1
|
Liang X, Yu B, Ye L, Lin D, Zhang W, Zhong HJ, He J. Recent Advances in Quaternary Ammonium Monomers for Dental Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:345. [PMID: 38255513 PMCID: PMC10820831 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Resin-based dental materials have been one of the ideal choices among various materials in the treatment of dental caries. However, resin-based dental materials still have some drawbacks, such as the lack of inherent antibacterial activity. Extensive research has been conducted on the use of novel quaternary ammonium monomers (QAMs) to impart antibacterial activity to dental materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in quaternary ammonium monomers (QAMs) for dental applications. The current progress and limitations of QAMs are discussed based on the evolution of their structures. The functional diversification and enhancement of QAMs are presented. QAMs have the potential to provide long-term antibacterial activity in dental resin composites, thereby prolonging their service life. However, there is a need to balance antibacterial performance with other material properties and the potential impact on the oral microbiome and general health. Finally, the necessity for further scientific progress in the development of novel quaternary ammonium monomers and the optimization of dental resin formulations is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Liang
- Foundation Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China;
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China;
| | - Liuqi Ye
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.Y.); (D.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Danlei Lin
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.Y.); (D.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wen Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.Y.); (D.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.Y.); (D.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jingwei He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Drejka P, Chrószcz-Porębska M, Kazek-Kęsik A, Chladek G, Barszczewska-Rybarek I. Chemical Modification of Dental Dimethacrylate Copolymer with Tetramethylxylylene Diisocyanate-Based Quaternary Ammonium Urethane-Dimethacrylates-Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Antibacterial Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:298. [PMID: 38255466 PMCID: PMC10817292 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this study, two novel quaternary ammonium urethane-dimethacrylates (QAUDMAs) were designed for potential use as comonomers in antibacterial dental composite restorative materials. QAUDMAs were synthesized via the reaction of 1,3-bis(1-isocyanato-1-methylethyl)benzene with 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-2-decylhydroxyethylmethylammonium bromide (QA10+TMXDI) and 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-2-dodecylhydroxyethylmethylammonium bromide (QA12+TMXDI). Their compositions with common dental dimethacrylates comprising QAUDMA 20 wt.%, urethane-dimethacrylate monomer (UDMA) 20 wt.%, bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) 40 wt.%, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) 20 wt.%, were photocured. The achieved copolymers were characterized for their physicochemical and mechanical properties, including their degree of conversion (DC), glass transition temperature (Tg), polymerization shrinkage (S), water contact angle (WCA), flexural modulus (E), flexural strength (FS), hardness (HB), water sorption (WS), and water leachability (WL). The antibacterial activity of the copolymers was characterized by the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The achieved results were compared to the properties of a typical dental copolymer comprising UDMA 40 wt.%, Bis-GMA 40 wt.%, and TEGDMA 20 wt.%. The introduction of QAUDMAs did not deteriorate physicochemical and mechanical properties. The WS and WL increased; however, they were still satisfactory. The copolymer comprising QA10+TMXDI showed a higher antibacterial effect than that comprising QA12+TMXDI and that of the reference copolymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Drejka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.D.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Marta Chrószcz-Porębska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.D.); (M.C.-P.)
| | - Alicja Kazek-Kęsik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chladek
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Izabela Barszczewska-Rybarek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (P.D.); (M.C.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saridou M, Nikolaidis AK, Koulaouzidou EA, Achilias DS. Synthesis and Characterization of Dental Nanocomposite Resins Reinforced with Dual Organomodified Silica/Clay Nanofiller Systems. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:405. [PMID: 37623650 PMCID: PMC10455476 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium (QA) compounds have been widely studied as potential disinfectants in dental restorative materials. The present work investigates whether the gradual displacement of nanosilica by QA-clay nanoparticles may have an impact on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of dental nanocomposite resins. For this purpose, Bis-GMA/TEGDMA-based composite resins were initially synthesized by incorporating 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (γ-MPS)-modified nanosilica/QA-clay nanoparticles at 60/0, 55/5, 50/10, 40/20, and 30/30 wt% filler loadings. Their structural characterization was performed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The degree of double bond conversion (DC) over time and the polymerization shrinkage were determined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and a linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT), respectively. Mechanical properties as well as water sorption and solubility parameters were also evaluated after storage of nanocomposites in water for 7 days at 37 °C. Spectral data revealed intercalated clay configurations along with areas characterized by silica-clay clusters for clay loadings up to 30 wt%. Furthermore, the insertion of 10 wt% QA-clay enhanced the auto-acceleration effect also sustaining the ultimate (DC), reduced the setting contraction and solubility, and, finally, yielded flexural modulus and strength very close to those of the control nanocomposite resin. The acquired results could herald the advanced design of dental restorative materials appropriate for contemporary clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Saridou
- Laboratory of Polymer and Color Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece (D.S.A.)
| | - Alexandros K. Nikolaidis
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Elisabeth A. Koulaouzidou
- Division of Dental Tissues’ Pathology and Therapeutics (Basic Dental Sciences, Endodontology and Operative Dentistry), School of Dentistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitris S. Achilias
- Laboratory of Polymer and Color Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece (D.S.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pontons-Melo JC, Balbinot GDS, Sauro S, Collares FM. Experimental Composite Resin with Myristyltrimethylammonium Bromide (MYTAB) and Alpha-Tricalcium Phosphate (α-TCP): Antibacterial and Remineralizing Effect. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:303. [PMID: 37367267 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14060303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an experimental composite resin with the addition of myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MYTAB) and α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) as an antibacterial and remineralizing material. Experimental composite resins composed of 75 wt% Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (BisGMA) and 25 wt% Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) were produced. Some 1 mol% Trimethyl benzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide (TPO) was used as a photoinitiator, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BTH) was added as a polymerization inhibitor. Silica (1.5 wt%) and barium glass (65 wt%) particles were added as inorganic fillers. For remineralizing and antibacterial effect, α-TCP (10 wt%) and MYTAB (5 wt%) were incorporated into the resin matrix (α-TCP/MYTAB group). A group without the addition of α-TCP/MYTAB was used as a control. Resins were evaluated for their degree of conversion (n = 3) by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The flexural strength (n = 5) was assessed based on ISO 4049:2019 requirements. Microhardness was assessed to calculate softening in solvent (n = 3) after ethanol immersion. The mineral deposition (n = 3) was evaluated after immersion in SBF, while cytotoxicity was tested with HaCaT cells (n = 5). Antimicrobial activity (n = 3) was analyzed against S. mutans. The degree of conversion was not influenced by the antibacterial and remineralizing compounds, and all groups reached values > 60%. The α-TCP/MYTAB addition promoted increased softening of polymers after immersion in ethanol and reduced their flexural strength and the viability of cells in vitro. A reduction in S. mutans viability was observed for the α-TCP/MYTAB group in biofilm formation and planktonic bacteria, with an antibacterial effect > 3log10 for the developed materials. Higher intensity of phosphate compounds on the sample's surface was detected in the α-TCP/MYTAB group. The addition of α-TCP and MYTAB promoted remineralizing and antibacterial effects on the developed resins and may be a strategy for bioactive composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Pontons-Melo
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Souza Balbinot
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2492, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre 90035-003, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chrószcz-Porębska MW, Barszczewska-Rybarek IM, Kazek-Kęsik A, Ślęzak-Prochazka I. Cytotoxicity and Microbiological Properties of Copolymers Comprising Quaternary Ammonium Urethane-Dimethacrylates with Bisphenol A Glycerolate Dimethacrylate and Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103855. [PMID: 37241482 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Using dental composite restorative materials with a copolymeric matrix chemically modified towards bioactive properties can help fight secondary caries. In this study, copolymers of 40 wt.% bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate, 40 wt.% quaternary ammonium urethane-dimethacrylates (QAUDMA-m, where m represents 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon atoms in the N-alkyl substituent), and 20 wt.% triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (BG:QAm:TEGs) were tested for (i) cytotoxicity on the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line; (ii) fungal adhesion, fungal growth inhibition zone, and fungicidal activity against C. albicans; and (iii) bactericidal activity against S. aureus and E. coli. BG:QAm:TEGs had no cytotoxic effects on L929 mouse fibroblasts because the reduction of cell viability was less than 30% compared to the control. BG:QAm:TEGs also showed antifungal activity. The number of fungal colonies on their surfaces depended on the water contact angle (WCA). The higher the WCA, the greater the scale of fungal adhesion. The fungal growth inhibition zone depended on the concentration of QA groups (xQA). The lower the xQA, the lower the inhibition zone. In addition, 25 mg/mL BG:QAm:TEGs suspensions in culture media showed fungicidal and bactericidal effects. In conclusion, BG:QAm:TEGs can be recognized as antimicrobial biomaterials with negligible biological patient risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta W Chrószcz-Porębska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Izabela M Barszczewska-Rybarek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Alicja Kazek-Kęsik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 6 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Izabella Ślęzak-Prochazka
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16 Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brezhnev A, Tang FK, Kwan CS, Basabrain MS, Tsoi JKH, Matinlinna JP, Neelakantan P, Leung KCF. One-Pot Preparation of Cetylpyridinium Chloride-Containing Nanoparticles for Biofilm Eradication. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1221-1230. [PMID: 36862938 PMCID: PMC10031565 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have been widely used due to their excellent antimicrobial activity. However, using the technology where nanomaterials are employed as drug carriers to deliver QAC drugs has not been fully explored. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with short rod morphology were synthesized in a one-pot reaction using an antiseptic drug cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). CPC-MSN were characterized via various methods and tested against three bacterial species (Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, and Enterococcus faecalis), which are associated with oral infections, caries, and endodontic pathology. The nanoparticle delivery system used in this study prolonged the release of CPC. The manufactured CPC-MSN effectively killed the tested bacteria within the biofilm, and their size allowed them to penetrate into dentinal tubules. This CPC-MSN nanoparticle delivery system demonstrates potential for applications in dental materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Brezhnev
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Fung-Kit Tang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Mohammed S Basabrain
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - James Kit Hon Tsoi
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Division of Dentistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Restorative Dental Sciences, Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ken Cham-Fai Leung
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pacho MO, Deeney D, Johnson EA, Bravo BN, Patel K, Latta MA, Belshan MA, Gross SM. Characterization of Ag-Ion Releasing Zeolite Filled 3D Printed Resins. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:jfb14010007. [PMID: 36662054 PMCID: PMC9861246 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been profound growth in the use of 3D printed materials in dentistry in general, including orthodontics. The opportunity to impart antimicrobial properties to 3D printed parts from existing resins requires the capability of forming a stable colloid incorporating antimicrobial fillers. The objective of this research was to characterize a colloid consisting of a 3D printable resin mixed with Ag-ion releasing zeolites and fumed silica to create 3D printed parts with antiviral properties. The final composite was tested for antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1. Antiviral activity was measured in terms of the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 on the composite surface. The inclusion of the zeolite did not interfere with the kinetics measured on the surface of the ATR crystal. While the depth of cure, measured following ISO4049 guidelines, was reduced from 3.8 mm to 1.4 mm in 5 s, this greatly exceeded the resolution required for 3D printing. The colloid was stable for at least 6 months and the rheological behavior was dependent upon the fumed silica loading. The inclusion of zeolites and fumed silica significantly increased the flexural strength of the composite as measured by a 3 point bend test. The composite released approximately 2500 μg/L of silver ion per gram of composite as determined by potentiometry. There was a significant reduction of the average half-life of SARS-CoV-2 (1.9 fold) and HIV-1 (2.7 fold) on the surface of the composite. The inclusion of Ag-ion releasing zeolites into 3D-printable resin can result in stable colloids that generate composites with improved mechanical properties and antiviral properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marian O. Pacho
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Dylan Deeney
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Emily A. Johnson
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Bryanna N. Bravo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Kishen Patel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Mark A. Latta
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Michael A. Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Stephen M. Gross
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan J, Hua F, Cao L, Yang H, He H. Multifunctional modification of orthodontic adhesives with ZnO quantum dots. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1728-1741. [PMID: 36137833 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop a multifunctional orthodontic adhesive (QDA) using ZnO quantum-dots (ZnQDs) as modifier and investigate the antibacterial capability, fluorescence property as well as biocompatibility and bonding property. METHODS ZnQDs were synthesized using sol-gel method. XPS, XRD, FT-IR, HRTEM, SAED, DLS and spectrofluorimetry were used to characterize ZnQDs. ZnQDs were incorporated into Transbond XT adhesive paste with 20 %, 30 %, 40 % mass fraction, respectively, to form the multifunctional adhesives (QDAs). Antibacterial capability was evaluated with MTT kit, CFU count and Live/Dead Bacterial Staining Kit. Ultraviolet photography and spectrofluorimetry were used to confirm the fluorescence property of QDAs. Biocompatibility assay was performed on gingival fibroblasts and subcutaneous tissue of rats. Softening in solvent rate, shear bond strength and degree of conversion (DC) were measured. RESULTS The synthesized ZnQDs presented excellent crystallinity and fluorescence properties. MTT assay, CFU count and CLSM analysis indicated that QDAs had significant antibacterial activity compared with Transbond XT adhesive paste. CCK-8 assay and Live/Dead cell staining analysis denied the cytotoxicity of QDAs and histological analysis proved that QDAs all had no inflammatory irritation to subcutaneous tissue. Softening in solvent, shear bond strength and DC evaluations indicated that 20 % mixing ratio of ZnQDs could enhance the resistance to degradation without influencing the bond strength and DC. Ultraviolet photography and spectrofluorimetry analysis proved the fluorescence capability of QDAs. SIGNIFICANCE ZnQDs can impart antibacterial and fluorescence properties to orthodontic adhesives without affecting biocompatibility and bonding performance. QDAs can be multifunctional orthodontic adhesives to reduce bacterial adhesion around brackets and help orthodontists remove residual adhesives precisely when needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Yan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Hua
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lingyun Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongye Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Prosthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hong He
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Orthodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bapat RA, Parolia A, Chaubal T, Yang HJ, Kesharwani P, Phaik KS, Lin SL, Daood U. Recent Update on Applications of Quaternary Ammonium Silane as an Antibacterial Biomaterial: A Novel Drug Delivery Approach in Dentistry. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:927282. [PMID: 36212832 PMCID: PMC9539660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.927282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium silane [(QAS), codename – k21] is a novel biomaterial developed by sol-gel process having broad spectrum antimicrobial activities with low cytotoxicity. It has been used in various concentrations with maximum antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility. The antimicrobial mechanism is displayed via contact killing, causing conformational changes within the bacterial cell membrane, inhibiting Sortase-A enzyme, and causing cell disturbances due to osmotic changes. The compound can attach to S1' pockets on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to massive MMP enzyme inhibition, making it one of the most potent protease inhibitors. Quaternary ammonium silane has been synthesized and used in dentistry to eliminate the biofilm from dental tissues. QAS has been tested for its antibacterial activity as a cavity disinfectant, endodontic irrigant, restorative and root canal medication, and a nanocarrier for drug delivery approaches. The review is first of its kind that aims to discuss applications of QAS as a novel antibacterial biomaterial for dental applications along with discussions on its cytotoxic effects and future prospects in dentistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Ajit Bapat
- Restorative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Restorative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tanay Chaubal
- Restorative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ho Jan Yang
- Restorative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India
| | - Khoo Suan Phaik
- Division of Clinical Oral Health, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seow Liang Lin
- Restorative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Umer Daood
- Restorative Dentistry Division, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Umer Daood
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide for the formulation of antibacterial orthodontic resins. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:7011-7019. [PMID: 35951093 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed at formulating antibacterial orthodontic resins containing alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (ATAB) and evaluating their physicochemical and biological properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition and microstructure of ATAB was characterized through FTIR and SEM, respectively. Experimental orthodontic BisGMA/TEGDMA-based resins were formulated, and the ATAB filler was incorporated at 1wt%, 5wt%, and 10wt%, along with colloidal silica (5wt%). The degree of conversion, softening in solvent, and flexural strength of the experimental resins were analyzed. Biological properties were also assessed through cytotoxicity and antibacterial analyses. RESULTS The incorporation of ATAB, due to the presence of ⎯N+(CH3)3 alkyl groups, had no adverse effect on the degree of conversion of the resins (p > 0.05). The %ΔKHN values at 5wt% and 10wt% were comparable to those of the control group, while the flexural strength was reduced at all concentrations of ATAB. The viability of the gingival fibroblast was reduced with the addition of ATAB (p < 0.05). The viability of biofilm and planktonic bacteria was reduced when ATAB was incorporated at 5wt% and 10wt%. CONCLUSIONS The addition of ATAB at 5wt% resulted suitable for the formulation of orthodontic resins with the ability to control the biofilm formation and planktonic activity of S.mutans, without jeopardizing some specific physicochemical properties. CLINICAL RELEVANCE White spot lesions in orthodontic patients may be controlled by preventive treatments. Non-patient-dependent strategies, such as the use of orthodontic resins containing ATAB, may avoid accumulation of bacteria, especially in those areas surrounding orthodontic appliances.
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu X, Cheng Q, Zhu Y, Yu S, Hou Y, Cui Z, Zhu S. Construction and properties of the antibacterial epitaxial transition layer on a zirconia ceramic surface. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34699-34709. [PMID: 35494754 PMCID: PMC9044776 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06496g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary caries is one of the main causes of dental zirconia restoration failure in the clinic. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the antibacterial performance of zirconia ceramics to reduce the occurrence of secondary caries. In this study, a quaternary ammonium compound antibacterial polymer was innovatively synthesized by solution polymerization with a quaternary ammonium salt monomer as the antibacterial component. The antibacterial epitaxial transition layer was successfully prepared on the surface of zirconia ceramics by the hydroxyl group on HEMA reacting with the siloxane group in the KH570 hydrolysate, which makes the antibacterial polymer indirectly chemically combine with the silicate epitaxial transition layer. The antibacterial epitaxial transition layer exhibited excellent mechanical properties, satisfactory biocompatibility and significant antibacterial effects, and the maximum antibacterial rate is 99%. The antibacterial epitaxial transition layer plays an important role in preventing secondary caries and improving the success rate of clinical zirconia ceramic restorations. Construction of an antibacterial epitaxial transition layer on a zirconia ceramic surface to improve the antibacterial properties.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Liu
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Qiuli Cheng
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Zhu
- Department of Dental Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun P. R. China
| | - Shiyang Yu
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Hou
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Zhanchen Cui
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| | - Song Zhu
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University Changchun 130021 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Quaternary Ammonium Urethane-Dimethacrylate Monomers-A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168842. [PMID: 34445545 PMCID: PMC8396276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Six novel urethane-dimethacrylate analogues (QAUDMAs) were synthesized and characterized. They consisted of the 2,4,4,-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate (TMDI) core and two methacrylate-terminated wings containing quaternary ammonium groups substituted with alkyl chains of 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, or 18 carbon atoms. QAUDMAs, due to the presence of quaternary ammonium groups, may have possible antibacterial effects. Since they showed satisfactory physicochemical properties, they will be subjected to further research towards the development of dental composites with a capacity to reduce secondary caries. The synthesis of QAUDMAs included three stages: (i) transesterification of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), (ii) N-alkylation of the tertiary amino group with alkyl bromide, and (iii) addition of TMDI to the intermediate achieved in the second stage. The formation of QAUDMAs was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR. They were characterized for density (dm), viscosity (η), refractive index (RI), glass transition temperature (Tg), polymerization shrinkage (S), and degree of conversion (DC). QAUDMAs were yellow, viscous resins (the η values ranged from 1.28 × 103 to 1.39 × 104 Pa·s, at 50 °C). Their RI ranged from 1.50 to 1.52, Tg from −31 to −15 °C, DC from 53 to 78%, and S from 1.24 to 2.99%, which is appropriate for dental applications.
Collapse
|
13
|
Incorporation of Arginine to Commercial Orthodontic Light-Cured Resin Cements-Physical, Adhesive, and Antibacterial Properties. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164391. [PMID: 34442914 PMCID: PMC8401166 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The amino acid arginine is now receiving great attention due to its potential anti-caries benefits. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and antimicrobial potential (CFU) of two arginine-containing orthodontic resin cements. (2) Methods: Forty bovine incisors were separated into four groups (n = 10): Orthocem, Orthocem + arginine (2.5 wt%), Transbond XT, and Transbond XT + arginine (2.5 wt%). The brackets were fixed to the flat surface of the enamel, and after 24 h the SBS was evaluated using the universal testing machine (Instron). For the UTS test, hourglass samples (n = 10) were made and tested in a mini-testing machine (OM-100, Odeme). For the antibacterial test (colony forming unit-CFU), six cement discs from each group were made and exposed to Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilm for 7 days. The microbiological experiment was performed by serial and triplicate dilutions. The data from each test were statistically analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). (3) Results: The enamel SBS mean values of Transbond XT were statistically higher than those of Orthocem, both with and without arginine (p = 0.02033). There was no significant difference in the SBS mean values between the orthodontic resin cements, either with or without arginine (p = 0.29869). The UTS of the Transbond XT was statistically higher than the Orthocem, but the addition of arginine at 2.5 wt% did not influence the UTS for either resin cement. The Orthocem + arginine orthodontic resin cement was able to significantly reduce S. mutans growth, but no difference was observed for the Transbond XT (p = 0.03439). (4) Conclusion: The incorporation of arginine to commercial orthodontic resin cements may be an efficient preventive strategy to reduce bacterial growth without compromising their adhesive and mechanical properties.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ramadoss R, Padmanaban R, Subramanian B. Role of bioglass in enamel remineralization: Existing strategies and future prospects-A narrative review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 110:45-66. [PMID: 34245107 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enamel, once formed, loses the ability to regenerate due to the loss of the formative ameloblasts. It is subjected to constant damaging events due to exposure to external agents and oral microbiomes. An enamel remineralization process targets to replenish the lost ionic component of the enamel through a multitude of methods. Enamel remineralization is highly challenging as it has a complex organized hierarchical microstructure. Hydroxyapatite nanocrystals of the enamel vary in size and orientation along alignment planes inside the enamel rod. The inability of the enamel to remodel unlike other mineralized tissues is another substantial deterrent. One of the well-known biomaterials, bioglass (BG) induces apatite formation on the external surface of the enamel in the presence of saliva or other physiological fluids. Calcium, sodium, phosphate, and silicate ions in BG become responsive in the presence of body fluids, leading to the precipitation of calcium phosphate. Studies have also demonstrated the bactericidal potential of BG against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. The anticariogenicity and antibacterial activity were found to be enhanced when BG was doped with inorganic ions such as F, Ag, Mg, Sr, and Zn. Due to the versatility of BG, it has been combined with a variety of agents such as chitosan, triclosan, and amelogenin to biomimic remineralization process. Key strategies that can aid in the development of contemporary enamel remineralization agents are also included in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ramadoss
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajashree Padmanaban
- CAS Biophysics & Crystallography, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balakumar Subramanian
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sustained Antibacterial Effect and Wear Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Contact-Killing Dental Polymers after One-Year of Hydrolytic Degradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study intended to investigate the long-term antibacterial effect, mechanical performance, and surface topography of new anticaries dental composites. While most artificial aging studies of dental resins lasted for 30–90 days, this study prolonged the water-aging to one year to be more clinically relevant. The base resin was loaded with dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) at 3 or 5 wt.% and nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) at 20 wt.%. Composites were subjected to one-year water storage and wear. Following water aging, samples were evaluated for flexural strength, elastic modulus, and microbiological assays. Biofilm plate counting method, metabolic assay, colorimetric quantification of lactic acid, and Baclight bacterial viability assay were measured after one year. Topography changes (ΔRa, ΔRq, ΔRv, ΔRt) were examined after wear and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Biofilm assays and topography changes data were analyzed via one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. Mechanical properties and normalized data were verified using a t-test. The flexural strength values for the formulations that contained 5% DMAHDM-20% NACP, 3% DMAHDM, and 5% DMAHDM were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in relation to the baseline but the values were still above the ISO standards. No significant differences were observed between the groups concerning the topography changes, except for the ΔRt, where there was a significant increase in the 5% DMAHDM-20% NACP group. All the groups demonstrated robust biofilm-inhibition, with slightly reduced antibacterial properties following water aging. The aged samples reduced the total microorganisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci by 1.5 to 3-log, compared to the experimental control. The new formulations containing DMAHDM and NACP were able to sustain the antibacterial performance after one-year of aging. Mechanical properties and surface topography were slightly affected over time.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hympanova M, Terlep S, Markova A, Prchal L, Dogsa I, Pulkrabkova L, Benkova M, Marek J, Stopar D. The Antibacterial Effects of New N-Alkylpyridinium Salts on Planktonic and Biofilm Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:573951. [PMID: 33193183 PMCID: PMC7606276 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.573951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing microbial resistance to known antibiotics raises a demand for new antimicrobials. In this study the antimicrobial properties of a series of new N-Alkylpyridinium quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) with varying alkyl chain lengths were evaluated for several nosocomial pathogens. The chemical identities of the new QACs were determined by NMR, LC-MS, and HRMS. All the planktonic bacteria tested were susceptible to the new QACs as evaluated by MIC and MBC assays. The antimicrobial effect was most pronounced against Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Live/dead staining CLSM was used to test the effectiveness of the QACs in biofilms. The effectiveness was up to 10-fold lower than in the plankton. When QACs were used as irrigants in Er:YAG – SSP photoacoustic steaming, their effectiveness significantly increased. The combined use of irrigants and photoacoustic streaming increased biofilm removal from the surface and increased the killing rate of the cells remaining on the surface. This may allow for a shorter chemical exposure time and lower dosage of QACs used in applications. The results demonstrate that the new QACs have potential to be applied as antibacterial compounds effective against planktonic and biofilm bacteria as well as irrigants in removal of difficult-to-reach biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Hympanova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | | | - Aneta Markova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Iztok Dogsa
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lenka Pulkrabkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Jan Marek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czechia.,Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - David Stopar
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Application of Antimicrobial Polymers in the Development of Dental Resin Composite. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204738. [PMID: 33076515 PMCID: PMC7587579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental resin composites have been widely used in a variety of direct and indirect dental restorations due to their aesthetic properties compared to amalgams and similar metals. Despite the fact that dental resin composites can contribute similar mechanical properties, they are more likely to have microbial accumulations leading to secondary caries. Therefore, the effective and long-lasting antimicrobial properties of dental resin composites are of great significance to their clinical applications. The approaches of ascribing antimicrobial properties to the resin composites may be divided into two types: The filler-type and the resin-type. In this review, the resin-type approaches were highlighted. Focusing on the antimicrobial polymers used in dental resin composites, their chemical structures, mechanical properties, antimicrobial effectiveness, releasing profile, and biocompatibility were included, and challenges, as well as future perspectives, were also discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hu G, Zhang XY, Zhao JX, Zhou CJ, Wu JL. [Development of novel self-adhesive resin cement with antibacterial and self-healing properties]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2020; 38:256-262. [PMID: 32573131 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop novel self-adhesive resin cement with antibacterial and self-healing properties. Furthermore, the dentin bonding strength, mechanical properties, self-healing efficiency, and antibacterial property of the developed cement were measured. METHODS Novel nano-antibacterial inorganic fillers that contain quaternary ammonium salts with long-chain alkyls were synthesized. These fillers were added into self-adhesive resin cement containing self-healing microcapsules at mass fractions of 0, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, or 10.0%. The dentin shear bonding test was used to test the bonding strength, whereas the flexural test was used to measure the flexural strength and elastic modulus of the cement. The single-edge V-notched beam method was used to measure self-healing efficiency, and human dental plaque microcosm biofilms were chosen to calculate the antibacterial property. RESULTS The dentin shear bond strength significantly decreased when the mass fraction of the nano-antibacterial inorganic fillers in the novel cement reached 7.5% (P<0.05). The incorporation of 0, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, or 10.0% mass fraction of nano-antibacterial inorganic fillers did not adversely affect the flexural strength, elastic modulus, fracture toughness, and self-healing efficiency of the cement (P>0.1). Resin cement containing 2.5% mass fraction or more nano-antibacterial inorganic fillers significantly inhibited the metabolic activity of dental plaque microcosm biofilms, indicating strong antibacterial potency (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The novel self-adhesive resin cement exhibited promising antibacterial and self-healing properties, which enable the cement to be used for dental applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Hu
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xin-Yan Zhang
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Jia-Xin Zhao
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Chuan-Jian Zhou
- Research Institute of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Jun-Ling Wu
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Staszczyk M, Jurczak A, Magacz M, Kościelniak D, Gregorczyk-Maga I, Jamka-Kasprzyk M, Kępisty M, Kołodziej I, Kukurba-Setkowicz M, Krzyściak W. Effect of Polyols and Selected Dental Materials on the Ability to Create a Cariogenic Biofilm-On Children Caries-Associated Streptococcus Mutans Isolates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103720. [PMID: 32466155 PMCID: PMC7277333 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Secondary caries is a disease associated with the formation of biofilm on the border of the tooth and dental filling. Its development is strongly influenced by the dietary sweet foods and the type of dental material. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of sweeteners on the ability of clinical Streptococcus mutans strains to form biofilm on dental materials. Strains were isolated from plaque samples from 40 pediatric patients from the 3-6 ICADS II group. The ability to form biofilm was tested on composite and glass ionomer dental materials used for milk teeth filling in the presence of sucrose, xylitol, sorbitol, and erythritol. The bacterial film mass after 12, 24, 48, and 72 h and the number of bacterial colonies significantly decreased (p < 0.01) compared to the initial value for 5% erythritol and sorbitol on examined materials. A greater inhibitory effect was noted for glass ionomers compared to composites. Sucrose and xylitol supported biofilm formation, while erythritol had the best inhibitory effect. The use of fluoride-releasing glass ionomers exerted an effect synergistic to erythritol, i.e., inhibited plaque formation and the amount of cariogenic S. mutans. Selection of proper type of dental material together with replacing sucrose with polyols can significantly decrease risk of secondary caries development. Erithritol in combination with glass ionomer seems to be the most effective in secondary caries prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Staszczyk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.J.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.-K.); (M.K.); (I.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Anna Jurczak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.J.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.-K.); (M.K.); (I.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Marcin Magacz
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
- Doctoral School of Health and Medical Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Kościelniak
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.J.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.-K.); (M.K.); (I.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Iwona Gregorczyk-Maga
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.J.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.-K.); (M.K.); (I.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Małgorzata Jamka-Kasprzyk
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.J.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.-K.); (M.K.); (I.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Kępisty
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.J.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.-K.); (M.K.); (I.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Iwona Kołodziej
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.J.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.-K.); (M.K.); (I.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Kukurba-Setkowicz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; (M.S.); (A.J.); (D.K.); (I.G.-M.); (M.J.-K.); (M.K.); (I.K.); (M.K.-S.)
| | - Wirginia Krzyściak
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-620-57-60
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yu J, Huang X, Zhou X, Han Q, Zhou W, Liang J, Xu HHK, Ren B, Peng X, Weir MD, Li M, Cheng L. Anti-caries effect of resin infiltrant modified by quaternary ammonium monomers. J Dent 2020; 97:103355. [PMID: 32380134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resin infiltrant is used in early enamel caries. However, commercial resin infiltrant lacks persistent antibacterial activity. Dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) was added to resin infiltrant to give it sustainable antibacterial properties and inhibit demineralization. METHODS After the application of resin infiltrant to bovine enamel, cytotoxicity, surface roughness, and aesthetics were assessed. A multi-species biofilm was incubated on the enamel disk before and one month after microbial-aging. After a 48-h anaerobic incubation, biomass accumulation, metabolic activity, and lactic acid were analyzed using a crystal violet assay, an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, and a lactic acid assay. Biofilm structure and composition were determined by live/dead staining, exopolysaccharide (EPS) staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The depth and content of demineralization were tested by transverse microradiography (TMR). RESULTS Incorporating DMADDM did not increase the cytotoxicity or change the physical properties when the mass fraction of the DMADDM was 2.5-10 %. The modification decreased the amount of bacterial biofilm, metabolic activity, lactic acid production, EPS, and the proportion of Streptococcus mutans in the biofilms. It also provided anti-demineralization effects. The surface roughness and antibacterial ability were not changed after one month of microbial-aging. CONCLUSION The incorporation of DMADDM improved the antibacterial and anti-demineralization effects of the material. It demonstrated a sustained antibacterial effect. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The antibacterial modification might be a potential choice for future clinical applications to inhibit early enamel caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingou Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Makvandi P, Gu JT, Zare EN, Ashtari B, Moeini A, Tay FR, Niu LN. Polymeric and inorganic nanoscopical antimicrobial fillers in dentistry. Acta Biomater 2020; 101:69-101. [PMID: 31542502 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Failure of dental treatments is mainly due to the biofilm accumulated on the dental materials. Many investigations have been conducted on the advancements of antimicrobial dental materials. Polymeric and inorganic nanoscopical agents are capable of inhibiting microorganism proliferation. Applying them as fillers in dental materials can achieve enhanced microbicidal ability. The present review provides a broad overview on the state-of-the-art research in the field of antimicrobial fillers which have been adopted for incorporation into dental materials over the last 5 years. The antibacterial agents and applications are described, with the aim of providing information for future investigations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Microbial infection is the primary cause of dental treatment failure. The present review provides an overview on the state-of-art in the field of antimicrobial nanoscopical or polymeric fillers that have been applied in dental materials. Trends in the biotechnological development of these antimicrobial fillers over the last 5 years are reviewed to provide a backdrop for further advancement in this field of research.
Collapse
|
22
|
Brezhnev A, Neelakantan P, Tanaka R, Brezhnev S, Fokas G, Matinlinna JP. Antibacterial Additives in Epoxy Resin-Based Root Canal Sealers: A Focused Review. Dent J (Basel) 2019; 7:E72. [PMID: 31266165 PMCID: PMC6784478 DOI: 10.3390/dj7030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental materials used in root canal treatment have undergone substantial improvements over the past decade. However, one area that still remains to be addressed is the ability of root canal fillings to effectively entomb, kill bacteria, and prevent the formation of a biofilm, all of which will prevent reinfection of the root canal system. Thus far, no published review has analysed the literature on antimicrobial additives to root canal sealers and their influence on physicochemical properties. The aim of this paper was to systematically review the current literature on antimicrobial additives in root canal sealers, their anti-fouling effects, and influence on physicochemical properties. A systematic search was performed in two databases (PubMed and Scopus) to identify studies that investigated the effect of antimicrobial additives in epoxy resin-based root canal sealers. The nature of additives, their antimicrobial effects, methods of antimicrobial testing are critically discussed. The effects on sealer properties have also been reviewed. A total of 31 research papers were reviewed in this work. A variety of antimicrobial agents have been evaluated as additives to epoxy resin-based sealers, including quaternary ammonium compounds, chlorhexidine, calcium hydroxide, iodoform, natural extracts, antibiotics, antifungal drugs, and antimicrobial agent-functionalised nanoparticles. Antimicrobial additives generally improved the antimicrobial effect of epoxy resin-based sealers mainly without deteriorating the physicochemical properties, which mostly remained in accordance with ISO and ANSI/ADA specifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Brezhnev
- Applied Oral Sciences-Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ray Tanaka
- Applied Oral Sciences-Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sergey Brezhnev
- Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George Fokas
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jukka P Matinlinna
- Applied Oral Sciences-Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Boaro LCC, Campos LM, Varca GHC, Dos Santos TMR, Marques PA, Sugii MM, Saldanha NR, Cogo-Müller K, Brandt WC, Braga RR, Parra DF. Antibacterial resin-based composite containing chlorhexidine for dental applications. Dent Mater 2019; 35:909-918. [PMID: 30955856 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJETICVE The aim of this study was to develop a composite material with antibacterial activity using MMT loaded with clorhexidine (CHX). For that it was used a BisGMA/TEGDMA matrix and added low concentration of MMT/CHX. The aim was to evaluate the drug release capacity of MMT, and not to provide reinforcement. METHODS Six experimental composites were made with organic matrix of BisGMA/TEGDMA in equal proportions by weight. The composites received organophlizated montmorillonite with or without CHX. The concentrations were 2,5; 5 or 10% by weight. Degree of conversion (DC) was evaluated using FTIR (peak 6165 cm-1; n=5). Specimens for flexural properties (10×2×1mm) were immediate tested (24h). Elastic modulus(E) and flexural strength (FS) was measured using the three point bending test (n=10). Inibition halo was used to test the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (n=5 for each bacteria). The inhibition of biofilm formation (BF) was evaluated by inserting polymerized disc of composite in to a culture media colonized with Streptococcus mutans (n=10). The release of CHX was measured using ultraviolet (255nm) for 10 days (n=5). The data of degree of conversion was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis/ Mann-Whitney, and the other variables using two-way ANOVA/Tukey, always considering a global level of significance of 5%. RESULTS DC ranged from 71% to 74%. E ranged from 5.7 to 8.1GPa. FS ranged from 61.4 to 74.7MPa. There were no statistical differences among the groups for all the variables. For the three bacteria tested the composites with CHX loaded presented inhibition of growth for all concentration, except for 2,5% that did not inihibited the growth of P. gingivalis. BF was lower for the groups with 10% MMT/CHX, all groups presented BF, even those without CHX loaded. All concentrations presented release off CHX during all the 28 days analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitation of this study it can be concluded that: all concentrations tested presented release of CHX and reduced BF. All concentration presented antibacterial activity for the three bacteria tested, except for 2,5% that did not inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis. The presence of MMT with CHX loaded did not interfere in the properties evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Cristina Cidreira Boaro
- Universidade Santo Amaro - Faculdade de Odontologia, 04829-900, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Mello Campos
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mari Miura Sugii
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Faculdade de Odontologia, 13414-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Cogo-Müller
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Faculdade de Odontologia, 13414-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - William Cunha Brandt
- Universidade Santo Amaro - Faculdade de Odontologia, 04829-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Duclerc F Parra
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN-CNEN/SP, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ferreira CJ, Leitune VCB, Balbinot GDS, Degrazia FW, Arakelyan M, Sauro S, Mezzomo Collares F. Antibacterial and Remineralizing Fillers in Experimental Orthodontic Adhesives. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12040652. [PMID: 30795577 PMCID: PMC6416618 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic adhesives with antimicrobial and remineralizing properties may be an alternative to control white spot lesions around brackets. The aim of this study is to develop an experimental orthodontic adhesive containing boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) and alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (ATAB). Methacrylate (BisGMA and TEGDMA) monomers were used to formulate the adhesives. Four experimental groups were produced with the addition of 0.1 wt.% BNNT (GBNNT); 0.1 wt.% ATAB (GATAB); and 0.2 wt.% BNNT with ATAB (GBNNT/ATAB); in the control group, no fillers were added (GCtrl). The degree of conversion, cytotoxicity, softening in solvent, contact angle and free surface energy, antibacterial activity, shear bond strength, and mineral deposition were evaluated. Adhesives achieved degree of conversion higher than 50% and cell viability higher than 90%. GBNNT and GATAB adhesives exhibited reduced softening in solvent. Mean free surface energy was decreased in the GBNNT adhesive. Significant reduction in bacterial growth was observed in the GBNNT/ATAB. No statistical difference was found for shear bond strength. Mineral deposition was found in GBNNT, GATAB, and GBNNT/ATAB groups after 14 and 28 days. The addition of 0.2% BNNT/ATAB to an experimental orthodontic adhesive inhibited bacterial growth and induced mineral deposition without affecting the properties of the material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Jung Ferreira
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela de Souza Balbinot
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Weidenbach Degrazia
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Marianna Arakelyan
- Department of Therapеutic Dentistry Sechenov University, Mozhaisky Val, 11 119435 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Salvatore Sauro
- BioMat-Dental Biomaterials Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University CEU-Cardenal Herrera, 46115 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Fabricio Mezzomo Collares
- Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|