakes (600-800 mg DHA/day) may provide greater protection against early preterm birth. Some studies indicate beneficial effects of pre- and postnatal DHA supply on child neurodevelopment and allergy risk. Breast-feeding is the best choice for infants. Breast-feeding women should get ≥200 mg DHA/day to achieve a human milk DHA content of ∼0.3% fatty acids. Infant formula for term infants should contain DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) to provide 100 mg DHA/day and 140 mg AA/day. A supply of 100 mg DHA/day should continue during the second half of infancy. We do not provide quantitative advice on AA levels in follow-on formula fed after the introduction of complimentary feeding due to a lack of sufficient data and considerable variation in the AA amounts provided by complimentary foods. Reasonable intakes for very-low-birth weight infants are 18-60 mg/kg/day DHA and 18-45 mg/kg/day AA, while higher intakes (55-60 mg/kg/day DHA, ∼1% fatty acids; 35-45 mg/kg/day AA, ∼0.6-0.75%) appear preferable. Research on the requirements and effects of LC-PUFA during pregnancy, lactation, and early childhood should continue. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- Early Nutrition Academy, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Giuffrida F, Elmelegy IM, Thakkar SK, Marmet C, Destaillats F. Longitudinal evolution of the concentration of gangliosides GM3 and GD3 in human milk. Lipids 2014; 49:997-1004. [PMID: 25186772 PMCID: PMC4173068 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that dietary gangliosides may have an important role in preventing infections and in brain development during early infancy. However, data related to the evolution of their concentration over the different stages of lactation are scarce. Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometer (LC/ESI-HR-MS) has been optimized to quantify the two major ganglioside classes, i.e., aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GD3) and aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer (GM3) in human milk. Gangliosides were extracted using chloroform and methanol, further purified by solid-phase extraction and separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Repeatability, intermediate reproducibility, and recovery values were assessed to validate the method. In human milk, GD3 and GM3 could be quantified at the level of 0.1 and 0.2 μg/mL, respectively, with relative standard deviation of repeatability [CV(r)] and intermediate reproducibility [CV(iR)] values ranging from 1.9 to 15.0 % and 1.9 to 22.5 %, respectively. The described method was used to quantify GD3 and GM3 in human milk samples collected from 450 volunteers between 0 and 11 days and at 30, 60 and 120 days postpartum, providing for the first time the concentration of these minor lipids in a large cohort. The content of total gangliosides ranged from 8.1 and 10.7 μg/mL and the mean intake of gangliosides in infants 30, 60 and 120 days postpartum could be estimated at about 5.5, 7.0 and 8.6 mg of total gangliosides per day, respectively, when infants were exclusively breastfed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giuffrida
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd, P.O. Box 44, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 26, 1000, Lausanne, Switzerland,
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Zonneveld MI, Brisson AR, van Herwijnen MJC, Tan S, van de Lest CHA, Redegeld FA, Garssen J, Wauben MHM, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. Recovery of extracellular vesicles from human breast milk is influenced by sample collection and vesicle isolation procedures. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:24215. [PMID: 25206958 PMCID: PMC4139932 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.24215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) in breast milk carry immune relevant proteins and could play an important role in the instruction of the neonatal immune system. To further analyze these EV and to elucidate their function it is important that native populations of EV can be recovered from (stored) breast milk samples in a reproducible fashion. However, the impact of isolation and storage procedures on recovery of breast milk EV has remained underexposed. Here, we aimed to define parameters important for EV recovery from fresh and stored breast milk. To compare various protocols across different donors, breast milk was spiked with a well-defined murine EV population. We found that centrifugation of EV down into density gradients largely improved density-based separation and isolation of EV, compared to floatation up into gradients after high-force pelleting of EV. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we identified different subpopulations of human breast milk EV and a not previously described population of lipid tubules. Additionally, the impact of cold storage on breast milk EV was investigated. We determined that storing unprocessed breast milk at −80°C or 4°C caused death of cells present in breast milk, leading to contamination of the breast milk EV population with storage-induced EV. Here, an alternative method is proposed to store breast milk samples for EV analysis at later time points. The proposed adaptations to the breast milk storage and EV isolation procedures can be applied for EV-based biomarker profiling of breast milk and functional analysis of the role of breast milk EV in the development of the neonatal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke I Zonneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain R Brisson
- Imagerie Moléculaire et NanoBioTechnologie, UMR-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Martijn J C van Herwijnen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sisareuth Tan
- Imagerie Moléculaire et NanoBioTechnologie, UMR-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Chris H A van de Lest
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Effect of salmon consumption during pregnancy on maternal and infant faecal microbiota, secretory IgA and calprotectin. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:773-84. [PMID: 24128654 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in the development of the immune and gastrointestinal systems of infants. In the present study, we investigated whether increased salmon consumption during pregnancy, maternal weight gain during pregnancy or mode of infant feeding alter the markers of gut immune defence and inflammation. Women (n 123) who rarely ate oily fish were randomly assigned to continue consuming their habitual diet or to consume two 150 g portions of farmed salmon per week from 20 weeks of pregnancy to delivery. Faecal samples were collected from the mothers (n 75) at 38 weeks of gestation and from their infants (n 38) on days 7, 14, 28 and 84 post-partum. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation was used to determine faecal microbiota composition and ELISA to measure faecal secretory IgA (sIgA) and calprotectin concentrations. There was no effect of salmon consumption on maternal faecal microbiota or on maternal or infant faecal sIgA and calprotectin concentrations. The degree of weight gain influenced maternal faecal microbiota, and the mode of infant feeding influenced infant faecal microbiota. Faecal samples collected from infants in the salmon group tended to have lower bacterial counts of the Atopobium cluster compared with those collected from infants in the control group (P=0·097). This difference was significant in the formula-fed infants (P< 0·05), but not in the exclusively breast-fed infants. In conclusion, the impact of oily fish consumption during pregnancy on maternal and infant gut microbiota composition is limited, but significant differences are associated with maternal weight gain during pregnancy and mode of infant feeding.
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Relationship between Mediterranean diet and breast milk fatty acid profile: a study in breastfeeding women in Croatia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-013-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Immune factors and fatty acid composition in human milk from river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1949-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk fatty acid composition may be affected by the maternal diet during gestation and lactation. The influence of dietary and breast milk fatty acids on breast milk immune factors is poorly defined. We determined the fatty acid composition and immune factor concentrations of breast milk from women residing in river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China, which differ in their consumption of lean fish and oily fish. Breast milk samples were collected on days 3–5 (colostrum), 14 and 28 post-partum (PP) and analysed for soluble CD14 (sCD14), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, secretory IgA (sIgA) and fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of breast milk differed between the regions and with time PP. The concentrations of all four immune factors in breast milk decreased over time, with sCD14, sIgA and TGF-β1 being highest in the colostrum in the river and lake region. Breast milk DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) were positively associated, and γ-linolenic acid and EPA negatively associated, with the concentrations of each of the four immune factors. In conclusion, breast milk fatty acids and immune factors differ between the regions in China characterised by different patterns of fish consumption and change during the course of lactation. A higher breast milk DHA and AA concentration is associated with higher concentrations of immune factors in breast milk, suggesting a role for these fatty acids in promoting gastrointestinal and immune maturation of the infant.
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