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Molitoris KH, Huang M, Baht GS. Osteoimmunology of Fracture Healing. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2024; 22:330-339. [PMID: 38616228 PMCID: PMC11186872 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-024-00869-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known in the literature about the role inflammation plays during bone fracture healing. Bone fracture healing progresses through four distinct yet overlapping phases: formation of the hematoma, development of the cartilaginous callus, development of the bony callus, and finally remodeling of the fracture callus. Throughout this process, inflammation plays a critical role in robust bone fracture healing. RECENT FINDINGS At the onset of injury, vessel and matrix disruption lead to the generation of an inflammatory response: inflammatory cells are recruited to the injury site where they differentiate, activate, and/or polarize to secrete cytokines for the purposes of cell signaling and cell recruitment. This process is altered by age and by sex. Bone fracture healing is heavily influenced by the presence of inflammatory cells and cytokines within the healing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Happ Molitoris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Mingjian Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Gurpreet Singh Baht
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, 300 North Duke Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
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2
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Guillem-Llobat P, Marín M, Rouleau M, Silvestre A, Blin-Wakkach C, Ferrándiz ML, Guillén MI, Ibáñez L. New Insights into the Pro-Inflammatory and Osteoclastogenic Profile of Circulating Monocytes in Osteoarthritis Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1710. [PMID: 38338988 PMCID: PMC10855447 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition of the articular cartilage with chronic low-grade inflammation. Monocytes have a fundamental role in the progression of OA, given their implication in inflammatory responses and their capacity to differentiate into bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs). This observational-experimental study attempted to better understand the molecular pathogenesis of OA through the examination of osteoclast progenitor (OCP) cells from both OA patients and healthy individuals (25 OA patients and healthy samples). The expression of osteoclastogenic and inflammatory genes was analyzed using RT-PCR. The OA monocytes expressed significantly higher levels of CD16, CD115, TLR2, Mincle, Dentin-1, and CCR2 mRNAs. Moreover, a flow cytometry analysis showed a significantly higher surface expression of the CD16 and CD115 receptors in OA vs. healthy monocytes, as well as a difference in the distribution of monocyte subsets. Additionally, the OA monocytes showed a greater osteoclast differentiation capacity and an enhanced response to an inflammatory stimulus. The results of this study demonstrate the existence of significant differences between the OCPs of OA patients and those of healthy subjects. These differences could contribute to a greater understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of OA and to the identification of new biomarkers and potential drug targets for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Guillem-Llobat
- Department of Biomedical Science, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Marta Marín
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- Laboratory of Molecular PhysioMedicine, UMR 7370, National Centre for Scientific Research, Côte d’Azur University, 06107 Nice, France; (M.R.); (C.B.-W.)
| | - Antonio Silvestre
- Service of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, University Clinical Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- Laboratory of Molecular PhysioMedicine, UMR 7370, National Centre for Scientific Research, Côte d’Azur University, 06107 Nice, France; (M.R.); (C.B.-W.)
| | - María Luisa Ferrándiz
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Polytechnic University of Valencia and University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - María Isabel Guillén
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), Polytechnic University of Valencia and University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Lidia Ibáñez
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
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3
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Jeljeli MM, Adamopoulos IE. Innate immune memory in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:627-639. [PMID: 37674048 PMCID: PMC10721491 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The concept of immunological memory was demonstrated in antiquity when protection against re-exposure to pathogens was observed during the plague of Athens. Immunological memory has been linked with the adaptive features of T and B cells; however, in the past decade, evidence has demonstrated that innate immune cells can exhibit memory, a phenomenon called 'innate immune memory' or 'trained immunity'. Innate immune memory is currently being defined and is transforming our understanding of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. In this Review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the memory-like features of innate immune cells in inflammatory arthritis and the crosstalk between chronic inflammatory milieu and cell reprogramming. Aberrant pro-inflammatory signalling, including cytokines, regulates the metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of haematopoietic progenitors, leading to exacerbated inflammatory responses and osteoclast differentiation, in turn leading to bone destruction. Moreover, imprinted memory on mature cells including terminally differentiated osteoclasts alters responsiveness to therapies and modifies disease outcomes, commonly manifested by persistent inflammatory flares and relapse following medication withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime M Jeljeli
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Iannis E Adamopoulos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Madel MB, Halper J, Ibáñez L, Claire L, Rouleau M, Boutin A, Mahler A, Pontier-Bres R, Ciucci T, Topi M, Hue C, Amiaud J, Iborra S, Sancho D, Heymann D, Garchon HJ, Czerucka D, Apparailly F, Duroux-Richard I, Wakkach A, Blin-Wakkach C. Specific targeting of inflammatory osteoclastogenesis by the probiotic yeast S. boulardii CNCM I-745 reduces bone loss in osteoporosis. eLife 2023; 12:82037. [PMID: 36848406 PMCID: PMC9977286 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone destruction is a hallmark of chronic inflammation, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts arising under such a condition differ from steady-state ones. However, osteoclast diversity remains poorly explored. Here, we combined transcriptomic profiling, differentiation assays and in vivo analysis in mouse to decipher specific traits for inflammatory and steady-state osteoclasts. We identified and validated the pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) Tlr2, Dectin-1, and Mincle, all involved in yeast recognition as major regulators of inflammatory osteoclasts. We showed that administration of the yeast probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 (Sb) in vivo reduced bone loss in ovariectomized but not sham mice by reducing inflammatory osteoclastogenesis. This beneficial impact of Sb is mediated by the regulation of the inflammatory environment required for the generation of inflammatory osteoclasts. We also showed that Sb derivatives as well as agonists of Tlr2, Dectin-1, and Mincle specifically inhibited directly the differentiation of inflammatory but not steady-state osteoclasts in vitro. These findings demonstrate a preferential use of the PRR-associated costimulatory differentiation pathway by inflammatory osteoclasts, thus enabling their specific inhibition, which opens new therapeutic perspectives for inflammatory bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Bernadette Madel
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2MNiceFrance
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
| | - Julia Halper
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2MNiceFrance
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
| | - Lidia Ibáñez
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU UniversityValenciaSpain
| | | | - Matthieu Rouleau
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2MNiceFrance
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
| | - Antoine Boutin
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2MNiceFrance
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
| | - Adrien Mahler
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2MNiceFrance
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
| | - Rodolphe Pontier-Bres
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
- Centre Scientifiquede MonacoMonaco
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Majlinda Topi
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2MNiceFrance
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
| | - Christophe Hue
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et inflammationMontigny-Le-BretonneuxFrance
| | | | - Salvador Iborra
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT. School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadridSpain
| | - David Sancho
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l’OuestSaint HerblainFrance
| | - Henri-Jean Garchon
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et inflammationMontigny-Le-BretonneuxFrance
- Genetics Division, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HPBoulogne-BillancourtFrance
| | - Dorota Czerucka
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
- Centre Scientifiquede MonacoMonaco
| | | | | | - Abdelilah Wakkach
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2MNiceFrance
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, LP2MNiceFrance
- LIA ROPSE, Laboratoire International Associé Université Côte d’Azur - Centre Scientifique de MonacoNice and MonacoFrance
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Abstract
Osteoclasts are the only cells that can efficiently resorb bone. They do so by sealing themselves on to bone and removing the mineral and organic components. Osteoclasts are essential for bone homeostasis and are involved in the development of diseases associated with decreased bone mass, like osteoporosis, or abnormal bone turnover, like Paget's disease of bone. In addition, compromise of their development or resorbing machinery is pathogenic in multiple types of osteopetrosis. However, osteoclasts also have functions other than bone resorption. Like cells of the innate immune system, they are derived from myeloid precursors and retain multiple immune cell properties. In addition, there is now strong evidence that osteoclasts regulate osteoblasts through a process known as coupling, which coordinates rates of bone resorption and bone formation during bone remodeling. In this article we review the non-resorbing functions of osteoclasts and highlight their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Hyun Park-Min
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Joseph Lorenzo
- The Departments of Medicine and Orthopaedics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Despite advancement in therapeutic options, Non-Small Cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a lethal disease mostly due to late diagnosis at metastatic phase and drug resistance. Bone is one of the more frequent sites for NSCLC metastatization. A defined subset of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that possess motile properties, mesenchymal features and tumor initiation potential are defined as metastasis initiating cells (MICs). A better understanding of the mechanisms supporting MIC dissemination and interaction with bone microenvironment is fundamental to design novel rational therapeutic option for long lasting efficient treatment of NSCLC. In this review we will summarize findings about bone metastatic process initiated by NSCLC MICs. We will review how MICs can reach bone and interact with its microenvironment that supports their extravasation, seeding, dormancy/proliferation. The role of different cell types inside the bone metastatic niche, such as endothelial cells, bone cells, hematopoietic stem cells and immune cells will be discussed in regards of their impact in dictating the success of metastasis establishment by MICs. Finally, novel therapeutic options to target NSCLC MIC-induced bone metastases, increasing the survival of patients, will be presented.
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aging leads to decline in bone mass and quality starting at age 30 in humans. All mammals undergo a basal age-dependent decline in bone mass. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and changes in bone microarchitecture that increases the risk of fracture. About a third of men over the age of 50 years are osteoporotic because they have higher than basal bone loss. In women, there is an additional acute decrement in bone mass, atop the basal rate, associated with loss of ovarian function (menopause) causing osteoporosis in about half of the women. Both genetics and environmental factors such as smoking, chronic infections, diet, microbiome, and metabolic disease can modulate basal age-dependent bone loss and eventual osteoporosis. Here, we review recent studies on the etiology of age-dependent decline in bone mass and propose a mechanism that integrates both genetic and environmental factors. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings support that aging and menopause dysregulate the immune system leading to sterile low-grade inflammation. Both animal models and human studies demonstrate that certain kinds of inflammation, in both men and women, mediate bone loss. Senolytics, meant to block a wide array of age-induced effects by preventing cellular senescence, have been shown to improve bone mass in aged mice. Based on a synthesis of the recent data, we propose that aging activates long-lived tissue resident memory T-cells to become senescent and proinflammatory, leading to bone loss. Targeting this population may represent a promising osteoporosis therapy. Emerging data indicates that there are several mechanisms that lead to sterile low-grade chronic inflammation, inflammaging, that cause age- and estrogen-loss dependent osteoporosis in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., DRC605, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Deborah Veis
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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8
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Andreev D, Kachler K, Schett G, Bozec A. Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoimmunology: The adverse impact of a deregulated immune system on bone metabolism. Bone 2022; 162:116468. [PMID: 35688359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The term osteoimmunology describes an interdisciplinary research field that links the investigation of osteology (bone cells) with immunology. The crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune cells and cells involved in bone remodeling, mainly bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts, becomes particularly obvious in the inflammatory autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Besides striking inflammation of the joints, RA causes bone loss, leading to joint damage and disabilities as well as generalized osteoporosis. Mechanistically, RA-associated immune cells (macrophages, T cells, B cells etc.) produce high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and autoantibodies that promote bone degradation and at the same time counteract new bone formation. Today, antirheumatic therapy effectively ceases joint inflammation and arrests bone erosion. However, the repair of established bone lesions still presents a challenging task and requires improved treatment options. In this review, we outline the knowledge gained over the past years about the immunopathogenesis of RA and the impact of a dysregulated immune system on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Andreev
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katerina Kachler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany.
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9
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Marie JC, Bonnelye E. Effects of Estrogens on Osteoimmunology: A Role in Bone Metastasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899104. [PMID: 35677054 PMCID: PMC9168268 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency indicates a fundamental role of these hormones in skeletal growth and bone remodeling. In the last decades, growing recent evidence demonstrated that estrogens can also affect the immune compartment of the bone. In this review, we summarize the impacts of estrogens on bone immune cells and their consequences on bone homeostasis, metastasis settlement into the bone and tumor progression. We also addressed the role of an orphan nuclear receptor ERRalpha (“Estrogen-receptor Related Receptor alpha”) on macrophages and T lymphocytes, and as an immunomodulator in bone metastases. Hence, this review links estrogens to bone immune cells in osteo-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien C Marie
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Tumor Escape Resistance Immunity Department, INSERM-1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Edith Bonnelye
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France
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10
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Ahmadzadeh K, Vanoppen M, Rose CD, Matthys P, Wouters CH. Multinucleated Giant Cells: Current Insights in Phenotype, Biological Activities, and Mechanism of Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873226. [PMID: 35478968 PMCID: PMC9035892 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are innate immune cells with diverse functions ranging from phagocytosis of microorganisms to forming a bridge with the adaptive immune system. A lesser-known attribute of macrophages is their ability to fuse with each other to form multinucleated giant cells. Based on their morphology and functional characteristics, there are in general three types of multinucleated giant cells including osteoclasts, foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells. Osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells and under physiological conditions they participate in bone remodeling. However, under pathological conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, osteoclasts are responsible for bone destruction and bone loss. Foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells appear only under pathological conditions. While foreign body giant cells are found in immune reactions against foreign material, including implants, Langhans giant cells are associated with granulomas in infectious and non-infectious diseases. The functionality and fusion mechanism of osteoclasts are being elucidated, however, our knowledge on the functions of foreign body giant cells and Langhans giant cells is limited. In this review, we describe and compare the phenotypic aspects, biological and functional activities of the three types of multinucleated giant cells. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the multinucleation process and highlight key molecules in the different phases of macrophage fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Ahmadzadeh
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
| | - Margot Vanoppen
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos D. Rose
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology Nemours Children’s Hospital, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Matthys
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carine Helena Wouters
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Division Pediatric Rheumatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- European Reference Network for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) at University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Kourosh Ahmadzadeh, ; Carine Helena Wouters,
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11
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Ren L, Zeng F, Deng J, Bai Y, Chen K, Chen L, Sun L. Inflammatory osteoclasts-derived exosomes promote bone formation by selectively transferring lncRNA LIOCE into osteoblasts to interact with and stabilize Osterix. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22115. [PMID: 35032415 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101106rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone loss is a hallmark of inflammatory bone diseases caused by aberrantly activated osteoclasts (OCLs). Studies have shown that OCLs exhibit various phenotypes and functions due to variations in the source(s) of precursor cells, cytokine expressions, and microenvironment-dependent factors. During these conditions, inflammatory osteoclasts (iOCLs) lose their immune-suppressive effect relative to OCLs under physiological conditions. This induces TNF α-producing CD4+ T cells in an antigen-dependent manner and finally leads to cascade amplification of iOCLs. OCL-derived exosomes have been reported to regulate OCL formation and inhibit the osteoblast activity. However, the specific function and mechanism of iOCL-derived exosomes on osteoblast have not been studied yet. In the present study, we compare the osteoblast promoting activities of iOCL-derived exosomes and OCL-derived exosomes. We found that iOCLs exosomes specifically target osteoblasts through ephrinA2/EphA2. Mechanistically, the lncRNA LIOCE is enriched in iOCL exosomes and promotes the osteoblast activity after being incorporated into osteoblasts. Furthermore, our results revealed that exosomal lncRNA LIOCE stabilizes osteogenic transcription factor Osterix by interacting and reducing the ubiquitination level of Osterix. This study demonstrated that the bone loss is alleviated in the inflammatory osteolysis mice model after injection of iOCL exosomes encapsulating lncRNA LIOCE. The role of exosomes encapsulating lncRNA LIOCE in promoting bone formation was well established in the rat bone repair model. Our results indicate that iOCL-derived exosomal lncRNA LIOCE promotes bone formation by upregulating Osx expression, and thus, the exosomes encapsulating lncRNA LIOCE may be an effective strategy to increase bone formation in osteoporosis and other bone metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Ren
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Antenatal Diagnosis Centre, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Fanchun Zeng
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiezhong Deng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Center Lab, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Sun
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
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12
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Yang Q, Fu B, Luo D, Wang H, Cao H, Chen X, Tian L, Yu X. The Multiple Biological Functions of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 in Bone Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:856954. [PMID: 35586625 PMCID: PMC9109619 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.856954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is a ubiquitously occurring protease involved in various physiological and pathological processes ranging from glucose homeostasis, immunoregulation, inflammation to tumorigenesis. Recently, the benefits of DPP4 inhibitors as novel hypoglycemic agents on bone metabolism have attracted extensive attraction in many studies, indicating that DPP4 inhibitors may regulate bone homeostasis. The effects of DPP4 on bone metabolism are still unclear. This paper thoroughly reviews the potential mechanisms of DPP4 for interaction with adipokines, bone cells, bone immune cells, and cytokines in skeleton system. This literature review shows that the increased DPP4 activity may indirectly promote bone resorption and inhibit bone formation, increasing the risk of osteoporosis. Thus, bone metabolic balance can be improved by decreasing DPP4 activities. The substantial evidence collected and analyzed in this review supports this implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Fu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyi Cao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Chengdu Fifth People’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xijie Yu,
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13
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Zhang W, Gao R, Rong X, Zhu S, Cui Y, Liu H, Li M. Immunoporosis: Role of immune system in the pathophysiology of different types of osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:965258. [PMID: 36147571 PMCID: PMC9487180 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.965258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal system disease characterized by low bone mass and altered bone microarchitecture, with an increased risk of fractures. Classical theories hold that osteoporosis is essentially a bone remodeling disorder caused by estrogen deficiency/aging (primary osteoporosis) or secondary to diseases/drugs (secondary osteoporosis). However, with the in-depth understanding of the intricate nexus between both bone and the immune system in recent decades, the novel field of "Immunoporosis" was proposed by Srivastava et al. (2018, 2022), which delineated and characterized the growing importance of immune cells in osteoporosis. This review aimed to summarize the response of the immune system (immune cells and inflammatory factors) in different types of osteoporosis. In postmenopausal osteoporosis, estrogen deficiency-mediated alteration of immune cells stimulates the activation of osteoclasts in varying degrees. In senile osteoporosis, aging contributes to continuous activation of the immune system at a low level which breaks immune balance, ultimately resulting in bone loss. Further in diabetic osteoporosis, insulin deficiency or resistance-induced hyperglycemia could lead to abnormal regulation of the immune cells, with excessive production of proinflammatory factors, resulting in osteoporosis. Thus, we reviewed the pathophysiology of osteoporosis from a novel insight-immunoporosis, which is expected to provide a specific therapeutic target for different types of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruihan Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xing Rong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Siqi Zhu
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Affiliated Hospital 2, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yajun Cui
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Minqi Li, ; Hongrui Liu,
| | - Minqi Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration and Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Department of Bone Metabolism, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Center of Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Research, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Minqi Li, ; Hongrui Liu,
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14
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Bone Metastases: Specific Microenvironment and Current Situation. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8970173. [PMID: 34877360 PMCID: PMC8645368 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8970173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of bone metastases is a thorny issue. Immunotherapy may be one of the few hopes for patients with unresectable bone metastases. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the most commonly used immunotherapy drugs currently. In this review, the characteristics and interaction of bone metastases and their immune microenvironment were systematically discussed, and the relevant research progress of the immunological mechanism of tumor bone metastasis was reviewed. On this basis, we expounded the clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors for bone metastasis of common tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, melanoma, and breast cancer. Then, the deficiencies and limitations in current researches were summarized. In-depth basic research on bone metastases and optimization of clinical treatment is needed.
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15
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Rossi M, Rana I, Buonuomo PS, Battafarano G, De Martino V, D'Agostini M, Porzio O, Cipriani C, Minisola S, De Vito R, Vecchio D, Gonfiantini MV, Jenkner A, Bartuli A, Del Fattore A. Stimulation of Treg Cells to Inhibit Osteoclastogenesis in Gorham-Stout Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:706596. [PMID: 34513837 PMCID: PMC8430039 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.706596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a very rare syndrome displaying excessive bone erosion and vascular lesion. Due to the rarity of the disease and to the limited studies, its etiopathogenesis is not entirely known. The involvement of immune system in the progressive osteolysis was recently suggested. Indeed, extensive reciprocal interactions between the immune and skeletal systems have been demonstrated. This study aimed to evaluate alterations of immune cells in GSD. An increase of CD8+ cells and reduction of CD4+ and CD4+CD25+CD127low cells was revealed in patients. Interestingly, patients’ regulatory T cells maintain the ability to respond to extracellular stimuli and to regulate osteoclastogenesis; GSD cells proliferate under aCD3/CD28 signal reaching similar levels to those observed in control culture and exert their immunomodulatory activity on effector T cells. GSD Treg cells preserved their inhibitory effects on the osteoclastogenesis. These results suggest that stimulation of Treg cells could open the way for the identification and testing of new therapeutic approaches for patients affected by GSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rossi
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ippolita Rana
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Sabrina Buonuomo
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Battafarano
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana De Martino
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo D'Agostini
- Clinical Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ottavia Porzio
- Clinical Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Cipriani
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita De Vito
- Department of Histopathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Vecchio
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Jenkner
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartuli
- Rare Diseases and Medical Genetic Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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16
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The endothelium-bone axis in development, homeostasis and bone and joint disease. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2021; 17:608-620. [PMID: 34480164 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels form a versatile transport network that is best known for its critical roles in processes such as tissue oxygenation, metabolism and immune surveillance. The vasculature also provides local, often organ-specific, molecular signals that control the behaviour of other cell types in their vicinity during development, homeostasis and regeneration, and also in disease processes. In the skeletal system, the local vasculature is actively involved in both bone formation and resorption. In addition, blood vessels participate in inflammatory processes and contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases that affect the joints, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This Review summarizes the current understanding of the architecture, angiogenic growth and functional properties of the bone vasculature. The effects of ageing and pathological conditions, including arthritis and osteoporosis, are also discussed.
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17
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Monteiro AC, Bonomo A. CD8 + T cells from experimental in situ breast carcinoma interfere with bone homeostasis. Bone 2021; 150:116014. [PMID: 34022456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Before bone colonization, immune cells primed by breast primary tumor cells actively modify the bone microenvironment, disturbing the complex and tightly homeostatic signaling network regulated by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Indeed, we have shown that RANKL+ CD4+ T cells specific for the 4T1 mammary carcinoma cell line, arrive at the bone marrow (BM) before metastatic cells and set the pre-metastatic niche. In the absence of RANKL expressed by T cells, there is no pre-metastatic osteolytic disease and bone metastases are blocked. Adding to the role of T cells, we have recently demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) provide a positive feedback loop to the osteolytic profile induced by the metastatic tumor. In this setting, DCs are able to differentiate into potent bone resorbing osteoclast-like cells keeping their antigen-presenting cell (APC) properties to maintain RANKL+ CD4+ Th17 T cells activities, via IL-23 expression. Here we show that 67NR non-metastatic tumor cells, a sibling of 4T1 tumor cell line, induce an increase in trabecular bone mass on day 11 post-tumor implant. This observation was associated with an expansion of the osteoblastic lineage cells accompanied by a reduction of osteoclasts numbers. Moreover, BM derived CD8+ T cells from 67NR tumor-bearing mice, express an anti-osteoclastogenic cytokine milieu enriched by IFN-γ, IL-10 and producing low levels of RANKL. The frequency of BM derived CD8+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, known as potent suppressors of osteoclastogenesis both in vitro and in vivo, was also increased in such animals. This milieu was capable to suppress 4T1 tumor-specific CD4+ T cells phenotype in vivo and in vitro and strongly inhibited bone metastases establishment, restoring trabecular bone mass volume. We concluded that the 67NR+ tumor derived CD8+ T cells phenotypes, either contributing to bone homeostasis and/or control of 4T1 breast tumor pre-metastatic disease, interfere with osteoclasts and osteoblasts activities inside BM. Our study highlights the opposing roles of subverted tumor CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subtypes in directing breast cancer progression and bone metastases establishment. For non-metastatic tumors, the role of T cells regarding bone remodeling has never been addressed before. As far as we know, this is the first description that an in situ carcinoma can modify distant sites. In the case showed here, modification of the distant bone site disfavors pre-metastatic bone niche formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Monteiro
- Laboratory of Osteo and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory on Thymus Research, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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18
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Halper J, Madel MB, Blin-Wakkach C. Differentiation and Phenotyping of Murine Osteoclasts from Bone Marrow Progenitors, Monocytes, and Dendritic Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2308:21-34. [PMID: 34057711 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1425-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone physiology is dictated by various players, including osteoclasts (OCLs) as bone resorbing cells, osteoblasts (capable of bone formation), osteocytes, or mesenchymal stem cells, to mention the most important players. All these cells are in tight communication with each other and influence the constantly occurring process of bone remodeling to meet changing requirements on the skeletal system. In order to understand these interplays, one must investigate isolated functions of the various cell types. However, OCL research displays a special drawback: due to their giant size, low abundance, and tight attachment on the bone surface, ex vivo isolation of sufficient amounts of mature OCLs is limited or not conceivable in most species including mice. Moreover, OCLs can be obtained from different progenitors in vivo as well as in vitro. Thus, in vitro differentiation of OCLs from various progenitor cells remains essential in the analysis of OCL biology, underlining the importance of reliable gold standard protocols to be applied throughout OCL research. This chapter will deal with in vitro differentiation of OCLs from murine bone marrow cells, as well as isolated monocytes and dendritic cells that have already been validated in numerous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Halper
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR7370, LP2M, Nice, France
| | - Maria-Bernadette Madel
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR7370, LP2M, Nice, France
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Realization of Osteolysis, Angiogenesis, Immunosuppression, and Drug Resistance by Extracellular Vesicles: Roles of RNAs and Proteins in Their Cargoes and of Ectonucleotidases of the Immunosuppressive Adenosinergic Noncanonical Pathway in the Bone Marrow Niche of Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122969. [PMID: 34199285 PMCID: PMC8231946 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma (MM) is a disease that extensively involves bone, and angiogenesis and immunosuppression are important processes in the development of MM. Proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs remarkably improve the survival of MM patients. However, MM is still an incurable disease that rapidly becomes resistant to these drugs. There is robust evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to cancer metastasis. Osteoclasts, in addition to immunosuppressive cells in the bone marrow (BM), are key players in osteolysis and immunosuppression. BM stromal cells and MM cells secrete EVs through which they communicate with each other: EVs, in fact, contain proteins, small RNAs, and long non-coding RNAs that mediate this communication and contribute to angiogenesis, osteolysis, and cancer dissemination and drug resistance. Ectoenzymes are expressed in myeloma cells, osteoclasts, and stromal cells and produce immunosuppressive adenosine. Recently, an antibody targeting CD38, an ectoenzyme, has been shown to improve the survival of patients with MM. Thus, understanding the properties of EV and ectoenzymes will help elucidate key processes of MM development. Abstract Angiogenesis and immunosuppression promote multiple myeloma (MM) development, and osteolysis is a primary feature of MM. Although immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors (PIs) markedly improve the survival of patients with MM, this disease remains incurable. In the bone marrow niche, a chain of ectoenzymes, including CD38, produce immunosuppressive adenosine, inhibiting T cell proliferation as well as immunosuppressive cells. Therefore, anti-CD38 antibodies targeting myeloma cells have the potential to restore T cell responses to myeloma cells. Meanwhile extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNAs, proteins such as cytokines and chemokines, long noncoding RNAs, and PIWI-interacting RNAs have been shown to act as communication tools in myeloma cell/microenvironment interactions. Via EVs, mesenchymal stem cells allow myeloma cell dissemination and confer PI resistance, whereas myeloma cells promote angiogenesis, myeloid-derived suppressor cell proliferation, and osteoclast differentiation and inhibit osteoblast differentiation. In this review, to understand key processes of MM development involving communication between myeloma cells and other cells in the tumor microenvironment, EV cargo and the non-canonical adenosinergic pathway are introduced, and ectoenzymes and EVs are discussed as potential druggable targets for the treatment of MM patients.
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20
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Madel MB, Elefteriou F. Mechanisms Supporting the Use of Beta-Blockers for the Management of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122887. [PMID: 34207620 PMCID: PMC8228198 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bone represents the most common site of metastasis for breast cancer and the establishment and growth of metastatic cancer cells within the skeleton significantly reduces the quality of life of patients and their survival. The interplay between sympathetic nerves and bone cells, and its influence on the process of breast cancer bone metastasis is increasingly being recognized. Several mechanisms, all dependent on β-adrenergic receptor signaling in stromal bone cells, were shown to promote the establishment of disseminated cancer cells into the skeleton. This review provides a summary of these mechanisms in support of the therapeutic potential of β-blockers for the early management of breast cancer metastasis. Abstract The skeleton is heavily innervated by sympathetic nerves and represents a common site for breast cancer metastases, the latter being the main cause of morbidity and mortality in breast cancer patients. Progression and recurrence of breast cancer, as well as decreased overall survival in breast cancer patients, are associated with chronic stress, a condition known to stimulate sympathetic nerve outflow. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that sympathetic stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors in osteoblasts increases bone vascular density, adhesion of metastatic cancer cells to blood vessels, and their colonization of the bone microenvironment, whereas β-blockade prevented these events in mice with high endogenous sympathetic activity. These findings in preclinical models, along with clinical data from breast cancer patients receiving β-blockers, support the pathophysiological role of excess sympathetic nervous system activity in the formation of bone metastases, and the potential of commonly used, safe, and low-cost β-blockers as adjuvant therapy to improve the prognosis of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Fischer V, Haffner-Luntzer M. Interaction between bone and immune cells: Implications for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 123:14-21. [PMID: 34024716 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by the loss of bone mass and increased bone fracture risk largely resulting from significantly reduced levels of the hormone estrogen after menopause. Besides the direct negative effects of estrogen-deficiency on bone, indirect effects of altered immune status in postmenopausal women might contribute to ongoing bone destruction, as postmenopausal women often display a chronic low-grade inflammatory phenotype with altered cytokine expression and immune cell profile. In this context, it was previously shown that various immune cells interact with osteoblasts and osteoclasts either via direct cell-cell contact, or more likely via paracrine mechanisms. For example, specific subtypes of T lymphocytes express TNFα, which was shown to increase osteoblast apoptosis and to indirectly stimulate osteoclastogenesis via B cell-produced receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), thereby triggering bone loss during postmenopausal osteoporosis. Th17 cells release interleukin-17 (IL-17), which directs mesenchymal stem cell differentiation towards the osteogenic lineage, but also indirectly increases osteoclast differentiation. B lymphocytes are a major regulator of osteoclast formation via granulocyte colony-stimulating factor secretion and the RANKL/osteoprotegerin system under estrogen-deficient conditions. Macrophages might act differently on bone cells dependent on their polarization profile and their secreted paracrine factors, which might have implications for the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis, because macrophage polarization is altered during disease progression. Likewise, neutrophils play an important role during bone homeostasis, but their over-activation under estrogen-deficient conditions contributes to osteoblast apoptosis via the release of reactive oxygen species and increased osteoclastogenesis via RANKL signaling. Furthermore, mast cells might be involved in the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis, because they store high levels of osteoclastic mediators, including IL-6 and RANKL, in their granules and their numbers are greatly increased in osteoporotic bone. Additionally, bone fracture healing is altered under estrogen-deficient conditions with the increased presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and Midkine, which might contribute to healing disturbances. Consequently, in addition to the direct negative influence of estrogen-deficiency on bone, immune cell alterations contribute to the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fischer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Haffner-Luntzer
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Ulm, Helmholtzstraße 14, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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22
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McCachren SS, Dhodapkar KM, Dhodapkar MV. Co-evolution of Immune Response in Multiple Myeloma: Implications for Immune Prevention. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632564. [PMID: 33717170 PMCID: PMC7952530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignant neoplasm of plasma cells that reside in the bone marrow (BM), is universally preceded by a precursor state termed monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Many individuals with MGUS never progress to MM or progress over many years. Therefore, MGUS provides a unique opportunity to surveil changes in the BM tumor microenvironment throughout disease progression. It is increasingly appreciated that MGUS cells carry many of the genetic changes found in MM. Prior studies have also shown that MGUS cells can be recognized by the immune system, leading to early changes in the BM immune environment compared to that of healthy individuals, including alterations in both innate and adaptive immunity. Progression to clinical MM is associated with attrition of T cells with stem memory-like features and instead accumulation of T cells with more terminally differentiated features. Recent clinical studies have suggested that early application of immune-modulatory drugs, which are known to activate both innate and adaptive immunity, can delay the progression to clinical MM. Understanding the biology of how the immune response and tumors coevolve over time is needed to develop novel immune-based approaches to achieve durable and effective prevention of clinical malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. McCachren
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kavita M. Dhodapkar
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Madhav V. Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
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23
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Wang YN, Liu S, Jia T, Feng Y, Zhang W, Xu X, Zhang D. T Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase in Osteoimmunology. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620333. [PMID: 33692794 PMCID: PMC7938726 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoimmunology highlights the two-way communication between bone and immune cells. T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor 2 (PTPN2), is an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) essential in regulating immune responses and bone metabolism via dephosphorylating target proteins. Tcptp knockout in systemic or specific immune cells can seriously damage the immune function, resulting in bone metabolism disorders. This review provided fresh insights into the potential role of TCPTP in osteoimmunology. Overall, the regulation of osteoimmunology by TCPTP is extremely complicated. TCPTP negatively regulates macrophages activation and inflammatory factors secretion to inhibit bone resorption. TCPTP regulates T lymphocytes differentiation and T lymphocytes-related cytokines signaling to maintain bone homeostasis. TCPTP is also expected to regulate bone metabolism by targeting B lymphocytes under certain time and conditions. This review offers a comprehensive update on the roles of TCPTP in osteoimmunology, which can be a promising target for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Wang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Shiyue Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Jia
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Dongjiao Zhang
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
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24
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Salamanna F, Borsari V, Pagani S, Brodano GB, Gasbarrini A, Fini M. Development and characterization of a novel human 3D model of bone metastasis from breast carcinoma in vitro cultured. Bone 2021; 143:115773. [PMID: 33249322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to the skeleton causing significant morbidity. None of the therapeutic strategies used to manage breast cancer bone metastases are really curative. Here, we set-up a novel and advanced model by using fresh tissue from human vertebral bone metastasis from breast carcinoma patients able to retain the tumor microenvironment. The tissue model is based on an ex-vivo culture for up to 40 days and on a constant monitoring of tissue viability, gene expression profile (IL10, IL1b, MMP1, MMP7, PTH1R, PTH2R, TNF, ACP5, SPI1, VEGFA, CTSK, TGF-β) and histological and immunohistochemical analyses (CDH1/E-cadherin, CDH2/N-cadherin, KRT8/Cytokeratin 8, KRT18/Cytokeratin 18, Ki67, CASP3/Caspase 3, ESR1/Estrogen Receptor Alpha, CD68 and CD8). Results confirmed the development of a reliable, reproducible and cost-effective advanced model of breast cancer bone metastasis able to preserve and maintain long-term tissue viability, as well as molecular markers, tissue histomorphology, tissue micro-architecture and antigen expression. The study provides for the first time the feasibility and rationale for the use of a human-derived advanced alternative model for cancer research and testing of drugs and innovative strategies, taking into account patient individual characteristics and specific tumor subtypes so predicting patient specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salamanna
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Veronica Borsari
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefania Pagani
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Barbanti Brodano
- Spine Surgery Prevalently Oncologic and Degenerative, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Gasbarrini
- Spine Surgery Prevalently Oncologic and Degenerative, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Milena Fini
- Complex Structure of Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
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25
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short RNA molecules that mediate the regulation of gene activity through interactions with target mRNAs and subsequent silencing of gene expression. It has become increasingly clear the miRNAs regulate many diverse aspects of bone biology, including bone formation and bone resorption processes. The role of miRNAs specifically in osteoclasts has been of recent investigation, due to clinical interest in discovering new paradigms to control excessive bone resorption, as is observed in multiple conditions including aging, estrogen deprivation, cancer metastases or glucocorticoid use. Therefore understanding the role that miRNAs play during osteoclastic differentiation is of critical importance. In this review, we highlight and discuss general aspects of miRNA function in osteoclasts, including exciting data demonstrating that miRNAs encapsulated in extracellular vesicles (EVs) either originating from osteoclasts, or signaling to osteoclast from divergent sites, have important roles in bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Weivoda
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sun-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Medicine, UCONN Center on Aging, University Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - David G Monroe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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26
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Monteiro AC, Bonomo A. Dendritic cells development into osteoclast-type APCs by 4T1 breast tumor T cells milieu boost bone consumption. Bone 2021; 143:115755. [PMID: 33217627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastases occur in 70% of patients with advanced breast cancer, causing severe morbidity and increased mortality due to osteolytic lesions driven by osteoclasts (OCs) inside the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. A reciprocal vicious cycle between bone remodeling system and the tumor itself is established by the release of growth factors stored in the mineralized matrix, which in turn feed the tumor, changing tumor behavior and growth. However, BM is not a passive host microenvironment for circulating tumor cells, but instead can be actively modified by the primary tumor before metastatic spread occurs. Indeed, we have shown that T cells specific for the 4T1 mammary carcinoma cell line, are characteristically RANKL+ IL-17F+ CD4+ T cells. Those cells arrive in the BM before metastatic cells and set the pre-metastatic niche. In the absence of T cell derived RANKL, there is no pre-metastatic osteolytic disease and bone metastases do not take place. Recently, dendritic cells (DCs), the main T cell partner at the beginning of the immune response, came into the spotlight as a potential source of OCs progenitors under inflammatory conditions. Regarding bone metastasis, nothing is currently known about DCs plasticity or even its partnership with tumor induced T cells for BM pre-metastatic niche formation. Here, we show that splenic CD11c+ DCs stimulated with 4T1 conditioned media (CM) efficiently differentiated into mature and activated multinucleated giant cells (DC-OC) expressing TRAP and IL-23 cytokine. More important, 4T1 CM derived DC-OCs build a positive loop which amplifies the osteolytic phenomena by maintaining the RANKL+ Th17 T cells and by its own osteoclastic activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that differentiation of OCs from DCs may be achievable in the bone pre osteolytic disease context representing an alternative OC differentiation pathway. Besides being induced by high levels of T cells pro osteoclastogenic cytokines, especially by RANKL, DC-OC keep a positive feedback loop towards osteolysis, maintaining the pro-osteoclastogenic T cell phenotype in the BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Monteiro
- Laboratory of Osteo and Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunobiology, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Bonomo
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Research Network on Neuroinflammation (RENEURIN), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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27
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Yamashita J, Sawa N, Sawa Y, Miyazono S. Effect of bisphosphonates on healing of tooth extraction wounds in infectious osteomyelitis of the jaw. Bone 2021; 143:115611. [PMID: 32829042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antiresorptive agent-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ) and infectious osteomyelitis of the jaw (OMJ) in antiresorptive-naïve patients are different disease entities. Although osteoclast inhibition is at the center of the pathogenesis of ARONJ, the role of osteoclast inhibition in infectious OMJ is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bisphosphonate osteoclast inhibition in infectious OMJ. METHODS Osteomyelitis was induced in mice by S. aureus inoculation. The establishment of OMJ was verified by the culture of bone marrow samples obtained from the mandible. Infected animals received either zoledronic acid (ZA) or saline starting at week-2. Treated animals along with non-infected animals underwent tooth extractions at week-4 post-infection. Healing was assessed every week using in vivo micro-computed tomography and intraoral photos. Animals were euthanized at week-8 and cervical lymph nodes were assessed for lymphatic and blood vessels. RESULTS Tooth extraction wounds did not heal in animals with OMJ. These wounds were characterized by incomplete soft tissue coverage, sporadic bone fill in the sockets, and inflammatory cell accumulation in the connective tissue at 4 weeks after tooth extractions. Conversely, the majority of tooth extraction wounds in the infected animals treated with ZA had improved healing with better bone fill than even non-infected control animals. Consistently, atrophic lymphatic vessels were noted in the draining lymph nodes in animals with OMJ. However, infected animals treated with ZA had lymphatic vessels that were unaltered and showed a similar appearance to those in non-infected control animals. CONCLUSION ZA treatment promoted wound healing in the jaw with infectious osteomyelitis. Clearly, antiresorptive therapy is contraindicated in patients with ARONJ. However, our finding suggests that osteoclast inhibition is potentially an effectual remedy for infectious OMJ in antiresorptive-naïve patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junro Yamashita
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Naruhiko Sawa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sawa
- Department of Oral Function and Anatomy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shoji Miyazono
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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28
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Multitasking by the OC Lineage during Bone Infection: Bone Resorption, Immune Modulation, and Microbial Niche. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102157. [PMID: 32987689 PMCID: PMC7598711 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone infections, also known as infectious osteomyelitis, are accompanied by significant inflammation, osteolysis, and necrosis. Osteoclasts (OCs) are the bone-resorbing cells that work in concert with osteoblasts and osteocytes to properly maintain skeletal health and are well known to respond to inflammation by increasing their resorptive activity. OCs have typically been viewed merely as effectors of pathologic bone resorption, but recent evidence suggests they may play an active role in the progression of infections through direct effects on pathogens and via the immune system. This review discusses the host- and pathogen-derived factors involved in the in generation of OCs during infection, the crosstalk between OCs and immune cells, and the role of OC lineage cells in the growth and survival of pathogens, and highlights unanswered questions in the field.
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29
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Dimitrijević M, Arsenović-Ranin N, Bufan B, Nacka-Aleksić M, Kosec D, Pilipović I, Kotur-Stevuljević J, Simić L, Sopta J, Leposavić G. Sex-Based Differences in Monocytic Lineage Cells Contribute to More Severe Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Female Rats Compared with Male Rats. Inflammation 2020; 43:2312-2331. [PMID: 32857321 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes' plasticity has an important role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease exhibiting greater prevalence in women. Contribution of this phenomenon to sex bias in RA severity was investigated in rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of RA. The greater severity of CIA in females (exhibiting signs of bone resorption) was accompanied by the higher blood level of advanced oxidation protein products and a more pro-oxidant profile. Consistently, in females, the greater density of giant multinuclear cells (monocytes/macrophages and osteoclasts) in inflamed joint tissue was found. This correlated with the higher frequencies of CCR2- and CX3CR1- expressing cells (precursors of inflammatory monocytes/macrophages and osteoclasts) among CD11b+ splenocytes. This in conjunction with the enhanced migratory capacity of CD11b+ monocytic cells in females compared with males could be linked with the higher frequencies of CCR2+CX3CR1-CD43lowCD11b+ and CCR2-CX3CR1+CD43hiCD11b+ cells (corresponding to "classical" and "non-classical" monocytes, respectively) and the greater density of CD68+ cells (monocytes/macrophages and osteoclast precursors/osteoclasts) in blood and inflamed paws from female rats, respectively. Consistently, the higher levels of GM-CSF, TNF-α and IL-6, IL-1β (driving Th17 cell differentiation), and IL-17 followed by the lower level of IL-10 were measured in inflamed paw cultures from female compared with male rats. To the greater IL-17 production (associated with enhanced monocyte immigration and differentiation into osteoclasts) most likely contributed augmented Th17 cell generation in the lymph nodes draining arthritic joints from female compared with male rats. Overall, the study suggests the sex-specific contribution of monocytic lineage cells to CIA, and possibly RA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Dimitrijević
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nevena Arsenović-Ranin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Bufan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Center "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Vojvode Stepe 458, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Simić
- Department for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4/2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Sopta
- Department for Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 4/2, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, Belgrade, Serbia.
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30
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López-Valverde N, Flores-Fraile J, López-Valverde A. The Unknown Process Osseointegration. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9070168. [PMID: 32708689 PMCID: PMC7407983 DOI: 10.3390/biology9070168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although it was already described more than fifty years ago, there is yet no in-depth knowledge regarding the process of osseointegration as far as its mechanism of action is concerned. It could be one of the body’s ways of reacting to a foreign body, where the individual’s immune response capacity is involved. It is known that the nervous system has an impact on bone health and that the role of the autonomic nervous system in bone remodeling is an attractive field for current research. In the future, immuno/neuromodulatory techniques will open new and exciting lines of research.
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31
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Bouchet M, Lainé A, Boyault C, Proponnet-Guerault M, Meugnier E, Bouazza L, Kan CWS, Geraci S, El-Moghrabi S, Hernandez-Vargas H, Benetollo C, Yoshiko Y, Duterque-Coquillaud M, Clézardin P, Marie JC, Bonnelye E. ERRα Expression in Bone Metastases Leads to an Exacerbated Antitumor Immune Response. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2914-2926. [PMID: 32366476 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone is the most common metastatic site for breast cancer. Although the estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) has been implicated in breast cancer cell dissemination to the bone from the primary tumor, its role after tumor cell anchorage in the bone microenvironment remains elusive. Here, we reveal that ERRα inhibits the progression of bone metastases of breast cancer cells by increasing the immune activity of the bone microenvironment. Overexpression of ERRα in breast cancer bone metastases induced expression of chemokines CCL17 and CCL20 and repressed production of TGFβ3. Subsequently, CD8+ T lymphocytes recruited to bone metastases escaped TGFβ signaling control and were endowed with exacerbated cytotoxic features, resulting in significant reduction in metastases. The clinical relevance of our findings in mice was confirmed in over 240 patients with breast cancer. Thus, this study reveals that ERRα regulates immune properties in the bone microenvironment that contributes to decreasing metastatic growth. SIGNIFICANCE: This study places ERRα at the interplay between the immune response and bone metastases of breast cancer, highlighting a potential target for intervention in advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Bouchet
- INSERM-UMR1033, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon-France
| | - Alexandra Lainé
- University of Lyon-France
- Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity Department, CRCL, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
| | - Cyril Boyault
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UMR5209-INSERM1302, La Tronche, France
| | | | | | - Lamia Bouazza
- INSERM-UMR1033, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon-France
| | - Casina W S Kan
- INSERM-UMR1033, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon-France
| | - Sandra Geraci
- INSERM-UMR1033, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
- University of Lyon-France
| | | | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity Department, CRCL, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
| | - Claire Benetollo
- University of Lyon-France
- INSERM-UMR5292 INSERM U1028, Lyon, France
| | - Yuji Yoshiko
- Department of Calcified Tissue Biology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | - Julien C Marie
- University of Lyon-France.
- Tumor Escape Resistance and Immunity Department, CRCL, INSERM 1052 CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France
| | - Edith Bonnelye
- INSERM-UMR1033, Labex DEVweCAN, Lyon, France.
- University of Lyon-France
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32
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Madel MB, Ibáñez L, Ciucci T, Halper J, Rouleau M, Boutin A, Hue C, Duroux-Richard I, Apparailly F, Garchon HJ, Wakkach A, Blin-Wakkach C. Dissecting the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of mouse inflammatory osteoclasts by the expression of Cx3cr1. eLife 2020; 9:54493. [PMID: 32400390 PMCID: PMC7220377 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone destruction relies on interactions between bone and immune cells. Bone-resorbing osteoclasts (OCLs) were recently identified as innate immune cells activating T cells toward tolerance or inflammation. Thus, pathological bone destruction not only relies on increased osteoclast differentiation, but also on the presence of inflammatory OCLs (i-OCLs), part of which express Cx3cr1. Here, we investigated the contribution of mouse Cx3cr1+ and Cx3cr1neg i-OCLs to bone loss. We showed that Cx3cr1+ and Cx3cr1neg i-OCLs differ considerably in transcriptional and functional aspects. Cx3cr1neg i-OCLs have a high ability to resorb bone and activate inflammatory CD4+ T cells. Although Cx3cr1+ i-OCLs are associated with inflammation, they resorb less and have in vitro an immune-suppressive effect on Cx3cr1neg i-OCLs, mediated by PD-L1. Our results provide new insights into i-OCL heterogeneity. They also reveal that different i-OCL subsets may interact to regulate inflammation. This contributes to a better understanding and prevention of inflammatory bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Bernadette Madel
- Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, CNRS, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Lidia Ibáñez
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Julia Halper
- Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, CNRS, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, CNRS, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Antoine Boutin
- Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, CNRS, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Hue
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | | | - Henri-Jean Garchon
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et inflammation, Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France.,Genetics division, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Abdelilah Wakkach
- Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, CNRS, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, CNRS, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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33
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Kumar G, Roger PM. From Crosstalk between Immune and Bone Cells to Bone Erosion in Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5154. [PMID: 31627424 PMCID: PMC6834200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone infection and inflammation leads to the infiltration of immune cells at the site of infection, where they modulate the differentiation and function of osteoclasts and osteoblasts by the secretion of various cytokines and signal mediators. In recent years, there has been a tremendous effort to understand the cells involved in these interactions and the complex pathways of signal transduction and their ultimate effect on bone metabolism. These crosstalk mechanisms between the bone and immune system finally emerged, forming a new field of research called osteoimmunology. Diseases falling into the category of osteoimmunology, such as osteoporosis, periodontitis, and bone infections are considered to have a significant implication in mortality and morbidity of patients, along with affecting their quality of life. There is a much-needed research focus in this new field, as the reported data on the immunomodulation of immune cells and their signaling pathways seems to have promising therapeutic benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Unité 576, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 06200 Nice, France.
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Pierre-Marie Roger
- Unité 576, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 06200 Nice, France.
- Service d'Infectiologie, Hôpital Archet 1, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06200 Nice, France.
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34
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Madel MB, Ibáñez L, Wakkach A, de Vries TJ, Teti A, Apparailly F, Blin-Wakkach C. Immune Function and Diversity of Osteoclasts in Normal and Pathological Conditions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1408. [PMID: 31275328 PMCID: PMC6594198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts (OCLs) are key players in controlling bone remodeling. Modifications in their differentiation or bone resorbing activity are associated with a number of pathologies ranging from osteopetrosis to osteoporosis, chronic inflammation and cancer, that are all characterized by immunological alterations. Therefore, the 2000s were marked by the emergence of osteoimmunology and by a growing number of studies focused on the control of OCL differentiation and function by the immune system. At the same time, it was discovered that OCLs are much more than bone resorbing cells. As monocytic lineage-derived cells, they belong to a family of cells that displays a wide heterogeneity and plasticity and that is involved in phagocytosis and innate immune responses. However, while OCLs have been extensively studied for their bone resorption capacity, their implication as immune cells was neglected for a long time. In recent years, new evidence pointed out that OCLs play important roles in the modulation of immune responses toward immune suppression or inflammation. They unlocked their capacity to modulate T cell activation, to efficiently process and present antigens as well as their ability to activate T cell responses in an antigen-dependent manner. Moreover, similar to other monocytic lineage cells such as macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells, OCLs display a phenotypic and functional plasticity participating to their anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory effect depending on their cell origin and environment. This review will address this novel vision of the OCL, not only as a phagocyte specialized in bone resorption, but also as innate immune cell participating in the control of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Bernadette Madel
- CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, UMR7370, Nice, France.,Faculé de Médecine, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Lidia Ibáñez
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, València, Spain
| | - Abdelilah Wakkach
- CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, UMR7370, Nice, France.,Faculé de Médecine, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Univeristeit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, UMR7370, Nice, France.,Faculé de Médecine, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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35
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Xiang L, Gilkes DM. The Contribution of the Immune System in Bone Metastasis Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040999. [PMID: 30823602 PMCID: PMC6412551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is associated with significant morbidity for cancer patients and results in a reduced quality of life. The bone marrow is a fertile soil containing a complex composition of immune cells that may actually provide an immune-privileged niche for disseminated tumor cells to colonize and proliferate. In this unique immune milieu, multiple immune cells including T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and neutrophils are involved in the process of bone metastasis. In this review, we will discuss the crosstalk between immune cells in bone microenvironment and their involvement with cancer cell metastasis to the bone. Furthermore, we will highlight the anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral function of each immune cell type that contributes to bone metastasis. We will end with a discussion of current therapeutic strategies aimed at sensitizing immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Daniele M Gilkes
- Breast & Ovarian Cancer Program, Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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36
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Fischer L, Herkner C, Kitte R, Dohnke S, Riewaldt J, Kretschmer K, Garbe AI. Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells in Bone and Hematopoietic Homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:578. [PMID: 31551927 PMCID: PMC6746882 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone represents surprisingly dynamic structures that are subject to constant remodeling by the concerted action of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts - two cell subsets of distinct developmental origin that are key in maintaining skeletal integrity throughout life. In general, abnormal bone remodeling due to dysregulated bone resorption and formation is an early event in the manifestation of various human bone diseases, such as osteopetrosis/osteoporosis and arthritis. But bone remodeling is also closely interrelated with lympho-hematopoietic homeostasis, as the bone marrow niche is formed by solid and trabecular bone structures that provide a framework for the long-term maintenance and differentiation of HSCs (>blood lineage cells and osteoclasts) and MSCs (>osteoblasts). Numerous studies in mice and humans have implicated innate and adaptive immune cells in the dynamic regulation of bone homeostasis, but despite considerable clinical relevance, the exact mechanisms of such immuno-bone interplay have remained incompletely understood. This holds particularly true for CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the lineage specification factor Foxp3: Foxp3+ Treg cells have been shown to play an indispensable role in maintaining immune homeostasis, but may also exert critical non-immune functions, which includes the control of metabolic and regenerative processes, as well as the differentiation of HSCs and function of osteoclasts. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the T cell/bone interplay, with a particular emphasis on our own efforts to dissect the role of Foxp3+ Treg cells in bone and hematopoietic homeostasis, employing experimental settings of gain- and loss-of-Treg cell function. These data make a strong case that Foxp3+ Treg cells impinge on lympho-hematopoiesis through indirect mechanisms, i.e., by acting on osteoclast development and function, which translates into changes in niche size. Furthermore, we propose that, besides disorders that involve inflammatory bone loss, the modulation of Foxp3+ Treg cell function in vivo may represent a suitable approach to reinstate bone homeostasis in non-autoimmune settings of aberrant bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Fischer
- Osteoimmunology, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Caroline Herkner
- Osteoimmunology, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reni Kitte
- Osteoimmunology, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dohnke
- Osteoimmunology, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julia Riewaldt
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annette I. Garbe
- Osteoimmunology, DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- *Correspondence: Annette I. Garbe
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Fornetti J, Welm AL, Stewart SA. Understanding the Bone in Cancer Metastasis. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:2099-2113. [PMID: 30476357 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone is the third most common site of metastasis for a wide range of solid tumors including lung, breast, prostate, colorectal, thyroid, gynecologic, and melanoma, with 70% of metastatic prostate and breast cancer patients harboring bone metastasis.1 Unfortunately, once cancer spreads to the bone, it is rarely cured and is associated with a wide range of morbidities including pain, increased risk of fracture, and hypercalcemia. This fact has driven experts in the fields of bone and cancer biology to study the bone, and has revealed that there is a great deal that each can teach the other. The complexity of the bone was first described in 1889 when Stephen Paget proposed that tumor cells have a proclivity for certain organs, where they "seed" into a friendly "soil" and eventually grow into metastatic lesions. Dr. Paget went on to argue that although many study the "seed" it would be paramount to understand the "soil." Since this original work, significant advances have been made not only in understanding the cell-autonomous mechanisms that drive metastasis, but also alterations which drive changes to the "soil" that allow a tumor cell to thrive. Indeed, it is now clear that the "soil" in different metastatic sites is unique, and thus the mechanisms that allow tumor cells to remain in a dormant or growing state are specific to the organ in question. In the bone, our knowledge of the components that contribute to this fertile "soil" continues to expand, but our understanding of how they impact tumor growth in the bone remains in its infancy. Indeed, we now appreciate that the endosteal niche likely contributes to tumor cell dormancy, and that osteoclasts, osteocytes, and adipocytes can impact tumor cell growth. Here, we discuss the bone microenvironment and how it impacts cancer cell seeding, dormancy, and growth. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Fornetti
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alana L Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sheila A Stewart
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Integrating Communication within the Cancer Environment (ICCE) Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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38
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Ahern E, Smyth MJ, Dougall WC, Teng MWL. Roles of the RANKL–RANK axis in antitumour immunity — implications for therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018; 15:676-693. [DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Tai YT, Cho SF, Anderson KC. Osteoclast Immunosuppressive Effects in Multiple Myeloma: Role of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1822. [PMID: 30147691 PMCID: PMC6095980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory drugs and monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapies have significantly improved the prognosis of the patients with multiple myeloma (MM) in the recent years. These new classes of reagents target malignant plasma cells (PCs) and further modulate the immune microenvironment, which prolongs anti-MM responses and may prevent tumor occurrence. Since MM remains an incurable cancer for most patients, there continues to be a need to identify new tumor target molecules and investigate alternative cellular approaches using gene therapeutic strategies and novel treatment mechanisms. Osteoclasts (OCs), as critical multi-nucleated large cells responsible for bone destruction in >80% MM patients, have become an attractive cellular target for the development of novel MM immunotherapies. In MM, OCs are induced and activated by malignant PCs in a reciprocal manner, leading to osteolytic bone disease commonly associated with this malignancy. Significantly, bidirectional interactions between OCs and MM cells create a positive feedback loop to promote MM cell progression, increase angiogenesis, and inhibit immune surveillance via both cell-cell contact and abnormal production of multiple cytokines/chemokines. Most recently, hyper-activated OCs have been associated with activation of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, which impairs T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity against MM cells. Importantly, therapeutic anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies and checkpoint inhibitors can alleviate OC-induced immune suppression. Furthermore, a proliferation-inducing ligand, abundantly secreted by OCs and OC precursors, significantly upregulates PD-L1 expression on MM cells, in addition to directly promoting MM cell proliferation and survival. Coupled with increased PD-L1 expression in other immune-suppressive cells, i.e., myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated macrophages, these results strongly suggest that OCs contribute to the immunosuppressive MM BM microenvironment. Based on these findings and ongoing osteoimmunology studies, therapeutic interventions targeting OC number and function are under development to diminish both MM bone disease and related immune suppression. In this review, we discuss the classical and novel roles of OCs in the patho-immunology of MM. We also describe novel therapeutic strategies simultaneously targeting OCs and MM interactions, including PD-1/PD-L1 axis, to overcome the immune-suppressive microenvironment and improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tzu Tai
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shih-Feng Cho
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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40
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Li L, Wang Y, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Lin J, Qiu X, Gui Y, Wang F, Li D, Wang L. Heterozygous deletion of LRP5 gene in mice alters profile of immune cells and modulates differentiation of osteoblasts. Biosci Trends 2018; 12:266-274. [PMID: 29899194 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2018.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal homeostasis is dynamically influenced by the immune system. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-5 (LRP5) is a co-receptor of the Wnt signaling pathway, which modulates bone metabolism in humans and mice. Immune disorders can lead to abnormal bone metabolism. It is unclear whether and how LRP5 alters the balance of the immune system to modulate bone homeostasis. In this study, we used primary osteoblast to detect the differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro, the immune cells of spleen and bone marrow of 6-month old LRP5 heterozygote (HZ) and wild-type (WT) mice were analyzed by Flow cytometry. We found that LRP5+/- could influence the differentiation of osteoblasts by decreasing the mRNA level of Osterix, and increasing the mRNA level of Runx2 and the ratio of receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/OPG). In the LRP5+/- mice, percentages of NK cells, CD3e+ cells, and CD8a+ T cells were increased in both spleen and bone marrow, and percentages of CD106+ cells and CD11c+ cells were increased in spleen while decreased in bone marrow, conversely, CD62L+ cells were decreased in spleen while increased in bone marrow compared to the WT mice. Percentages of CD4+ cells, CD14+ cells, and CD254+ cells were increased in the spleen, and CTLA4+ cells were increased in the bone marrow of the LRP5+/- mice. The mRNA level of Wnt signaling molecules such as β-catenin, and c-myc were decreased and APC was increased in spleen lymphocytes and bone marrow lymphocytes, and the mRNA level of Wnt3a was decreased in spleen lymphocytes while no change in bone marrow lymphocytes was seen with silencing LRP5 by specific small interfering RNA. In conclusion, heterozygous deletion of the LRP5 gene in mice could alter the profile of the immune cells, influence the balance of immune environment, and modulate bone homeostasis, which might present a potential mechanism to explore the Wnt signaling pathway in the modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
| | - Yan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
| | - Na Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
| | - Yang Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Jing Lin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
| | - Xuemin Qiu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
| | - Yuyan Gui
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Feifei Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
| | - Dajin Li
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases
| | - Ling Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University.,The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases.,Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College
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41
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Bolzoni M, Toscani D, Costa F, Vicario E, Aversa F, Giuliani N. The link between bone microenvironment and immune cells in multiple myeloma: Emerging role of CD38. Immunol Lett 2018; 205:65-70. [PMID: 29702149 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between bone and immune cells is well established both in physiological and pathological conditions. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by an increase of number and activity of osteoclasts (OCLs) and a decrease of osteoblasts (OBs). These events are responsible for bone lesions of MM patients. OCLs support MM cells survival in vitro and in vivo. Recently, the possible role of OCLs as immunosuppressive cells in the MM BM microenvironment has been underlined. OCLs protect MM cells against T cell-mediated cytotoxicity through the expression of several molecules including programmed death-ligand (PD-L) 1, galectin (Gal) 9, CD200, and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Among the molecules that could be involved in the link between immune-microenvironment and osteoclastogenesis the role of CD38 has been hypothesized. CD38 is a well-known adhesion molecule and an ectoenzyme highly expressed by MM cells. Moreover, CD38 is expressed by OCLs and at the surface level on OCL precursors. Targeting CD38 with monoclonal antibodies showed inhibition of both osteoclastogenesis and OCL-mediated suppression of T cell function. This review elucidates this evidence indicating that osteoclastogenesis affect MM immune-microenvironment being a potential target to improve anti-MM immunity and to ameliorate bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bolzoni
- Department Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Denise Toscani
- Department Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Costa
- Department Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vicario
- Department Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Biology and Genetic Section, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Franco Aversa
- Department Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; Hematology and BMT Center, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Giuliani
- Department Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; Hematology and BMT Center, "Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma", 43126 Parma, Italy.
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42
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Mansour A, Wakkach A, Blin-Wakkach C. Emerging Roles of Osteoclasts in the Modulation of Bone Microenvironment and Immune Suppression in Multiple Myeloma. Front Immunol 2017; 8:954. [PMID: 28848556 PMCID: PMC5554508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common forms of hematologic malignancy resulting from cancerous proliferation of mature malignant plasma cells (MPCs). But despite the real improvement in therapeutics in the past years, it remains largely incurable. MM is the most frequent cancer to involve bone due to the stimulation of osteoclast (OCL) differentiation and activity. OCLs have a unique capacity to resorb bone. However, recent studies reveal that they are not restrained to this sole function. They participate in the control of angiogenesis, medullary niches, and immune responses, including in MM. Therefore, therapeutic approaches targeting OCLs probably affect not only bone resorption but also many other functions, and OCLs should not be considered anymore only as targets to improve the bone phenotype but also to modulate bone microenvironment. In this review, we explore these novel contributions of OCLs to MM which reveal their strong implication in the MM physiopathology. We also underline the therapeutic interest of targeting OCLs not only to overcome bone lesions, but also to improve bone microenvironment and anti-tumoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mansour
- CNRS, UMR7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Abdelilah Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR7370, LP2M, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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43
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Roato I, Massè A, Piana R, Ferracini R. Bone Metastasis from Solid Tumors: Biologic and Clinical State of the Art. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-017-9233-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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44
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Cruz FM, Colbert JD, Merino E, Kriegsman BA, Rock KL. The Biology and Underlying Mechanisms of Cross-Presentation of Exogenous Antigens on MHC-I Molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 2017; 35:149-176. [PMID: 28125356 PMCID: PMC5508990 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To monitor the health of cells, the immune system tasks antigen-presenting cells with gathering antigens from other cells and bringing them to CD8 T cells in the form of peptides bound to MHC-I molecules. Most cells would be unable to perform this function because they use their MHC-I molecules to exclusively present peptides derived from the cell's own proteins. However, the immune system evolved mechanisms for dendritic cells and some other phagocytes to sample and present antigens from the extracellular milieu on MHC-I through a process called cross-presentation. How this important task is accomplished, its role in health and disease, and its potential for exploitation are the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freidrich M Cruz
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Jeff D Colbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Elena Merino
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Barry A Kriegsman
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
| | - Kenneth L Rock
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655; , , , ,
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45
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Collins FL, Schepper JD, Rios-Arce ND, Steury MD, Kang HJ, Mallin H, Schoenherr D, Camfield G, Chishti S, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. Immunology of Gut-Bone Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1033:59-94. [PMID: 29101652 PMCID: PMC5749247 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66653-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years a link between the gastrointestinal tract and bone health has started to gain significant attention. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota has been linked to the pathology of a number of diseases which are associated with bone loss. In addition modulation of the intestinal microbiota with probiotic bacteria has revealed to have both beneficial local and systemic effects. In the present chapter, we discuss the intestinal and bone immune systems, explore how intestinal disease affects the immune system, and examine how these pathologic changes could adversely impact bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser L Collins
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Naiomy Deliz Rios-Arce
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael D Steury
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ho Jun Kang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Heather Mallin
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Daniel Schoenherr
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Glen Camfield
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Saima Chishti
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Department of Physiology and Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Research Centre, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Narayanan Parameswaran
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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46
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Ibáñez L, Abou-Ezzi G, Ciucci T, Amiot V, Belaïd N, Obino D, Mansour A, Rouleau M, Wakkach A, Blin-Wakkach C. Inflammatory Osteoclasts Prime TNFα-Producing CD4 + T Cells and Express CX 3 CR1. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:1899-1908. [PMID: 27161765 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bone destruction is a hallmark of chronic rheumatic diseases. Although the role of osteoclasts in bone loss is clearly established, their implication in the inflammatory response has not been investigated despite their monocytic origin. Moreover, specific markers are lacking to characterize osteoclasts generated in inflammatory conditions. Here, we have explored the phenotype of inflammatory osteoclasts and their effect on CD4+ T cell responses in the context of bone destruction associated with inflammatory bowel disease. We used the well-characterized model of colitis induced by transfer of naive CD4+ T cells into Rag1-/- mice, which is associated with severe bone destruction. We set up a novel procedure to sort pure osteoclasts generated in vitro to analyze their phenotype and specific immune responses by FACS and qPCR. We demonstrated that osteoclasts generated from colitic mice induced the emergence of TNFα-producing CD4+ T cells, whereas those generated from healthy mice induced CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells, in an antigen-dependent manner. This difference is related to the osteoclast origin from monocytes or dendritic cells, to their cytokine expression pattern, and their environment. We identified CX3 CR1 as a marker of inflammatory osteoclasts and we demonstrated that the differentiation of CX3 CR1+ osteoclasts is controlled by IL-17 in vitro. This work is the first demonstration that, in addition to participating to bone destruction, osteoclasts also induce immunogenic CD4+ T cell responses upon inflammation. They highlight CX3 CR1 as a novel dual target for antiresorptive and anti-inflammatory treatment in inflammatory chronic diseases. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ibáñez
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Grazia Abou-Ezzi
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Thomas Ciucci
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Vanessa Amiot
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Nourhène Belaïd
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Dorian Obino
- INSERM-U932 Immunité et Cancer, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anna Mansour
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Abdelilah Wakkach
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France.,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, LP2M, UMR7370, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France. .,Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France.
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47
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Cline-Smith A, Gibbs J, Shashkova E, Buchwald ZS, Novack DV, Aurora R. Pulsed low-dose RANKL as a potential therapeutic for postmenopausal osteoporosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27570837 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies in model animal systems and in the clinic have established that RANKL promotes bone resorption. Paradoxically, we found that pulsing ovariectomized mice with low-dose RANKL suppressed bone resorption, decreased the levels of proinflammatory effector T cells and led to increased bone mass. This effect of RANKL is mediated through the induction of FoxP3+CD25+ regulatory CD8+ T cells (TcREG) by osteoclasts. Here, we show that pulses of low-dose RANKL are needed to induce TcREG, as continuous infusion of identical doses of RANKL by pump did not induce TcREG. We also show that low-dose RANKL can induce TcREG at 2, 3, 6, and 10 weeks after ovariectomy. Our results show that low-dose RANKL treatment in ovariectomized mice is optimal at once-per-month doses to maintain the bone mass. Finally, we found that treatment of ovariectomized mice with the Cathepsin K inhibitor odanacatib also blocked TcREG induction by low-dose RANKL. We interpret this result to indicate that antigens presented to CD8+ T cells by osteoclasts are derived from the bone protein matrix because Cathepsin K degrades collagen in the bone. Taken together, our studies provide a basis for using low-dose RANKL as a potential therapeutic for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jesse Gibbs
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Elena Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Shashkova EV, Trivedi J, Cline-Smith AB, Ferris C, Buchwald ZS, Gibbs J, Novack D, Aurora R. Osteoclast-Primed Foxp3+ CD8 T Cells Induce T-bet, Eomesodermin, and IFN-γ To Regulate Bone Resorption. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:726-35. [PMID: 27324129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoimmunology arose from the recognition that cytokines produced by lymphocytes can affect bone homeostasis. We have previously shown that osteoclasts, cells that resorb bone, act as APCs. Cross-presentation of Ags by osteoclasts leads to expression of CD25 and Foxp3, markers of regulatory T cells in the CD8 T cells. Octeoclast-induced Foxp3(+) CD25(+) regulatory CD8 T cells (OC-iTcREG) suppress priming of CD4 and CD8 T cells by dendritic cells. OC-iTcREG also limit bone resorption by osteoclasts, forming a negative feedback loop. In this study, we show that OC-iTcREG express concurrently T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) and IFN-γ. Pharmacological inhibition of IκK blocked IFN-γ, T-bet, and Eomes production by TcREG Furthermore, we show, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, NF-κB enrichment in the T-bet and Eomes promoters. We demonstrate that IFN-γ produced by TcREG is required for suppression of osteoclastogenesis and for degradation of TNFR-associated factor 6 in osteoclast precursors. The latter prevents signaling by receptor activator of NF-κB ligand needed for osteoclastogenesis. Knockout of IFN-γ rendered TcREG inefficient in preventing actin ring formation in osteoclasts, a process required for bone resorption. TcREG generated in vivo using IFN-γ(-/-) T cells had impaired ability to protect mice from bone resorption and bone loss in response to high-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. The results of this study demonstrate a novel link between NF-κB signaling and induction of IFN-γ in TcREG and establish an important role for IFN-γ in TcREG-mediated protection from bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Shashkova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jahnavi Trivedi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Anna B Cline-Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Chloe Ferris
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
| | - Jesse Gibbs
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Deborah Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104; and
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Novack DV, Mbalaviele G. Osteoclasts-Key Players in Skeletal Health and Disease. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4:10.1128/microbiolspec.MCHD-0011-2015. [PMID: 27337470 PMCID: PMC4920143 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0011-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of osteoclasts (OCs) from early myeloid progenitors is a tightly regulated process that is modulated by a variety of mediators present in the bone microenvironment. Once generated, the function of mature OCs depends on cytoskeletal features controlled by an αvβ3-containing complex at the bone-apposed membrane and the secretion of protons and acid-protease cathepsin K. OCs also have important interactions with other cells in the bone microenvironment, including osteoblasts and immune cells. Dysregulation of OC differentiation and/or function can cause bone pathology. In fact, many components of OC differentiation and activation have been targeted therapeutically with great success. However, questions remain about the identity and plasticity of OC precursors and the interplay between essential networks that control OC fate. In this review, we summarize the key principles of OC biology and highlight recently uncovered mechanisms regulating OC development and function in homeostatic and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Veis Novack
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gabriel Mbalaviele
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ju Jeong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ha-Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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