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Zhang Y, Bai Y, Wang Z, Ye H, Han D, Zhao J, Wang J, Li D. Effects of Resistant Starch Infusion, Solely and Mixed with Xylan or Cellulose, on Gut Microbiota Composition in Ileum-Cannulated Pigs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:356. [PMID: 38399760 PMCID: PMC10893309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of dietary fiber (DF) is beneficial for gut health, but its prebiotic effects are often impeded in the distal large intestine because of the fast degradation of fermentable substrates. One way to enhance the prebiotic effect of DF is to deliver fibers to the lower parts of the gut, which can be achieved by mixing different kinds of fiber. Therefore, in the present study, an ileum-cannulated pig model was employed to investigate the fermentation influence in the large intestine by infusing resistant starch solely (RS, fast fermentable fiber) and mixing with other fibers (xylan or cellulose). Twenty-four ileum-cannulated growing pigs were divided into four groups: one control group receiving saline ileal infusions and three experimental groups infused with RS, RS with xylan, or RS with cellulose. Fecal and plasma samples were analyzed for gut microbiota composition, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and blood biochemistry. Results indicated no significant differences between the RS and control group for the microbiome and SCFA concentration (p > 0.05). However, RS combined with fibers, particularly xylan, resulted in enhanced and prolonged fermentation, marked by an increase in Blautia and higher lactate and acetate production (p < 0.05). In contrast, RS with cellulose infusion enriched bacterial diversity in feces (p < 0.05). Blood biochemistry parameters showed no significant differences across groups (p > 0.05), though a trend of increased glucose levels was noted in the treatment groups (p < 0.1). Overall, RS alone had a limited impact on the distal hindgut microbiota due to rapid fermentation in the proximal gut, whereas combining RS with other fibers notably improved gut microecology by extending the fermentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Defa Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Choudhury R, Gu Y, Bolhuis JE, Kleerebezem M. Early feeding leads to molecular maturation of the gut mucosal immune system in suckling piglets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208891. [PMID: 37304274 PMCID: PMC10248722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diet-microbiota-host interactions are increasingly studied to comprehend their implications in host metabolism and overall health. Keeping in mind the importance of early life programming in shaping intestinal mucosal development, the pre-weaning period can be utilised to understand these interactions in suckling piglets. The objective of this study was to investigate the consequences of early life feeding on the time-resolved mucosal transcriptional program as well as mucosal morphology. Methods A customised fibrous feed was provided to piglets (early-fed or EF group; 7 litters) from five days of age until weaning (29 days of age) in addition to sow's milk, whereas control piglets (CON; 6 litters) suckled mother's milk only. Rectal swabs, intestinal content, and mucosal tissues (jejunum, colon) were obtained pre- and post-weaning for microbiota analysis (16S amplicon sequencing) and host transcriptome analysis (RNA sequencing). Results Early feeding accelerated both microbiota colonisation as well as host transcriptome, towards a more "mature state", with a more pronounced response in colon compared to jejunum. Early feeding elicited the largest impact on the colon transcriptome just before weaning (compared to post-weaning time-points), exemplified by the modulation of genes involved in cholesterol and energy metabolism and immune response. The transcriptional impact of early feeding persisted during the first days post-weaning and was highlighted by a stronger mucosal response to the weaning stress, via pronounced activation of barrier repair reactions, which is a combination of immune activation, epithelial migration and "wound-repair" like processes, compared to the CON piglets. Discussion Our study demonstrates the potential of early life nutrition in neonatal piglets as a means to support their intestinal development during the suckling period, and to improve adaptation during the weaning transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raka Choudhury
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Yuner Gu
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Chen X, Wang Z, Wang D, Kan J. Effects of resistant starch III on the serum lipid levels and gut microbiota of Kunming mice under high-fat diet. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Kerr BJ, Trachsel JM, Bearson BL, Loving CL, Bearson SMD, Byrne KA, Pearce SC, Ramirez SM, Gabler NK, Schweer WP, Helm ET, De Mille CM. Evaluation of digestively resistant or soluble fibers, short- and medium-chain fatty acids, trace minerals, and antibiotics in nonchallenged nursery pigs on performance, digestibility, and intestinal integrity. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac282. [PMID: 36130296 PMCID: PMC9671116 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments (EXP) were conducted to determine the effect of feed additives on performance, intestinal integrity, gastrointestinal volatile fatty acids (VFA), and energy and nutrient digestion in nonchallenged nursery pigs. In EXP 1, 480 pigs (6.36-kg body weight, BW) were placed into 96 pens with 5 pigs/pen, and allotted to 1 of 10 dietary treatments: 1) negative control containing no feed additive (NC), 2) NC + 44 mg chlortetracycline and 38.5 mg tiamulin/kg diet (CTsb), 3) NC + 5% resistant potato starch (RSpo), 4) NC + 5% soluble corn fiber (SCF), 5) NC + 5% sugar beet pulp (SBP), 6) NC + 0.30% fatty acid mix (FAM), 7) NC + 0.10% phytogenic blend of essential oils and flavoring compounds (PHY), 8) NC + 50 mg Cu and 1,600 mg zinc oxide/kg diet (CuZn), 9) NC + 5% resistant corn starch (RScn), and 10) NC + 0.05% β-glucan (BG) for 28 d. There was no impact of dietary treatment on BW gain or feed intake (P ≥ 0.22). Pigs fed diets containing SCF, CTsb, and RSpo resulted in microbial community differences compared to pigs fed the NC (P < 0.05). In EXP 2, 48 barrows (12.8 kg BW) were selected at the end of EXP 1 and fed the same dietary treatments they had previously received: 1) NC, 2) NC + 5% RScn, 3) NC + 5% SCF, and 4) NC + FAM for 8 d. There was no effect of feeding diets containing RScn, SCF, or FAM on in vivo intestinal permeability (P ≤ 0.21). Ileal or colon pH, concentrations of VFA did not differ due to dietary treatment (P ≥ 0.36), but pigs fed diets containing FAM resulted in a greater butyric acid concentration in the cecum compared to pigs fed the NC (P ≤ 0.05). In EXP 3, 156 pigs (6.11 kg BW) were placed into 52 pens with 3 pigs/pen and allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a factorial manner: 1) NC, 2) NC + 5% RSpo, 3) NC + 0.30% FAM, and 4) NC + 5% RSpo + 0.30% FAM for 24 d. Feeding pigs diets containing RSpo did not affect BW gain (P = 0.91) while pigs fed diets containing FAM grew improved BW gain (P = 0.09). Colonic butyric acid concentrations were greater in pigs fed diets containing RSpo (P = 0.03), while pigs fed diets containing FAM exhibited reduced total VFA concentrations (P = 0.11). The results indicate that supplementing diets with digestively resistant but fermentable fibers, short- and medium-chain fatty acids, or antibiotics do not have a consistent effect, positive or negative, on markers of intestinal integrity or barrier function, intestinal VFA patterns, ATTD of energy and nutrients, or on pig performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Kerr
- USDA-ARS-National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Bradley L Bearson
- USDA-ARS-National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | - Kristen A Byrne
- USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sarah C Pearce
- USDA-ARS-National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shelby M Ramirez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- $Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | | | - Carson M De Mille
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Yan F, Tian S, Du K, Xue X, Gao P, Chen Z. Preparation and nutritional properties of xylooligosaccharide from agricultural and forestry byproducts: A comprehensive review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:977548. [PMID: 36176637 PMCID: PMC9513447 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.977548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylooligosaccharide (XOS) are functional oligosaccharides with prebiotic activities, which originate from lignocellulosic biomass and have attracted extensive attention from scholars in recent years. This paper summarizes the strategies used in the production of XOS, and introduces the raw materials, preparation methods, and purification technology of XOS. In addition, the biological characteristics and applications of XOS are also presented. The most commonly recommended XOS production strategy is the two-stage method of alkaline pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis; and further purification by membrane filtration to achieve the high yield of XOS is required for prebiotic function. At the same time, new strategies and technologies such as the hydrothermal and steam explosion have been used as pre-treatment methods combined with enzymatic hydrolysis to prepare XOS. XOS have many critical physiological activities, especially in regulating blood glucose, reducing blood lipid, and improving the structure of host intestinal flora.
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Arp CG, Correa MJ, Ferrero C. Resistant starches: A smart alternative for the development of functional bread and other starch-based foods. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Tan FPY, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Resistant starch: Implications of dietary inclusion on gut health and growth in pigs: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:124. [PMID: 34784962 PMCID: PMC8597317 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch from cereal grains, pulse grains, and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55% of the diet. In pigs, starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreatic α-amylase, and has as final step the digestion of disaccharides by the brush-border enzymes in the small intestine that produce monosaccharides (glucose) for absorption. Resistant starch (RS) is the proportion of starch that escapes the enzymatic digestion and absorption in the small intestine. The undigested starch reaches the distal small intestine and hindgut for microbial fermentation, which produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for absorption. SCFA in turn, influence microbial ecology and gut health of pigs. These fermentative metabolites exert their benefits on gut health through promoting growth and proliferation of enterocytes, maintenance of intestinal integrity and thus immunity, and modulation of the microbial community in part by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria while selectively enhancing beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to confer prebiotic effects and may contribute to the improvement of intestinal health in pigs during the post-weaning period. Despite these benefits to the well-being of pigs, RS has a contradictory effect due to lower energetic efficiency of fermented vs. digested starch absorption products. The varying amount and type of RS interact differently with the digestion process along the gastrointestinal tract affecting its energy efficiency and host physiological responses including feed intake, energy metabolism, and feed efficiency. Results of research indicate that the use of RS as prebiotic may improve gut health and thereby, reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and associated mortality. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the effects of RS on microbial ecology, gut health and growth performance in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felina P Y Tan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Eduardo Beltranena
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Ruurd T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Wellington MO, Agyekum AK, Van Kessel AG. Microbial sensing in the neonatal pig gut: effect of diet-independent and diet-dependent factors 1. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable agreement that the gastrointestinal microbiota contributes to the performance and health of the neonate, and this relationship includes an ability of the host animal to “sense” changes in the microbial community. Identifying the mechanisms used by the host to sense microbiota is one approach to developing methods to manipulate the microbiota to improve pig health and performance. Diet-independent microbial products are molecules unique to the microbial community and sensed by host pattern recognition receptors stimulating inflammation. Common among all members of the microbial community, their presence is unaffected by diet, but the nature of the response does depends on factors affecting the microenvironment in which the molecule is detected. Diet-dependent microbial products arise as products of fermentation of dietary components and include short-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenols, hydrogen sulfide, amines, and many other compounds. A plethora of sensing mechanisms exists that include enzymatic metabolism as well as membrane receptors that have evolved to respond to microbial products (e.g., short-chain fatty acid receptors), or simply cross-react with microbial products. This review focuses on host mechanisms used to sense the intestinal microbiota and attempts to establish practical considerations for neonatal gut health based on current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Wellington
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Atta K. Agyekum
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andrew G. Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Prevotella-rich enterotype may benefit gut health in finishing pigs fed diet with a high amylose-to-amylopectin ratio. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:400-411. [PMID: 34258428 PMCID: PMC8245826 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of baseline enterotypes and dietary starch type on the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), numbers of butyrate producing bacteria and the expression of genes related to intestinal barrier and inflammatory response in the colon of finishing pigs, a 60-d in vivo trial was conducted. A 2-wk pre-trial with 102 crossbred (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire]) finishing barrows (90 d old) was conducted to screen enterotypes. Then, a total of 32 pigs (87.40 ± 2.76 kg) with high (HPBR, ≥ 14) and low (LPBR, ≤ 2) Prevotella-to-Bacteroides ratios (PBR) in equal measure were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 8 replicates per group and 1 pig per replicate. The trial was designed following a 2 (PBR) × 2 (amylose-to-amylopectin ratio, AMR) factorial arrangement. Pigs with different PBR were fed diets based on corn-soybean meal with high AMR (HAMR, 1.24) or low AMR (LAMR, 0.23), respectively. Results showed that neither PBR nor AMR influenced the growth performance of pigs. HPBR pigs fed HAMR diet had a higher number of colonic Clostridium cluster XIVa and higher gene expression of butyrate kinase compared to the LPBR pigs (P < 0.05). The HPBR pigs fed HAMR diets also had increased colonic concentrations of total SCFA and propionate compared to the LPBR pigs (P < 0.05). Comparing with other pigs, HPBR pigs fed HAMR diets showed a lower (P < 0.05) expression of histone deacetylases (HDAC) gene and higher (P < 0.05) expression of G protein-coupled receptor 43 gene (GPR 43) in the colonic mucosa. The interaction (P < 0.05) of HPBR and HAMR was also found to decrease the gene expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in colonic mucosa. These findings show that HAMR diet increased the abundance and activity of butyrate-producing bacteria and the concentration and absorption of SCFA, which may be associated with the decreased gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the colonic mucosa of pigs with Prevotella-rich enterotype. All these alterations are likely to have a positive effect on the intestinal health of finishing pigs.
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Maternal dietary resistant starch does not improve piglet's gut and liver metabolism when challenged with a high fat diet. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:439. [PMID: 32590936 PMCID: PMC7318506 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past several years, the use of resistant starch (RS) as prebiotic has extensively been studied in pigs, and this mostly in the critical period around weaning. RS is believed to exert beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal tract mainly due to higher levels of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and an improved microbiota profile. In this study, sows were fed digestible starch (DS) or RS during late gestation and lactation and the possible maternal effect of RS on the overall health of the progeny was assessed. Since RS is also described to have a positive effect on metabolism, and to investigate a metabolic programming of the progeny, half of the piglets per maternal diet were assigned to a high fat diet from weaning on to 10 weeks after. Results No bodyweight differences were found between the four experimental piglet groups. The high fat diet did however impact back fat thickness and meat percentage whereas maternal diet did not influence these parameters. The impact of the high fat diet was also reflected in higher levels of serum cholesterol. No major differences in microbiota could be distinguished, although higher levels of SCFA were seen in the colon of piglets born from RS fed sows, and some differences in SCFA production were observed in the caecum, mainly due to piglet diet. RNA-sequencing on liver and colon scrapings revealed minor differences between the maternal diet groups. Merely a handful of genes was differentially expressed between piglets from DS and RS sows, and network analysis showed only one significant cluster of genes in the liver due to the maternal diet that did not point to meaningful biological pathways. However, the high fat diet resulted in liver gene clusters that were significantly correlated with piglet diet, of which one is annotated for lipid metabolic processes. These clusters were not correlated with maternal diet. Conclusions There is only a minor impact of maternal dietary RS on the progeny, reflected in SCFA changes. A high fat diet given to the progeny directly evokes metabolic changes in the liver, without any maternal programming by a RS diet.
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Lépine AFP, Konstanti P, Borewicz K, Resink JW, de Wit NJ, Vos PD, Smidt H, Mes JJ. Combined dietary supplementation of long chain inulin and Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 supports oral vaccination efficacy against Salmonella Typhimurium in piglets. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18017. [PMID: 31784576 PMCID: PMC6884548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine use of antibiotics in livestock animals strongly contributed to the creation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium strains (STM). Vaccination is an alternative to the use of antibiotics but often suffers from low efficacy. The present study investigated whether long-chain inulin (lcITF) and Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 (LaW37) can support vaccination efficacy against STM and if the interventions influence possible gut microbiota changes. Piglets received daily supplementation until sacrifice. Animals were vaccinated on day 25 after birth, one day after weaning, and were challenged with STM on days 52–54. Dietary intervention with lcITF/LaW37 enhanced vaccination efficacy by 2-fold during challenge and resulted in higher relative abundance of Prevotellaceae and lower relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae in faeces. Although strongest microbial effects were observed post STM challenge on day 55, transient effects of the lcITF/LaW37 intervention were also detected on day 10 after birth, and post-weaning on day 30 where increased relative abundance of faecal lactobacilli was correlated with higher faecal consistency. LcITF treatment increased post-weaning feed efficiency and faecal consistency but did not support vaccination efficacy. Vaccination in immune-immature young animals can be enhanced with functional additives which can simultaneously promote health in an ingredient-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia F P Lépine
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Prokopis Konstanti
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaudyna Borewicz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem Resink
- Trouw Nutrition Research & Development, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole J de Wit
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan J Mes
- Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Newman MA, Grüll D, Zebeli Q. Functional adaptations in the cecal and colonic metagenomes associated with the consumption of transglycosylated starch in a pig model. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:87. [PMID: 31046662 PMCID: PMC6498482 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both phylogeny and functional capabilities within the gut microbiota populations are of great importance for influencing host health. As a novel type of resistant starch, transglycosylated starch (TGS) modifies the microbial community and metabolite profiles along the porcine gut, but little is known about the related functional adaptations in key metabolic pathways and their taxonomic identity. Results Metagenomic sequencing was used to characterize the functional alterations in the cecal and colonic microbiomes of growing pigs fed TGS or control starch (CON) diets for 10 days (n = 8/diet). Bacterial communities were clearly distinguishable at taxonomic and functional level based on the dietary starch, with effects being similar at both gut sites. Cecal and colonic samples from TGS-fed pigs were enriched in Prevotella, Bacteroides, Acidaminoccus and Veillonella, whereas Treponema, Ruminococcus, and Aeromonas declined at both gut sites compared to CON-fed pigs (log2 fold change > ±1; p < 0.001 (q < 0.05)). This was associated with increased enzymatic capacities for amino acid metabolism, galactose, fructose and mannose metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, citrate cycle and vitamin metabolism for samples from TGS-fed pigs. However, TGS-fed pigs comprised fewer reads for starch and sucrose metabolism and genetic information processing. Changes in key catabolic steps were found to be the result of changes in taxa associated with each type of starch. Functional analysis indicated steps in the breakdown of TGS by the action of α- and β-galactosidases, which mainly belonged to Bacteroides and Prevotella. Reads mapped to alpha-amylase were less frequent in TGS- compared to CON-fed pigs, with the major source of this gene pool being Bacillus, Aeromonas and Streptococcus. Due to the taxonomic shifts, gene abundances of potent stimulants of the mucosal innate immune response were altered by the starches. The cecal and colonic metagenomes of TGS-fed pigs comprised more reads annotated in lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis, whereas they became depleted of genes for flagellar assembly compared to CON-fed pigs. Conclusions Metagenomic sequencing revealed distinct cecal and colonic bacterial communities in CON- and TGS-fed pigs, with strong discrimination among samples by functional capacities related to the respective starch in each pig’s diet. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1462-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U Metzler-Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Monica A Newman
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dietmar Grüll
- Agrana Research & Innovation Center GmbH, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health , Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
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Consumption of transglycosylated starch down-regulates expression of mucosal innate immune response genes in the large intestine using a pig model. Br J Nutr 2019; 119:1366-1377. [PMID: 29845906 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Benefits of resistant starch (RS) consumption on host physiology encompass microbial activity-derived attenuation of intestinal inflammation. However, little is known about anti-inflammatory properties of RS of type 4. This study compared the effects of transglycosylated starch (TGS) consumption on the jejunal barrier function and expression of genes related to inflammation, barrier function and the mucosal defence in jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon of pigs. Moreover, interactions of TGS-induced alterations in bacterial metabolites and composition with host mucosal responses were assessed using sparse partial least squares regression and relevance network analysis. Intestinal samples were collected after pigs (n 8/diet; 4 months of age) were fed the experimental diets for 10 d. Consumption of TGS did not modify jejunal barrier function and gene expression. By contrast, TGS down-regulated the caecal expression of zonula occludens-1 and mucin 2 and of genes within the toll-like receptor 4 and NF-κB pro-inflammatory signalling cascade. Relevance networks revealed a microbiome signature on ileal, caecal and colonic mucosal signalling as TGS-derived changes in bacterial genera and fermentation acids, such as propionic acid, correlated with the differently expressed genes in ileum, caecum and colon of pigs. In conclusion, the present findings suggest certain anti-inflammatory capabilities of TGS by down-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory pathways in the caecal mucosa, which seems to be mediated, at least in part, by TGS-induced changes in microbial action in the large intestine.
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Impact of Diet-Modulated Butyrate Production on Intestinal Barrier Function and Inflammation. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101499. [PMID: 30322146 PMCID: PMC6213552 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in affluent societies is the increase in disorders related to gut and metabolic health. Chronic over nutrition by unhealthy foods high in energy, fat, and sugar, and low in dietary fibre is a key environmental factor responsible for this development, which may cause local and systemic inflammation. A low intake of dietary fibre is a limiting factor for maintaining a viable and diverse microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids in the gut. A suppressed production of butyrate is crucial, as this short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) can play a key role not only in colonic health and function but also at the systemic level. At both sites, the mode of action is through mediation of signalling pathways involving nuclear NF-κB and inhibition of histone deacetylase. The intake and composition of dietary fibre modulate production of butyrate in the large intestine. While butyrate production is easily adjustable it is more variable how it influences gut barrier function and inflammatory markers in the gut and periphery. The effect of butyrate seems generally to be more consistent and positive on inflammatory markers related to the gut than on inflammatory markers in the peripheral tissue. This discrepancy may be explained by differences in butyrate concentrations in the gut compared with the much lower concentration at more remote sites.
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15
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Gill PA, van Zelm MC, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Review article: short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 48:15-34. [PMID: 29722430 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyrate, propionate and acetate are short chain fatty acids (SCFA), important for maintaining a healthy colon and are considered as protective in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, they may also regulate immune responses and the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Consequently, their importance in a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases is emerging. AIMS To review the physiology and metabolism of SCFA in humans, cellular and molecular mechanisms by which SCFA may act in health and disease, and approaches for therapeutic delivery of SCFA. METHODS A PubMed literature search was conducted for clinical and pre-clinical studies using search terms: 'dietary fibre', short-chain fatty acids', 'acetate', 'propionate', 'butyrate', 'inflammation', 'immune', 'gastrointestinal', 'metabolism'. RESULTS A wide range of pre-clinical evidence supports roles for SCFA as modulators of not only colonic function, but also multiple inflammatory and metabolic processes. SCFA are implicated in many autoimmune, allergic and metabolic diseases. However, translating effects of SCFA from animal studies to human disease is limited by physiological and dietary differences and by the challenge of delivering sufficient amounts of SCFA to the target sites that include the colon and the systemic circulation. Development of novel targeted approaches for colonic delivery, combined with postbiotic supplementation, may represent desirable strategies to achieve adequate targeted SCFA delivery. CONCLUSIONS There is a large array of potential disease-modulating effects of SCFA. Adequate targeted delivery to the sites of action is the main limitation of such application. The ongoing development and evaluation of novel delivery techniques offer potential for translating promise to therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Gill
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - M C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - J G Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - P R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Clinical School, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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Kok DEG, Rusli F, van der Lugt B, Lute C, Laghi L, Salvioli S, Picone G, Franceschi C, Smidt H, Vervoort J, Kampman E, Müller M, Steegenga WT. Lifelong calorie restriction affects indicators of colonic health in aging C57Bl/6J mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 56:152-164. [PMID: 29571009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diminished colonic health is associated with various age-related pathologies. Calorie restriction (CR) is an effective strategy to increase healthy lifespan, although underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Here, we report the effects of lifelong CR on indicators of colonic health in aging C57Bl/6J mice. Compared to an ad libitum control and moderate-fat diet, 30% energy reduction was associated with attenuated immune- and inflammation-related gene expression in the colon. Furthermore, expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was higher upon CR, which may point towards efficient regulation of energy metabolism. The relative abundance of bacteria considered beneficial to colonic health, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, increased in the mice exposed to CR for 28 months as compared to the other diet groups. We found lower plasma levels of interleukin-6 and lower levels of various metabolites, among which are bile acids, in the colonic luminal content of CR-exposed mice as compared to the other diet groups. Switching from CR to an ad libitum moderate-fat diet at old age (24 months) revealed remarkable phenotypic plasticity in terms of gene expression, microbiota composition and metabolite levels, although expression of a subset of genes remained CR-associated. This study demonstrated in a comprehensive way that CR affects indicators of colonic health in aging mice. Our findings provide unique leads for further studies that need to address optimal and feasible strategies for prolonged energy deprivation, which may contribute to healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieuwertje E G Kok
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Fenni Rusli
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Benthe van der Lugt
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Carolien Lute
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Luca Laghi
- Centre of Foodomics, Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, 47521, Cesena, (FC), Italy.
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gianfranco Picone
- Centre of Foodomics, Department of Agro-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, 47521, Cesena, (FC), Italy.
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Speciality Medicine, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Ellen Kampman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrigenomics and Systems Nutrition Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, NR4 7UQ, Norwich, UK.
| | - Wilma T Steegenga
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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17
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Macrophages treated with non-digestible polysaccharides reveal a transcriptionally unique phenotype. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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18
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Janssen AWF, Houben T, Katiraei S, Dijk W, Boutens L, van der Bolt N, Wang Z, Brown JM, Hazen SL, Mandard S, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Kuipers F, Willems van Dijk K, Vervoort J, Stienstra R, Hooiveld GJEJ, Kersten S. Modulation of the gut microbiota impacts nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a potential role for bile acids. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1399-1416. [PMID: 28533304 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m075713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide, yet the pathogenesis of NAFLD is only partially understood. Here, we investigated the role of the gut bacteria in NAFLD by stimulating the gut bacteria via feeding mice the fermentable dietary fiber, guar gum (GG), and suppressing the gut bacteria via chronic oral administration of antibiotics. GG feeding profoundly altered the gut microbiota composition, in parallel with reduced diet-induced obesity and improved glucose tolerance. Strikingly, despite reducing adipose tissue mass and inflammation, GG enhanced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, concurrent with markedly elevated plasma and hepatic bile acid levels. Consistent with a role of elevated bile acids in the liver phenotype, treatment of mice with taurocholic acid stimulated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast to GG, chronic oral administration of antibiotics effectively suppressed the gut bacteria, decreased portal secondary bile acid levels, and attenuated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Neither GG nor antibiotics influenced plasma lipopolysaccharide levels. In conclusion, our data indicate a causal link between changes in gut microbiota and hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of NAFLD, possibly via alterations in bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Katiraei
- Departments of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wieneke Dijk
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lily Boutens
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nieke van der Bolt
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Stéphane Mandard
- Lipness Team-INSERM Research Center UMR1231 and LabEx LipSTIC, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21079 Dijon CEDEX, France
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Departments of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinke Stienstra
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Majumder K, Fukuda T, Zhang H, Sakurai T, Taniguchi Y, Watanabe H, Mitsuzumi H, Matsui T, Mine Y. Intervention of Isomaltodextrin Mitigates Intestinal Inflammation in a Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Mouse Model of Colitis via Inhibition of Toll-like Receptor-4. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:810-817. [PMID: 28102669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Isomaltodextrin (IMD), a highly branched α-glucan, is a type of resistant starch. Earlier studies have indicated that polysaccharides could prevent inflammation and can be effective in reducing the complications of chronic gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of IMD in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in a mouse model. IMD (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% (w/v)) was given orally for 23 days to female Balb/c mice, and then 5% DSS was administered to induce colitis (from day 15 onward to the end of the trial). IMD could not prevent DSS-induced weight loss or colon shortening. However, IMD could reduce inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-6, in the colon. Gene expression indicated the tendency of IMD to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, MCP-1, and IL-17 and to increase an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Further study revealed that the anti-inflammatory action of IMD mediates through inhibition of the expression of Toll-like receptor-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Majumder
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Toshihiko Fukuda
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
- Division of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Takeo Sakurai
- R&D Center, Hayashibara Company, Ltd. , 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Taniguchi
- R&D Center, Hayashibara Company, Ltd. , 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- R&D Center, Hayashibara Company, Ltd. , 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mitsuzumi
- R&D Center, Hayashibara Company, Ltd. , 675-1 Fujisaki, Naka-ku, Okayama 702-8006, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Division of Bioresources and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University , Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Mine
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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21
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Tian L, Bruggeman G, van den Berg M, Borewicz K, Scheurink AJW, Bruininx E, de Vos P, Smidt H, Schols HA, Gruppen H. Effects of pectin on fermentation characteristics, carbohydrate utilization, and microbial community composition in the gastrointestinal tract of weaning pigs. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 27198846 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE We aimed to investigate the effects of three different soluble pectins on the digestion of other consumed carbohydrates, and the consequent alterations of microbiota composition and SCFA levels in the intestine of pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS Piglets were fed a low-methyl esterified pectin enriched diet (LMP), a high-methyl esterified pectin enriched diet (HMP), a hydrothermal treated soybean meal enriched diet (aSBM) or a control diet (CONT). LMP significantly decreased the ileal digestibility of starch resulting in more starch fermentation in the proximal colon. In the ileum, low-methyl esterified pectin present was more efficiently fermented by the microbiota than high-methyl esterified pectin present which was mainly fermented by the microbiota in the proximal colon. Treated soybean meal was mainly fermented in the proximal colon and shifted the fermentation of cereal dietary fiber to more distal parts, resulting in high SCFA levels in the mid colon. LMP, HMP, and aSBM decreased the relative abundance of the genus Lactobacillus and increased that of Prevotella in the colon. CONCLUSION The LMP, HMP, and aSBM, differently affected the digestion processes compared to the control diet and shaped the colonic microbiota from a Lactobacillus-dominating flora to a Prevotella-dominating community, with potential health-promoting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingmin Tian
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Klaudyna Borewicz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J W Scheurink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Science, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Bruininx
- Agrifirm Innovation Center, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Gruppen
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kieffer DA, Piccolo BD, Marco ML, Kim EB, Goodson ML, Keenan MJ, Dunn TN, Knudsen KEB, Martin RJ, Adams SH. Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet Supplemented with Resistant Starch Display Marked Shifts in the Liver Metabolome Concurrent with Altered Gut Bacteria. J Nutr 2016; 146:2476-2490. [PMID: 27807042 PMCID: PMC5118768 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-amylose-maize resistant starch type 2 (HAMRS2) is a fermentable dietary fiber known to alter the gut milieu, including the gut microbiota, which may explain the reported effects of resistant starch to ameliorate obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE Our working hypothesis was that HAMRS2-induced microbiome changes alter gut-derived signals (i.e., xenometabolites) reaching the liver via the portal circulation, in turn altering liver metabolism by regulating gene expression and other pathways. METHODS We used a multi-omics systems biology approach to characterize HAMRS2-driven shifts to the cecal microbiome, liver metabolome, and transcriptome, identifying correlates between microbial changes and liver metabolites under obesogenic conditions that, to our knowledge, have not previously been recognized. Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed an energy-dense 45% lard-based-fat diet for 10 wk supplemented with either 20% HAMRS2 by weight (n = 14) or rapidly digestible starch (control diet; n = 15). RESULTS Despite no differences in food intake, body weight, glucose tolerance, fasting plasma insulin, or liver triglycerides, the HAMRS2 mice showed a 15-58% reduction in all measured liver amino acids, except for Gln, compared with control mice. These metabolites were equivalent in the plasma of HAMRS2 mice compared with controls, and transcripts encoding key amino acid transporters were not different in the small intestine or liver, suggesting that HAMRS2 effects were not simply due to lower hepatocyte exposure to systemic amino acids. Instead, alterations in gut microbial metabolism could have affected host nitrogen and amino acid homeostasis: HAMRS2 mice showed a 62% increase (P < 0.0001) in 48-h fecal output and a 41% increase (P < 0.0001) in fecal nitrogen compared with control mice. Beyond amino acid metabolism, liver transcriptomics revealed pathways related to lipid and xenobiotic metabolism; and pathways related to cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth were affected by HAMRS2 feeding. CONCLUSION Together, these differences indicate that HAMRS2 dramatically alters hepatic metabolism and gene expression concurrent with shifts in specific gut bacteria in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy A Kieffer
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Brian D Piccolo
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Eun Bae Kim
- Food Science and Technology Department, and
- Department of Animal Life Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Tamara N Dunn
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology and
- Department of Nutrition
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Bosch G, Vervoort J, Hendriks W. In vitro digestibility and fermentability of selected insects for dog foods. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Knudsen KEB, Lærke HN, Ingerslev AK, Hedemann MS, Nielsen TS, Theil PK. Carbohydrates in pig nutrition – Recent advances. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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25
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Gorham JB, Kang S, Williams BA, Grant LJ, McSweeney CS, Gidley MJ, Mikkelsen D. Addition of arabinoxylan and mixed linkage glucans in porcine diets affects the large intestinal bacterial populations. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2193-2206. [PMID: 27401929 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of two cereal soluble dietary fibres (SDF), wheat arabinoxylan (AX) and oat-mixed linkage glucans (MLG), on fermentative end-products and bacterial community profiles of the porcine caecum (Cae) and distal colon (DC). We hypothesised that feeding pigs these SDF would stimulate Cae and DC carbohydrate fermentation, resulting in a modification of the resident bacterial communities. METHODS Five groups of six pigs were each fed one diet based on wheat starch (WS) only, or treatment diets in which some WS was replaced by 10 % AX, or 10 % MLG, a combination of 5 % AX:5 % MLG (AXMLG), or completely replaced with ground whole wheat. Post-euthanasia, Cae and DC digesta were collected for analysis of fermentative end-products, and bacterial community profiles were determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon 454 pyrosequencing. RESULTS Across all the SDF-containing diets, predominantly in the proximal region of the large intestine, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Mitsuokella and Streptococcus were most significantly influenced (P < 0.05), while notable changes were observed for the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families in the Cae and DC. The addition of MLG or AXMLG had the greatest effect of influencing bacterial profiles, reducing sequence proportions assigned to the genus Clostridium, considered detrimental to gut health, with associated increases in short-chain fatty acid and reduced ammonia concentrations. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated how the cereal SDF AX and MLG altered the large intestinal bacterial community composition, particularly proximally, further giving insights into how diets rich in specific complex carbohydrates shift the bacterial population, by increasing abundance and promoting greater diversity of those bacteria considered beneficial to gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Gorham
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences (CNAFS), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Seungha Kang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Carmody Rd, St. Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Barbara A Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences (CNAFS), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Lucas J Grant
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences (CNAFS), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher S McSweeney
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Carmody Rd, St. Lucia, QLD, 4067, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences (CNAFS), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Deirdre Mikkelsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences (CNAFS), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Sun Y, Yu K, Zhou L, Fang L, Su Y, Zhu W. Metabolomic and transcriptomic responses induced in the livers of pigs by the long-term intake of resistant starch1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1083-94. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Hu Y, Le Leu RK, Christophersen CT, Somashekar R, Conlon MA, Meng XQ, Winter JM, Woodman RJ, McKinnon R, Young GP. Manipulation of the gut microbiota using resistant starch is associated with protection against colitis-associated colorectal cancer in rats. Carcinogenesis 2016; 37:366-375. [PMID: 26905582 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated whether dietary resistant starch (RS) and green tea extract (GTE), which have anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, protect against colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) using a rat model, also investigated potential mechanisms of action of these agents including their effects on the gut microbiota. Rats were fed a control diet or diets containing 10% RS, 0.5% GTE or a combination of the two (RS + GTE). CAC was initiated with 2 weekly azoxymethane (AOM) injections (10mg/kg) followed by 2% dextran sodium sulphate in drinking water for 7 days after 2 weeks on diets. Rats were killed 20 weeks after the first AOM. Colon tissues and tumours were examined for histopathology by H&E, gene/protein expression by PCR and immunohistochemistry and digesta for analyses of fermentation products and microbiota populations. RS and RS + GTE (but not GTE) diets significantly (P< 0.05) decreased tumour multiplicity and adenocarcinoma formation, relative to the control diet. Effects of RS + GTE were not different from RS alone. RS diet caused significant shifts in microbial composition/diversity, with increases in Parabacteroides, Barnesiella, Ruminococcus, Marvinbryantia and Bifidobacterium as primary contributors to the shift. RS-containing diets increased short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and expression of the SCFA receptor GPR43 mRNA, and reduced inflammation (COX-2, NF-kB, TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA) and cell proliferation P< 0.05. GTE had no effect. This is the first study that demonstrates chemopreventive effects of RS (but not GTE) in a rodent CAC model, suggesting RS might have benefit to patients with ulcerative colitis who are at an increased risk of developing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Richard K Le Leu
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Claus T Christophersen
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia, and
| | - Roshini Somashekar
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Michael A Conlon
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Xing Q Meng
- Biostatistics, Flinders Prevention, Promotion and Primary Health Care , General Practice , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Jean M Winter
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Richard J Woodman
- Biostatistics, Flinders Prevention, Promotion and Primary Health Care , General Practice , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Ross McKinnon
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
| | - Graeme P Young
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer , Flinders University of South Australia , Bedford Park , South Australia , Australia
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28
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Yan H, Lu H, Almeida VV, Ward MG, Adeola O, Nakatsu CH, Ajuwon KM. Effects of dietary resistant starch content on metabolic status, milk composition, and microbial profiling in lactating sows and on offspring performance. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:190-200. [PMID: 26848026 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of dietary resistant starch (RS) content on serum metabolite and hormone concentrations, milk composition, and faecal microbial profiling in lactating sows, as well as on offspring performance was investigated. Sixteen sows were randomly allotted at breeding to two treatments containing low- and high-RS contents from normal and high-amylose corn varieties, respectively, and each treatment had eight replicates (sows). Individual piglet body weight (BW) and litter size were recorded at birth and weaning. Milk samples were obtained on day 10 after farrowing for composition analysis. On day 2 before weaning, blood and faecal samples were collected to determine serum metabolite and hormone concentrations and faecal microbial populations, respectively. Litter size at birth and weaning were not influenced (p > 0.05) by the sow dietary treatments. Although feeding the RS-rich diet to sows reduced (p = 0.004) offspring birth BW, there was no difference in piglet BW at weaning (p > 0.05). High-RS diet increased (p < 0.05) serum triacylglycerol and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations and milk total solid content, and tended (p = 0.09) to increase milk fat content in lactating sows. Feeding the RS-rich diet to sows increased (p < 0.01) faecal bacterial population diversity. These results indicate that high-RS diets induce fatty acid mobilization and a greater intestinal bacterial richness in lactating sows, as well as a greater nutrient density in maternal milk, without affecting offspring performance at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - H Lu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - V V Almeida
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - M G Ward
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - C H Nakatsu
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - K M Ajuwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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29
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Nielsen TS, Theil PK, Purup S, Nørskov NP, Bach Knudsen KE. Effects of Resistant Starch and Arabinoxylan on Parameters Related to Large Intestinal and Metabolic Health in Pigs Fed Fat-Rich Diets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10418-10430. [PMID: 26566722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a resistant starch (RS)-rich, arabinoxylan (AX)-rich, or low-DF Western-style control diet (all high-fat) on large intestinal gene expression, adiposity, and glycemic response parameters in pigs. Animals were slaughtered after 3 weeks of treatment. Plasma butyrate concentration was higher following the high-DF diets, whereas plasma glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance increased after 3 weeks irrespective of diet. The mRNA abundance in the large intestine of genes involved in nutrient transport, immune response, and intestinal permeability was affected by segment (cecum, proximal, mid or distal colon) and some genes also by diet. In contrast, there was no diet-induced effect on adipose mRNA abundance or adipocyte size. Overall, a high level of RS or AX did not demonstrate strong beneficial effects on large intestinal gene expression as indicators of colonic health or glycemic response parameters when included in a high-fat diet for pigs as a model of healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stig Purup
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University , Tjele, Denmark
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30
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Responses in ileal and cecal bacteria to low and high amylose/amylopectin ratio diets in growing pigs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10627-38. [PMID: 26318448 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine may serve as a carbon source for bacterial fermentation in the distal intestine. This study aimed to compare the bacterial community in the ileal and cecal digesta of growing pigs fed diets with low (0.14, LR pigs) and high (0.43, HR pigs) amylose/amylopectin ratio. Pyrosequencing based on MiSeq 2000 platform showed that in ileum digesta, Bacteroidetes of LR pigs was markedly higher than that in HR pigs (P < 0.05). Megasphaera and Prevotella were the two most predominant genera in LR pigs, and Prevotella was significantly higher in LR pigs than in HR pigs (P < 0.05). Prevotella was predominant in cecal samples from both LR and HR pigs, although no significant differences were found between the two groups. In the ileum, Megasphaera elsdenii and Mitsuokella multacida were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in LR pigs along with an increase of acetate and butyrate concentrations. Halomonas pacifica, Escherichia fergusonii, and Actinobacillus minor which belong to class Gammaproteobacteria were significantly lower (P < 0.01) in HR pigs with a significant increase (P < 0.01) of Lactobacillus acetotolerans-like bacteria. Therefore, the changed bacterial community may lead to a transformation of microbial function, such as the alteration of fermentation mode which is showed on the change of microbial metabolites like the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), to a response to the switch of dietary composition, and in turn, to help host absorb and utilize nutrients efficiently. The increase of dietary amylose induced the reduction of conditioned pathogens which may probably be due to the increase of some probiotics such as Lactobacillus, thus reducing the risk of intestinal disease.
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31
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Sun Y, Zhou L, Fang L, Su Y, Zhu W. Responses in colonic microbial community and gene expression of pigs to a long-term high resistant starch diet. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:877. [PMID: 26379652 PMCID: PMC4548152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intake of raw potato starch (RPS) has been associated with various intestinal health benefits, but knowledge of its mechanism in a long-term is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term intake of RPS on microbial composition, genes expression profiles in the colon of pigs. Thirty-six Duroc × Landrace × Large White growing barrows were randomly allocated to corn starch (CS) and RPS groups with a randomized block design. Each group consisted of six replicates (pens), with three pigs per pen. Pigs in the CS group were offered a corn/soybean-based diet, while pigs in the RPS group were put on a diet in which 230 g/kg (growing period) or 280 g/kg (finishing period) purified CS was replaced with purified RPS during a 100-day trial. Real-time PCR assay showed that RPS significantly decreased the number of total bacteria in the colonic digesta. MiSeq sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA genes showed that RPS significantly decreased the relative abundance of Clostridium, Treponema, Oscillospira, Phascolarctobacterium, RC9 gut group, and S24-7-related operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and increased the relative abundance of Turicibacter, Blautia, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Marvinbryantia, and Ruminococcus bromii-related OTUs in colonic digesta and mucosa. Analysis of the colonic transcriptome profiles revealed that the RPS diet changed the colonic expression profile of the host genes mainly involved in immune response pathways. RPS significantly increased proinflammartory cytokine IL-1β gene expression and suppressed genes involved in lysosome. Our findings suggest that long-term intake of high resistant starch (RS) diet may result in both positive and negative roles in gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Lingdong Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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32
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Mining microbial metatranscriptomes for expression of antibiotic resistance genes under natural conditions. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11981. [PMID: 26153129 PMCID: PMC4495384 DOI: 10.1038/srep11981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance genes are found in a broad range of ecological niches associated with complex microbiota. Here we investigated if resistance genes are not only present, but also transcribed under natural conditions. Furthermore, we examined the potential for antibiotic production by assessing the expression of associated secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters. Metatranscriptome datasets from intestinal microbiota of four human adults, one human infant, 15 mice and six pigs, of which only the latter have received antibiotics prior to the study, as well as from sea bacterioplankton, a marine sponge, forest soil and sub-seafloor sediment, were investigated. We found that resistance genes are expressed in all studied ecological niches, albeit with niche-specific differences in relative expression levels and diversity of transcripts. For example, in mice and human infant microbiota predominantly tetracycline resistance genes were expressed while in human adult microbiota the spectrum of expressed genes was more diverse, and also included β-lactam, aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance genes. Resistance gene expression could result from the presence of natural antibiotics in the environment, although we could not link it to expression of corresponding secondary metabolites biosynthesis clusters. Alternatively, resistance gene expression could be constitutive, or these genes serve alternative roles besides antibiotic resistance.
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33
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Lange K, Hugenholtz F, Jonathan MC, Schols HA, Kleerebezem M, Smidt H, Müller M, Hooiveld GJEJ. Comparison of the effects of five dietary fibers on mucosal transcriptional profiles, and luminal microbiota composition and SCFA concentrations in murine colon. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1590-602. [PMID: 25914036 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of our study was to investigate and compare the effects of five fibers on the mucosal transcriptome, together with alterations in the luminal microbiota composition and SCFA concentrations in the colon. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed fibers that differed in carbohydrate composition or a control diet for 10 days. Colonic gene expression profiles and luminal microbiota composition were determined by microarray techniques, and integrated using multivariate statistics. Our data showed a distinct reaction of the host and microbiota to resistant starch, a fiber that was not completely fermented in the colon, whereas the other fibers induced similar responses on gene expression and microbiota. Consistent associations were revealed between fiber-induced enrichment of Clostridium cluster IV and XIVa representatives, and changes in mucosal expression of genes related to energy metabolism. The nuclear receptor PPAR-γ was predicted to be an important regulator of the mucosal responses. CONCLUSION Results of this exploratory study suggest that despite different sources and composition, fermentable fibers induce a highly similar mucosal response that may at least be partially governed by PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Lange
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floor Hugenholtz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melliana C Jonathan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Host-Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,TI Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido J E J Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Consortium for Systems Biology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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34
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Umu ÖCO, Frank JA, Fangel JU, Oostindjer M, da Silva CS, Bolhuis EJ, Bosch G, Willats WGT, Pope PB, Diep DB. Resistant starch diet induces change in the swine microbiome and a predominance of beneficial bacterial populations. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:16. [PMID: 25905018 PMCID: PMC4405844 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fibers contribute to health and physiology primarily via the fermentative actions of the host's gut microbiome. Physicochemical properties such as solubility, fermentability, viscosity, and gel-forming ability differ among fiber types and are known to affect metabolism. However, few studies have focused on how they influence the gut microbiome and how these interactions influence host health. The aim of this study is to investigate how the gut microbiome of growing pigs responds to diets containing gel-forming alginate and fermentable resistant starch and to predict important interactions and functional changes within the microbiota. RESULTS Nine growing pigs (3-month-old), divided into three groups, were fed with either a control, alginate-, or resistant starch-containing diet (CON, ALG, or RS), and fecal samples were collected over a 12-week period. SSU (small subunit) rDNA amplicon sequencing data was annotated to assess the gut microbiome, whereas comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) of digested material was employed to evaluate feed degradation. Gut microbiome structure variation was greatest in pigs fed with resistant starch, where notable changes included the decrease in alpha diversity and increase in relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae- and Ruminococcus-affiliated phylotypes. Imputed function was predicted to vary significantly in pigs fed with resistant starch and to a much lesser extent with alginate; however, the key pathways involving degradation of starch and other plant polysaccharides were predicted to be unaffected. The change in relative abundance levels of basal dietary components (plant cell wall polysaccharides and proteins) over time was also consistent irrespective of diet; however, correlations between the dietary components and phylotypes varied considerably in the different diets. CONCLUSIONS Resistant starch-containing diet exhibited the strongest structural variation compared to the alginate-containing diet. This variation gave rise to a microbiome that contains phylotypes affiliated with metabolically reputable taxonomic lineages. Despite the significant microbiome structural shifts that occurred from resistant starch-containing diet, functional redundancy is seemingly apparent with respect to the microbiome's capacity to degrade starch and other dietary polysaccharides, one of the key stages in digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özgün C O Umu
- />Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Chr. Magnus Falsens Vei 1, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås Akershus, Norway
| | - Jeremy A Frank
- />Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Chr. Magnus Falsens Vei 1, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås Akershus, Norway
| | - Jonatan U Fangel
- />Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871 Denmark
| | - Marije Oostindjer
- />Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Chr. Magnus Falsens Vei 1, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås Akershus, Norway
| | - Carol Souza da Silva
- />Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth J Bolhuis
- />Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Bosch
- />Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - William G T Willats
- />Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1871 Denmark
| | - Phillip B Pope
- />Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Chr. Magnus Falsens Vei 1, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås Akershus, Norway
| | - Dzung B Diep
- />Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Chr. Magnus Falsens Vei 1, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås Akershus, Norway
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Koopmans SJ, Schuurman T. Considerations on pig models for appetite, metabolic syndrome and obese type 2 diabetes: From food intake to metabolic disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:231-9. [PMID: 25814261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
(Mini)pigs have proven to be a valuable animal model in nutritional, metabolic and cardiovascular research and in some other biomedical research areas (toxicology, neurobiology). The large resemblance of (neuro)anatomy, the gastro-intestinal tract, body size, body composition, and the omnivorous food choice and appetite of the pig are additional reasons to select this large animal species for (preclinical) nutritional and pharmacological studies. Both humans and pigs are prone to the development of obesity and related cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Bad cholesterol (LDL) is high and good cholesterol (HDL) is low in pigs, like in humans. Disease-relevant pig models fill the gap between rodent models and primate species including humans. Diet-induced obese pigs show a phenotype related to the metabolic syndrome including high amounts of visceral fat, fatty organs, insulin resistance and high blood pressure. However, overt hyperglycaemia does not develop within 6 months after initiation of high sugar-fat feeding. Therefore, to accelerate the induction of obese type 2 diabetes, obese pigs can be titrated with streptozotocin, a chemical agent which selectively damages the insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells. However, insulin is required to maintain obesity. With proper titration of streptozotocin, insulin secretion can be restrained at such a level that hyperglycaemia will be induced but lipolysis is still inhibited due to the fact that inhibition of lipolysis is more sensitive to insulin compared to stimulation of glucose uptake. This strategy may lead to a stable hyperglycaemic, non-ketotic obese pig model which remains anabolic with time without the necessity of exogenous insulin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietse Jan Koopmans
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, de Elst 1 and CARUS Animal Facilities, Bornseweilanden 5, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Teun Schuurman
- Wageningen University, Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, de Elst 1, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Effects of alginate and resistant starch on feeding patterns, behaviour and performance in ad libitum-fed growing pigs. Animal 2014; 8:1917-27. [PMID: 25154351 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the long-term effects of feeding diets containing either a gelling fibre (alginate (ALG)), or a fermentable fibre (resistant starch (RS)), or both, on feeding patterns, behaviour and growth performance of growing pigs fed ad libitum for 12 weeks. The experiment was set up as a 2×2 factorial arrangement: inclusion of ALG (yes or no) and inclusion of RS (yes or no) in the control diet, resulting in four dietary treatments, that is, ALG-RS- (control), ALG+RS-, ALG-RS+, and ALG+RS+. Both ALG and RS were exchanged for pregelatinized potato starch. A total of 240 pigs in 40 pens were used. From all visits to an electronic feeding station, feed intake and detailed feeding patterns were calculated. Apparent total tract digestibility of energy, dry matter (DM), and CP was determined in week 6. Pigs' postures and behaviours were scored from live observations in weeks 7 and 12. Dietary treatments did not affect final BW and average daily gain (ADG). ALG reduced energy and DM digestibility (P<0.01). Moreover, ALG increased average daily DM intake, and reduced backfat thickness and carcass gain : digestible energy (DE) intake (P<0.05). RS increased feed intake per meal, meal duration (P<0.05) and inter-meal intervals (P=0.05), and reduced the number of meals per day (P<0.01), but did not affect daily DM intake. Moreover, RS reduced energy, DM and CP digestibility (P<0.01). Average daily DE intake was reduced (P<0.05), and gain : DE intake tended to be increased (P=0.07), whereas carcass gain : DE intake was not affected by RS. In week 12, ALG+RS- increased standing and walking, aggressive, feeder-directed, and drinking behaviours compared with ALG+RS+ (ALG×RS interaction, P<0.05), with ALG-RS- and ALG-RS+ in between. No other ALG×RS interactions were found. In conclusion, pigs fed ALG compensated for the reduced dietary DE content by increasing their feed intake, achieving similar DE intake and ADG as control pigs. Backfat thickness and carcass efficiency were reduced in pigs fed ALG, which also showed increased physical activity. Pigs fed RS changed feeding patterns, but did not increase their feed intake. Despite a lower DE intake, pigs fed RS achieved similar ADG as control pigs by increasing efficiency in DE use. This indicates that the energy utilization of RS in pigs with ad libitum access to feed is close to that of enzymatically digestible starch.
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