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Loudon JE, Lewis AE, Turner TR, Howells ME, Lieurance A, Pender JE. Heavy metal ecotoxicology of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) across field sites in South Africa. Primates 2022; 63:525-533. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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2
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Isbell LA, Bidner LR, Loftus JC, Kimuyu DM, Young TP. Absentee owners and overlapping home ranges in a territorial species. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02945-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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3
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Jasinska AJ, Dong TS, Lagishetty V, Katzka W, Jacobs JP, Schmitt CA, Cramer JD, Ma D, Coetzer WG, Grobler JP, Turner TR, Freimer N, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Shifts in microbial diversity, composition, and functionality in the gut and genital microbiome during a natural SIV infection in vervet monkeys. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:154. [PMID: 33158452 PMCID: PMC7648414 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota plays an important role in HIV pathogenesis in humans. Microbiota can impact health through several pathways such as increasing inflammation in the gut, metabolites of bacterial origin, and microbial translocation from the gut to the periphery which contributes to systemic chronic inflammation and immune activation and the development of AIDS. Unlike HIV-infected humans, SIV-infected vervet monkeys do not experience gut dysfunction, microbial translocation, and chronic immune activation and do not progress to immunodeficiency. Here, we provide the first reported characterization of the microbial ecosystems of the gut and genital tract in a natural nonprogressing host of SIV, wild vervet monkeys from South Africa. RESULTS We characterized fecal, rectal, vaginal, and penile microbiomes in vervets from populations heavily infected with SIV from diverse locations across South Africa. Geographic site, age, and sex affected the vervet microbiome across different body sites. Fecal and vaginal microbiome showed marked stratification with three enterotypes in fecal samples and two vagitypes, which were predicted functionally distinct within each body site. External bioclimatic factors, biome type, and environmental temperature influenced microbiomes locally associated with vaginal and rectal mucosa. Several fecal microbial taxa were linked to plasma levels of immune molecules, for example, MIG was positively correlated with Lactobacillus and Escherichia/Shigella and Helicobacter, and IL-10 was negatively associated with Erysipelotrichaceae, Anaerostipes, Prevotella, and Anaerovibrio, and positively correlated with Bacteroidetes and Succinivibrio. During the chronic phase of infection, we observed a significant increase in gut microbial diversity, alterations in community composition (including a decrease in Proteobacteria/Succinivibrio in the gut) and functionality (including a decrease in genes involved in bacterial invasion of epithelial cells in the gut), and partial reversibility of acute infection-related shifts in microbial abundance observed in the fecal microbiome. As part of our study, we also developed an accurate predictor of SIV infection using fecal samples. CONCLUSIONS The vervets infected with SIV and humans infected with HIV differ in microbial responses to infection. These responses to SIV infection may aid in preventing microbial translocation and subsequent disease progression in vervets, and may represent host microbiome adaptations to the virus. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
- Eye on Primates, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tien S Dong
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Katzka
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Danzy Cramer
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and General Studies, American Public University System, Charles Town, WV, USA
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Willem G Coetzer
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - J Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Trudy R Turner
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nelson Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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4
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Isbell LA, Bidner LR, Omondi G, Mutinda M, Matsumoto-Oda A. Capture, immobilization, and Global Positioning System collaring of olive baboons (Papio anubis) and vervets (Chlorocebus pygerythrus): Lessons learned and suggested best practices. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22997. [PMID: 31180153 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As the value of Global Positioning System (GPS) technology in addressing primatological questions becomes more obvious, more studies will include capturing and collaring primates, with concomitant increased risk of adverse consequences to primate subjects. Here we detail our experiences in capturing, immobilizing, and placing GPS collars on six olive baboons (Papio anubis) in four groups and 12 vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in five groups in Kenya. We captured baboons with cage traps and vervets with box traps, immobilized them, and attached GPS collars that were to be worn for 1 year. Adverse consequences from the trapping effort included incidental death of two nonsubjects (an adult female and her dependent infant), temporary rectal prolapse in one baboon, superficial wounds on the crown of the head in two vervets, and failure to recapture/remove collars from two baboons and two vervets. Obvious negative effects from wearing collars were limited to abrasions around the neck of one vervet. A possible, and if so, serious, adverse effect was greater mortality for collared adult female vervets compared with known uncollared adult female vervets, largely due to leopard (Panthera pardus) predation. Collared animals could be more vulnerable to predation because trapping favors bolder individuals, who may also be more vulnerable to predation, or because collars could slow them down or make them more noticeable to predators. Along with recommendations made by others, we suggest that future studies diversify trapping bait to minimize the risk of rectal prolapse, avoid capturing the first individuals to enter traps, test the movement speeds of collared versus noncollared animals, include a release system on the collars to avoid retrapping failure, and publish both positive and negative effects of capturing, immobilizing, and collaring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A Isbell
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Laura R Bidner
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - George Omondi
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Falcon Heights, Minnesota.,Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Mutinda
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Akiko Matsumoto-Oda
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya.,Graduate School of Tourism Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
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5
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Patterson L, Kalle R, Downs CT. Living in the suburbs: Space use by vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in an eco‐estate, South Africa. Afr J Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Patterson
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Riddhika Kalle
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Colleen T. Downs
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Turner TR, Schmitt CA, Cramer JD, Lorenz J, Grobler JP, Jolly CJ, Freimer NB. Morphological variation in the genus Chlorocebus: Ecogeographic and anthropogenically mediated variation in body mass, postcranial morphology, and growth. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:682-707. [PMID: 29577231 PMCID: PMC6039265 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Direct comparative work in morphology and growth on widely dispersed wild primate taxa is rarely accomplished, yet critical to understanding ecogeographic variation, plastic local variation in response to human impacts, and variation in patterns of growth and sexual dimorphism. We investigated population variation in morphology and growth in response to geographic variables (i.e., latitude, altitude), climatic variables (i.e., temperature and rainfall), and human impacts in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus spp.). METHODS We trapped over 1,600 wild vervets from across Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, and compared measurements of body mass, body length, and relative thigh, leg, and foot length in four well-represented geographic samples: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, and St. Kitts & Nevis. RESULTS We found significant variation in body mass and length consistent with Bergmann's Rule in adult females, and in adult males when excluding the St. Kitts & Nevis population, which was more sexually dimorphic. Contrary to Rensch's Rule, although the South African population had the largest average body size, it was the least dimorphic. There was significant, although very small, variation in all limb segments in support for Allen's Rule. Females in high human impact areas were heavier than those with moderate exposures, while those in low human impact areas were lighter; human impacts had no effect on males. CONCLUSIONS Vervet monkeys appear to have adapted to local climate as predicted by Bergmann's and, less consistently, Allen's Rule, while also responding in predicted ways to human impacts. To better understand deviations from predicted patterns will require further comparative work in vervets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy R. Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin –
Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,
FS, South Africa
| | - Christopher A. Schmitt
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California
– Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer Danzy Cramer
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Women's Studies,
American Military University and American Public University, Charles Town, WV 25414,
USA
| | - Joseph Lorenz
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington
University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA
| | - J. Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein,
FS, South Africa
| | - Clifford J. Jolly
- CSHO, Department of Anthropology, New York University, and NYCEP,
New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California
– Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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7
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Isbell LA, Bidner LR, Van Cleave EK, Matsumoto-Oda A, Crofoot MC. GPS-identified vulnerabilities of savannah-woodland primates to leopard predation and their implications for early hominins. J Hum Evol 2018; 118:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Isbell LA, Bidner LR, Crofoot MC, Matsumoto-Oda A, Farine DR. GPS-identified, low-level nocturnal activity of vervets (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Laikipia, Kenya. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 164:203-211. [PMID: 28573721 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Except for owl monkeys (Aotus spp.), all anthropoid primates are considered strictly diurnal. Recent studies leveraging new technologies have shown, however, that some diurnal anthropoids also engage in nocturnal activity. Here we examine the extent to which vervets (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and olive baboons (Papio anubis) are active at night. MATERIALS AND METHODS We deployed GPS collars with tri-axial accelerometer data loggers on 18 free-ranging adult females: 12 vervets spread among 5 social groups, and 6 olive baboons spread among 4 groups. Their locations were recorded every 15 min, and their activity levels, for 3 s/min over 7.5 months. We also used camera traps that were triggered by heat and movement at seven sleeping sites. RESULTS Travel was detected on 0.4% of 2,029 vervet-nights involving 3 vervets and 1.1% of 1,109 baboon-nights involving 5 baboons. Travel was mainly arboreal for vervets but mainly terrestrial for baboons. During the night, vervets and baboons were active 13% and 15% of the time, respectively. Activity varied little throughout the night and appeared unaffected by moon phase. DISCUSSION Our results confirm the low nocturnality of vervets and olive baboons, which we suggest is related to living near the equator with consistent 12-hr days, in contrast to other anthropoids that are more active at night. Since anthropoid primates are thought to have evolved in northern latitudes, with later dispersal to tropical latitudes, our results may have implications for understanding the evolution of anthropoid diurnality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A Isbell
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, P.O. Box 555, Kenya.,Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Laura R Bidner
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, P.O. Box 555, Kenya
| | - Margaret C Crofoot
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, P.O. Box 555, Kenya.,Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Akiko Matsumoto-Oda
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, P.O. Box 555, Kenya.,Graduate School of Tourism Sciences, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.,Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Damien R Farine
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, California.,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, P.O. Box 555, Kenya.,Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Konstanz, Germany.,Chair of Biodiversity and Conservation, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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9
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Bailey AL, Lauck M, Ghai RR, Nelson CW, Heimbruch K, Hughes AL, Goldberg TL, Kuhn JH, Jasinska AJ, Freimer NB, Apetrei C, O'Connor DH. Arteriviruses, Pegiviruses, and Lentiviruses Are Common among Wild African Monkeys. J Virol 2016; 90:6724-6737. [PMID: 27170760 PMCID: PMC4944300 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00573-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are a historically important source of zoonotic viruses and are a gold-standard model for research on many human pathogens. However, with the exception of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (family Retroviridae), the blood-borne viruses harbored by these animals in the wild remain incompletely characterized. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of two novel simian pegiviruses (family Flaviviridae) and two novel simian arteriviruses (family Arteriviridae) in wild African green monkeys from Zambia (malbroucks [Chlorocebus cynosuros]) and South Africa (vervet monkeys [Chlorocebus pygerythrus]). We examine several aspects of infection, including viral load, genetic diversity, evolution, and geographic distribution, as well as host factors such as age, sex, and plasma cytokines. In combination with previous efforts to characterize blood-borne RNA viruses in wild primates across sub-Saharan Africa, these discoveries demonstrate that in addition to SIV, simian pegiviruses and simian arteriviruses are widespread and prevalent among many African cercopithecoid (i.e., Old World) monkeys. IMPORTANCE Primates are an important source of viruses that infect humans and serve as an important laboratory model of human virus infection. Here, we discover two new viruses in African green monkeys from Zambia and South Africa. In combination with previous virus discovery efforts, this finding suggests that these virus types are widespread among African monkeys. Our analysis suggests that one of these virus types, the simian arteriviruses, may have the potential to jump between different primate species and cause disease. In contrast, the other virus type, the pegiviruses, are thought to reduce the disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans. However, we did not observe a similar protective effect in SIV-infected African monkeys coinfected with pegiviruses, possibly because SIV causes little to no disease in these hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Lauck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ria R Ghai
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Chase W Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Katelyn Heimbruch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Austin L Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Isbell LA, Bidner LR. Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) alarm calls to leopards (Panthera pardus) function as a predator deterrent. BEHAVIOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural predator–prey interactions are difficult to study, especially when predators avoid humans. To gain greater understanding of their dynamism, we conducted a 14-month field study in which we minimized human presence by employing acoustic recorders and camera traps, along with GPS collars deployed on vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and leopards (Panthera pardus) in Laikipia, Kenya. Recordings at the vervets’ sleeping site revealed that they gave ‘leopard’ alarm calls most frequently near dusk and dawn, whereas photographs showed that leopards approached vervets more closely at night, when the monkeys alarm-called less often. GPS data showed that after vervets alarm-called, leopards within 200 m quickly moved away, changing direction, but when vervets did not alarm-call, leopards continued moving forward. These results reveal that vervets’ leopard alarm calls function as a predator deterrent in addition to a conspecific warning call.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne A. Isbell
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Laura R. Bidner
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
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Turner TR, Coetzer WG, Schmitt CA, Lorenz JG, Freimer NB, Grobler JP. Localized population divergence of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus spp.) in South Africa: Evidence from mtDNA. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 159:17-30. [PMID: 26265297 PMCID: PMC4715607 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vervet monkeys are common in most tree-rich areas of South Africa, but their absence from grassland and semi-desert areas of the country suggest potentially restricted and mosaic local population patterns that may have relevance to local phenotype patterns and selection. A portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region was sequenced to study patterns of genetic differentiation. METHODS DNA was extracted, and mitochondrial DNA sequences were obtained from 101 vervet monkeys at 15 localities, which represent both an extensive (widely across the distribution range) and intensive (more than one troop at most of the localities) sampling strategy. Analyses utilized Arlequin 3.1, MEGA 6, BEAST v1.5.2, and Network V3.6.1. RESULTS The dataset contained 26 distinct haplotypes, with six populations fixed for single haplotypes. Pairwise P-distance among population pairs showed significant differentiation among most population pairs, but with nonsignificant differences among populations within some regions. Populations were grouped into three broad clusters in a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree and a haplotype network. These clusters correspond to i) north-western, northern, and north-eastern parts of the distribution range as well as the northern coastal belt; ii) central areas of the country; and iii) southern part of the Indian Ocean coastal belt and adjacent inland areas. CONCLUSIONS Apparent patterns of genetic structure correspond to current and past distribution of suitable habitat, geographic barriers to gene flow, geographic distance, and female philopatry. However, further work on nuclear markers and other genomic data are necessary to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy R. Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Willem G. Coetzer
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Christopher A. Schmitt
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California – Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
- Human Evolution Research Center, University of California – Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Joseph G. Lorenz
- Department of Anthropology & Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California – Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095
| | - J. Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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13
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Laubscher LL, Pitts NE, Raath JP, Hoffman LC. Non-Chemical Techniques Used for the Capture and Relocation of Wildlife in South Africa. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3957/056.045.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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14
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Fourie NH, Turner TR, Brown JL, Pampush JD, Lorenz JG, Bernstein RM. Variation in vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops) hair cortisol concentrations reflects ecological disturbance by humans. Primates 2015; 56:365-73. [PMID: 26318176 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-015-0486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) often live in close proximity to humans. Vervets are known to raid crops, homes and gardens in suburban areas leading to human-vervet conflict. In general, primate groups with access to human foods experience increased population densities and intra-group aggression. This suggests high stress loads for vervets living in environments with high levels of human habitat disturbance and close proximity to humans. We tested the hypothesis that populations characterized by high levels of human impact are more physiologically stressed than low human impact populations, and that this increased stress would be reflected in higher concentrations of hair cortisol. We predicted that because females would be less likely to engage in high risk foraging activities, and hence keep more distance from humans than males, their hair cortisol levels should be lower than those in males. We quantified cortisol in the hair of wild caught individuals from populations that experienced different degrees of human habitat disturbance and differences in access to human food. We found that males in high human impact groups had significantly higher hair cortisol concentrations than those in low human impact groups, although this difference was not observed in female vervets. Human impacts on vervet behavioral ecology appear to be a significant source of stress for male animals in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas H Fourie
- Biobehavioral Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Room 2N104, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Trudy R Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Janine L Brown
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - James D Pampush
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joseph G Lorenz
- Department of Anthropology and Museum Studies, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, 98926, USA
| | - Robin M Bernstein
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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RODRÍGUEZ RAFAELL, CRAMER JENNIFERDANZY, SCHMITT CHRISTOPHERA, GAETANO TEGANJ, GROBLER JPAUL, FREIMER NELSONB, TURNER TRUDYR. The static allometry of sexual and non-sexual traits in vervet monkeys. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015; 114:527-537. [PMID: 25684824 PMCID: PMC4323093 DOI: 10.1111/bij.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sexual traits vary tremendously in static allometry. This variation may be explained in part by body size-related differences in the strength of selection. We tested this hypothesis with in two populations of vervet monkeys, using estimates of the level of condition dependence for different morphological traits as a proxy for body size-related variation in the strength of selection. In support of the hypothesis, we found that the steepness of allometric slopes increased with the level of condition dependence. One trait of particular interest, the penis, had shallow allometric slopes and low levels of condition dependence, in agreement with one of the most consistent patterns yet detected in the study of allometry, that of genitalia exhibitting shallow allometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- RAFAEL L. RODRÍGUEZ
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - JENNIFER DANZY CRAMER
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Women’s Studies, American Military University and American Public University, Charles Town, WV 25414, USA
| | - CHRISTOPHER A. SCHMITT
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - TEGAN J. GAETANO
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - J. PAUL GROBLER
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - NELSON B. FREIMER
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - TRUDY R. TURNER
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Rodríguez RL, Cramer JD, Schmitt CA, Gaetano TJ, Grobler JP, Freimer NB, Turner TR. Adult age confounds estimates of static allometric slopes in a vertebrate. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2015; 27:412-431. [PMID: 26778894 DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2014.986767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In many animal groups, the size of male genitalia scales shallowly with individual body size. This widespread pattern appears to admit some exceptions. For instance, steep allometries have been reported for vertebrate genitalia. This exception, however, may be due to a confounding effect arising from the continued growth of some structures during adulthood in vertebrates. Consider the possibility that genitalia continue to grow in adults while body size does not. If so, taking measurements from adults of different ages could yield steeper allometries than would be obtained from measurements of adults of the same age. We used vervet monkeys to test this hypothesis. We found that all body parts continued to grow in adult vervet monkeys, with sexual traits (including genitalia) showing faster growth rates. Traits with faster growth rates over adult ages had steeper allometries. And accounting for variation in adult age yielded shallower allometries, bringing vervet monkey genitalia in line with the predominant pattern observed in other animal groups. These results suggest that steep allometric slope estimates reported for other vertebrates may be due in part to mixing of adult ages, and reinforces one of the most consistent patterns yet detected in the study of static allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rodríguez
- Behavioral and Molecular Ecology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - J D Cramer
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Women's Studies, American Military University and American Public University, Charles Town, WV 25414, USA
| | - C A Schmitt
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - T J Gaetano
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - J P Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - N B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - T R Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA; Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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Jasinska AJ, Schmitt CA, Service SK, Cantor RM, Dewar K, Jentsch JD, Kaplan JR, Turner TR, Warren WC, Weinstock GM, Woods RP, Freimer NB. Systems biology of the vervet monkey. ILAR J 2014; 54:122-43. [PMID: 24174437 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide crucial biomedical model systems intermediate between rodents and humans. The vervet monkey (also called the African green monkey) is a widely used NHP model that has unique value for genetic and genomic investigations of traits relevant to human diseases. This article describes the phylogeny and population history of the vervet monkey and summarizes the use of both captive and wild vervet monkeys in biomedical research. It also discusses the effort of an international collaboration to develop the vervet monkey as the most comprehensively phenotypically and genomically characterized NHP, a process that will enable the scientific community to employ this model for systems biology investigations.
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Loudon JE, Grobler JP, Sponheimer M, Moyer K, Lorenz JG, Turner TR. Using the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) to examine questions in ethnoprimatology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100758. [PMID: 25010211 PMCID: PMC4091945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study seeks to understand how humans impact the dietary patterns of eight free-ranging vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) groups in South Africa using stable isotope analysis. Vervets are omnivores that exploit a wide range of habitats including those that have been anthropogenically-disturbed. As humans encroach upon nonhuman primate landscapes, human-nonhuman primate interconnections become increasingly common, which has led to the rise of the field of ethnoprimatology. To date, many ethnoprimatological studies have examined human-nonhuman primate associations largely in qualitative terms. By using stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis, we use quantitative data to understand the degree to which humans impact vervet monkey dietary patterns. Based on initial behavioral observations we placed the eight groups into three categories of anthropogenic disturbance (low, mid, and high). Using δ13C and δ15N values we estimated the degree to which each group and each anthropogenically-disturbed category was consuming C4 plants (primarily sugar cane, corn, or processed foods incorporating these crops). δ13C values were significantly different between groups and categories of anthropogenic-disturbance. δ15N values were significantly different at the group level. The two vervet groups with the highest consumption of C4 plants inhabited small nature reserves, appeared to interact with humans only sporadically, and were initially placed in the mid level of anthropogenic-disturbance. However, further behavioral observations revealed that the high δ13C values exhibited by these groups were linked to previously unseen raiding of C4 crops. By revealing these cryptic feeding patterns, this study illustrates the utility of stable isotopes analysis for some ethnoprimatological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Loudon
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - J. Paul Grobler
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Matt Sponheimer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Moyer
- University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Joseph G. Lorenz
- Department of Anthropology, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Trudy R. Turner
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconisn, United States of America
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Gaetano TJ, Danzy J, Mtshali MS, Theron N, Schmitt CA, Grobler JP, Freimer N, Turner TR. Mapping Correlates of Parasitism in Wild South African Vervet Monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3957/056.044.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Factors associated with siman immunodeficiency virus transmission in a natural African nonhuman primate host in the wild. J Virol 2014; 88:5687-705. [PMID: 24623416 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03606-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED African green monkeys (AGMs) are naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) at high prevalence levels and do not progress to AIDS. Sexual transmission is the main transmission route in AGM, while mother-to-infant transmission (MTIT) is negligible. We investigated SIV transmission in wild AGMs to assess whether or not high SIV prevalence is due to differences in mucosal permissivity to SIV (i.e., whether the genetic bottleneck of viral transmission reported in humans and macaques is also observed in AGMs in the wild). We tested 121 sabaeus AGMs (Chlorocebus sabaeus) from the Gambia and found that 53 were SIV infected (44%). By combining serology and viral load quantitation, we identified 4 acutely infected AGMs, in which we assessed the diversity of the quasispecies by single-genome amplification (SGA) and documented that a single virus variant established the infections. We thus show that natural SIV transmission in the wild is associated with a genetic bottleneck similar to that described for mucosal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in humans. Flow cytometry assessment of the immune cell populations did not identify major differences between infected and uninfected AGM. The expression of the SIV coreceptor CCR5 on CD4+ T cells dramatically increased in adults, being higher in infected than in uninfected infant and juvenile AGMs. Thus, the limited SIV MTIT in natural hosts appears to be due to low target cell availability in newborns and infants, which supports HIV MTIT prevention strategies aimed at limiting the target cells at mucosal sites. Combined, (i) the extremely high prevalence in sexually active AGMs, (ii) the very efficient SIV transmission in the wild, and (iii) the existence of a fraction of multiparous females that remain uninfected in spite of massive exposure to SIV identify wild AGMs as an acceptable model of exposed, uninfected individuals. IMPORTANCE We report an extensive analysis of the natural history of SIVagm infection in its sabaeus monkey host, the African green monkey species endemic to West Africa. Virtually no study has investigated the natural history of SIV infection in the wild. The novelty of our approach is that we report for the first time that SIV infection has no discernible impact on the major immune cell populations in natural hosts, thus confirming the nonpathogenic nature of SIV infection in the wild. We also focused on the correlates of SIV transmission, and we report, also for the first time, that SIV transmission in the wild is characterized by a major genetic bottleneck, similar to that described for HIV-1 transmission in humans. Finally, we report here that the restriction of target cell availability is a major correlate of the lack of SIV transmission to the offspring in natural hosts of SIVs.
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CRAMER JENNIFERDANZY, GAETANO TEGAN, GRAY JOSEPHP, GROBLER PAUL, LORENZ JOSEPHG, FREIMER NELSONB, SCHMITT CHRISTOPHERA, TURNER TRUDYR. Variation in Scrotal Color Among Widely Distributed Vervet Monkey Populations (Chlorocebus Aethiops PygerythrusandChlorocebus Aethiops Sabaeus). Am J Primatol 2013; 75:752-62. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - TEGAN GAETANO
- Department of Anthropology; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - JOSEPH P. GRAY
- Department of Anthropology; University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - PAUL GROBLER
- Department of Genetics; University of the Free State; Bloemfontein; South Africa
| | - JOSEPH G. LORENZ
- Department of Anthropology & Museum Studies; Central Washington University; Ellensburg, Washington
| | - NELSON B. FREIMER
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics; University of California-Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California
| | - CHRISTOPHER A. SCHMITT
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics; University of California-Los Angeles; Los Angeles, California
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Ma D, Jasinska A, Kristoff J, Grobler JP, Turner T, Jung Y, Schmitt C, Raehtz K, Feyertag F, Martinez Sosa N, Wijewardana V, Burke DS, Robertson DL, Tracy R, Pandrea I, Freimer N, Apetrei C. SIVagm infection in wild African green monkeys from South Africa: epidemiology, natural history, and evolutionary considerations. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003011. [PMID: 23349627 PMCID: PMC3547836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis studies of SIV infection have not been performed to date in wild monkeys due to difficulty in collecting and storing samples on site and the lack of analytical reagents covering the extensive SIV diversity. We performed a large scale study of molecular epidemiology and natural history of SIVagm infection in 225 free-ranging AGMs from multiple locations in South Africa. SIV prevalence (established by sequencing pol, env, and gag) varied dramatically between infant/juvenile (7%) and adult animals (68%) (p<0.0001), and between adult females (78%) and males (57%). Phylogenetic analyses revealed an extensive genetic diversity, including frequent recombination events. Some AGMs harbored epidemiologically linked viruses. Viruses infecting AGMs in the Free State, which are separated from those on the coastal side by the Drakensberg Mountains, formed a separate cluster in the phylogenetic trees; this observation supports a long standing presence of SIV in AGMs, at least from the time of their speciation to their Plio-Pleistocene migration. Specific primers/probes were synthesized based on the pol sequence data and viral loads (VLs) were quantified. VLs were of 10(4)-10(6) RNA copies/ml, in the range of those observed in experimentally-infected monkeys, validating the experimental approaches in natural hosts. VLs were significantly higher (10(7)-10(8) RNA copies/ml) in 10 AGMs diagnosed as acutely infected based on SIV seronegativity (Fiebig II), which suggests a very active transmission of SIVagm in the wild. Neither cytokine levels (as biomarkers of immune activation) nor sCD14 levels (a biomarker of microbial translocation) were different between SIV-infected and SIV-uninfected monkeys. This complex algorithm combining sequencing and phylogeny, VL quantification, serology, and testing of surrogate markers of microbial translocation and immune activation permits a systematic investigation of the epidemiology, viral diversity and natural history of SIV infection in wild African natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhu Ma
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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