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Merle NS, Roumenina LT. The complement system as a target in cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350820. [PMID: 38996361 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Malignant cells are part of a complex network within the tumor microenvironment, where their interaction with host cells and soluble mediators, including complement components, is pivotal. The complement system, known for its role in immune defense and homeostasis, exhibits a dual effect on cancer progression. This dichotomy arises from its antitumoral opsonophagocytosis and cytotoxicity versus its protumoral chronic inflammation mediated by the C5a/C5aR1 axis, influencing antitumor T-cell responses. Recent studies have revealed distinct co-expression patterns of complement genes in various cancer types, correlating with prognosis. Notably, some cancers exhibit co-regulated overexpression of complement genes associated with poor prognosis, while others show favorable outcomes. However, significant intra-patient heterogeneity further complicates this classification. Moreover, the involvement of locally produced and intracellular complement proteins adds complexity to the tumor microenvironment dynamics. This review highlights the unique interplay of complement components within different cancers and patient cohorts, showing that "one size does not fit all", for complement in cancer. It summarizes the clinical trials for complement targeting in cancer, emphasizing the need for tailored therapeutic approaches. By elucidating the mechanistic basis of complement's context-dependent role, this review aims to facilitate the development of personalized cancer therapies, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Merle
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Inflammation, Complement and Cancer team, Paris, France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Inflammation, Complement and Cancer team, Paris, France
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2
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Vafaeian A, Mahmoudi H, Daneshpazhooh M. What is novel in the clinical management of pemphigus vulgaris? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2024; 17:489-503. [PMID: 38712540 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2350943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pemphigus, an uncommon autoimmune blistering disorder affecting the skin and mucous membranes, currently with mortality primarily attributed to adverse reactions resulting from treatment protocols. Additionally, the existing treatments exhibit a notable recurrence rate. The high incidence of relapse and the considerable adverse effects associated with treatment underscore the imperative to explore safer and more effective therapeutic approaches. Numerous potential therapeutic targets have demonstrated promising outcomes in trials or preliminary research stages. These encompass anti-CD-20 agents, anti-CD-25 agents, TNF-α inhibition, FAS Ligand Inhibition, FcRn inhibition, BAFF inhibition, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibition, CAAR T Cells, JAK inhibition, mTOR inhibition, abatacept, IL-4 inhibition, IL-17 inhibition, IL-6 inhibition, polyclonal Regulatory T Cells, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. AREAS COVERED The most significant studies regarding the impact and efficacy of the mentioned treatments on pemphigus were meticulously curated through a comprehensive search conducted on the PubMed database. Moreover, the investigations of interest cited in these studies were also integrated. EXPERT OPINION The efficacy and safety profiles of the other treatments under discussion do not exhibit the same level of robustness as anti-CD20 therapy, which is anticipated to endure as a critical element in pemphigus treatment well into the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Vafaeian
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Mahmoudi
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Daneshpazhooh
- Autoimmune Bullous Diseases Research Center, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Delgado SR, Faissner S, Linker RA, Rammohan K. Key characteristics of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies and clinical implications for multiple sclerosis treatment. J Neurol 2024; 271:1515-1535. [PMID: 37906325 PMCID: PMC10973056 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The recent success of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has highlighted the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS. In people with MS, the inflammatory characteristics of B-cell activity are elevated, leading to increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release, diminished anti-inflammatory cytokine production and an accumulation of pathogenic B cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. Rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, ublituximab and BCD-132 are anti-CD20 therapies that are either undergoing clinical development, or have been approved, for the treatment of MS. Despite CD20 being a common target for these therapies, differences have been reported in their mechanistic, pharmacological and clinical characteristics, which may have substantial clinical implications. This narrative review explores key characteristics of these therapies. By using clinical trial data and real-world evidence, we discuss their mechanisms of action, routes of administration, efficacy (in relation to B-cell kinetics), safety, tolerability and convenience of use. Clinicians, alongside patients and their families, should consider the aspects discussed in this review as part of shared decision-making discussions to improve outcomes and health-related quality of life for people living with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia R Delgado
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon Faissner
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St Josef-Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kottil Rammohan
- Department of Neurology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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Cabrero M, López-Corral L, Jarque I, de la Cruz-Vicente F, Pérez-López E, Valcárcel D, Sanz J, Espigado I, Ortí G, Martín-Calvo C, de la Serna J, Caballero D. Ofatumumab as part of reduced intensity conditioning in high risk B-cell lymphoma patients: final long-term analysis from a prospective multicenter Phase-II Trial. Bone Marrow Transplant 2024; 59:359-365. [PMID: 38167647 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-023-02171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Curative potential of allogeneic transplantation (AlloSCT) in high-risk non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) could be enhanced by the integration of Ofatumumab (OFA), a 2nd generation anti-CD20 moAb, due to an antitumor effect and a role over graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In this phase II trial (NCT01613300), we investigated safety and effectiveness of OFA-based reduced intensity conditioning (RIC). High-risk B-cell NHL patients with chemorrefractory disease or post-autologous SCT relapse were eligible. OFA was added to a standard RIC regimen. Primary endpoint was grade 3-4 aGVHD rate, while secondary endpoints included CR and survival rates. Thirty-three patients were included (median age 51; diffuse large B-cell:68%, HLA-identical donor: 74%). No grade >2 OFA toxicity was observed. Acute GVHD affected 77% of patients (16% grade 3-4). Remarkably, GVHD achieved CR in 75% of patients after first-line treatment. Chronic GVHD, primarily mild or moderate, occurred in 54% of patients. NHL CR rate at day +100 was 81%. Relapses occurred in 7 patients after a median of 3 months. Causes of death were lymphoma progression (5), infections (10), and GVHD (2). At 24 months, progression-free and overall survival rates were 50.1 and 51.6% respectively. OFA-RIC regimen is safe and effective, though acute GVHD remains a significant complication. However, data suggest that OFA could mitigate its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Cabrero
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | - Isidro Jarque
- Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jaime Sanz
- Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Podestà MA, Trillini M, Portalupi V, Gennarini A, Tomatis F, Villa A, Perna A, Rubis N, Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P. Ofatumumab in Rituximab-Resistant and Rituximab-Intolerant Patients With Primary Membranous Nephropathy: A Case Series. Am J Kidney Dis 2024; 83:340-349.e1. [PMID: 37777061 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Rituximab is the first-choice therapy for patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN) and nephrotic syndrome. However, approximately 30% of patients are treatment-resistant or become treatment-intolerant with hypersensitivity reactions upon repeated drug exposures. We aimed to assess whether ofatumumab, a fully human second-generation anti-CD20 antibody, could be a valuable alternative to rituximab in this population. STUDY DESIGN Case series. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 7 rituximab-intolerant and 10 rituximab-resistant patients with MN who consented to receive ofatumumab (50-300mg, single intravenous infusion) and were followed at the nephrology unit of Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII (Bergamo, Italy) between September 2015 and January 2019. FINDINGS Over a median (IQR) follow-up of 5.0 (3.0-9.8) months, all 7 rituximab-intolerant and 3 of the 10 rituximab-resistant patients exhibited complete (proteinuria<0.3g/d) or partial (proteinuria<3.5g/d with≥50% reduction vs baseline) remission of nephrotic syndrome. Circulating B cells were similarly depleted in all patients by 1 week, and serum anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody concentrations decreased to<2.7 relative units/mL in 3 of 4 rituximab-intolerant and 4 of 8 rituximab-resistant patients with phospholipase A2 receptor-related disease. Ofatumumab significantly reduced 24-hour urinary protein and immunoglobulin G excretion and increased serum albumin and immunoglobulin G levels. These effects were greater in rituximab-intolerant than in rituximab-resistant patients. Measured glomerular filtration rate significantly increased by an average of 13.4% at 24 months compared with baseline (P=0.036) among all patients in the series. There were 14 nonserious infusion-related adverse events in 9 patients that recovered with temporary infusion interruption. LIMITATIONS Retrospective design, limited number of patients. CONCLUSIONS Ofatumumab may represent an effective and safe treatment for rituximab-intolerant cases of MN. Larger prospective studies will be needed to validate these preliminary findings and explore the effectiveness of other second-generation anti-CD20 antibodies in this clinical setting. PLAIN-LANGUAGE SUMMARY Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is one of the most frequent causes of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in adults. In this case series, we explored the efficacy of ofatumumab, a fully human second-generation anti-CD20 antibody, in 17 patients with MN and NS who were intolerant or unresponsive to rituximab. All 7 rituximab-intolerant patients exhibited complete or partial clinical remission, compared with only 3 of the 10 rituximab-resistant patients. Autoantibody levels decreased in all patients with phospholipase A2 receptor-related disease. Ofatumumab achieved a significant reduction in urinary protein and immunoglobulin G excretion while increasing serum albumin and immunoglobulin G levels. Ofatumumab may be a promising option for patients with MN who are rituximab-intolerant. Further investigations are warranted to validate these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alfredo Podestà
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy; Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (MAP)
| | - Matias Trillini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Valentina Portalupi
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessia Gennarini
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Federica Tomatis
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Perna
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nadia Rubis
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy.
| | - Piero Ruggenenti
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy; Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
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Radhakrishnan Y, Zand L, Sethi S, Fervenza FC. Membranous nephropathy treatment standard. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2024; 39:403-413. [PMID: 37934599 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is characterized by deposition of immune complexes leading to thickening of glomerular basement membranes. Over time, the understanding of MN has evolved, with the identification of specific autoantibodies against novel podocyte antigens and the unraveling of intricate pathogenic pathways. Although the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab is favored as part of the initial therapy in MN, a subgroup of MN patients may be resistant to rituximab necessitating the use of alternative agents such as cytotoxic therapies. In addition, newer agents such as novel anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, therapies targeting the CD38-positive plasma cells and anti-complement therapy are being studied in patients who are resistant to traditional treatment strategies. This manuscript furnishes a review of the novel developments in the pathophysiology of MN including the identification of target antigens and current treatment standards for MN, concentrating on evidenced-based interventions designed to attain remission and to prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshwanter Radhakrishnan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ladan Zand
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sanjeev Sethi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fernando C Fervenza
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Førde JL, Herfindal L, Myhr KM, Torkildsen Ø, Mollnes TE, Skrede S. Ocrelizumab and ofatumumab, but not rituximab, trigger complement induction in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:111021. [PMID: 37816262 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The clinical and adverse effects of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) ocrelizumab, ofatumumab and rituximab in multiple sclerosis (MS) are presently subject to extensive study. While the two former are approved for MS, the older and less costly rituximab is used off label, and adverse effect profiles are important in their evaluation. The three mAbs all induce B cell depletion, with complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as one of several mechanisms of action. Complement activation is also postulated to underlie adverse reactions related to infusion/injection. Such administration-related reactions are associated with all three mAbs, but comparisons have so far been indirect, resting on incidence reports from separate clinical trials. The objective of this study was to perform head-to-head comparison of complement activation by ofatumumab, ocrelizumab and rituximab. In vitro experiments were performed in whole blood from healthy donors. The complement-activating potential of the three mAbs was analyzed after 30 min of exposure to 0.3 mg/mL or 0.9 mg/mL of each drug, and compared with those of the well-known TNF inhibitory mAbs adalimumab and infliximab, the latter with recognized potential for infusion reactions. Ofatumumab, ocrelizumab, and infliximab, but not rituximab and adalimumab, triggered statistically significant complement activation measured as increased levels of terminal C5b-9 complement complex (TCC), a sensitive marker of such activation. While results demand careful interpretation, they provide an indication of distinct complement-inducing potential among anti-CD20 mAbs currently used to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Lukas Førde
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Internal Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Haukelandsveien 22, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kjell-Morten Myhr
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 71, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 71, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital Trust, Prinsensgate 164, N-8005 Bodø, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20, N-0327 Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje Skrede
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 87, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
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Lee SM, Min SW, Kwon HS, Bae GD, Jung JH, Park HI, Lee SH, Lim CS, Ko BJ, Lee JC, Jung ST. Effective clearance of rituximab-resistant tumor cells by breaking the mirror-symmetry of immunoglobulin G and simultaneous binding to CD55 and CD20. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18275. [PMID: 37880350 PMCID: PMC10600224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which eliminates aberrant target cells through the assembly and complex formation of serum complement molecules, is one of the major effector functions of anticancer therapeutic antibodies. In this study, we discovered that breaking the symmetry of natural immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies significantly increased the CDC activity of anti-CD20 antibodies. In addition, the expression of CD55 (a checkpoint inhibitor in the CDC cascade) was significantly increased in a rituximab-resistant cell line generated in-house, suggesting that CD55 overexpression might be a mechanism by which cancer cells acquire rituximab resistance. Based on these findings, we developed an asymmetric bispecific antibody (SBU-CD55 × CD20) that simultaneously targets both CD55 and CD20 to effectively eliminate rituximab-resistant cancer cells. In various cancer cell lines, including rituximab-resistant lymphoma cells, the SBU-CD55 × CD20 antibody showed significantly higher CDC activity than either anti-CD20 IgG antibody alone or a combination of anti-CD20 IgG antibody and anti-CD55 IgG antibody. Furthermore, the asymmetric bispecific antibody (SBU-CD55 × CD20) exhibited significantly higher CDC activity against rituximab-resistant cancer cells compared to other bispecific antibodies with symmetric features. These results demonstrate that enhancing CDC with an asymmetric CD55-binding bispecific antibody could be a new strategy for developing therapeutics to treat patients with relapsed or refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Min
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Sun Kwon
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Gong-Deuk Bae
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hae Jung
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye In Park
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Su Lim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation 123, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Science, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobonng-Ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk, Seoul, 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Chul Lee
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Lee W, Lee SM, Jung ST. Unlocking the Power of Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity: Engineering Strategies for the Development of Potent Therapeutic Antibodies for Cancer Treatments. BioDrugs 2023; 37:637-648. [PMID: 37486566 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a crucial part of the innate immune response, providing defense against invading pathogens and cancer cells. Recently, it has become evident that the complement system plays a significant role in anticancer activities, particularly through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), alongside antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP). With the discovery of new roles for serum complement molecules in the human immune system, various approaches are being pursued to develop CDC-enhanced antibody therapeutics. In this review, we focus on successful antibody engineering strategies for enhancing CDC, analyzing the lessons learned and the limitations of each approach. Furthermore, we outline potential pathways for the development of antibody therapeutics specifically aimed at enhancing CDC for superior therapeutic efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Deng L, Xu G. Update on the Application of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Primary Membranous Nephropathy. Drugs 2023; 83:507-530. [PMID: 37017915 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
When first introduced, rituximab (RTX), a chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, brought about an alternative therapeutic paradigm for primary membranous nephropathy (PMN). Rituximab was shown to be effective and safe in PMN patients with kidney dysfunction, with. patients receiving second-line rituximab therapy achieving remission as effectively as those patients who had not previously received immunotherapy. No safety issues were reported. The B cell-driven protocol seems to be as efficient as the 375 mg/m2 × 4 regimen or 1 g × 2 regimen in achieving B cell depletion and remission, but patients with high M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibody levels may benefit from a higher dose of rituximab. While rituximab added another therapeutic option to the treatment regimen, it does have limitations as 20 to 40% of patients do not respond. Not all patients respond to RTX therapy for lymphoproliferative disorders either, therefore further novel anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have been developed and these may provide alternative therapeutic options for PMN. Ofatumumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, specifically recognizes an epitope encompassing both the small and large extracellular loops of the CD20 molecule, resulting in increased complement-dependent cytotoxic activity. Ocrelizumab binds an alternative but overlapping epitope region to rituximab and displays enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC) activities. Obinutuzumab is designed to have a modified elbow-hinge amino acid sequence, leading to increased direct cell death induction and ADCC activities. In PMN clinical studies, ocrelizumab and obinutuzumab showed promising results, while ofatumumab displayed mixed results. However, there is a lack of randomized controlled trials with large samples, especially direct head-to-head comparisons. Alternative molecular mechanisms have been suggested in this context to explore novel therapeutic strategies. B cell activator-targeted, plasma cell-targeted and complement-directed treatments may lead to novel therapy paradigms for PMN. Exploratory strategies for the use of drugs with different mechanisms, such as a combination of rituximab and cyclophosphamide and a steroid, a combination of rituximab and a calcineurin inhibitor, may provide more rapid and efficient remission, but the combination of standard immunosuppression with rituximab could increase infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Deng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gaosi Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No. 1, Minde Road, Donghu District, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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An anti-HER2 biparatopic antibody that induces unique HER2 clustering and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1394. [PMID: 36914633 PMCID: PMC10011572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an oncogenic role in breast, gastric and other solid tumors. However, anti-HER2 therapies are only currently approved for the treatment of breast and gastric/gastric esophageal junction cancers and treatment resistance remains a problem. Here, we engineer an anti-HER2 IgG1 bispecific, biparatopic antibody (Ab), zanidatamab, with unique and enhanced functionalities compared to both trastuzumab and the combination of trastuzumab plus pertuzumab (tras + pert). Zanidatamab binds adjacent HER2 molecules in trans and initiates distinct HER2 reorganization, as shown by polarized cell surface HER2 caps and large HER2 clusters, not observed with trastuzumab or tras + pert. Moreover, zanidatamab, but not trastuzumab nor tras + pert, elicit potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against high HER2-expressing tumor cells in vitro. Zanidatamab also mediates HER2 internalization and downregulation, inhibition of both cell signaling and tumor growth, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP), and also shows superior in vivo antitumor activity compared to tras + pert in a HER2-expressing xenograft model. Collectively, we show that zanidatamab has multiple and distinct mechanisms of action derived from the structural effects of biparatopic HER2 engagement.
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12
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Chockalingam K, Kumar A, Song J, Chen Z. Chicken-derived CD20 antibodies with potent B-cell depletion activity. Br J Haematol 2022; 199:560-571. [PMID: 36039695 PMCID: PMC9649889 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report four novel anti-human CD20 (hCD20) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) discovered from a phylogenetically distant species-chickens. The chicken-human chimaeric antibodies exhibit at least 10-fold enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and 4-8-fold stronger complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) relative to the clinically used mouse-human chimaeric anti-hCD20 antibody rituximab (RTX). Thus, to our knowledge these mAbs are the first to significantly outperform RTX in both Fc-mediated mechanisms of action. The antibodies show 20-100-fold superior depletion of B cells in whole blood from healthy humans relative to RTX and retain efficacy in vivo. One of the mAbs, AC1, can bind mouse CD20, indicating specificity for a novel hCD20 epitope inaccessible to current (mouse-derived) anti-hCD20 mAbs. A humanized version of one antibody, hAC11-10, was created by complementarity-determining region (CDR) grafting into a human variable region framework and this molecule retained the ADCC, in vitro human whole-blood B-cell depletion, and in vivo lymphoma cell depletion activities of the parent. These mAbs represent promising monotherapy candidates for improving upon current less-than-ideal clinical outcomes in lymphoid malignancies and provide an arsenal of biologically relevant molecules for the development of next-generation CD20-mediated immunotherapies including bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTE), antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) and chimaeric antigen receptor-engineered T (CAR-T) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Chockalingam
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center
| | - Zhilei Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center
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13
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Afanasyeva AN, Saparova VB, Karal-Ogly DD, Mukhametzyanova EI, Kurkin DV, Kalatanova AV, Makarenko IE, Khokhlov AL, Lugovik IA. SAFETY STUDY OF ROMIPLOSTIM BIOSIMILAR. PHARMACY & PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.19163/2307-9266-2022-10-4-354-370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is a chronic autoimmune hematological disease caused by an increased destruction of platelets and associated thrombocytopenia, for the treatment of which the imported drug romiplostim is used. Сreation of the drug biosimilar provides a reduction in the cost of therapy and an access for the treatment to more patients.The aim of the study was to compare the safety indicators of the reference drug and its biosimilar in vivo and in vitro.Materials and methods. In the in vitro study, a model of “complement-dependent cytotoxicity” induced by the complement was formed on the 32D hTPOR clone 63-cell line, followed by a cell viability measurement with the CellTitter Glo® kit. An in vivo part of the study was carried out on Javanese macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). During the experiment, the clinical condition, mortality, appetite of the animals, their body weight, body temperature, respiratory rate were assessed, the clinical parameters of blood and urine of the animals were also monitored, and the hemostasis indicators were additionally measured.Results. In the in vitro experiment, the original drug romiplostim and its biosimilar GP40141 were compared in terms of EC50 values. The indicatirs did not show complement-dependent cytotoxicity. According to the in vivo results, no deviations were recorded in the clinical status of the animals and their feed intake, and no lethality was fixed out in the groups either. For all the parameters studied (body weight and temperature, respiratory rate, clinical urinalysis, clinical and biochemical blood tests, coagulation hemostasis), GP40141 and romiplostim, when administered at the doses equivalent to 10 toxic doses (TDs), had comparable effects.Conclusion. In the comparison of safety performance both in vitro and in vivo, the original drug romiplostim and its biosimilar GP40141 showed similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. B. Saparova
- Сlosed Joint-Stock Company “Farm-Holding”;
A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | | | | | | | - I. E. Makarenko
- Сlosed Joint-Stock Company “Farm-Holding”;
A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
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Gehlert CL, Rahmati P, Boje AS, Winterberg D, Krohn S, Theocharis T, Cappuzzello E, Lux A, Nimmerjahn F, Ludwig RJ, Lustig M, Rösner T, Valerius T, Schewe DM, Kellner C, Klausz K, Peipp M. Dual Fc optimization to increase the cytotoxic activity of a CD19-targeting antibody. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957874. [PMID: 36119088 PMCID: PMC9471254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting CD19 represents a promising strategy for the therapy of B-cell malignancies. Although non-engineered CD19 antibodies are poorly effective in mediating complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), these effector functions can be enhanced by Fc-engineering. Here, we engineered a CD19 antibody with the aim to improve effector cell-mediated killing and CDC activity by exchanging selected amino acid residues in the Fc domain. Based on the clinically approved Fc-optimized antibody tafasitamab, which triggers enhanced ADCC and ADCP due to two amino acid exchanges in the Fc domain (S239D/I332E), we additionally added the E345K amino acid exchange to favor antibody hexamerization on the target cell surface resulting in improved CDC. The dual engineered CD19-DEK antibody bound CD19 and Fcγ receptors with similar characteristics as the parental CD19-DE antibody. Both antibodies were similarly efficient in mediating ADCC and ADCP but only the dual optimized antibody was able to trigger complement deposition on target cells and effective CDC. Our data provide evidence that from a technical perspective selected Fc-enhancing mutations can be combined (S239D/I332E and E345K) allowing the enhancement of ADCC, ADCP and CDC with isolated effector populations. Interestingly, under more physiological conditions when the complement system and FcR-positive effector cells are available as effector source, strong complement deposition negatively impacts FcR engagement. Both effector functions were simultaneously active only at selected antibody concentrations. Dual Fc-optimized antibodies may represent a strategy to further improve CD19-directed cancer immunotherapy. In general, our results can help in guiding optimal antibody engineering strategies to optimize antibodies’ effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pegah Rahmati
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ammelie Svea Boje
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dorothee Winterberg
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen Krohn
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Theocharis
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisa Cappuzzello
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anja Lux
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marta Lustig
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Denis Martin Schewe
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matthias Peipp,
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15
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Bispecific mAb2 Antibodies Targeting CD59 Enhance the Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity Mediated by Rituximab. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095208. [PMID: 35563599 PMCID: PMC9103234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of complement activation via the overexpression of complement-regulatory proteins (CRPs), most notably CD46, CD55 and CD59, is an efficient mechanism of disguise of cancer cells from a host immune system. This phenomenon extends to counteract the potency of therapeutic antibodies that could lyse target cells by eliciting complement cascade. The manifold functions and ubiquitous expression of CRPs preclude their systemic specific inhibition. We selected CD59-specific Fc fragments with a novel antigen binding site (Fcabs) from yeast display libraries using recombinant antigens expressed in bacterial or mammalian cells. To produce a bispecific antibody, we endowed rituximab, a clinically applied anti-CD20 antibody, used for therapy of various lymphoid malignancies, with an anti-CD59 Fcab. This bispecific antibody was able to induce more potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity for CD20 and CD59 expressing Raji cell line measured with lactate dehydrogenase-release assay, but had no effect on the cells with lower levels of the primary CD20 antigen or CD20-negative cells. Such molecules are promising candidates for future therapeutic development as they elicit a higher specific cytotoxicity at a lower concentration and hence cause a lower exhaustion of complement components.
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16
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Pande K, Hollingsworth SA, Sam M, Gao Q, Singh S, Saha A, Vroom K, Ma XS, Brazell T, Gorman D, Chen SJ, Raoufi F, Bailly M, Grandy D, Sathiyamoorthy K, Zhang L, Thompson R, Cheng AC, Fayadat-Dilman L, Geierstanger BH, Kingsley LJ. Hexamerization of Anti-SARS CoV IgG1 Antibodies Improves Neutralization Capacity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864775. [PMID: 35603164 PMCID: PMC9114490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and particularly the emerging variants have deepened the need for widely available therapeutic options. We have demonstrated that hexamer-enhancing mutations in the Fc region of anti-SARS-CoV IgG antibodies lead to a noticeable improvement in IC50 in both pseudo and live virus neutralization assay compared to parental molecules. We also show that hexamer-enhancing mutants improve C1q binding to target surface. To our knowledge, this is the first time this format has been explored for application in viral neutralization and the studies provide proof-of-concept for the use of hexamer-enhanced IgG1 molecules as potential anti-viral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Pande
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Miranda Sam
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qinshan Gao
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sujata Singh
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anasuya Saha
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Karin Vroom
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohong Shirley Ma
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tres Brazell
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Dan Gorman
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shi-Juan Chen
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Fahimeh Raoufi
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marc Bailly
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David Grandy
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Lan Zhang
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, United States
| | - Rob Thompson
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alan C. Cheng
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Laura J. Kingsley
- Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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17
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Tsao LC, Crosby EJ, Trotter TN, Wei J, Wang T, Yang X, Summers AN, Lei G, Rabiola CA, Chodosh LA, Muller WJ, Lyerly HK, Hartman ZC. Trastuzumab/Pertuzumab combination therapy stimulates anti-tumor responses through complement-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155636. [PMID: 35167491 PMCID: PMC8986081 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard-of-care treatment for advanced HER2+ breast cancers (BC) is comprised of two HER2-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb), Trastuzumab (T) and Pertuzumab (P) with chemotherapy. While this combination (T+P) is highly effective, its synergistic mechanism of action (MOA) is not completely known. Initial studies had demonstrated that Pertuzumab suppressed HER2 hetero-dimerization as the potential therapeutic MOA, thus the improved outcome associated with the T+P combination MOA compared to Trastuzumab alone has been widely reported as being due to Pertuzumab-mediated suppression of HER2 signaling in combination with Trastuzumab-mediated induction of anti-tumor immunity. Unraveling this MOA may be critical to extend this combination strategy to other antigens or other cancers, as well as improving this current treatment modality. Using novel murine and human versions of Pertuzumab, we found it induced both Antibody-Dependent-Cellular-Phagocytosis (ADCP) by tumor-associated macrophages and suppression of HER2 oncogenic signaling. Most significantly, we identified that only T+P combination therapy, but not when either antibody used in isolation, allows for the activation of the classical complement pathway, resulting in both direct complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as well as complement-dependent cellular phagocytosis (CDCP) of HER2+ BC cells. Notably, we show that tumor expression of C1q was positively associated with survival outcome in HER2+ BC patients, whereas expression of complement regulators CD55 and CD59 were inversely correlated, suggesting the importance of complement activity in clinical outcomes. Accordingly, inhibition of C1 activity in mice abolished the synergistic therapeutic activity of T+P therapy, whereas knockdown of CD55 and CD59 expression enhanced T+P efficacy. In summary, our study identifies classical complement activation as a significant anti-tumor MOA for T+P therapy that may be functionally enhanced to augment therapeutic efficacy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chung Tsao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Erika J Crosby
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Timothy N Trotter
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Amanda N Summers
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Gangjun Lei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | | | - Lewis A Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | | | - Herbert Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Zachary C Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
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18
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van Kampen MD, Kuipers-De Wilt LH, van Egmond ML, Reinders-Blankert P, van den Bremer ET, Wang G, Heck AJ, Parren PW, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, de Jong RN. Biophysical characterization and stability of modified IgG1 antibodies with different hexamerization propensities. J Pharm Sci 2022; 111:1587-1598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Markovič T, Podgornik H, Avsec D, Nabergoj S, Mlinarič-Raščan I. The Enhanced Cytotoxic Effects in B-Cell Leukemia and Lymphoma Following Activation of Prostaglandin EP4 Receptor and Targeting of CD20 Antigen by Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031599. [PMID: 35163524 PMCID: PMC8835876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have revolutionized the treatment of B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. However, many patients do not respond to such treatment due to either deficiency of the complementary immune response or resistance to apoptosis. Other currently available treatments are often inadequate or induce major side effects. Therefore, there is a constant need for improved therapies. The prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) receptor has been identified as a promising therapeutic target for hematologic B-cell malignancies. Herein, we report that EP4 receptor agonists PgE1-OH and L-902688 have exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity when applied together with anti-CD20 MAbs rituximab, ofatumumab and obinutuzumab in vitro in Burkitt lymphoma cells Ramos, as well as in p53-deficient chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells MEC-1. Moreover, the enhanced cytotoxic effects of EP4 receptor agonists and MAbs targeting CD20 have been identified ex vivo on primary lymphocytes B obtained from patients diagnosed with CLL. Incubation of cells with PgE1-OH and L-902688 preserved the expression of CD20 molecules, further confirming the anti-leukemic potential of EP4 receptor agonists in combination with anti-CD20 MAbs. Additionally, we demonstrated that the EP4 receptor agonist PgE-1-OH induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation via the EP4 receptor triggering in CLL. This work has revealed very important findings leading towards the elucidation of the anticancer potential of PgE1-OH and L-902688, either alone or in combination with MAbs. This may contribute to the development of potential therapeutic alternatives for patients with B-cell malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Pyrrolidinones/pharmacology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Markovič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.M.); (H.P.); (D.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Helena Podgornik
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.M.); (H.P.); (D.A.); (S.N.)
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjan Avsec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.M.); (H.P.); (D.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Sanja Nabergoj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.M.); (H.P.); (D.A.); (S.N.)
| | - Irena Mlinarič-Raščan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.M.); (H.P.); (D.A.); (S.N.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Chisari CG, Sgarlata E, Arena S, Toscano S, Luca M, Patti F. Rituximab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neurol 2022; 269:159-183. [PMID: 33416999 PMCID: PMC7790722 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, evidence suggesting the direct or indirect involvement of B cells on multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has accumulated. The increased amount of data on the efficacy and safety of B-cell-depleting therapies from several studies has suggested the addition of these drugs as treatment options to the current armamentarium of disease modifying therapies (DMTs) for MS. Particularly, rituximab (RTX), a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed at CD20 positive B lymphocytes resulting in cell-mediated apoptosis, has been demonstrated to reduce inflammatory activity, incidence of relapses and new brain lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Additional evidence also demonstrated that patients with progressive MS (PMS) may benefit from RTX, which also showed to be well tolerated, with acceptable safety risks and favorable cost-effectiveness profile.Despite these encouraging results, RTX is currently approved for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, several forms of vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis, while it can only be administered off-label for MS treatment. Between Northern European countries exist different rules for using not licensed drug for treating MS. The Sweden MS register reports a high rate (53.5%) of off-label RTX prescriptions in relation to other annually started DMTs to treat MS patients, while Danish and Norwegian neurologists have to use other anti-CD20 drugs, as ocrelizumab, in most of the cases.In this paper, we review the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety profile and cost effectiveness aspects of RTX for the treatment of MS. Particularly, with the approval of new anti-CD20 DMTs, the recent worldwide COVID-19 emergency and the possible increased risk of infection with this class of drugs, this review sheds light on the use of RTX as an alternative treatment option for MS management, while commenting the gaps of knowledge regarding this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Grazia Chisari
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sgarlata
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy ,Stroke Unit, Department of Medicine, Umberto I Hospital, Siracusa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Arena
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Toscano
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Luca
- Department “GF Ingrassia”, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Patti
- Department "GF Ingrassia", Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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21
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Seals MR, Moran MM, Leavenworth JD, Leavenworth JW. Contribution of Dysregulated B-Cells and IgE Antibody Responses to Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900117. [PMID: 35784370 PMCID: PMC9243362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a debilitating autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects the brain and spinal cord, causes demyelination of neurons, axonal damage, and neurodegeneration. MS and the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model have been viewed mainly as T-cell-mediated diseases. Emerging data have suggested the contribution of B-cells and autoantibodies to the disease progression. However, the underlying mechanisms by which dysregulated B-cells and antibody response promote MS and EAE remain largely unclear. Here, we provide an updated review of this specific subject by including B-cell biology and the role of B-cells in triggering autoimmune neuroinflammation with a focus on the regulation of antibody-producing B-cells. We will then discuss the role of a specific type of antibody, IgE, as it relates to the potential regulation of microglia and macrophage activation, autoimmunity and MS/EAE development. This knowledge can be utilized to develop new and effective therapeutic approaches to MS, which fits the scope of the Research Topic "Immune Mechanism in White Matter Lesions: Clinical and Pathophysiological Implications".
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik R Seals
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Multidisciplinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Monica M Moran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Graduate Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jonathan D Leavenworth
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jianmei W Leavenworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,The O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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22
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Ofatumumab and Granzyme B as immunotoxin against CD20 antigen. In Silico Pharmacol 2022; 10:6. [PMID: 35369404 PMCID: PMC8933591 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-022-00120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-CD20 antibodies such as ofatumumab has demonstrated efficacy in relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia, are among the most successful therapies to date. In this study, we have designed an immunotoxin composed of Granzyme B and the high affinity variant of Ofatumumab. Different simulation software applied to explore the structure of Granzyme B, a serine protease in cytotoxic lymphocytes granules as an apoptosis mediator was attached to its specific antibody structure (Ofatumumab) via an adaptor sequence. The accuracy, energy minimization and characterization of biological properties of the final structure were evaluated. Our computational outcomes indicated that the employed method for structure prediction has been successfully managed to design the immunotoxin structure. The precise and accurate design of the immune-therapeutic agents against cancer cells can be confirmed by employment of in-silico approaches. Consequently, based on this approach we could introduce a capable immunotoxin which specifically targeting CD20 in an accurate orientation and initiates cancer cell destruction by its toxin domain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-022-00120-6.
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23
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UK experience of ofatumumab in recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis post-kidney transplant. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:199-207. [PMID: 34383125 PMCID: PMC8674165 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), commonly caused by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), is associated with progression to stage 5 chronic kidney disease, requirement for kidney replacement therapy and a risk of disease recurrence post-kidney transplantation. Ofatumumab (OFA) is a fully humanised monoclonal antibody to CD20, with similar mechanisms of action to rituximab (RTX). METHODS We report a case series of seven UK patients (five paediatric, two adult), all of whom developed FSGS recurrence after kidney transplantation and received OFA as part of their therapeutic intervention. All also received concomitant plasmapheresis. The 2-year outcome of these seven patients is reported, describing clinical course, kidney function and proteinuria. RESULTS Four patients (all paediatric) achieved complete urinary remission with minimal proteinuria 12 months post-treatment. Three of those four also had normal graft function. Two patients showed partial remission-brief improvement to non-nephrotic proteinuria (197 mg/mmol) in one patient, maintained improvement in kidney function (estimated glomerular filtration rate 76 ml/min/1.73 m2) in the other. One patient did not demonstrate any response. CONCLUSIONS OFA may represent a useful addition to therapeutic options in the management of FSGS recurrence post-transplantation, including where RTX has shown no benefit. Concomitant plasmapheresis in all patients prevents any definitive conclusion that OFA was the beneficial intervention.
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24
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis treatment made substantial headway during the last two decades with the implementation of therapeutics with new modes of action and routes of application. We are now in the situation that second-generation molecules, approved since 2018, are on the market, characterized by reduced side effects using a more tailored therapeutic approach. Diroximel fumarate is a second-generation fumarate with reduced gastrointestinal side effects. Moreover, several novel, selective, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators with reduced off-target effects have been developed; namely siponimod, ozanimod, and ponesimod; all oral formulations. B-cell-targeted therapies such as ocrelizumab, given intravenously, and since 2021 ofatumumab, applied subcutaneously, complement the spectrum of novel therapies. The glycoengineered antibody ublituximab is the next anti-CD20 therapy about to be approved. Within the next years, oral inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, currently under investigation in several phase III trials, may be licensed for multiple sclerosis. Those developments currently offer an individualized multiple sclerosis therapy, targeting patient needs with substantial effects on relapses, disability progression, and implications for daily life. In this up-to-date review, we provide a holistic overview about novel developments of the therapeutic landscape and upcoming approaches for multiple sclerosis treatment.
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25
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Takei J, Suzuki H, Asano T, Li G, Saito M, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Epitope Mapping of an Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody (C 20Mab-60) Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:250-254. [PMID: 34958272 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD20 is a glycosylated transmembrane protein and is expressed on normal B cells and B cell malignancies. Therapeutic antibodies against CD20 are developed and used in clinic. The understanding of antibody-antigen binding by revealing the epitope is essential for future application to antibody technology. Previously, we developed an anti-human CD20 monoclonal antibody, C20Mab-60 (IgG2a, kappa), using the Cell-Based Immunization and Screening (CBIS). C20Mab-60 can be used for flow cytometry, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analyses. In this study, we examined the critical epitope of C20Mab-60 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with synthesized peptides. We performed ELISA with deletion mutants, and C20Mab-60 reacted to the 160-179 amino acids sequence of CD20. Next, we analyzed the reaction to 20 point mutants, and C20Mab-60 did not recognize the alanine-substituted peptides of N171A, P172A, S173A, and E174A. The results indicate that the binding epitope of C20Mab-60, developed by CBIS, includes Asn171, Pro172, Ser173, and Glu174 of CD20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Takei
- Department of Antibody Drug Development and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guanjie Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development and Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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26
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Nowicka M, Hilton LK, Ashton-Key M, Hargreaves CE, Lee C, Foxall R, Carter MJ, Beers SA, Potter KN, Bolen CR, Klein C, Knapp A, Mir F, Rose-Zerilli M, Burton C, Klapper W, Scott DW, Sehn LH, Vitolo U, Martelli M, Trneny M, Rushton CK, Slack GW, Farinha P, Strefford JC, Oestergaard MZ, Morin RD, Cragg MS. Prognostic significance of FCGR2B expression for the response of DLBCL patients to rituximab or obinutuzumab treatment. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2945-2957. [PMID: 34323958 PMCID: PMC8361458 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Fc γ receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) is an inhibitory molecule capable of reducing antibody immunotherapy efficacy. We hypothesized its expression could confer resistance in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) chemoimmunotherapy, with outcomes varying depending on mAb (rituximab [R]/obinutuzumab [G]) because of different mechanisms of action. We evaluated correlates between FCGR2B messenger RNA and/or FcγRIIB protein expression and outcomes in 3 de novo DLBCL discovery cohorts treated with R plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) reported by Arthur, Schmitz, and Reddy, and R-CHOP/G-CHOP-treated patients in the GOYA trial (NCT01287741). In the discovery cohorts, higher FCGR2B expression was associated with significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS; Arthur: hazard ratio [HR], 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.19; P = .0360; Schmitz: HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.26; P = .0243). Similar results were observed in GOYA with R-CHOP (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.00-1.58; P = .0455), but not G-CHOP (HR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.69-1.20; P = .50). A nonsignificant trend that high FCGR2B expression favored G-CHOP over R-CHOP was observed (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.44-1.02; P = .0622); however, low FCGR2B expression favored R-CHOP (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.00-2.50; P = .0503). In Arthur and GOYA, FCGR2B expression was associated with tumor FcγRIIB expression; correlating with shorter PFS for R-CHOP (HR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.04-4.50; P = .0378), but not G-CHOP (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.66-2.87; P = .3997). This effect was independent of established prognostic biomarkers. High FcγRIIB/FCGR2B expression has prognostic value in R-treated patients with DLBCL and may confer differential responsiveness to R-CHOP/G-CHOP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura K Hilton
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Chern Lee
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Russell Foxall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen N Potter
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Farheen Mir
- Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Rose-Zerilli
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Burton
- St James's Institute of Oncology, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - David W Scott
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laurie H Sehn
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Umberto Vitolo
- Multidisciplinary Oncology Outpatient Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Martelli
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Hematology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marek Trneny
- 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Christopher K Rushton
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; and
| | - Graham W Slack
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pedro Farinha
- BC Cancer Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan D Morin
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; and
| | - Mark S Cragg
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
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27
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Brancati S, Gozzo L, Longo L, Vitale DC, Drago F. Rituximab in Multiple Sclerosis: Are We Ready for Regulatory Approval? Front Immunol 2021; 12:661882. [PMID: 34295328 PMCID: PMC8290177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of a lot of effective disease-modifying drugs, multiple sclerosis (MS) (in particular the progressive forms) still represents an important unmet medical need, because of issues in terms of effectiveness, duration of response, safety, and patient compliance. An increasing body of evidence from randomized clinical trials and real-world data suggest that rituximab is a highly effective alternative in both relapsing and progressive MS, with a low discontinuation rate, related to a good benefit/risk profile, and a good compliance. To date, the use of rituximab in patients with multiple sclerosis is not in accordance with the authorized product information (off-label use). However, the use of this medicine is widespread in several countries, and in some cases, it is the most commonly used disease-modifying drug for MS subtypes. This use could be officially recognized by national regulatory authorities, according to specific procedures, to ensure equal access for patients to a safe and effective option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Brancati
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit/Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lucia Gozzo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit/Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Laura Longo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit/Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniela Cristina Vitale
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit/Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit/Regional Pharmacovigilance Centre, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Centre for Research and Consultancy in HTA and Drug Regulatory Affairs (CERD), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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28
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Luo C, Wu G, Huang X, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Song Q, Xie M, Sun Y, Huang Y, Huang Z, Hou Y, Xu S, Chen J, Li X. Efficacy and safety of new anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies versus rituximab for induction therapy of CD20 + B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3255. [PMID: 33547368 PMCID: PMC7864901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82841-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rituximab combined with chemotherapy is the first-line induction therapy of CD20 positive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (CD20+ B-NHL). Recently new anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed, but their efficacy and safety compared with rituximab are still controversial. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared new anti-CD20 mAbs with rituximab in induction therapy of B-NHL. The primary outcomes are progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), additional outcomes include event-free survival (EFS), disease-free survival (DFS), overall response rate (ORR), complete response rate (CRR) and incidences of adverse events (AEs). Time-to-event data were pooled as hazard ratios (HRs) using the generic inverse-variance method and dichotomous outcomes were pooled as odds ratios (ORs) using the Mantel-Haenszel method with their respective 95% confidence interval (CI). Eleven RCTs comprising 5261 patients with CD20+ B-NHL were included. Compared with rituximab, obinutuzumab significantly prolonged PFS (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73-0.96, P = 0.01), had no improvement on OS, ORR, and CRR, but increased the incidences of serious AEs (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13-1.48, P < 0.001). Ofatumumab was inferior to rituximab in consideration of ORR (OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.96, P = 0.02), and had no significant differences with rituximab in regard to PFS, OS and CRR. 131I-tositumomab yielded similar PFS, OS, ORR and CRR with rituximab. 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan increased ORR (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.47-6.43, P = 0.003), but did not improve PFS, DFS, OS and CRR compared with rituximab. In conclusion, compared with rituximab in induction therapy of CD20+ B-NHL, obinutuzumab significantly improves PFS but with higher incidence of AEs, ofatumumab decreases ORR, 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan increases ORR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Luo
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guixian Wu
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangtao Huang
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanni Ma
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiuyue Song
- Department of Health Statistics, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingling Xie
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanni Sun
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yarui Huang
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangnian Xu
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jieping Chen
- Center for Hematology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunotherapy of Chongqing, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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29
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Roach CA, Cross AH. Anti-CD20 B Cell Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2021; 11:595547. [PMID: 33551958 PMCID: PMC7862116 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.595547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of lytic therapies targeting B cells in the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). More modest efficacy has been noted in the primary progressive subtype of MS. Clinical success has increased interest in the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of MS and in ways to potentially improve upon current B cell therapies. In this mini review, we will critically review previous and ongoing clinical trials of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in MS, including rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, and ublituximab. Side effects and adverse event profiles will be discussed. Studies examining the proposed mechanisms of action of B cell depleting therapies will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Roach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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30
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Bondza S, Marosan A, Kara S, Lösing J, Peipp M, Nimmerjahn F, Buijs J, Lux A. Complement-Dependent Activity of CD20-Specific IgG Correlates With Bivalent Antigen Binding and C1q Binding Strength. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609941. [PMID: 33505398 PMCID: PMC7829346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies directed against the CD20 surface antigen on B cells are widely used in the therapy of B cell malignancies. Upon administration, the antibodies bind to CD20 expressing B cells and induce their depletion via cell- and complement-dependent cytotoxicity or by induction of direct cell killing. The three antibodies currently most often used in the clinic are Rituximab (RTX), Ofatumumab (OFA) and Obinutuzumab (OBI). Even though these antibodies are all of the human IgG1 subclass, they have previously been described to vary considerably in the effector functions involved in therapeutic B cell depletion, especially in regards to complement activation. Whereas OFA is known to strongly induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity, OBI is described to be far less efficient. In contrast, the role of complement in RTX-induced B cell depletion is still under debate. Some of this dissent might come from the use of different in vitro systems for characterization of antibody effector functions. We therefore set out to systematically compare antibody as well as C1q binding and complement-activation by RTX, OFA and OBI on human B cell lines that differ in expression levels of CD20 and complement-regulatory proteins as well as human primary B cells. Applying real-time interaction analysis, we show that the overall strength of C1q binding to live target cells coated with antibodies positively correlated with the degree of bivalent binding for the antibodies to CD20. Kinetic analysis revealed that C1q exhibits two binding modes with distinct affinities and binding stabilities, with exact numbers varying both between antibodies and cell lines. Furthermore, complement-dependent cell killing by RTX and OBI was highly cell-line dependent, whereas the superior complement-dependent cytotoxicity by OFA was independent of the target B cells. All three antibodies were able to initiate deposition of C3b on the B cell surface, although to varying extent. This suggests that complement activation occurs but might not necessarily lead to induction of complement-dependent cytotoxicity. This activation could, however, initiate complement-dependent phagocytosis as an alternative mechanism of therapeutic B cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Bondza
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita Marosan
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sibel Kara
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Josephine Lösing
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, UKSH, CAU Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jos Buijs
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ridgeview Instruments AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Lux
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Zent CS, Pinney JJ, Chu CC, Elliott MR. Complement Activation in the Treatment of B-Cell Malignancies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E68. [PMID: 33271825 PMCID: PMC7709106 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have revolutionized the treatment of B-cell malignancies. These targeted drugs can activate innate immune cytotoxicity for therapeutic benefit. mAb activation of the complement cascade results in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and complement receptor-mediated antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (cADCP). Clinical and laboratory studies have showed that CDC is therapeutically important. In contrast, the biological role and clinical effects of cADCP are less well understood. This review summarizes the available data on the role of complement activation in the treatment of mature B-cell malignancies and proposes future research directions that could be useful in optimizing the efficacy of this important class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive S. Zent
- Wilmot Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Jonathan J. Pinney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (J.J.P.); (M.R.E.)
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Charles C. Chu
- Wilmot Cancer Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (J.J.P.); (M.R.E.)
- Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Predicting antibody affinity changes upon mutations by combining multiple predictors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19533. [PMID: 33177627 PMCID: PMC7658247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are proteins working in our immune system with high affinity and specificity for target antigens, making them excellent tools for both biotherapeutic and bioengineering applications. The prediction of antibody affinity changes upon mutations (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\Delta \Delta {\mathrm{G}}}}_{\mathrm{binding}}$$\end{document}ΔΔGbinding) is important for antibody engineering. Numerous computational methods have been proposed based on different approaches including molecular mechanics and machine learning. However, the accuracy by each individual predictor is not enough for efficient antibody development. In this study, we develop a new prediction method by combining multiple predictors based on machine learning. Our method was tested on the SiPMAB database, evaluating the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between predicted and experimental \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${{\Delta \Delta {\mathrm{G}}}}_{\mathrm{binding}}$$\end{document}ΔΔGbinding. Our method achieved higher accuracy (R = 0.69) than previous molecular mechanics or machine-learning based methods (R = 0.59) and the previous method using the average of multiple predictors (R = 0.64). Feature importance analysis indicated that the improved accuracy was obtained by combining predictors with different importance, which have different protocols for calculating energies and for generating mutant and unbound state structures. This study demonstrates that machine learning is a powerful framework for combining different approaches to predict antibody affinity changes.
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Klein C, Jamois C, Nielsen T. Anti-CD20 treatment for B-cell malignancies: current status and future directions. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:161-181. [PMID: 32933335 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1822318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy with rituximab in the 1990s greatly improved outcomes for patients with B-cell malignancies. Disease resistance or relapse after successful initial therapy and declining efficacy of subsequent rounds of treatment were the basis for the development of alternative anti-CD20-based antibody therapies. AREAS COVERED The novel anti-CD20 antibodies of atumumab, ublituximab, and obinutuzumab were developed to be differentiated via structural and mechanistic features over rituximab. We provide an overview of preclinical and clinical data, and demonstrate ways in which the pharmacodynamic properties of these novel agents translate into clinical benefit for patients. EXPERT OPINION Of the novel anti-CD20 antibodies, only obinutuzumab has shown consistently improved efficacy over rituximab in randomized pivotal trials in indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The Phase 3 GALLIUM trial demonstrated significant improvements in progression-free survival with obinutuzumab-based immunochemotherapy over rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. Novel combinations of obinutuzumab, including with chemotherapy-free options are being explored, such as with the newly approved combinations of obinutuzumab with venetoclax, ibrutinib, or acalabrutinib. The biggest unmet need remains in the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; emerging options in this field include the use of CAR-T cells and T-cell bispecific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Candice Jamois
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tina Nielsen
- Product Development Oncology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel, Switzerland
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The Role of Complement in the Mechanism of Action of Therapeutic Anti-Cancer mAbs. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040058. [PMID: 33126570 PMCID: PMC7709112 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unconjugated anti-cancer IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) activate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by natural killer (NK) cells and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by macrophages, and these activities are thought to be important mechanisms of action for many of these mAbs in vivo. Several mAbs also activate the classical complement pathway and promote complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), although with very different levels of efficacy, depending on the mAb, the target antigen, and the tumor type. Recent studies have unraveled the various structural factors that define why some IgG1 mAbs are strong mediators of CDC, whereas others are not. The role of complement activation and membrane inhibitors expressed by tumor cells, most notably CD55 and CD59, has also been quite extensively studied, but how much these affect the resistance of tumors in vivo to IgG1 therapeutic mAbs still remains incompletely understood. Recent studies have demonstrated that complement activation has multiple effects beyond target cell lysis, affecting both innate and adaptive immunity mediated by soluble complement fragments, such as C3a and C5a, and by stimulating complement receptors expressed by immune cells, including NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells. Complement activation can enhance ADCC and ADCP and may contribute to the vaccine effect of mAbs. These different aspects of complement are also briefly reviewed in the specific context of FDA-approved therapeutic anti-cancer IgG1 mAbs.
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35
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Complement System: Promoter or Suppressor of Cancer Progression? Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9040057. [PMID: 33113844 PMCID: PMC7709131 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Constituent of innate immunity, complement is present in the tumor microenvironment. The functions of complement include clearance of pathogens and maintenance of homeostasis, and as such could contribute to an anti-tumoral role in the context of certain cancers. However, multiple lines of evidence show that in many cancers, complement has pro-tumoral actions. The large number of complement molecules (over 30), the diversity of their functions (related or not to the complement cascade), and the variety of cancer types make the complement-cancer topic a very complex matter that has just started to be unraveled. With this review we highlight the context-dependent role of complement in cancer. Recent studies revealed that depending of the cancer type, complement can be pro or anti-tumoral and, even for the same type of cancer, different models presented opposite effects. We aim to clarify the current knowledge of the role of complement in human cancers and the insights from mouse models. Using our classification of human cancers based on the prognostic impact of the overexpression of complement genes, we emphasize the strong potential for therapeutic targeting the complement system in selected subgroups of cancer patients.
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Taylor RP, Lindorfer MA. How Do mAbs Make Use of Complement to Kill Cancer Cells? The Role of Ca 2. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E45. [PMID: 32899722 PMCID: PMC7551823 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the kinetics and mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) utilize complement to rapidly kill targeted cancer cells. Based on results from flow cytometry, confocal microscopy and high-resolution digital imaging experiments, the general patterns which have emerged reveal cytotoxic activities mediated by substantial and lethal Ca2+ fluxes. The Ca2+ fluxes are common to the reported pathways that have been utilized by other toxins in killing nucleated cells. These reactions terminate in very high levels of cell killing, and based on these considerations, we suggest additional strategies to further enhance mAb-based targeting of cancer with complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA;
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37
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Tuscano J, Poh C, Rosenberg A, Jonas B, Abedi M, Barisone G, Schwab E, Lundeberg K, Kaesberg P. Ofatumumab and Complement Replacement in Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. J Hematol 2020; 9:79-83. [PMID: 32855756 PMCID: PMC7430864 DOI: 10.14740/jh721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While many humanized monoclonal antibodies utilize complement-dependent cytotoxicity, the complement depleting effects of these antibodies and the impact of complement replacement on treatment response are not well-described. Methods We conducted a phase 2 trial involving patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Patients were treated with ofatumumab with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) used as a source of complement replacement. The primary endpoint was objective response rate. Correlative endpoints included complement levels (C3 and C4) and complement activity (CH50) which was drawn at baseline and after ofatumumab with FFP administration. Results Among 12 enrolled patients, overall response rate was 83% with two patients (17%) achieving a complete response. While only two (17%) patients had low complement activity at baseline, eight (67%) developed low levels of complement activity after ofatumumab treatment with FFP replacement. The magnitude of complement depletion did not correlate with response. Adverse events were minimal. The combination of ofatumumab and FFP demonstrated tolerability and surprising activity in high-risk CLL patients. Conclusions The combination of ofatumumab and FFP demonstrated tolerability and surprising activity in high-risk CLL patients. Complement replacement should be studied further as a minimally toxic approach to improve efficacy of monoclonal antibody-based regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tuscano
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration, Northern California Healthcare System, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christina Poh
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.,University of Washington, Division of Medical Oncology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron Rosenberg
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Brian Jonas
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Veterans Administration, Northern California Healthcare System, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Abedi
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Gustavo Barisone
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Emily Schwab
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Lundeberg
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Paul Kaesberg
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Kumar A, Planchais C, Fronzes R, Mouquet H, Reyes N. Binding mechanisms of therapeutic antibodies to human CD20. Science 2020; 369:793-799. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting human antigen CD20 (cluster of
differentiation 20) constitute important immunotherapies for the treatment
of B cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Type I and II therapeutic
mAbs differ in B cell binding properties and cytotoxic effects, reflecting
differential interaction mechanisms with CD20. Here we present 3.7- to
4.7-angstrom cryo–electron microscopy structures of full-length CD20 in
complexes with prototypical type I rituximab and ofatumumab and type II
obinutuzumab. The structures and binding thermodynamics demonstrate that
upon binding to CD20, type II mAbs form terminal complexes that preclude
recruitment of additional mAbs and complement components, whereas type I
complexes act as molecular seeds to increase mAb local concentration for
efficient complement activation. Among type I mAbs, ofatumumab complexes
display optimal geometry for complement recruitment. The uncovered
mechanisms should aid rational design of next-generation immunotherapies
targeting CD20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Membrane Protein Mechanisms Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Membrane Protein Mechanisms Group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
- CNRS UMR 5234 Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Fronzes
- CNRS UMR 5234 Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Bordeaux, France
- Structure and Function of Bacterial Nanomachines Group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Reyes
- Membrane Protein Mechanisms Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Membrane Protein Mechanisms Group, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
- CNRS UMR 5234 Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Bordeaux, France
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Bernard J, Lalieve F, Sarlat J, Perrin J, Dehoux L, Boyer O, Godron-Dubrasquet A, Harambat J, Decramer S, Caillez M, Bruel A, Allain-Launay E, Dantal J, Roussey G. Ofatumumab treatment for nephrotic syndrome recurrence after pediatric renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:1499-1506. [PMID: 32306087 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04567-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapsing nephrotic syndrome (NS) after transplantation can be a challenge to treat. The result of the consequent long-lasting proteinuria is the loss of the graft. Disease recurrence after renal transplantation occurs in around half of cases, and the efficacy of therapeutic strategies is often limited. Recently, ofatumumab, a second-generation and fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, has been shown to be effective in severe situations. METHODS We retrospectively collected data from the medical records of children with recurrence of NS after renal transplantation treated with ofatumumab in France, after failure of previous treatments. RESULTS Six patients were included in this study in five centers with a median duration of follow-up of 10.5 months. Two different ofatumumab regimens were administered. The primary outcome was proteinuria at 6 months after the last dose of ofatumumab. No patient achieved a complete remission, 3/6 had a partial remission, and 3/6 had no response to ofatumumab. Four patients exhibited a minor allergic reaction with the first infusion. One patient died of infection, as a consequence of multiple factors. No malignancies were observed; however, the time of follow-up was not sufficient to see such disease. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results suggest ofatumumab has a poor efficacy in treating recurrence of NS after renal transplantation. However, it could be discussed in multidrug-resistant refractory NS, but infectious complications and overimmunosuppression have to be balanced. There is a need for further studies to confirm these findings and safety and to determine a standardized protocol in this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josselin Bernard
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
- Service de Maladies Chroniques de l'enfant, Hôpital femme-enfants-adolescent, CHU Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44093, Cedex Nantes, France.
| | - Fanny Lalieve
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Sarlat
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Perrin
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Laurene Dehoux
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, University Hospital of Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Boyer
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, University Hospital of Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Jerome Harambat
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephane Decramer
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathilde Caillez
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandra Bruel
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Service de Maladies Chroniques de l'enfant, Hôpital femme-enfants-adolescent, CHU Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44093, Cedex Nantes, France
| | - Emma Allain-Launay
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Service de Maladies Chroniques de l'enfant, Hôpital femme-enfants-adolescent, CHU Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44093, Cedex Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Dantal
- Nephrology and Immunology Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Roussey
- Pediatric Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Service de Maladies Chroniques de l'enfant, Hôpital femme-enfants-adolescent, CHU Nantes, 7, quai Moncousu, 44093, Cedex Nantes, France
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40
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Torka P, Barth M, Ferdman R, Hernandez-Ilizaliturri FJ. Mechanisms of Resistance to Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs) in Lymphoid Malignancies. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2020; 14:426-438. [PMID: 31559580 DOI: 10.1007/s11899-019-00542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Passive immunotherapy with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized the treatment of cancer, especially hematological malignancies over the last 20 years. While use of mAbs has improved outcomes, development of resistance is inevitable in most cases, hindering the long-term survival of cancer patients. This review focuses on the available data on mechanisms of resistance to rituximab and includes some additional information for other mAbs currently in use in hematological malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS Mechanisms of resistance have been identified that target all described mechanisms of mAb activity including altered antigen expression or binding, impaired complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), altered intracellular signaling effects, and inhibition of direct induction of cell death. Numerous approaches to circumvent identified mechanisms of resistance continue to be investigated, but a thorough understanding of which resistance mechanisms are most clinically relevant is still elusive. In recent years, a deeper understanding of the tumor microenvironment and targeting the apoptotic pathway has led to promising breakthroughs. Resistance may be driven by unique patient-, disease-, and antibody-related factors. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance to mAbs will guide the development of strategies to overcome resistance and re-sensitize cancer cells to these biological agents.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/pathology
- Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Lymphoma/etiology
- Lymphoma/metabolism
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallawi Torka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Mathew Barth
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Robert Ferdman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Francisco J Hernandez-Ilizaliturri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Jacob's School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Acebes-Fernández V, Landeira-Viñuela A, Juanes-Velasco P, Hernández AP, Otazo-Perez A, Manzano-Román R, Gongora R, Fuentes M. Nanomedicine and Onco-Immunotherapy: From the Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1274. [PMID: 32610601 PMCID: PMC7407304 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The broad relationship between the immune system and cancer is opening a new hallmark to explore for nanomedicine. Here, all the common and synergy points between both areas are reviewed and described, and the recent approaches which show the progress from the bench to the beside to biomarkers developed in nanomedicine and onco-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Acebes-Fernández
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry General Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.A.-F.); (A.L.-V.); (P.J.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (A.O.-P.); (R.G.)
| | - Alicia Landeira-Viñuela
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry General Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.A.-F.); (A.L.-V.); (P.J.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (A.O.-P.); (R.G.)
| | - Pablo Juanes-Velasco
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry General Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.A.-F.); (A.L.-V.); (P.J.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (A.O.-P.); (R.G.)
| | - Angela-Patricia Hernández
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry General Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.A.-F.); (A.L.-V.); (P.J.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (A.O.-P.); (R.G.)
| | - Andrea Otazo-Perez
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry General Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.A.-F.); (A.L.-V.); (P.J.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (A.O.-P.); (R.G.)
| | - Raúl Manzano-Román
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Rafael Gongora
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry General Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.A.-F.); (A.L.-V.); (P.J.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (A.O.-P.); (R.G.)
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Medicine and Cytometry General Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (V.A.-F.); (A.L.-V.); (P.J.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (A.O.-P.); (R.G.)
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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Miklos U, Strugov V, Lewerin C, Grosicki S, Mazur G, Steurer M, Montillo M, Kryachok I, Middeke JM, Rekhtman G, Stefanelli T, Vincent G, Govindaraju S, Österborg A. Five-year survival follow-up of a phase III randomised trial comparing ofatumumab versus physicians' choice for bulky fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a short report. Br J Haematol 2020; 189:689-693. [PMID: 31994178 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In 2014, an interim analysis of a phase 3 study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of ofatumumab in patients with bulky fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (BFR CLL) as compared to physician's choice. The five-year follow-up of this phase 3 trial showed that ofatumumab therapy resulted in a numerically but not significantly longer overall survival. As only few patients had the chance to receive a kinase inhibitor later, the study displays the survival of BFR CLL patients in the period prior to receiving small-molecule inhibitors. Ofatumumab is a well-tolerable treatment option in multiresistant advanced CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udvardy Miklos
- Department of Hematology, Debrecen University, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vladimir Strugov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Catharina Lewerin
- Section of Hematology and Coagulation, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Grosicki
- Department of Hematology and Cancer Prevention, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Marco Montillo
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Division of Hematology, Niguarda Cancer Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Irina Kryachok
- Oncohematology, National Cancer Institute, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jan M Middeke
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitaetsklinikum C.G.Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Anders Österborg
- Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Strasser J, de Jong RN, Beurskens FJ, Wang G, Heck AJR, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI, Hinterdorfer P, Preiner J. Unraveling the Macromolecular Pathways of IgG Oligomerization and Complement Activation on Antigenic Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4787-4796. [PMID: 31184907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
IgG antibodies play a central role in protection against pathogens by their ability to alert and activate the innate immune system. Here, we show that IgGs assemble into oligomers on antigenic surfaces through an ordered, Fc domain-mediated process that can be modulated by protein engineering. Using high-speed atomic force microscopy, we unraveled the molecular events of IgG oligomer formation on surfaces. IgG molecules were recruited from solution although assembly of monovalently binding molecules also occurred through lateral diffusion. Monomers were observed to assemble into hexamers with all intermediates detected, but in which only hexamers bound C1. Functional characterization of oligomers on cells also demonstrated that C1 binding to IgG hexamers was a prerequisite for maximal activation, whereas tetramers, trimers, and dimers were mostly inactive. We present a dynamic IgG oligomerization model, which provides a framework for exploiting the macromolecular assembly of IgGs on surfaces for tool, immunotherapy, and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Strasser
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria , 4020 Linz , Austria
| | | | | | - Guanbo Wang
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Nanjing Normal University , 1 Wenyuan Road , Nanjing 210023 , China
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Utrecht University , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre , Padualaan 8 , 3584 CH Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion , Leiden University Medical Center , 2333 ZA Leiden , The Netherlands
- Lava Therapeutics , 3584 CM Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannes Preiner
- University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria , 4020 Linz , Austria
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Klener P, Etrych T, Klener P. Biological Therapy of Hematologic Malignancies: Toward a Chemotherapy- free Era. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1002-1018. [PMID: 28990505 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171006144725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Less than 70 years ago, the vast majority of hematologic malignancies were untreatable diseases with fatal prognoses. The development of modern chemotherapy agents, which had begun after the Second World War, was markedly accelerated by the discovery of the structure of DNA and its role in cancer biology and tumor cell division. The path travelled from the first temporary remissions observed in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with single-agent antimetabolites until the first cures achieved by multi-agent chemotherapy regimens was incredibly short. Despite great successes, however, conventional genotoxic cytostatics suffered from an inherently narrow therapeutic index and extensive toxicity, which in many instances limited their clinical utilization. In the last decade of the 20th century, increasing knowledge on the biology of certain malignancies resulted in the conception and development of first molecularly targeted agents designed to inhibit specific druggable molecules involved in the survival of cancer cells. Advances in technology and genetic engineering enabled the production of structurally complex anticancer macromolecules called biologicals, including therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates and antibody fragments. The development of drug delivery systems (DDSs), in which conventional drugs were attached to various types of carriers including nanoparticles, liposomes or biodegradable polymers, represented an alternative approach to the development of new anticancer agents. Despite the fact that the antitumor activity of drugs attached to DDSs was not fundamentally different, the improved pharmacokinetic profiles, decreased toxic side effects and significantly increased therapeutic indexes resulted in their enhanced antitumor efficacy compared to conventional (unbound) drugs. Approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of cancer in 2011 initiated the era of cancer immunotherapy. Checkpoint inhibitors, bispecific T-cell engagers, adoptive T-cell approaches and cancer vaccines have joined the platform so far, represented mainly by recombinant cytokines, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulatory agents. In specific clinical indications, conventional drugs have already been supplanted by multi-agent, chemotherapy-free regimens comprising diverse immunotherapy and/or targeted agents. The very distinct mechanisms of the anticancer activity of new immunotherapy approaches not only call for novel response criteria, but might also change fundamental treatment paradigms of certain types of hematologic malignancies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Klener
- First Medical Department- Dept. of Hematology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Czech Republic.,Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Etrych
- Department of biomedical polymers, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, 162 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Klener
- First Medical Department- Dept. of Hematology, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, Czech Republic
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Insights into IgM-mediated complement activation based on in situ structures of IgM-C1-C4b. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11900-11905. [PMID: 31147461 PMCID: PMC6575175 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901841116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IgM antibodies protect mammals against humoral microbial infection and mediate clearance of cellular debris. IgM activates the immune complement system only after binding to cell-surface antigens. Here we report the in situ 3D structures of surface-antigen–bound IgM antibodies in complex with both C1 and C4b complement components. The data indicate the structural arrangement of pentameric and hexameric IgM upon antigen binding, exposing the C1q-binding sites with both adopting hexagonal symmetry. The structures reveal the entire C1qr2s2 complex and elucidate several protein–protein interactions with C4b and IgM. Based on the structural data, we hypothesize a C1q-transmitted surface trigger that activates C1, leading to C4 cleavage and C4b deposition on membranes. Antigen binding by serum Ig-M (IgM) protects against microbial infections and helps to prevent autoimmunity, but causes life-threatening diseases when mistargeted. How antigen-bound IgM activates complement-immune responses remains unclear. We present cryoelectron tomography structures of IgM, C1, and C4b complexes formed on antigen-bearing lipid membranes by normal human serum at 4 °C. The IgM-C1-C4b complexes revealed C4b product release as the temperature-limiting step in complement activation. Both IgM hexamers and pentamers adopted hexagonal, dome-shaped structures with Fab pairs, dimerized by hinge domains, bound to surface antigens that support a platform of Fc regions. C1 binds IgM through widely spread C1q-collagen helices, with C1r proteases pointing outward and C1s bending downward and interacting with surface-attached C4b, which further interacts with the adjacent IgM-Fab2 and globular C1q-recognition unit. Based on these data, we present mechanistic models for antibody-mediated, C1q-transmitted activation of C1 and for C4b deposition, while further conformational rearrangements are required to form C3 convertases.
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Yu T, Qiao C, Lv M, Tang L. Novel anti-CD38 humanized mAb SG003 possessed enhanced cytotoxicity in lymphoma than Daratumumab via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:28. [PMID: 31118070 PMCID: PMC6530185 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vivo use of monoclonal antibodies has become routine clinical practice in the treatment of human cancer. CD38 is an attractive target, because it has double roles, as a receptor and an ectoenzyme. Daratumumab, an anti-CD38 antibody, is currently in the clinical trials for multiple myeloma. Results Here we obtained a humanized anti-CD38 antibody, SG003, using SDR-grafting method. SG003 possessed stronger antigen binding activity than Daratumumab, and its epitope was far from that of Daratumumab, an anti-CD38 antibody currently in the clinical trials for multiple myeloma; besides, SG003 showed enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity function and in vivo inhibitory efficacy of tumor growth in xenograft mice model. Conclusion SG003 seemed to be a good option to improve the curative effect of CD38-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ming Lv
- Sumgen Biotech co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Luqun Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, China.
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Evolution of CLL treatment - from chemoimmunotherapy to targeted and individualized therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 15:510-527. [PMID: 29777163 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-018-0037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During the past 5 years, a number of highly active novel agents, including kinase inhibitors targeting BTK or PI3Kδ, an antagonist of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-2, and new anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, have been added to the therapeutic armamentarium for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). In these exciting times, care is needed to optimally integrate these novel agents into the traditional treatment algorithm without overlooking or compromising the benefits of established treatments, especially chemoimmunotherapy. A more personalized approach to CLL therapy that takes into account individual risk factors, patient characteristics, and their treatment preferences is now possible. Herein, we discuss the biological basis for the novel therapeutic agents and outline not only the major advantages of these agents over traditional therapies but also their adverse effects and the rationale for continued use of older versus newer types of therapy for selected patients with CLL. We conclude by providing recommendations for an individualized therapy approach for different populations of patients with CLL.
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Dingman R, Balu-Iyer SV. Immunogenicity of Protein Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:1637-1654. [PMID: 30599169 PMCID: PMC6720129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein therapeutics have drastically changed the landscape of treatment for many diseases by providing a regimen that is highly specific and lacks many off-target toxicities. The clinical utility of many therapeutic proteins has been undermined by the potential development of unwanted immune responses against the protein, limiting their efficacy and negatively impacting its safety profile. This review attempts to provide an overview of immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins, including immune mechanisms and factors influencing immunogenicity, impact of immunogenicity, preclinical screening methods, and strategies to mitigate immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dingman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214
| | - Sathy V Balu-Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14214.
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Yosifov DY, Wolf C, Stilgenbauer S, Mertens D. From Biology to Therapy: The CLL Success Story. Hemasphere 2019; 3:e175. [PMID: 31723816 PMCID: PMC6746030 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoimmunotherapy has been the standard of care for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) over the last decade. Advances in monoclonal antibody technology have resulted in the development of newer generations of anti-CD20 antibodies with improved therapeutic effectiveness. In parallel, our knowledge about the distinctive biological characteristics of CLL has progressively deepened and has revealed the importance of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and upregulated antiapoptotic proteins for survival and expansion of malignant cell clones. This knowledge provided the basis for development of novel targeted agents that revolutionized treatment of CLL. Ibrutinib and idelalisib inhibit the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) delta, respectively, thus interfering with supportive signals coming from the microenvironment via the BCR. These drugs induce egress of CLL cells from secondary lymphoid organs and remarkably improve clinical outcomes, especially for patients with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes or with p53 abnormalities that do not benefit from classical treatment schemes. Latest clinical trial results have established ibrutinib with or without anti-CD20 antibodies as the preferred first-line treatment for most CLL patients, which will reduce the use of chemoimmunotherapy in the imminent future. Further advances are achieved with venetoclax, a BH3-mimetic that specifically inhibits the antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein and thus causes rapid apoptosis of CLL cells, which translates into deep and prolonged clinical responses including high rates of minimal residual disease negativity. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of targeted CLL therapies, including new combination schemes, novel BTK and PI3K inhibitors, spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, and cellular immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Y. Yosifov
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Cooperation Unit “Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis”, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Wolf
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Cooperation Unit “Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis”, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Mertens
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Cooperation Unit “Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis”, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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50
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Myhr KM, Torkildsen Ø, Lossius A, Bø L, Holmøy T. B cell depletion in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:261-271. [PMID: 30632834 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1568407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. The latest development of B-cell depletion by anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies has been a large step forward in the treatment of this devastating disease. AREAS COVERED In this manuscript, we review mechanisms of action, efficacy, safety, and tolerance of anti-CD20 therapies for MS, including rituximab, ocrelizumab, and ofatumumab. EXPERT OPINION B-cell depletion efficiently suppresses acute inflammatory disease activity in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), and may slowdown progression in primary progressive MS (PPMS). The treatment is generally well tolerated, with manageable adverse events related to infusion reactions and infections. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, is the first therapy to be approved for the treatment of both RRMS and PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell-Morten Myhr
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Øivind Torkildsen
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Andreas Lossius
- c Department of Neurology , Akershus University Hospital , Lørenskog , Norway.,d Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway
| | - Lars Bø
- a Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway.,b Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
| | - Trygve Holmøy
- c Department of Neurology , Akershus University Hospital , Lørenskog , Norway.,e Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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