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Jóźwiak K, Jezierska A, Panek JJ, Łydżba-Kopczyńska B, Filarowski A. Renewed spectroscopic and theoretical research of hydrogen bonding in ascorbic acid. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124585. [PMID: 38850825 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The studies of two isomers of ascorbic acid and their deuteroanalogues, presented in the paper, have been accomplished by vibrational spectroscopy methods and quantum-chemical simulations. The spectroscopic research of L-ascorbic and D-isoascorbic acids have been carried out by the infrared (IR) and Raman (R) techniques. On the basis of the obtained results the spectral interpretation of the hydrogen bonded groups of ascorbic acids has been performed. Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics (CPMD) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) have been employed to support spectroscopic experimental findings and shed light onto the bridged proton dynamics in the L- and D- isomers of ascorbic acids. The accurate assignments of the hydrogen bond modes have been accomplished with the application of deuterosubstitution, CPMD-solid state simulations and Potential Energy Distribution (PED) analysis. The spectral and structural results have shown that dependency ν(OH) = f(γ(OH)) is the most common for the OHO hydrogen bond, whereas dependency d(OO) = f(γ(OH)) differs as for the ionic and resonance assisted hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Jóźwiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie str., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Jezierska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie str., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jarosław J Panek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie str., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Aleksander Filarowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie str., 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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2
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Mehta N, Pokharna P, Shetty SR. Unwinding the potentials of vitamin C in COVID-19 and other diseases: An updated review. Nutr Health 2023; 29:415-433. [PMID: 36445072 PMCID: PMC9713540 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221139628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: The discovery of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is related to the ancient history of persistent research on the origins of the haemorrhagic disease scurvy. Vitamin C is an important nutrient that aids in a variety of biological and physiological processes. Scientists have been researching the function of vitamin C in the prevention and ailment of sepsis and pneumonia for decades. This has created a potential platform for applying these results to individuals suffering from severe coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Vitamin C's ability to activate and enhance the immune system makes it a promising treatment in the present COVID-19 pandemic. Vitamin C also aids in the activation of vitamin B, the production of certain neurotransmitters, and the transformation of cholesterol into bile acids. Hence, vitamin C is used for the treatment of many diseases. Aim: This review highlights the Vitamin C investigations that are performed by various researchers on patients with COVID 19 infection, the clinical studies and their observations. The authors have additionally updated information on the significance of vitamin C insufficiency, as well as its relevance and involvement in diseases such as cancer, wound healing, iron deficiency anaemia, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we discuss them with the references. Methods: The method used in order to perform literature search was done using SciFinder, PubMed and ScienceDirect. Results: There is a potential role of vitamin C in various diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, COVID-19 and other diseases and the results are highlighted in the review with the help of clinical and preclinical data. Conclusion: More research on vitamin C and the undergoing clinical trials might prove a potential role of vitamin C in protecting the population from current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
| | - Purvi Pokharna
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
| | - Saritha R Shetty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS. Mumbai, India
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Wiśniewski OW, Czyżniewski B, Żukiewicz-Sobczak W, Gibas-Dorna M. Nutritional Behavior in European Countries during COVID-19 Pandemic-A Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3451. [PMID: 37571387 PMCID: PMC10420667 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is highly linked with hyperinflammation and dysfunction of the immune cells. Studies have shown that adequate nutrition, a modifiable factor affecting immunity and limiting systemic inflammation, may play an adjunct role in combating the negative consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Due to the global lockdown conditions, the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed, among others, to restrictions on fresh food availability and changes in lifestyle and eating behaviors. The aim of this paper was to review the data regarding eating habits in European countries within the general population of adults and some specific subpopulations, including obese, diabetic, and psychiatric patients, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The PubMed database and the official websites of medical organizations and associations were searched for the phrases "COVID" and "eating habits". Papers regarding the pediatric population, non-European countries, presenting aggregated data from different countries worldwide, and reviews were excluded. During the COVID-19 pandemic, unhealthy lifestyles and eating behaviors were commonly reported. These included increased snacking, intake of caloric foods, such as sweets, pastries, and beverages, and a decline in physical activity. Data suggest that poor eating habits that create a positive energy balance have persisted over time as an additional post-COVID negative consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Wojciech Wiśniewski
- Department of Cardiology-Intensive Therapy and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego Street, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Nutrition and Food, Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Czyżniewski
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Gora, 28 Zyty Street, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Wioletta Żukiewicz-Sobczak
- Department of Nutrition and Food, Faculty of Health Sciences, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Gibas-Dorna
- Collegium Medicum, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, 28 Zyty Street, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland
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Eftakhar Jahan Bhuiyan M, Golzar Hossain M, Saha A, Kamrul Islam M, Yeasmin Bari F, Abu Hadi Noor Ali Khan M, Akter S. Protective roles of vitamin C and 5-aminosalicylic acid on reproduction in acrylamide intoxicated male mice. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103738. [PMID: 37538350 PMCID: PMC10393805 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Serious health risks have been connected to ongoing, escalating exposure to environmental toxins and one of them is acrylamide (ACR), an organic compound. Although there are many published reports on ACR toxicity, limited information is available regarding the use of two potential antioxidants against ACR-instigated reproductive toxicity. Aims The study focused on investigating the protective effects of vitamin C and 5-ASA against ACR-incited reproductive toxicity. Methods A total of 50 male mice aged 4 weeks old were treated for 90 days with different concentrations either of ACR or ACR and vitamin C or ACR and 5- ASA or ACR, vitamin C, and 5- ASA. Key results ACR significantly reduced serum testosterone level (p = 0.0037), sperm concentration (p = 0.0004), and percentage of sperm motility (p = 0.003), as well as increased sperm abnormality; head (p = 0.0058), tail (p = 0.001), and midpiece (p = 0.0339). Besides, the weight (p = 0.0006) and length (p = 0.0105) of testes, as well as weight (p = 0.0001) and length (p = 0.0021) of epididymis were decreased along with atrophy of seminiferous tubules of the testis, and disintegration of the tubular epithelium of epididymis on ACR exposed mice which were improved by vitamin C and 5-ASA administration. Conclusions Vitamin C and 5-ASA can potentially mitigate the negative effects of ACR on male reproduction; however, combined application is recommended for better performance. Implications In Bangladesh, this work is anticipated to address the health benefits of vitamin C and 5-ASA, particularly in improving the reproductive health of males against ACR toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md. Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Amit Saha
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Kamrul Islam
- Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Farida Yeasmin Bari
- Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sharmin Akter
- Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
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Ahmed S, Hossain M, Chakrabortty D, Arafat KI, Hosen MJ, Khan MMR. Impacts of vitamin C and D supplement on COVID-19 treatment: possible patho-mechanisms and evidence from different countries. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BRONCHOLOGY 2023. [PMCID: PMC9940675 DOI: 10.1186/s43168-023-00186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A balanced diet and nutrition greatly influence our immune system’s ability and regulate the risk and severity of infections. This review presented the possible patho-mechanisms of vitamins C and D in COVID-19 immunity.
Main body
Deregulation of the immune system including the decreased level of immune boosters is invariably reported in COVID-19. Vitamin C and vitamin D are among the immune boosters; homeostasis of those was found essential for fighting against the viruses, and COVID-19 is no exception. Statistical data strengthens the statements put forth on the effects of these vitamins regarding the complications, symptoms, and mortality.
Short conclusion
A comprehensive literature review revealed that vitamin C helps to reduce and in some cases eradicate the particular symptoms that pose major risks of COVID-19 while balanced vitamin D content in COVID-19 patients has been proved to possess a negative correlation with mortality.
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Yilmaz G, Bulut H, Ozden Omaygenc D, Akca A, Can E, Tuten N, Bestel A, Erdem B, Atmaca UO, Kara Y, Kaya E, Unsel M, Sahin AS, Salihoglu Z. Baseline serum vitamin A and vitamin C levels and their association with disease severity in COVID-19 patients. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2023; 94:e2023007. [PMID: 36786260 PMCID: PMC9987489 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v94i1.13655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate the association between the serum concentrations of Vitamin A and Vitamin C and the severity of the COVID-19. Methods: Fifty-three consecutive PCR (+) COVID-19 patients admitted to a dedicated ward were enrolled in this study. Blood samples for serum Vitamin A and C measurements were drawn from all participants upon admission. All subjects underwent thoracic CT imaging prior to hospitalization. CT severity score (CT-SS) was then calculated for determining the extent of pulmonary involvement. A group of healthy volunteers, in whom COVID-19 was ruled out, were assigned to the control group (n=26). These groups were compared by demographic features and serum vitamin A and C levels. The relationship between serum concentrations of these vitamins and pre-defined outcome measures, CT-SS and length of hospitalization (LOH), was also assessed. Results: In COVID-19 patients, serum Vitamin A (ng/ml, 494±96 vs. 698±93; p<0.001) and Vitamin C (ng/ml, 2961 [1991-31718] vs. 3953 [1385-8779]; p=0.007) levels were significantly lower with respect to healthy controls. According to the results of correlation analyses, there was a significant negative association between Vitamin A level and outcome measures (LOH, r=-0.293; p=0.009 and CT-SS, r=-0.289; p=0.010). The negative correlations between Vitamin C level and those measures were even more prominent (LOH, r=-0.478; p<0.001 and CT-SS, r=-0.734: p<0.001). CONCLUSION COVID-19 patients had lower baseline serum Vitamin A and Vitamin C levels as compared to healthy controls. In subjects with COVID-19, Vitamin A and Vitamin C levels were negatively correlated with CT-SS and LOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulseren Yilmaz
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training & Research Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Huri Bulut
- Istinye University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Aysu Akca
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training & Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Esra Can
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training & Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Nevin Tuten
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training & Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Aysegul Bestel
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training & Research Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Baki Erdem
- Acıbadem University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Uygar Ozan Atmaca
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training & Research Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yasin Kara
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training & Research Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Kaya
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training & Research Hospital, Department of Critical Care, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Murat Unsel
- Basaksehir Cam ve Sakura City Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayca Sultan Sahin
- Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training & Research Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ziya Salihoglu
- Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Foshati S, Mirjalili F, Rezazadegan M, Fakoorziba F, Amani R. Antioxidants and clinical outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review of observational and interventional studies. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:FSN33034. [PMID: 36245940 PMCID: PMC9538172 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Oxidative stress appears to be a prominent contributor to the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, we carried out a systematic review of human observational and interventional studies to investigate the role of some antioxidants such as vitamins A, E, D, and C, selenium, zinc, and α-lipoic acid in the main clinical outcomes of subjects with COVID-19. Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline were searched using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and non-MeSH terms without restrictions. Finally, 36 studies for vitamins C and D, selenium, and zinc were included in this systematic review; however, no eligible studies were found for vitamins A and E as well as α-lipoic acid. The results showed the promising role of vitamin C in inflammation, Horowitz index, and mortality; vitamin D in disease manifestations and severity, inflammatory markers, lung involvement, ventilation requirement, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality; selenium in cure rate and mortality; and zinc in ventilation requirement, hospitalization, ICU admission, biomarkers of inflammation and bacterial infection, and disease complications. In conclusion, it seems that antioxidants, especially vitamins C and D, selenium, and zinc, can improve multiple COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, more studies are necessary to affirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Foshati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Fatemeh Mirjalili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Mahsa Rezazadegan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | | | - Reza Amani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research CenterIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Yang X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Shang L, Cheng Z, Fang L, Zhang J, Feng Y, Zhang K, Jiang S, He X. Traditional Chinese medicine together with high-dose vitamin C improves the therapeutic effect of western medicine against COVID-19. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:501-510. [PMID: 35173870 PMCID: PMC8829592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Traditional Chinese medicine has been reported to be effective in the treatment of epidemic diseases. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of combined therapy of Chinese and western medicine on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS A total of 60 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were enrolled. Both the ordinary and severely affected patients were randomly divided into Groups A-C each with 10 cases each. The patients in Group A-C received Western medicine, Western medicine + traditional Chinese medicine, and Western medicine + traditional Chinese medicine + high dose of vitamin C, respectively. The time of disease recovery, symptoms disappearance, chest CT improvement, and tongue amelioration was recorded. Leukocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte were monitored, as well as C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), procalitonin (PCT), inflammatory factors, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and oxygenation index (PaO2). Urinary tract stones, liver function, and other side-effects such as gastrointestinal dysfunction were also investigated. RESULTS Traditional Chinese medicine enhanced the effect of Western medicine, including the reduction of CRP, ESR, PCT, and inflammatory factors, and the increase of leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, and the improvement of respiratory rate, PaO2, PaCO2, and oxygenation index. Traditional Chinese medicine combined with high-dose Vitamin C therapy more effectively shortened the time of disease recovery, symptom disappearance, chest CT improvement, and tongue amelioration. CONCLUSIONS a combined therapy of Western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and high dose of Vitamin C results in a most effective outcome in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yang
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Xi’an International Medical Center HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Xi’an International Medical Center HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yongping Liu
- Department of Trauma and Critical Medicine, Xi’an International Medical Center HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an International Medical Center HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhijian Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710004, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Liping Fang
- Respiratory Department, Xi’an People’s HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Xi’an International Medical Center HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yifan Feng
- Xi’an International Medical Center HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kuiwei Zhang
- Xi’an International Medical Center HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shanjiao Jiang
- Science and Education Division, Xi’an International Medical Center HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xijing He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an International Medical Center HospitalXi’an 710100, Shaanxi Province, China
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Rabby MII, Hossain F, Islam MA, Islam AS, Akhi IJ, Akter F. Impact of supplemental vitamins and natural honey for treatment of COVID-19: A review. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Nakano T, Chiang KC, Chen CC, Chen PJ, Lai CY, Hsu LW, Ohmori N, Goto T, Chen CL, Goto S. Sunlight Exposure and Phototherapy: Perspectives for Healthy Aging in an Era of COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010950. [PMID: 34682694 PMCID: PMC8535353 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Most humans depend on sunlight exposure to satisfy their requirements for vitamin D3. However, the destruction of the ozone layer in the past few decades has increased the risk of skin aging and wrinkling caused by excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which may also promote the risk of skin cancer development. The promotion of public health recommendations to avoid sunlight exposure would reduce the risk of skin cancer, but it would also enhance the risk of vitamin D3 insufficiency/deficiency, which may cause disease development and progression. In addition, the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic may further reduce sunlight exposure due to stay-at-home policies, resulting in difficulty in active and healthy aging. In this review article, we performed a literature search in PubMed and provided an overview of basic and clinical data regarding the impact of sunlight exposure and vitamin D3 on public health. We also discuss the potential mechanisms and clinical value of phototherapy with a full-spectrum light (notably blue, red, and near-infrared light) as an alternative to sunlight exposure, which may contribute to combating COVID-19 and promoting active and healthy aging in current aged/superaged societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Nakano
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (P.-J.C.); (L.-W.H.)
- Liver Transplantation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (S.G.); Tel.: +886-7-731-7123 (T.N.); +81-975-53-2165 (S.G.)
| | - Kuei-Chen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (P.-J.C.); (L.-W.H.)
- Liver Transplantation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (P.-J.C.); (L.-W.H.)
| | - Chia-Yun Lai
- Liver Transplantation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Li-Wen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (K.-C.C.); (P.-J.C.); (L.-W.H.)
- Liver Transplantation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Naoya Ohmori
- Faculty of Nursing, Josai International University, Togane 283-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (T.G.)
- Kazusa Institute for Drug Discovery, Josai International University, Togane 283-8555, Japan
| | - Takeshi Goto
- Faculty of Nursing, Josai International University, Togane 283-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (T.G.)
- Kazusa Institute for Drug Discovery, Josai International University, Togane 283-8555, Japan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Shigeru Goto
- Liver Transplantation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.L.); (C.-L.C.)
- Faculty of Nursing, Josai International University, Togane 283-8555, Japan; (N.O.); (T.G.)
- Nobeoka Medical Check Center, Fukuoka Institution of Occupational Health, Nobeoka 882-0872, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (S.G.); Tel.: +886-7-731-7123 (T.N.); +81-975-53-2165 (S.G.)
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11
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Speakman LL, Michienzi SM, Badowski ME. Vitamins, supplements and COVID-19: a review of currently available evidence. Drugs Context 2021; 10:2021-6-2. [PMID: 34659426 PMCID: PMC8496749 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2021-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an information overload of health data (both accurate and inaccurate) available to the public. With vitamins and supplements being readily accessible, many have turned to using them in an effort to combat the virus. The purpose of this review was to analyse clinical trials regarding vitamins and supplements for the treatment of COVID-19 infections. METHODS Articles were identified through a literature search utilizing online databases and bibliographic review. RESULTS A total of seven articles were identified for review. All articles evaluated the use of vitamins and supplements for the treatment of COVID-19. Drug therapies included oral vitamin D, intravenous and oral vitamin C, oral vitamin D/magnesium/vitamin B12, oral zinc, oral combination zinc/ascorbic acid, and intravenous alpha-lipoic acid. The end points of each study varied, including the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, mortality, rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, negativity of COVID-19 tests, oxygen requirements, and symptom burden. CONCLUSION Of the vitamins and supplements that were studied, vitamin D presented the most promising data demonstrating significant decreases in oxygen requirements, need for ICU treatment, SARS-CoV-2 RNA test positivity, and mortality. All of these benefits were exhibited in hospitalized patients. Other vitamins and supplements that were evaluated in studies did not demonstrate any statistically significant benefits. Common shortcomings of the articles included generally small sample sizes, varying sites of study (which could determine the virus variant), a lack of standard of care as background therapy, and utilization of doses that were higher than standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Speakman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah M Michienzi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melissa E Badowski
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
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Skrajnowska D, Brumer M, Kankowska S, Matysek M, Miazio N, Bobrowska-Korczak B. Covid 19: Diet Composition and Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:2980. [PMID: 34578858 PMCID: PMC8472186 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the disease coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The cumulative number of cases reported globally is now nearly 197 million and the number of cumulative deaths is 4.2 million (26 July to 1 August 2021). Currently we are focusing primarily on keeping a safe distance from others, washing our hands, and wearing masks, and the question of the effects of diet and diet-dependent risk factors remains outside the center of attention. Nevertheless, numerous studies indicate that diet can play an important role in the course of COVID-19. In this paper, based on select scientific reports, we discuss the structure and replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2, risk factors, dietary standards for sick patients, and the roles of the microbiome and dietary components supporting the immune system in preventing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
- Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (D.S.); (M.B.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (N.M.)
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Hannan MA, Zahan MS, Sarker PP, Moni A, Ha H, Uddin MJ. Protective Effects of Black Cumin ( Nigella sativa) and Its Bioactive Constituent, Thymoquinone against Kidney Injury: An Aspect on Pharmacological Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22169078. [PMID: 34445781 PMCID: PMC8396533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide, and a close association between acute kidney injury (AKI) and CKD has recently been identified. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) has been shown to be effective in treating various kidney diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that black cumin and its vital compound, thymoquinone (TQ), can protect against kidney injury caused by various xenobiotics, namely chemotherapeutic agents, heavy metals, pesticides, and other environmental chemicals. Black cumin can also protect the kidneys from ischemic shock. The mechanisms underlying the kidney protective potential of black cumin and TQ include antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and antifibrosis which are manifested in their regulatory role in the antioxidant defense system, NF-κB signaling, caspase pathways, and TGF-β signaling. In clinical trials, black seed oil was shown to normalize blood and urine parameters and improve disease outcomes in advanced CKD patients. While black cumin and its products have shown promising kidney protective effects, information on nanoparticle-guided targeted delivery into kidney is still lacking. Moreover, the clinical evidence on this natural product is not sufficient to recommend it to CKD patients. This review provides insightful information on the pharmacological benefits of black cumin and TQ against kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Abdul Hannan
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Sarwar Zahan
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Partha Protim Sarker
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Akhi Moni
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea;
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; (M.A.H.); (M.S.Z.); (P.P.S.); (A.M.)
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3277-4075; Fax: +82-2-3277-2851
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14
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Daei Sorkhabi A, Sarkesh A, Daei Sorkhabi A, Entezari-Maleki T, Rashedi J, Bannazadeh Baghi H. Vitamin supplementation as a potential adjunctive therapeutic approach for COVID-19: biological and clinical plausibility. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 33:55-77. [PMID: 34380185 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has introduced itself into the human population in the 21st century after the coronavirus diseases SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV). Major investigations are underway worldwide in the search for pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 and many agents are administered in off-label routes. Several cases are under study to check or restrict clinical manifestations of COVID-19. According to the fact that the efficacy of some micro-nutrients like vitamins is proven to treat or prevent infectious diseases because of their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity, the potential role of vitamins in the COVID-19 treatment or prevention must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Daei Sorkhabi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aila Sarkesh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Daei Sorkhabi
- Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalil Rashedi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Michailides C, Velissaris D. Common anti-oxidant vitamin C as an anti-infective agent with remedial role on SARS-CoV-2 infection. An update. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2021; 91. [PMID: 34284566 DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2021.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease -2019 (COVID-19) has led to a worldwide multifaceted crisis. The medical world agonizes to contend with the problem, but a string of tested medications has been proven unavailing. Vitamin C is well described as a salutary antioxidant and some trials conclude that it may be a potential antiviral drug. In high doses, Vitamin C can alternate crucial steps in the pathogenesis of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. This dynamic was the driving force behind trials around the world that tried immunonutrition as a weapon against clinical entities. We summarize the mechanisms of action of Vitamin C and its role against infections and the current literature referring to the potential role of Vitamin C in SARS-CoV-2 infection, also as a contingent treatment agent.
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Xu F, Wen Y, Hu X, Wang T, Chen G. The Potential Use of Vitamin C to Prevent Kidney Injury in Patients with COVID-19. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9030046. [PMID: 34203409 PMCID: PMC8293113 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly found SARS-CoV-2 has led to the pandemic of COVID-19, which has caused respiratory distress syndrome and even death worldwide. This has become a global public health crisis. Unfortunately, elders and subjects with comorbidities have high mortality rates. One main feature of COVID-19 is the cytokine storm, which can cause damage in cells and tissues including the kidneys. Here, we reviewed the current literature on renal impairments in patients with COVID-19 and analyzed the possible etiology and mechanisms. In addition, we investigated the potential use of vitamin C for the prevention of renal injury in those patients. It appears that vitamin C could be helpful to improve the outcomes of patients with COVID-19. Lastly, we discussed the possible protective effects of vitamin C on renal functions in COVID-19 patients with existing kidney conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yawei Wen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; (F.X.); (Y.W.)
| | - Xinge Hu
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (X.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (X.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (X.H.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-5-974-6257
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Badary OA, Hamza MS, Tikamdas R. Thymoquinone: A Promising Natural Compound with Potential Benefits for COVID-19 Prevention and Cure. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:1819-1833. [PMID: 33976534 PMCID: PMC8106451 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s308863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has caused a major global health crisis, as excessive inflammation, oxidation, and exaggerated immune response in some sufferers can lead to a condition known as cytokine storm, which may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDs), which can be fatal. So far, few effective drugs have emerged to assist in the treatment of patients with COVID-19, though some herbal medicine candidates may assist in the fight against COVID-19 deaths. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main active ingredient of black seed oil, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and anticoagulant activities. TQ also increases the activity and number of cytokine suppressors, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages, and it has demonstrated antiviral potential against a number of viruses, including murine cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and other coronaviruses. Recently, TQ has demonstrated notable antiviral activity against a SARSCoV-2 strain isolated from Egyptian patients and, interestingly, molecular docking studies have also shown that TQ could potentially inhibit COVID-19 development through binding to the receptor-binding domain on the spike and envelope proteins of SARS-CoV-2, which may hinder virus entry into the host cell and inhibit its ion channel and pore forming activity. Other studies have shown that TQ may have an inhibitory effect on SARS CoV2 proteases, which could diminish viral replication, and it has also demonstrated good antagonism to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, allowing it to interfere with virus uptake into the host cell. Several studies have also noted its potential protective capability against numerous chronic diseases and conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, asthma, renal dysfunction and malignancy. TQ has recently been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of several different diseases, and this review thus aims to highlight the potential therapeutic effects of TQ in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Badary
- Clinical Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Hamza
- Clinical Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rajiv Tikamdas
- Clinical Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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JamaliMoghadamSiahkali S, Zarezade B, Koolaji S, SeyedAlinaghi S, Zendehdel A, Tabarestani M, Sekhavati Moghadam E, Abbasian L, Dehghan Manshadi SA, Salehi M, Hasannezhad M, Ghaderkhani S, Meidani M, Salahshour F, Jafari F, Manafi N, Ghiasvand F. Safety and effectiveness of high-dose vitamin C in patients with COVID-19: a randomized open-label clinical trial. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:20. [PMID: 33573699 PMCID: PMC7877333 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00490-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble nutrient that functions as a key antioxidant and has been proven to be effective for boosting immunity. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of adding high-dose intravenous vitamin C (HDIVC) to the regimens for patients with severe COVID-19 disease. Methods An open-label, randomized, and controlled trial was conducted on patients with severe COVID-19 infection. The case and control treatment groups each consisted of 30 patients. The control group received lopinavir/ritonavir and hydroxychloroquine and the case group received HDIVC (6 g daily) added to the same regimen. Results There were no statistically significant differences between two groups with respect to age and gender, laboratory results, and underlying diseases. The mean body temperature was significantly lower in the case group on the 3rd day of hospitalization (p = 0.001). Peripheral capillary oxygen saturations (SpO2) measured at the 3rd day of hospitalization was also higher in the case group receiving HDIVC (p = 0.014). The median length of hospitalization in the case group was significantly longer than the control group (8.5 days vs. 6.5 days) (p = 0.028). There was no significant difference in SpO2 levels at discharge time, the length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and mortality between the two groups. Conclusions We did not find significantly better outcomes in the group who were treated with HDIVC in addition to the main treatment regimen at discharge. Trial registration irct.ir (IRCT20200411047025N1), April 14, 2020
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Besharat Zarezade
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Koolaji
- Department of Cardiology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Zendehdel
- Geriatric Department, Ziayian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tabarestani
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | - Ladan Abbasian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Dehghan Manshadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Salehi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hasannezhad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghaderkhani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Meidani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faeze Salahshour
- Department of Radiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jafari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Manafi
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Fereshteh Ghiasvand
- Liver Transplantation Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran.
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