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Rodriguez-Blanco J, Salvador AD, Suter RK, Swiderska-Syn M, Palomo-Caturla I, Kliebe V, Shahani P, Peterson K, Turos-Cabal M, Vieira ME, Wynn DT, Howell AJ, Yang F, Ban Y, McCrea HJ, Zindy F, Danis E, Vibhakar R, Jermakowicz A, Martin V, Coss CC, Harris BT, de Cubas A, Chen XS, Barnoud T, Roussel MF, Ayad NG, Robbins DJ. Triptolide and its prodrug Minnelide target high-risk MYC-amplified medulloblastoma in preclinical models. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e171136. [PMID: 38885332 PMCID: PMC11290968 DOI: 10.1172/jci171136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Most children with medulloblastoma (MB) achieve remission, but some face very aggressive metastatic tumors. Their dismal outcome highlights the critical need to advance therapeutic approaches that benefit such high-risk patients. Minnelide, a clinically relevant analog of the natural product triptolide, has oncostatic activity in both preclinical and early clinical settings. Despite its efficacy and tolerable toxicity, this compound has not been evaluated in MB. Utilizing a bioinformatic data set that integrates cellular drug response data with gene expression, we predicted that Group 3 (G3) MB, which has a poor 5-year survival, would be sensitive to triptolide/Minnelide. We subsequently showed that both triptolide and Minnelide attenuate the viability of G3 MB cells ex vivo. Transcriptomic analyses identified MYC signaling, a pathologically relevant driver of G3 MB, as a downstream target of this class of drugs. We validated this MYC dependency in G3 MB cells and showed that triptolide exerts its efficacy by reducing both MYC transcription and MYC protein stability. Importantly, Minnelide acted on MYC to reduce tumor growth and leptomeningeal spread, which resulted in improved survival of G3 MB animal models. Moreover, Minnelide improved the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy, further highlighting its potential for the treatment of MYC-driven G3 MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jezabel Rodriguez-Blanco
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Robert K. Suter
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | | | | | - Valentin Kliebe
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Pritika Shahani
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Kendell Peterson
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | | | - Megan E. Vieira
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Daniel T. Wynn
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ashley J. Howell
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yuguang Ban
- Department of Public Health Sciences, and
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Heather J. McCrea
- Departments of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Miami, Jackson Health System, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Frederique Zindy
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Etienne Danis
- University of Colorado Cancer Center
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, and
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anna Jermakowicz
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Vanesa Martin
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | | | - Brent T. Harris
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA
| | - Aguirre de Cubas
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - X. Steven Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, and
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Thibaut Barnoud
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Martine F. Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nagi G. Ayad
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - David J. Robbins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
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Elbadawi M, Efferth T. In Vivo and Clinical Studies of Natural Products Targeting the Hallmarks of Cancer. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38797749 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite more than 200 approved anticancer agents, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide due to disease complexity, tumour heterogeneity, drug toxicity, and the emergence of drug resistance. Accordingly, the development of chemotherapeutic agents with higher efficacy, a better safety profile, and the capability of bypassing drug resistance would be a cornerstone in cancer therapy. Natural products have played a pivotal role in the field of drug discovery, especially for the pharmacotherapy of cancer, infectious, and chronic diseases. Owing to their distinctive structures and multiple mechanistic activities, natural products and their derivatives have been utilized for decades in cancer treatment protocols. In this review, we delve into the potential of natural products as anticancer agents by targeting cancer's hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signalling, evading growth suppression, resisting apoptosis and cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. We highlight the molecular mechanisms of some natural products, in vivo studies, and promising clinical trials. This review emphasizes the significance of natural products in fighting cancer and the need for further studies to uncover their fully therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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Luo YM, Yang SD, Wen MY, Wang B, Liu JH, Li ST, Li YY, Cheng H, Zhao LL, Li SM, Jiang JJ. Insights into the mechanisms of triptolide nephrotoxicity through network pharmacology-based analysis and RNA-seq. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1144583. [PMID: 36959927 PMCID: PMC10027700 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1144583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triptolide (TPL) is a promising plant-derived compound for clinical therapy of multiple human diseases; however, its application was limited considering its toxicity. METHODS To explore the underlying molecular mechanism of TPL nephrotoxicity, a network pharmacology based approach was utilized to predict candidate targets related with TPL toxicity, followed by deep RNA-seq analysis to characterize the features of three transcriptional elements include protein coding genes (PCGs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) as well as their associations with nephrotoxicity in rats with TPL treatment. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Although the deeper mechanisms of TPL nephrotoxcity remain further exploration, our results suggested that c-Jun is a potential target of TPL and Per1 related circadian rhythm signaling is involved in TPL induced renal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu-Dong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Miao-Yu Wen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Hui Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Si-Ting Li
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Graduate school of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shun-Min Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian-Jun Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
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Ji B, Cai Z, Liu D, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Naranmandakh S, Huang C, Xiao W, Li Y. A worldwide bibliometric analysis of triptolide research from 1997 to 2021. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:7290-7307. [PMID: 36398275 PMCID: PMC9641448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In recent years, triptolide has received much attention due to its wide range of pharmacological activities. However, no bibliometric studies have been published on triptolide. This study conducted a bibliometric study to provide scientific and insightful information for further research. METHODS This study performed a bibliometric study of articles published in the Web of Science database from 1997 to 2021. Based on the keywords used in relation to the title of the article containing the word triptolide, 970 publications were searched for further analysis. We used Microsoft Excel for frequency analysis, VOSviewer and CiteSpace for data visualization, and Rstudio for citation metrics and analysis. RESULTS After analysis, standard bibliometric indicators such as the growth of publications, prolific authors and coauthorship, country distributions, preferred journals, most influential institutions and top cited documents were presented in this study. CONCLUSIONS According to our findings, the number of triptolide-related publications has been increasing since 2009. China was the largest contributor to triptolide research, followed by the USA. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy was the leading journal related to triptolide research. The most productive authors were Zhang LY (China Pharmaceut Univ) and Jiang ZZ (China Pharmaceut Univ). China Pharmaceutical University was the most influential institution in the field of triptolide research. Our findings suggest that the effective use of triptolide in cancer therapy as well as overcoming its multiorgan toxicity to promote its widespread clinical applications are expected to be hot research topics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhou Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zijun Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yilan Ding
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yueyao Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shinen Naranmandakh
- School of Arts and Sciences, National University of MongoliaSukhbaatar District 14201, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Friendship HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China
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Du S, Liu Y, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Chi Y. Advances in the study of HSP70 inhibitors to enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to radiotherapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:942828. [PMID: 36036010 PMCID: PMC9399644 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.942828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) is one of the most conserved proteins and a ubiquitous molecular chaperone that plays a role in the folding, remodeling, and degradation of various proteins to maintain proteostasis. It has been shown that HSP70 is abundantly expressed in cancer and enhances tumor resistance to radiotherapy by inhibiting multiple apoptotic pathways, such as interfering with the cellular senescence program, promoting angiogenesis, and supporting metastasis. Thus, HSP70 provides an effective target for enhancing the effects of radiation therapy in the clinical management of cancer patients. Inhibition of HSP70 enhances the radiation-induced tumor-killing effect and thus improves the efficacy of radiotherapy. This article reviews the sensitivity of Hsp70 and its related inhibitors to radiotherapy of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihan Du
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Medical Imaging, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuran Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Wang, ; Yuhua Chi,
| | - Yuhua Chi
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Shuai Wang, ; Yuhua Chi,
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Yang Q, Zhai X, Lv Y. A Bibliometric Analysis of Triptolide and the Recent Advances in Treating Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:878726. [PMID: 35721205 PMCID: PMC9198653 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.878726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, natural products derived from plants and their derivatives have attracted great interest in the field of disease treatment. Triptolide is a tricyclic diterpene extracted from Tripterygium wilfordii, a traditional Chinese medicine, which has shown excellent therapeutic potential in the fields of immune inflammation and cancer treatment. In this study, 1,106 Web-of-Science-indexed manuscripts and 1,160 Chinese-National-Knowledge-Infrastructure-indexed manuscripts regarding triptolide published between 2011 and 2021 were analyzed, mapping the co-occurrence networks of keywords and clusters using CiteSpace software. The research frontier and development trend were determined by keyword frequency and cluster analysis, which can be used to predict the future research development of triptolide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is most common in lung cancer patients, accounting for about 80% of all lung cancer patients. New evidence suggests that triptolide effectively inhibits the development and metastasis of NSCLC by the induction of apoptosis, reversion of EMT, and regulation of gene expression. Specifically, it acts on NF-κB, MAPKs, P53, Wnt/β-catenin, and microRNAs (miRNAs), signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. Consequently, this article reviews the research progress of the anti-NSCLC effect of triptolide. In addition, attenuated studies on triptolide and the potential of tumor immunotherapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Lv
- *Correspondence: Xuejia Zhai, ; Yi Lv,
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7
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Sun R, Dai J, Ling M, Yu L, Yu Z, Tang L. Delivery of triptolide: a combination of traditional Chinese medicine and nanomedicine. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:194. [PMID: 35443712 PMCID: PMC9020428 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a natural product with various biological activities, triptolide (TP) has been reported in anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-autoimmune studies. However, the narrow therapeutic window, poor water solubility, and fast metabolism limit its wide clinical application. To reduce its adverse effects and enhance its efficacy, research and design of targeted drug delivery systems (TDDS) based on nanomaterials is one of the most viable strategies at present. This review summarizes the reports and studies of TDDS combined with TP in recent years, including passive and active targeting of drug delivery systems, and specific delivery system strategies such as polymeric micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and stimulus-responsive polymer nanoparticles. The reviewed literature presented herein indicates that TDDS is a multifunctional and efficient method for the delivery of TP. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of TDDS are sorted out, aiming to provide reference for the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and advanced nano drug delivery systems (NDDS) in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jingyue Dai
- Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mingjian Ling
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ling Yu
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Longguang Tang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming, 525200, China.
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Kang D, Liu Y, Song Y, Fang B, Zhang Q, Hu L. Triptolide Shows High Sensitivity and Low Toxicity Against Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Lines Through Inhibiting WSTF-RNAPII Complex. Front Oncol 2022; 12:811850. [PMID: 35251980 PMCID: PMC8888427 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.811850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide exhibits superior and broad-spectrum antitumor activity. However, the narrow safety window caused by the toxicity of triptolide limits its clinical applications. Although several characterized targets for triptolide are reported, the association between triptolide and its targets in cancer therapy is not fully understood. Here, we show that acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines are sensitive to triptolide by constructing an in vitro cell and in vivo xenograft models. Meanwhile, the triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity increases with increasing dosages within the xenograft models. Additionally, the expression levels of WSTF-RPB1 are strongly associated with the sensitivity to triptolide in hematological cancer cells and can be downregulated in a dose and time-dependent manner. Finally, we show that optimizing dosing regimens can achieve the same pharmaceutical effect and reduce toxicity. In summary, this study aims to search for triptolide-sensitive cell lines as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms in order to broaden the safety window of triptolide; thus, increasing its clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingqian Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Deng QD, Lei XP, Zhong YH, Chen MS, Ke YY, Li Z, Chen J, Huang LJ, Zhang Y, Liang L, Lin ZX, Liu Q, Li SP, Yu XY. Triptolide suppresses the growth and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer by inhibiting β-catenin-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1486-1497. [PMID: 33893396 PMCID: PMC8379262 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by a high incidence of metastasis and poor survival. As epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is well recognized as a major factor initiating tumor metastasis, developing EMT inhibitor could be a feasible treatment for metastatic NSCLC. Recent studies show that triptolide isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F attenuated the migration and invasion of breast cancer, colon carcinoma, and ovarian cancer cells, and EMT played important roles in this process. In the present study we investigated the effect of triptolide on the migration and invasion of NSCLC cell lines. We showed that triptolide (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 nM) concentration-dependently inhibited the migration and invasion of NCI-H1299 cells. Triptolide treatment concentration-dependently suppressed EMT in NCI-H1299 cells, evidenced by significantly elevated E-cadherin expression and reduced expression of ZEB1, vimentin, and slug. Furthermore, triptolide treatment suppressed β-catenin expression in NCI-H1299 and NCI-H460 cells, overexpression of β-catenin antagonized triptolide-caused inhibition on EMT, whereas knockout of β-catenin enhanced the inhibitory effect of triptolide on EMT. Administration of triptolide (0.75, 1.5 mg/kg per day, ip, every 2 days) for 18 days in NCI-H1299 xenograft mice dose-dependently suppressed the tumor growth, restrained EMT, and decreased lung metastasis, as evidence by significantly decreased expression of mesenchymal markers, increased expression of epithelial markers as well as reduced number of pulmonary lung metastatic foci. These results demonstrate that triptolide suppresses NSCLC metastasis by targeting EMT via reducing β-catenin expression. Our study implies that triptolide may be developed as a potential agent for the therapy of NSCLC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-di Deng
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xue-Ping Lei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yi-Hang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Min-Shan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yuan-Yu Ke
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Li-Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Lu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Zhong-Xiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, 423000, China.
| | - Song-Pei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Xi-Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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Network pharmacology of triptolide in cancer cells: implications for transcription factor binding. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:1523-1537. [PMID: 34213719 PMCID: PMC8541937 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Triptolide is an active natural product, which inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, suppresses tumor metastasis and improves the effect of other therapeutic treatments in several cancer cell lines by affecting multiple molecules and signaling pathways, such as caspases, heat-shock proteins, DNA damage and NF-ĸB. Purpose We investigated the effect of triptolide towards NF-ĸB and GATA1. Methods We used cell viability assay, compare and cluster analyses of microarray-based mRNA transcriptome-wide expression data, gene promoter binding motif analysis, molecular docking, Ingenuity pathway analysis, NF-ĸB reporter cell assay, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) of GATA1. Results Triptolide inhibited the growth of drug-sensitive (CCRF-CEM, U87.MG) and drug-resistant cell lines (CEM/ADR5000, U87.MGΔEGFR). Hierarchical cluster analysis showed six major clusters in dendrogram. The sensitive and resistant cell lines were statistically significant (p = 0.65 × 10-2) distributed. The binding motifs of NF-κB (Rel) and of GATA1 proteins were significantly enriched in regions of 25 kb upstream promoter of all genes. IPA showed the networks, biological functions, and canonical pathways influencing the activity of triptolide towards tumor cells. Interestingly, upstream analysis for the 40 genes identified by compare analysis revealed ZFPM1 (friend of GATA protein 1) as top transcription regulator. However, we did not observe any effect of triptolide to the binding of GATA1 in vitro. We confirmed that triptolide inhibited NF-κB activity, and it strongly bound to the pharmacophores of IκB kinase β and NF-κB in silico. Conclusion Triptolide showed promising inhibitory effect toward NF-κB, making it a potential candidate for targeting NF-κB.
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Yu L, Wang Z, Mo Z, Zou B, Yang Y, Sun R, Ma W, Yu M, Zhang S, Yu Z. Synergetic delivery of triptolide and Ce6 with light-activatable liposomes for efficient hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2004-2015. [PMID: 34386334 PMCID: PMC8343191 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been known as the second common leading cancer worldwide, as it responds poorly to both chemotherapy and medication. Triptolide (TP), a diterpenoid triepoxide, is a promising treatment agent for its effective anticancer effect on multiple cancers including HCC. However, its clinical application has been limited owing to its severe systemic toxicities, low solubility, and fast elimination in the body. Therefore, to overcome the above obstacles, photo-activatable liposomes (LP) integrated with both photosensitizer Ce6 and chemotherapeutic drug TP (TP/Ce6-LP) was designed in the pursuit of controlled drug release and synergetic photodynamic therapy in HCC therapy. The TP encapsulated in liposomes accumulated to the tumor site due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Under laser irradiation, the photosensitizer Ce6 generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and further oxidized the unsaturated phospholipids. In this way, the liposomes were destroyed to release TP. TP/Ce6-LP with NIR laser irradiation (TP/Ce6-LP+L) showed the best anti-tumor effect both in vitro and in vivo on a patient derived tumor xenograft of HCC (PDXHCC). TP/Ce6-LP significantly reduced the side effects of TP. Furthermore, TP/Ce6-LP+L induced apoptosis through a caspase-3/PARP signaling pathway. Overall, TP/Ce6-LP+L is a novel potential treatment option in halting HCC progression with attenuated toxicity.
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Key Words
- ALT, liver-related alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CK, creatine kinase
- CK-MB, creatine kinase-MB
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- Ce6
- Chol, cholesterol
- Cr, creatinine
- DEE, drug encapsulation efficiency
- DLC, drug loading content
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DSPG, distearoyl phosphatidylglycerole
- Dox, doxorubicin
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FCM, flow cytometry
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LP, liposomes
- NIR, near-infrared
- PDT, photodynamic therapy
- PDX model
- PDX, patient-derived xenograft
- PDXHCC, patient derived tumor xenograft of HCC
- PI, propidium iodide
- Photo-activatable liposomes
- Photosensitizer
- Process of photodynamic therapy
- Pt, platinum
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- So, sorafenib
- Synergetic delivery
- TEM, transmission electron microscope
- TP, triptolide
- TP/Ce6-LP, liposomes integrated with both photosensitizer Ce6 and chemotherapeutic drug TP
- TUNEL, dT-mediated dUTP Nick-End Labeling
- Triptolide
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Maoming 525200, China
| | - Zhuomao Mo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Binhua Zou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Rui Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wen Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Meng Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Shijun Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Corresponding authors.
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Gao J, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wu X, Huang L, Gao W. Triptolide: pharmacological spectrum, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis and derivatives. Theranostics 2021; 11:7199-7221. [PMID: 34158845 PMCID: PMC8210588 DOI: 10.7150/thno.57745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, an abietane-type diterpenoid isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F., has significant pharmacological activity. Research results show that triptolide has obvious inhibitory effects on many solid tumors. Therefore, triptolide has become one of the lead compounds candidates for being the next "blockbuster" drug, and multiple triptolide derivatives have entered clinical research. An increasing number of researchers have developed triptolide synthesis methods to meet the clinical need. To provide new ideas for researchers in different disciplines and connect different disciplines with researchers aiming to solve scientific problems more efficiently, this article reviews the research progress made with analyzes of triptolide pharmacological activity, biosynthetic pathways, and chemical synthesis pathways and reported in toxicological and clinical studies of derivatives over the past 20 years, which have laid the foundation for subsequent researchers to study triptolide in many ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Xihong Liu
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiayi Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100038, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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Geskovski N, Matevska-Geshkovska N, Dimchevska Sazdovska S, Glavas Dodov M, Mladenovska K, Goracinova K. The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:375-401. [PMID: 33981532 PMCID: PMC8093552 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has emerged as a novel cancer treatment and diagnostic modality, whose design constantly evolves towards increasing the safety and efficacy of the chemotherapeutic and diagnostic protocols. Molecular diagnostics, which create a great amount of data related to the unique molecular signatures of each tumor subtype, have emerged as an important tool for detailed profiling of tumors. They provide an opportunity to develop targeting agents for early detection and diagnosis, and to select the most effective combinatorial treatment options. Alongside, the design of the nanoscale carriers needs to cope with novel trends of molecular screening. Also, multiple targeting ligands needed for robust and specific interactions with the targeted cell populations have to be introduced, which should result in substantial improvements in safety and efficacy of the cancer treatment. This article will focus on novel design strategies for nanoscale drug delivery systems, based on the unique molecular signatures of myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors, and the impact of novel discoveries in molecular tumor profiles on future chemotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biomolecular Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Marija Glavas Dodov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Kristina Mladenovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Katerina Goracinova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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Luo Y, Li J, Hu Y, Gao F, Pak-Heng Leung G, Geng F, Fu C, Zhang J. Injectable thermo-responsive nano-hydrogel loading triptolide for the anti-breast cancer enhancement via localized treatment based on "two strikes" effects. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:2227-2245. [PMID: 33304788 PMCID: PMC7715064 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of triptolide (TPL) in tumor therapy has been greatly limited by its toxicity and inefficient delivery. Herein, a localized and sustained-release thermo-sensitive hydrogel was developed for the intra-tumor administration of TPL. Based on the amphiphilic structure of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)-g-F68 copolymer, it was able to form nano-micelles to efficiently encapsulate TPL, and then turn into a hydrogel at 37 °C. TPL@nano-gel exhibited a sustained drug release profile in vitro and a stronger anticancer effect caused by "two strikes". The "first strike" was its enhanced cytotoxicity compared to free TPL, due to the enhanced pro-apoptosis effect observed in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells caused by the regulation of endogenous mitochondrial pathways. Furthermore, TPL@nano-gel exhibited a "second-strike" through its anti-angiogenesis capabilities mediated through VEGFR-2 signaling inhibition. As expected, after intra-tumoral injection at a 0.45 mg/kg TPL-equivalent dose three times over 14 days in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, TPL@nano-gel led to lower systemic toxicity and higher antitumor efficacy compared to multiple injections of TPL. In this regard, these findings indicate that this injectable thermo-responsive hydrogel carries great potential for TPL as a safe and effective cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, HongKong 999077, China
| | - Yichen Hu
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - George Pak-Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, HongKong 999077, China
| | - Funeng Geng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical American Cockroach, Chengdu 615000, China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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Liu HJ, Wang M, Hu X, Shi S, Xu P. Enhanced Photothermal Therapy through the In Situ Activation of a Temperature and Redox Dual-Sensitive Nanoreservoir of Triptolide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003398. [PMID: 32797711 PMCID: PMC7983299 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) has attracted tremendous attention due to its noninvasiveness and localized treatment advantages. However, heat shock proteins (HSPs) associated self-preservation mechanisms bestow cancer cells thermoresistance to protect them from the damage of PTT. To minimize the thermoresistance of cancer cells and improve the efficacy of PTT, an integrated on-demand nanoplatform composed of a photothermal conversion core (gold nanorod, GNR), a cargo of a HSPs inhibitor (triptolide, TPL), a mesoporous silica based nanoreservoir, and a photothermal and redox di-responsive polymer shell is developed. The nanoplatform can be enriched in the tumor site, and internalized into cancer cells, releasing the encapsulated TPL under the trigger of intracellular elevated glutathione and near-infrared laser irradiation. Ultimately, the liberated TPL could diminish thermoresistance of cancer cells by antagonizing the PTT induced heat shock response via multiple mechanisms to maximize the PTT effect for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Liu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Mingming Wang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Xiangxiang Hu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Shanshan Shi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Peisheng Xu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC 29208, United States
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Song Y, Chen S, Wang X, Zhang R, Tu L, Hu T, Liu X, Zhang Y, Huang L, Gao W. A novel strategy to enhance terpenoids production using cambial meristematic cells of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:129. [PMID: 31719835 PMCID: PMC6836502 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (T. wilfordii) is an important medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-tumor activities. The main bioactive ingredients are diterpenoids and triterpenoids, such as triptolide, triptophenolide and celastrol. However, the production of terpenoids from original plants, hairy roots and dedifferentiated cells (DDCs) are not satisfactory for clinical applications. To find a new way to further improve the production of terpenoids, we established a new culture system of cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) with stem cell-like properties, which had strong vigor and high efficiency to produce large amounts of terpenoids of T. wilfordii. RESULTS CMCs of T. wilfordii were isolated and cultured for the first time. CMCs were characterized consistent with stem cell identities based on their physiological and molecular analysis, including morphology of CMCs, hypersensitivity to zeocin, thin cell wall and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis, combination of transcriptional data analysis. After induction with methyl jasmonate (MJ), the maximal production of triptolide, celastrol and triptophenolide in CMCs was 312%, 400% and 327% higher than that of control group, respectively. As for medium, MJ-induced CMCs secreted 231% triptolide and 130% triptophenolide at the maximum level into medium higher than that of control group. Maximal celastrol production of induced CMCs medium was 48% lower than that of control group. Long-term induction significantly enhanced the production of terpenoids both in cells and medium. The reason for increasing the yield of terpenoids was that expression levels of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) were upregulated in CMCs after induction. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, CMCs of T. wilfordii were isolated, cultured, characterized and applied. Considering the significant enrichment of terpenoids in CMCs of T. wilfordii, CMCs could provide an efficient and controllable platform for sustainable production of terpenoids, which can be a better choice than DDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Shang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Xihong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
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Wu H, Sun T, Bi R. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling synergistically enhances the tumor suppressive role of triptolide in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:822-829. [PMID: 31289559 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TPL) is an active extract from a Chinese herb, which has been used for centuries in China. TPL exhibits numerous bioactivities and pharmacological effects, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. However, previous studies have further revealed a multi-target toxicity of TPL, including reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity and renal cytotoxicity. To validate the clinical benefit and reduce the risk of TPL application, studies have investigated the combination of TPL with other reagents to allow lower doses and decrease toxicity. The present study reported that TPL and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) inhibitor AG1024synergistically inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Overexpression of B-cell lymphoma 2 partially reversed the TPL and AG1024-induced increase in apoptosis. A similar synergistic effect was observed with a combination of AG1024 and cisplatin, a DNA damage inducer, in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggested that inhibition of IGF1R may sensitize triple-negative breast cancer cells to DNA damage inducers. Using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, an amplification and gain of copy number of IGF1R was observed in 38% of triple-negative breast tumors (n=82), 26% of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative tumors (n=174) and 10% of ER-positive tumors (n=594). Similarly, a higher alteration frequency of IGF1R was identified in basal-like breast tumors compared with luminal A/B-like breast tumors. Overexpressed proteins associated with these alterations were revealed to be significantly enriched in multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, key transcription factor networks and DNA repair pathways. In summary, the present study suggested that inhibition of IGFR signaling and induction of DNA damage may exhibit synergistic effects for the treatment of triple-negative and ER-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063001, P.R. China
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Rui Bi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063001, P.R. China
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18
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Liu Q, Wang W, Li F, Yu D, Xu C, Hu H. Triptolide Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Metastasis Through Inducing the Expression of miR-146a, a Negative Regulator of Rho GTPase. Oncol Res 2019; 27:1043-1050. [PMID: 31072418 PMCID: PMC7848294 DOI: 10.3727/096504019x15560124931900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, an extract of Tripterygium wilfordii, has been shown to have a potent anticancer activity. In the present study, it was found that triptolide could effectively induce apoptosis and inhibit proliferation and invasion in malignant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The study focused on its effect on inhibiting invasion, which has not been extensively reported to date. We predicted that triptolide may change invasion activity via microRNAs (miRNAs), which have been recognized as important regulators of gene expression. miRNAome variation in MDA-MB-231 cells with or without triptolide treatment demonstrated that miR-146a was upregulated following treatment with triptolide. Our previous studies have shown that miR-146a can inhibit migration and invasion by targeting RhoA in breast cancer. This time, we found that miR-146a can target Rac1, another key member of the Rho GTPase family. Luciferase reporter containing Rac1 3′-UTR was constructed to prove this hypothesis. In addition, following treatment with triptolide, the expression of RhoA and Rac1 was found to be decreased. These results indicated that triptolide exerts its anti-invasion activity through a miRNA-mediated mechanism, which indirectly regulates the expression of Rho GTPase. Triptolide combined with miR-146a could improve the effect of triptolide treatment on breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinic Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fangqiong Li
- Department of Clinic Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dongyang Yu
- Department of Clinic Laboratory, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Chunfen Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
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19
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Tian L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Dang R, Fu Z, Gu B, Wen N. Triptolide reduces proliferation and enhances apoptosis in drug-resistant human oral cancer cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:1204-1213. [PMID: 31933935 PMCID: PMC6947074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide (TPL) is a traditional Chinese medicine that possesses anti-multidrug resistance (MDR) properties against various cancers, including oral cancer. However, the functional roles of TPL in oral cancer cells and its potential ability to overcome MDR have not fully evaluated. Therefore, in this study we used oral cancer cell line SAS to establish Taxol-resistant cell line SAS/Taxol and investigated the effects of TPL on MDR, proliferation, and apoptosis of SAS/Taxol cells. We first demonstrated that TPL overcame MDR in SAS/Taxol cells. In addition, TPL induced prominent proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis of SAS/Taxol cells. Furthermore, the pro-apoptotic effect of TPL on SAS/Taxol cells was dependent on intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways involved in the activation of caspases. Consistently, TPL successfully hampered oral tumor growth by inducing cell apoptosis in a xenograft mouse model. Overall, these results indicated that TPL circumvented MDR of SAS/Taxol cells by inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis which was partly mediated by the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, suggesting the potential therapeutic value of TPL on Taxol-resistant human oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, State Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710018, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, State Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Oncology, State Key Discipline of Cell Biology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi’an 710018, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruijie Dang
- Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
| | - Zhiguang Fu
- Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
| | - Bin Gu
- Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
| | - Ning Wen
- Institute of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100039, China
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20
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Yao C, Li H, Zhang W. Triptolide inhibits benign prostatic epithelium viability and migration and induces apoptosis via upregulation of microRNA-218. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 32:2058738418812349. [PMID: 30453799 PMCID: PMC6247479 DOI: 10.1177/2058738418812349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) has become a troublesome disease for elder
men. Triptolide (TPL) has been reported to be a potential anticancer agent.
However, the potential effects of TPL on BPH have not been shown out. BPH-1
cells were treated with different concentrations of TPL and/or transfected with
microRNA-218 (miR-218) inhibitor, pc-survivin, sh-survivin, or their
corresponding controls (NC). Thereafter, cell viability was determined by CCK-8
assay. Cell migration was accessed by modified two-chamber migration assay. Cell
apoptosis was checked by propidium iodide (PI) and fluorescein isothiocyanate
(FITC)-conjugated Annexin V staining. In addition, messenger RNA (mRNA) and
protein levels were detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain
reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis, respectively. BPH-1 cell viability
and migration were significantly decreased, while cell apoptosis and expression
of miR-218 were statistically enhanced by TPL (P < 0.05 or
P < 0.01). However, downregulation of miR-218 increased
cell viability and migration, while decreased cell apoptosis compared with the
negative control group (P < 0.05 or
P < 0.01). Furthermore, the expression of cell cycle–related
proteins and cell apoptosis–related proteins were also led to the opposite
results with NC. In addition, we found that miR-218 negatively regulated the
expression of survivin (P < 0.01) and suppression of
survivin significantly enhanced cell apoptosis (P < 0.01).
Moreover, the results demonstrated that TPL could inactivate mammalian target of
rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, while inhibition of miR-218 alleviated the effects.
TPL inhibits viability and migration of BPH-1 cells and induces cell apoptosis
and also inactivates mTOR signal pathway via upregulation of miR-218. This study
provides evidence for the further studies representing triptolide as a potential
agent in the treatment of human BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlei Yao
- 1 Department of Urinary Surgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Hongfa Li
- 1 Department of Urinary Surgery, People's Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Weitao Zhang
- 2 Department of Urinary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Taian, China
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21
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Epigenetic Regulation of EMT (Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition) and Tumor Aggressiveness: A View on Paradoxical Roles of KDM6B and EZH2. EPIGENOMES 2018; 3:epigenomes3010001. [PMID: 34991274 PMCID: PMC8594212 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition) is a plastic phenomenon involved in metastasis formation. Its plasticity is conferred in a great part by its epigenetic regulation. It has been reported that the trimethylation of lysine 27 histone H3 (H3K27me3) was a master regulator of EMT through two antagonist enzymes that regulate this mark, the methyltransferase EZH2 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) and the lysine demethylase KDM6B (lysine femethylase 6B). Here we report that EZH2 and KDM6B are overexpressed in numerous cancers and involved in the aggressive phenotype and EMT in various cell lines by regulating a specific subset of genes. The first paradoxical role of these enzymes is that they are antagonistic, but both involved in cancer aggressiveness and EMT. The second paradoxical role of EZH2 and KDM6B during EMT and cancer aggressiveness is that they are also inactivated or under-expressed in some cancer types and linked to epithelial phenotypes in other cancer cell lines. We also report that new cancer therapeutic strategies are targeting KDM6B and EZH2, but the specificity of these treatments may be increased by learning more about the mechanisms of action of these enzymes and their specific partners or target genes in different cancer types.
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22
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Yang CY, Lin CK, Hsieh CC, Tsao CH, Lin CS, Peng B, Chen YT, Ting CC, Chang WC, Lin GJ, Sytwu HK, Chen YW. Anti-oral cancer effects of triptolide by downregulation of DcR3 in vitro, in vivo, and in preclinical patient-derived tumor xenograft model. Head Neck 2018; 41:1260-1269. [PMID: 30537218 PMCID: PMC6590365 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is considered to be a diagnostic and therapeutic target for human cancers. The aim of this study was to assess DcR3 as a target of the anticancer effects of triptolide (TPL) in preclinical patient‐derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods The expression of DcR3 was evaluated through immunohistochemistry, and correlations were examined using clinical variables. The effects of TPL on the expression of DcR3 and cell proliferation were investigated in OSCC cell lines and in PDTX models. Results DcR3 overexpression was associated with overall survival and tumor size. TPL significantly decreased tumor growth. Moreover, TPL inhibited the expression of metastasis‐associated protein 1 (MTA1), a transcription factor for DcR3 in vivo, in vitro, and in PDTX models. Conclusion TPL appeared to exert anticancer effects by repressing DcR3 and MTA1 in vitro, in vivo, and in PDTX models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Yang
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kung Lin
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Huei Tsao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Shu Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo Peng
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tzu Chen
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Ting
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chin Chang
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gu-Jiun Lin
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Wu Chen
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Varghese E, Samuel SM, Varghese S, Cheema S, Mamtani R, Büsselberg D. Triptolide Decreases Cell Proliferation and Induces Cell Death in Triple Negative MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8040163. [PMID: 30563138 PMCID: PMC6315979 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) do not respond to conventional estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 targeted interventions due to the absence of the respective receptor targets. They are aggressive, exhibit early recurrence, metastasize, are more invasive in nature, and develop drug resistance. Some plant-derived substances have been screened and have gained attention as efficient anticancer drugs for TNBCs with few adverse effects. Here, we evaluate triptolide (concentrations in the range of 100 pM to 10 µM), a di-terpene tri-epoxide isolated from thunder god vine for its efficacy as anticancer drug in MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) (MTS) assay and trypan blue exclusion assay, respectively. A flow cytometry-based apoptosis assay was performed by using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide (PI). Western blotting was performed to determine the levels of apoptotic and autophagy proteins such as caspase 3, LC3B and SQSTM1/p62. Results indicate that in 72 h of 1 nM triptolide treatment, the percentage of cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 cells declined to 49 ± 18.9% (mean ± standard deviation (SD)), whereas the proliferation rate did not drop below 80% in MCF-7 cells (non-TNBC cells which express the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) even at the highest concentration tested (10 µM). The MDA-MB-468 cells showed a similar trend to MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, triptolide treatment for 72 h significantly decreased cell viability at concentrations above 10 nM. Apoptotic cell death assay in 72 h triptolide-treated MDA-MB-231 cells revealed 29.3 ± 10.57% of early apoptotic cells in comparison to the control group (4.61 ± 2.24%). Cell cycle analysis indicated accumulation of cells in sub G0/G1 phase, indicating apoptosis. Western blot analysis in the 25 nM triptolide treatment group revealed induction of autophagy as shown by a significant decrease in the levels of autophagy marker p62 (by 0.2-fold p < 0.0001) and with an increase in the levels of LC3B-II (by 8-fold p < 0.05). An increase in the levels of the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase 3 (by 4-fold p < 0.05) was also observed in triptolide treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Our data shows that triptolide could be an efficient anticancer agent in the treatment of TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sharon Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Sohaila Cheema
- Institute for Population Health, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ravinder Mamtani
- Institute for Population Health, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P. O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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24
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Nardi I, Reno T, Yun X, Sztain T, Wang J, Dai H, Zheng L, Shen B, Kim J, Raz D. Triptolide inhibits Wnt signaling in NSCLC through upregulation of multiple Wnt inhibitory factors via epigenetic modifications to Histone H3. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2470-2478. [PMID: 30006924 PMCID: PMC6483070 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, it has become clear that epigenetic changes act together with genetic mutations to promote virtually every stage of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. This knowledge has triggered searches for "epigenetic drugs" that can be developed into new cancer therapies. Here we report that triptolide reduced lung cancer incidence from 70% to 10% in a Fen1 E160D transgenic mouse model and effectively inhibited cancer growth and metastasis in A549 and H460 mouse xenografts. We found that triptolide induced lung cancer cell apoptosis that was associated with global epigenetic changes to histone 3 (H3). These global epigenetic changes in H3 are correlated with an increase in protein expression of five Wnt inhibitory factors that include WIF1, FRZB, SFRP1, ENY2, and DKK1. Triptolide had no effect on DNA methylation status at any of the CpG islands located in the promoter regions of all five Wnt inhibitory factors. Wnt expression is implicated in promoting the development and progression of many lung cancers. Because of this, the potential to target Wnt signaling with drugs that induce epigenetic modifications provides a new avenue for developing novel therapies for patients with these tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Nardi
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Theresa Reno
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Xinwei Yun
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Terra Sztain
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Jami Wang
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Huifang Dai
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Duarte, California
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Duarte, California
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Duarte, California
| | - Jae Kim
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
| | - Dan Raz
- City of Hope Medical Center, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baum Family Thoracic Oncology laboratory; Beckman Research Institute
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25
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Zhao J, Xie C, Mu X, Krausz KW, Patel DP, Shi X, Gao X, Wang Q, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolic alterations in triptolide-induced acute hepatotoxicity. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4299. [PMID: 29799631 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, a major active constitute of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F, is prescribed for the treatment of autoimmune diseases in China. One of its most severe adverse effects observed in the clinical use is hepatotoxicity, but the mechanism is still unknown. Therefore, the present study applied an LC/MS-based metabolomic analysis to characterize the metabolomic changes in serum and liver induced by triptolide in mice. Mice were administered triptolide by gavage to establish the acute liver injury model, and serum biochemical and liver histological analyses were applied to assess the degree of toxicity. Multivariate data analyses were performed to investigate the metabolic alterations. Potential metabolites were identified using variable importance in the projection values and Student's t-test. A total of 30 metabolites were observed that were significantly changed by triptolide treatment and the abundance of 29 metabolites was correlated with the severity of toxicity. Pathway analysis indicated that the mechanism of triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity was related to alterations in multiple metabolic pathways, including glutathione metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, purine metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The current study provides new mechanistic insights into the metabolic alterations that lead to triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Hebei Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cen Xie
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiyan Mu
- Hebei Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daxesh P Patel
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Hebei Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Qiao Wang
- Hebei Medical University, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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26
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Li C, Zhang B, Lv W, Lai C, Chen Z, Wang R, Long X, Feng X. Triptolide inhibits cell growth and GRP78 protein expression but induces cell apoptosis in original and radioresistant NPC cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49588-49596. [PMID: 27391061 PMCID: PMC5226531 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The radioresistance is the key factor to hamper curative effect and survival of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Nature triptolide (TPL) has been found to circumvent drug-resistant effect of cancer, but its effect on NPC radioresistance has been rarely studied. In the present study, the 10 Gy-resistant CNE2 subclones (CNE2-SR) were used as a NPC radioresistant model. The IC50 of TPL in CNE2 and CNE2-SR cells was measured by MTT assay, cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry, and protein expression was examined by western blot. Our data showed that TPL treatment decreased the percentage of viable cells, and IC50 value in CNE2 and CNE2-SR cells was 23.6 ± 1.41 nmol/L and 31.2 ± 1.16 nmol/L, respectively. Six Gy was a moderate dosage of X-ray for CNE2, and 25 nM TPL was close to IC50 value of CNE2 and CNE2-SR. Six Gy X-ray and/or 25 nM TPL significantly inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, 6 Gy X-ray and/or 25 nM TPL significantly inhibited cell growth and induced cell apoptosis and M/G2 phase arrest in CNE2 and CNE2-SR cells. Moreover, TPL treatment significantly inhibited the expression of GRP78 protein in CNE2 and CNE2-SR cells. These results suggest that TPL may serve as a potential radiosensitizer agent for NPC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengmin Li
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Wuwu Lv
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Chen Lai
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Zhikang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Xueying Long
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Xueping Feng
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
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27
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Inducers of Senescence, Toxic Compounds, and Senolytics: The Multiple Faces of Nrf2-Activating Phytochemicals in Cancer Adjuvant Therapy. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4159013. [PMID: 29618945 PMCID: PMC5829354 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4159013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivation of senescence in cancer and the subsequent clearance of senescent cells are suggested as therapeutic intervention in the eradication of cancer. Several natural compounds that activate Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2) pathway, which is involved in complex cytoprotective responses, have been paradoxically shown to induce cell death or senescence in cancer. Promoting the cytoprotective Nrf2 pathway may be desirable for chemoprevention, but it might be detrimental in later stages and advanced cancers. However, senolytic activity shown by some Nrf2-activating compounds could be used to target senescent cancer cells (particularly in aged immune-depressed organisms) that escape immunosurveillance. We herein describe in vitro and in vivo effects of fifteen Nrf2-interacting natural compounds (tocotrienols, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, genistein, resveratrol, silybin, phenethyl isothiocyanate, sulforaphane, triptolide, allicin, berberine, piperlongumine, fisetin, and phloretin) on cellular senescence and discuss their use in adjuvant cancer therapy. In light of available literature, it can be concluded that the meaning and the potential of adjuvant therapy with natural compounds in humans remain unclear, also taking into account the existence of few clinical trials mostly characterized by uncertain results. Further studies are needed to investigate the therapeutic potential of those compounds that display senolytic activity.
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28
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Target Identification of Bioactive Covalently Acting Natural Products. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 420:351-374. [PMID: 30105423 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are countless natural products that have been isolated from microbes, plants, and other living organisms that have been shown to possess therapeutic activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, or anti-inflammatory effects. However, developing these bioactive natural products into drugs has remained challenging in part because of their difficulty in isolation, synthesis, mechanistic understanding, and off-target effects. Among the large pool of bioactive natural products lies classes of compounds that contain potential reactive electrophilic centers that can covalently react with nucleophilic amino acid hotspots on proteins and other biological molecules to modulate their biological action. Covalently acting natural products are more amenable to rapid target identification and mapping of specific druggable hotspots within proteins using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-based chemoproteomic strategies. In addition, the granular biochemical insights afforded by knowing specific sites of protein modifications of covalently acting natural products enable the pharmacological interrogation of these sites with more synthetically tractable covalently acting small molecules whose structures are more easily tuned. Both discovering binding pockets and targets hit by natural products and exploiting druggable modalities targeted by natural products with simpler molecules may overcome some of the challenges faced with translating natural products into drugs.
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29
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Hu XF, He XT, Zhou KX, Zhang C, Zhao WJ, Zhang T, Li JL, Deng JP, Dong YL. The analgesic effects of triptolide in the bone cancer pain rats via inhibiting the upregulation of HDACs in spinal glial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:213. [PMID: 29096654 PMCID: PMC5668986 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0988-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bone cancer pain (BCP) severely compromises the quality of life, while current treatments are still unsatisfactory. Here, we tested the antinociceptive effects of triptolide (T10), a substance with considerable anti-tumor efficacies on BCP, and investigated the underlying mechanisms targeting the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). Methods Intratibial inoculation of Walker 256 mammary gland carcinoma cells was used to establish a BCP model in rats. T10 was intrathecally injected, and mechanical allodynia was tested by measuring the paw withdrawal thresholds (PWTs). In mechanism study, the activation of microglia, astrocytes, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the SDH were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining or Western blot analysis of Iba-1, GFAP, p-ERK, p-p38, and p-JNK. The expression and cellular localization of histone deacetylases (HDACs) 1 and 2 were also detected to investigate molecular mechanism. Results Intrathecal injection of T10 inhibited the bone cancer-induced mechanical allodynia with an ED50 of 5.874 μg/kg. This effect was still observed 6 days after drug withdrawal. Bone cancer caused significantly increased expression of HDAC1 in spinal microglia and neurons, with HDAC2 markedly increased in spinal astrocytes, which were accompanied by the upregulation of MAPK pathways and the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the SDH. T10 reversed the increase of HDACs, especially those in glial cells, and inhibited the glial activation. Conclusions Our results suggest that the upregulation of HDACs contributes to the pathological activation of spinal glial cells and the chronic pain caused by bone cancer, while T10 help to relieve BCP possibly via inhibiting the upregulation of HDACs in the glial cells in the SDH and then blocking the neuroinflammation induced by glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fan Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Kai-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen-Jun Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.,Student Brigade, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Jian-Ping Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yu-Lin Dong
- Department of Human Anatomy & K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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30
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Huang X, Dong H, Ting Z. Cloning, expression of a truncated HSP110 protein that augments the activities of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic and apoptosis via tHSP110-peptide complex vaccines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:10304-10314. [PMID: 31966365 PMCID: PMC6965763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study used a genetic engineering method to express a truncated heat shock protein 110 (tHSP110) isoform in Escherichia coli and verified its ability to bind to and present macromolecular antigens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to obtain the truncated HSP110 gene, which was expressed in E. coli. The tHSP110 protein was non-covalently coupled to the intracellular domain (ICD) of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/Neu) in vitro to construct the antigen peptide complex tHSP110-ICD, which was identified by a co-immunoprecipitation assay. BALB/c mice were immunized 14-day interval for three times with the HSP110, tHSP110, HSP110-ICD, tHSP110-ICD, HSP110-P851-859 (a complex formed by full-length HSP110 with a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope peptide of the Her2/neu ICD) and tHSP110-P851-859 complexes. Fourteen days after the last immunization, D2F2 cells were inoculated into BALB/c mice. The in vivo tumor volume of each group was measured every three days after cell inoculation to evaluate the immunization efficacy of the vaccine in each group. The level of the IFN-γ secreted by activated lymphocytes, the specific CTLs activity was detected. Immunohistochemical staining of bcl-2 and bax were measured on the tumor tissues of each group. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that the expressed tHSP110 protein was 66 kDa in size. The non-covalent coupling of tHSP110 with ICD and peptide were confirmed by a co-immunoprecipitation assay. The in vivo tumor experiment results indicated no differences in the tumor volumes of the tHSP110-ICD and HSP110-ICD groups. In contrast, the tumor volume of the tHSP110-ICD group was significantly different compared with the tumor volume of the tHSP110-P851-859 group. After the mice immunized with tHSP110-ICD, tHSP110-P851-859 complexes, the complexes have potential immunogenicity, and can induce specific CTLs activity and apoptosis in BALB/c mice. As a tumor vaccine to inhibit in vivo tumor growth, the tHSP110 has the same ability to bind macromolecular antigens and activate tumor immune responses as full-length HSP110.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Huang
- Jiaxing University Medical CollegeJiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Dong
- Jiaxing University Medical CollegeJiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhang Ting
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhou, China
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31
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Inabuy FS, Fischedick JT, Lange I, Hartmann M, Srividya N, Parrish AN, Xu M, Peters RJ, Lange BM. Biosynthesis of Diterpenoids in Tripterygium Adventitious Root Cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:92-103. [PMID: 28751314 PMCID: PMC5580761 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Adventitious root cultures were developed from Tripterygium regelii, and growth conditions were optimized for the abundant production of diterpenoids, which can be collected directly from the medium. An analysis of publicly available transcriptome data sets collected with T. regelii roots and root cultures indicated the presence of a large gene family (with 20 members) for terpene synthases (TPSs). Nine candidate diterpene synthase genes were selected for follow-up functional evaluation, of which two belonged to the TPS-c, three to the TPS-e/f, and four to the TPS-b subfamilies. These genes were characterized by heterologous expression in a modular metabolic engineering system in Escherichia coli Members of the TPS-c subfamily were characterized as copalyl diphosphate (diterpene) synthases, and those belonging to the TPS-e/f subfamily catalyzed the formation of precursors of kaurane diterpenoids. The TPS-b subfamily encompassed genes coding for enzymes involved in abietane diterpenoid biosynthesis and others with activities as monoterpene synthases. The structural characterization of diterpenoids accumulating in the medium of T. regelii adventitious root cultures, facilitated by searching the Spektraris online spectral database, enabled us to formulate a biosynthetic pathway for the biosynthesis of triptolide, a diterpenoid with pharmaceutical potential. Considering the significant enrichment of diterpenoids in the culture medium, fast-growing adventitious root cultures may hold promise as a sustainable resource for the large-scale production of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fainmarinat S Inabuy
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Justin T Fischedick
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Iris Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Michael Hartmann
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Narayanan Srividya
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Amber N Parrish
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Meimei Xu
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1079
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-1079
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
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Protective Effect of 18 β-Glycyrrhetinic Acid against Triptolide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:3470320. [PMID: 28572827 PMCID: PMC5440796 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3470320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the major active component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) and possesses multiple pharmacological effects. However, hepatotoxicity of TP which is one of the toxic properties slows its progression in clinical application. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is the main bioactive ingredient of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), a herbal medicine famous for its detoxification. This study aims to investigate whether GA possesses protective effect against TP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. TP interference markedly elevated serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP, caused evident liver histopathological changes, and elevated hepatic TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ as well as nuclear translocation of NF-κB. TP also significantly elevated liver MDA and declined hepatic activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px. Assay of TUNEL and apoptosis proteins (Bax, Bcl-2, and active caspase-3) showed that TP induced severe hepatocellular apoptosis. In contrast, low-dose GA (50 mg/kg) significantly reversed TP-induced changes above. However, high-dose GA (100 mg/kg) had no such effect. Overall, these findings indicated that low-dose GA but not high-dose GA exhibited a protective effect against TP-induced hepatotoxicity in rats by anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and antiapoptosis, which suggests that the doses of GA/Licorice should be carefully considered when used together with TWHF or TWHF preparations.
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Arora N, Alsaied O, Dauer P, Majumder K, Modi S, Giri B, Dudeja V, Banerjee S, Von Hoff D, Saluja A. Downregulation of Sp1 by Minnelide leads to decrease in HSP70 and decrease in tumor burden of gastric cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171827. [PMID: 28192510 PMCID: PMC5305197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide with poor survival rates. Even though a number of chemotherapeutic compounds have been used against this disease, stomach cancer has not been particularly sensitive to these drugs. In this study we have evaluated the effect of triptolide, a naturally derived diterpene triepoxide and its water soluble pro-drug Minnelide on several gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines both as monotherapy and in combination with CPT-11. METHODS Gastric cancer cell lines MKN28 and MKN45 were treated with varying doses of triptolide in vitro. Cell viability was measured using MTT based assay kit. Apoptotic cell death was assayed by measuring caspase activity. Effect of the triptolide pro-drug, Minnelide, was evaluated by implanting the gastric cancer cells subcutaneously in athymic nude mice. RESULTS Gastric cancer cell lines MKN28 and MKN45 cells exhibited decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis when treated with varying doses of triptolide in vitro. When implanted in athymic nude mice, treatment with Minnelide reduced tumor burden in both MKN28 derived tumors as well as MKN45 derived tumors. Additionally, we also evaluated Minnelide as a single agent and in combination with CPT-11 in the NCI-N87 human gastric tumor xenograft model. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that the combination of Minnelide with CPT-11 resulted in significantly smaller tumors compared to control. These studies are extremely encouraging as Minnelide is currently undergoing phase 1 clinical trials for gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Arora
- Div. of Basic and Translational Research Dept. of Surgery University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Osama Alsaied
- Div. of Basic and Translational Research Dept. of Surgery University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Patricia Dauer
- Div. of Basic and Translational Research Dept. of Surgery University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
- Div. of Surgical Oncology Dept. of Surgery University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Kaustav Majumder
- Div. of Basic and Translational Research Dept. of Surgery University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
| | - Shrey Modi
- Div. of Basic and Translational Research Dept. of Surgery University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
- Div. of Surgical Oncology Dept. of Surgery University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Bhuwan Giri
- Div. of Basic and Translational Research Dept. of Surgery University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
- Div. of Surgical Oncology Dept. of Surgery University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Vikas Dudeja
- Div. of Basic and Translational Research Dept. of Surgery University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
- Div. of Surgical Oncology Dept. of Surgery University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- Div. of Basic and Translational Research Dept. of Surgery University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
- Div. of Surgical Oncology Dept. of Surgery University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Daniel Von Hoff
- TGen/Virginia G. Piper Cancer Ctr, Suite 600, Phoenix, AZ United States of America
| | - Ashok Saluja
- Div. of Basic and Translational Research Dept. of Surgery University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN, United States of America
- Div. of Surgical Oncology Dept. of Surgery University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhao GF, Huang ZA, Du XK, Yang ML, Huang DD, Zhang S. Molecular docking studies of Traditional Chinese Medicinal compounds against known protein targets to treat non-small cell lung carcinomas. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1132-8. [PMID: 27279494 PMCID: PMC4940108 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In silico drug design using virtual screening, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)/Tox data analysis, automated docking and molecular dynamics simulations for the determination of lead compounds for further in vitro analysis is a cost effective strategy. The present study used this strategy to discover novel lead compounds from an in-house database of Traditional Chinese Medicinal (TCM) compounds against epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein for targeting non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). After virtual screening of an initial dataset of 2,242 TCM compounds, leads were identified based on binding energy and ADME/Tox data and subjected to automated docking followed by molecular dynamics simulation. Triptolide, a top compound identified by this vigorous in silico screening, was then tested in vitro on the H2347 cell line carrying wild-type EGFR, revealing an anti-proliferative potency similar to that of known drugs against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuo-An Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | | | | | - Dan-Dan Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Stem Cell Laboratory, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, P.R. China
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Ziaei S, Halaby R. Immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties of triptolide: A mini review. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2016; 6:149-64. [PMID: 27222828 PMCID: PMC4877967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triptolide, the active component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F has been used to treat autoimmune and inflammatory conditions for over two hundred years in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the processes through which triptolide exerts immunosuppression and anti-inflammation are not understood well. In this review, we discuss the autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions that are currently treated with triptolide. Triptolide also possesses anti-tumorigenic effects. We discuss the toxicity of various triptolide derivatives and offer suggestions to improve its safety. This study also examines the clinical trials that have investigated the efficacy of triptolide. Our aim is to examine the mechanisms that are responsible for the immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects of triptolide. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the literature with respect to the immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties of triptolide. RESULTS Triptolide possesses immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. CONCLUSION Triptolide can be used alone or in combination with existing therapeutic modalities as novel treatments for autoimmune disorders, cancers, and for immunosuppression.
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Proteomic Analysis of Anticancer TCMs Targeted at Mitochondria. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:539260. [PMID: 26568766 PMCID: PMC4629060 DOI: 10.1155/2015/539260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a rich resource of anticancer drugs. Increasing bioactive natural compounds extracted from TCMs are known to exert significant antitumor effects, but the action mechanisms of TCMs are far from clear. Proteomics, a powerful platform to comprehensively profile drug-regulated proteins, has been widely applied to the mechanistic investigation of TCMs and the identification of drug targets. In this paper, we discuss several bioactive TCM products including terpenoids, flavonoids, and glycosides that were extensively investigated by proteomics to illustrate their antitumor mechanisms in various cancers. Interestingly, many of these natural compounds isolated from TCMs mostly exert their tumor-suppressing functions by specifically targeting mitochondria in cancer cells. These TCM components induce the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, and the accumulation of ROS, initiating apoptosis cascade signaling. Proteomics provides systematic views that help to understand the molecular mechanisms of the TCM in tumor cells; it bears the inherent limitations in uncovering the drug-protein interactions, however. Subcellular fractionation may be coupled with proteomics to capture and identify target proteins in mitochondria-enriched lysates. Furthermore, translating mRNA analysis, a new technology profiling the drug-regulated genes in translatome level, may be integrated into the systematic investigation, revealing global information valuable for understanding the action mechanism of TCMs.
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