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González Á, López-Borrego S, Sandúa A, Vales-Gomez M, Alegre E. Extracellular vesicles in cancer: challenges and opportunities for clinical laboratories. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2024; 61:435-457. [PMID: 38361287 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2024.2309935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles secreted by most cells. They transport different types of biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) characteristic of their tissue or cellular origin that can mediate long-distance intercellular communication. In the case of cancer, EVs participate in tumor progression by modifying the tumor microenvironment, favoring immune tolerance and metastasis development. Consequently, EVs have great potential in liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up. In addition, EVs could have a role in cancer treatment as a targeted drug delivery system. The intense research in the EV field has resulted in hundreds of patents and the creation of biomedical companies. However, methodological issues and heterogeneity in EV composition have hampered the advancement of EV validation trials and the development of EV-based diagnostic and therapeutic products. Consequently, only a few EV biomarkers have moved from research to clinical laboratories, such as the ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore (EPI) test, a CLIA/FDA-approved EV prostate cancer diagnostic test. In addition, the number of large-scale multicenter studies that would clearly define biomarker performance is limited. In this review, we will critically describe the different types of EVs, the methods for their enrichment and characterization, and their biological role in cancer. Then, we will specially focus on the parameters to be considered for the translation of EV biology to the clinic laboratory, the advances already made in the field of EVs related to cancer diagnosis and treatment, and the issues still pending to be solved before EVs could be used as a routine tool in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro González
- Service of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia López-Borrego
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaia Sandúa
- Service of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Vales-Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Alegre
- Service of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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Hong Y, Yang J, Liu X, Huang S, Liang T, Bai X. Deciphering extracellular vesicles protein cargo in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189142. [PMID: 38914240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents a significant therapeutic challenge as it is frequently diagnosed at advanced inoperable stages. Therefore, the development of a reliable screening tool for PDAC is crucial for effective prevention and treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), characterized by their cup-shaped lipid bilayer structure and ubiquitous release from various cell types, offer notable advantages as an emerging liquid biopsy technique that is rapid, minimally invasive, easily sampled, and cost-effective. While EVs play a substantial role in cancer progression, EV proteins serve as direct mediators of diverse cellular behaviors and have immense potential as biomarkers for PDAC diagnosis and prognostication. This review provides an overview of EV proteins regarding PDAC diagnosis and prognostic implications as well as disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Hong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sicong Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Innovation Center for the Study of Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Seyhan AA. Circulating Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: Advances and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7974. [PMID: 39063215 PMCID: PMC11277426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas, particularly glioblastoma (GBM), represent the most prevalent and aggressive tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite recent treatment advancements, patient survival rates remain low. The diagnosis of GBM traditionally relies on neuroimaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans and postoperative confirmation via histopathological and molecular analysis. Imaging techniques struggle to differentiate between tumor progression and treatment-related changes, leading to potential misinterpretation and treatment delays. Similarly, tissue biopsies, while informative, are invasive and not suitable for monitoring ongoing treatments. These challenges have led to the emergence of liquid biopsy, particularly through blood samples, as a promising alternative for GBM diagnosis and monitoring. Presently, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling offers a minimally invasive means of obtaining tumor-related information to guide therapy. The idea that blood or any biofluid tests can be used to screen many cancer types has huge potential. Tumors release various components into the bloodstream or other biofluids, including cell-free nucleic acids such as microRNAs (miRNAs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), proteins, extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes, metabolites, and other factors. These factors have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), presenting an opportunity for the minimally invasive monitoring of GBM as well as for the real-time assessment of distinct genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic changes associated with brain tumors. Despite their potential, the clinical utility of liquid biopsy-based circulating biomarkers is somewhat constrained by limitations such as the absence of standardized methodologies for blood or CSF collection, analyte extraction, analysis methods, and small cohort sizes. Additionally, tissue biopsies offer more precise insights into tumor morphology and the microenvironment. Therefore, the objective of a liquid biopsy should be to complement and enhance the diagnostic accuracy and monitoring of GBM patients by providing additional information alongside traditional tissue biopsies. Moreover, utilizing a combination of diverse biomarker types may enhance clinical effectiveness compared to solely relying on one biomarker category, potentially improving diagnostic sensitivity and specificity and addressing some of the existing limitations associated with liquid biomarkers for GBM. This review presents an overview of the latest research on circulating biomarkers found in GBM blood or CSF samples, discusses their potential as diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic indicators, and discusses associated challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila A. Seyhan
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA;
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Aghakhani A, Pezeshki PS, Rezaei N. The role of extracellular vesicles in immune cell exhaustion and resistance to immunotherapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:721-740. [PMID: 38795060 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2360209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles for intercellular communication. Subtypes of EVs, namely exosomes and microvesicles transfer diverse, bioactive cargo to their target cells and eventually interfere with immune responses. Despite being a promising approach, cancer immunotherapy currently faces several challenges including immune resistance. EVs secreted from various sources in the tumor microenvironment provoke immune cell exhaustion and lower the efficacy of immunological treatments, such as CAR T cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This article goes through the mechanisms of action of various types of EVs in inhibiting immune response and immunotherapies, and provides a comprehensive review of EV-based treatments. EXPERT OPINION By making use of the distinctive features of EVs, natural or modified EVs are innovatively utilized as novel cancer therapeutics. They are occasionally coupled with currently established treatments to overcome their inadequacies. Investigating the properties and interactions of EVs and EV-based treatments is crucial for determining future steps in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ava Aghakhani
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parmida Sadat Pezeshki
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Hematology/Oncology of Pediatrics Experts (IHOPE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang Z, Lin F, Wu W, Jiang J, Zhang C, Qin D, Xu Z. Exosomal microRNAs in lung cancer: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2024; 13:3090-3105. [PMID: 38988916 PMCID: PMC11231775 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles secreted by cells, which can release bioactive macromolecules, such as microRNA (miRNA) to receptor cells. Exosomes can efficiently penetrate various biological barriers which mediate intercellular communication. MiRNA are a class of non-coding RNA that primarily regulate messenger RNA (mRNA) at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNA is abundant in exosomes, which plays an important role by being transported and released through exosomes secreted by lung cancer cells. This review aims to elucidate the roles of exosome-derived miRNAs in lung cancer. Methods We focused on the roles of exosome-derived miRNAs in cancer occurrence and development, including angiogenesis, cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, immune escape, drug resistance, and their clinical value as new diagnostic and prognostic markers for lung cancer. Key Content and Findings Exosomal miRNA can not only affect angiogenesis of lung cancer, induce epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, and promote reprogramming of tumor microenvironment, but also affect immune regulation and drug resistance transmission and participate in regulating lung cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, understanding the regulatory roles of exosomal miRNAs in tumor invasion and metastasis can provide new ideas for the treatment of lung cancer. Conclusions Exosomal miRNA can provide some unique ideas on how to improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer in the future. Targeting tumor-specific exosomal miRNA represents a new strategy for clinical treatment of lung cancer, which can provide potential non-invasive biomarkers in the early diagnosis of lung cancer. Investigation of the involvement of exosomal miRNAs in the occurrence and progression of tumors can yield new opportunities for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengwu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingyuan Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongliang Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenan Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Lin H, Zhou J, Ding T, Zhu Y, Wang L, Zhong T, Wang X. Therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles from diverse sources in cancer treatment. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:350. [PMID: 38943222 PMCID: PMC11212438 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01937-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, a prevalent and complex disease, presents a significant challenge to the medical community. It is characterized by irregular cell differentiation, excessive proliferation, uncontrolled growth, invasion of nearby tissues, and spread to distant organs. Its progression involves a complex interplay of several elements and processes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as critical intermediaries in intercellular communication, transporting critical molecules such as lipids, RNA, membrane, and cytoplasmic proteins between cells. They significantly contribute to the progression, development, and dissemination of primary tumors by facilitating the exchange of information and transmitting signals that regulate tumor growth and metastasis. However, EVs do not have a singular impact on cancer; instead, they play a multifaceted dual role. Under specific circumstances, they can impede tumor growth and influence cancer by delivering oncogenic factors or triggering an immune response. Furthermore, EVs from different sources demonstrate distinct advantages in inhibiting cancer. This research examines the biological characteristics of EVs and their involvement in cancer development to establish a theoretical foundation for better understanding the connection between EVs and cancer. Here, we discuss the potential of EVs from various sources in cancer therapy, as well as the current status and future prospects of engineered EVs in developing more effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Lin
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Guizhou Hospital, Guiyang, 550000, China
| | - Tao Ding
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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Tiwari P, Yadav K, Shukla RP, Bakshi AK, Panwar D, Das S, Mishra PR. Extracellular vesicles-powered immunotherapy: Unleashing the potential for safer and more effective cancer treatment. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 756:110022. [PMID: 38697343 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer treatment has seen significant advancements with the introduction of Onco-immunotherapies (OIMTs). Although some of these therapies have received approval for use, others are either undergoing testing or are still in the early stages of development. Challenges persist in making immunotherapy widely applicable to cancer treatment. To maximize the benefits of immunotherapy and minimize potential side effects, it's essential to improve response rates across different immunotherapy methods. A promising development in this area is the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as novel delivery systems. These small vesicles can effectively deliver immunotherapies, enhancing their effectiveness and reducing harmful side effects. This article discusses the importance of integrating nanomedicines into OIMTs, highlighting the challenges with current anti-OIMT methods. It also explores key considerations for designing nanomedicines tailored for OIMTs, aiming to improve upon existing immunotherapy techniques. Additionally, the article looks into innovative approaches like biomimicry and the use of natural biomaterial-based nanocarriers (NCs). These advancements have the potential to transform the delivery of immunotherapy. Lastly, the article addresses the challenges of moving OIMTs from theory to clinical practice, providing insights into the future of using advanced nanotechnology in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Tiwari
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India; Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Krishna Yadav
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Ravi Prakash Shukla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Avijit Kumar Bakshi
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Dilip Panwar
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Sweety Das
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan Mishra
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovation Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, U.P., India.
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Piro A, Cufaro MC, Lanuti P, Brocco D, De Lellis L, Florio R, Pilato S, Pagotto S, De Fabritiis S, Vespa S, Catitti G, Verginelli F, Simeone P, Pieragostino D, Del Boccio P, Fontana A, Grassadonia A, Di Ianni M, Cama A, Veschi S. Exploring the Immunomodulatory Potential of Pancreatic Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles through Proteomic and Functional Analyses. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1795. [PMID: 38791876 PMCID: PMC11120044 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a poor prognosis and displays resistance to immunotherapy. A better understanding of tumor-derived extracellular vesicle (EV) effects on immune responses might contribute to improved immunotherapy. EVs derived from Capan-2 and BxPC-3 PC cells isolated by ultracentrifugation were characterized by atomic force microscopy, Western blot (WB), nanoparticle tracking analysis, and label-free proteomics. Fresh PBMCs from healthy donors were treated with PC- or control-derived heterologous EVs, followed by flow cytometry analysis of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes. The proteomics of lymphocytes sorted from EV-treated or untreated PBMCs was performed, and the IFN-γ concentration was measured by ELISA. Notably, most of the proteins identified in Capan-2 and BxPC-3 EVs by the proteomic analysis were connected in a single functional network (p = 1 × 10-16) and were involved in the "Immune System" (FDR: 1.10 × 10-24 and 3.69 × 10-19, respectively). Interestingly, the treatment of healthy donor-derived PBMCs with Capan-2 EVs but not with BxPC-3 EVs or heterologous control EVs induced early activation of CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes. The proteomics of lymphocytes sorted from EV-treated PBMCs was consistent with their activation by Capan-2 EVs, indicating IFN-γ among the major upstream regulators, as confirmed by ELISA. The proteomic and functional analyses indicate that PC-EVs have pleiotropic effects, and some may activate early immune responses, which might be relevant for the development of highly needed immunotherapeutic strategies in this immune-cold tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piro
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.)
| | - Maria Concetta Cufaro
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Davide Brocco
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura De Lellis
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.)
| | - Rosalba Florio
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.)
| | - Serena Pilato
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.)
- UdA–TechLab, Research Center, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Pagotto
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone De Fabritiis
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone Vespa
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Catitti
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Fabio Verginelli
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Pasquale Simeone
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Odontoiatry, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonella Fontana
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.)
- UdA–TechLab, Research Center, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonino Grassadonia
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Odontoiatry, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Ianni
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Santo Spirito Hospital, 65124 Pescara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cama
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.)
| | - Serena Veschi
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.P.)
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Hu C, Chen Q, Wu T, Du X, Dong Y, Peng Z, Xue W, Sunkara V, Cho YK, Dong L. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311071. [PMID: 38639331 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) has become a public health concern in elderly men due to an ever-increasing number of estimated cases. Unfortunately, the available treatments are unsatisfactory because of a lack of a durable response, especially in advanced disease states. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-bilayer encircled nanoscale vesicles that carry numerous biomolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids), mediating the transfer of information. The past decade has witnessed a wide range of EV applications in both diagnostics and therapeutics. First, EV-based non-invasive liquid biopsies provide biomarkers in various clinical scenarios to guide treatment; EVs can facilitate the grading and staging of patients for appropriate treatment selection. Second, EVs play a pivotal role in pathophysiological processes via intercellular communication. Targeting key molecules involved in EV-mediated tumor progression (e.g., proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune escape, and drug resistance) is a potential approach for curbing PCa. Third, EVs are promising drug carriers. Naïve EVs from various sources and engineered EV-based drug delivery systems have paved the way for the development of new treatment modalities. This review discusses the recent advancements in the application of EV therapies and highlights EV-based functional materials as novel interventions for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Tianyang Wu
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xinxing Du
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yanhao Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zehong Peng
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Vijaya Sunkara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Algorithmic and Robotized Synthesis, Institute for Basic Science Ulsan, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
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10
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Du Z, Han X, Zhu L, Li L, Castellano L, Stebbing J, Peng L, Wang Z. An exosome mRNA-related gene risk model to evaluate the tumor microenvironment and predict prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:86. [PMID: 38627727 PMCID: PMC11020893 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interplay between exosomes and the tumor microenvironment (TME) remains unclear. We investigated the influence of exosomes on the TME in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), focusing on their mRNA expression profile. METHODS mRNA expression profiles of exosomes were obtained from exoRBase. RNA sequencing data from HCC patients' tumors were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC). An exosome mRNA-related risk score model of prognostic value was established. The patients in the two databases were divided into high- and low-risk groups based on the median risk score value, and used to validate one another. Functional enrichment analysis was performed based on a differential gene prognosis model (DGPM). CIBERSORT was used to assess the abundance of immune cells in the TME. The correlation between the expression levels of immune checkpoint-related genes and DGPM was analyzed alongside the prediction value to drug sensitivity. RESULTS A prognostic exosome mRNA-related 4-gene signature (DYNC1H1, PRKDC, CCDC88A, and ADAMTS5) was constructed and validated. A prognostic nomogram had prognostic ability for HCC. The genes for this model are involved in extracellular matrix, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Expression of genes here had a positive correlation with immune cell infiltration in the TME. CONCLUSIONS Our study results demonstrate that an exosome mRNA-related risk model can be established in HCC, highlighting the functional significance of the molecules in prognosis and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghai Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Weifang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiuchen Han
- Department of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Li
- Outpatient Surgery Center, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Leandro Castellano
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cancer Center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Shouguang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shouguang, Shandong Province, China.
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11
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Rezaie J, Chodari L, Mohammadpour-Asl S, Jafari A, Niknam Z. Cell-mediated barriers in cancer immunosurveillance. Life Sci 2024; 342:122528. [PMID: 38408406 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The immune cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) exert multifaceted functions ranging from tumor-antagonizing or tumor-promoting activities. During the initial phases of tumor development, the tumor-antagonizing immune cells in the TME combat cancer cells in an immune surveillance process. However, with time, cancer cells can evade detection and impede the immune cells' effectiveness through diverse mechanisms, such as decreasing immunogenic antigen presentation on their surfaces and/or secreting anti-immune factors that cause tolerance in TME. Moreover, some immune cells cause immunosuppressive situations and inhibit antitumoral immune responses. Physical and cellular-mediated barriers in the TME, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor endothelium, the altered lipid composition of tumor cells, and exosomes secreted from cancer cells, also mediate immunosuppression and prevent extravasation of immune cells. Due to successful clinical outcomes of cancer treatment strategies the potential barriers must be identified and addressed. We need to figure out how to optimize cancer immunotherapy strategies, and how to combine therapeutic approaches for maximum clinical benefit. This review provides a detailed overview of various cells and molecules in the TME, their association with escaping from immune surveillance, therapeutic targets, and future perspectives for improving cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Leila Chodari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shadi Mohammadpour-Asl
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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12
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Huang Z, Liu X, Guo Q, Zhou Y, Shi L, Cai Q, Tang S, Ouyang Q, Zheng J. Extracellular vesicle-mediated communication between CD8 + cytotoxic T cells and tumor cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1376962. [PMID: 38562940 PMCID: PMC10982391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1376962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors pose a significant global public health challenge, resulting in numerous fatalities annually. CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in combating tumors; however, their effectiveness is compromised by the tumor itself and the tumor microenvironment (TME), resulting in reduced efficacy of immunotherapy. In this dynamic interplay, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as pivotal mediators, facilitating direct and indirect communication between tumors and CD8+ T cells. In this article, we provide an overview of how tumor-derived EVs directly regulate CD8+ T cell function by carrying bioactive molecules they carry internally and on their surface. Simultaneously, these EVs modulate the TME, indirectly influencing the efficiency of CD8+ T cell responses. Furthermore, EVs derived from CD8+ T cells exhibit a dual role: they promote tumor immune evasion while also enhancing antitumor activity. Finally, we briefly discuss current prevailing approaches that utilize functionalized EVs based on tumor-targeted therapy and tumor immunotherapy. These approaches aim to present novel perspectives for EV-based tumor treatment strategies, demonstrating potential for advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Huang
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qinghao Guo
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yihang Zhou
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qingjin Cai
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Shupei Tang
- Department of Shigatse Branch, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Shigatse, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
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13
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Khoushab S, Aghmiuni MH, Esfandiari N, Sarvandani MRR, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Entezari M, Hashemi M. Unlocking the potential of exosomes in cancer research: A paradigm shift in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155214. [PMID: 38430814 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, which are tiny particles released by cells, have the ability to transport various molecules, including proteins, lipids, and genetic material containing non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). They are associated with processes like cancer metastasis, immunity, and tissue repair. Clinical trials have shown exosomes to be effective in treating cancer, inflammation, and chronic diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) are common sources of exosome production. Exosomes have therapeutic potential due to their ability to deliver cargo, modulate the immune system, and promote tissue regeneration. Bioengineered exosomes could revolutionize disease treatment. However, more research is needed to understand exosomes in tumor growth and develop new therapies. This paper provides an overview of exosome research, focusing on cancer and exosome-based therapies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccines. It explores exosomes as a drug delivery system for cancer therapy, highlighting their advantages. The article discusses using exosomes for various therapeutic agents, including drugs, antigens, and RNAs. It also examines challenges with engineered exosomes. Analyzing exosomes for clinical purposes faces limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and purification. On the other hand, Nanotechnology offers solutions to overcome these challenges and unlock exosome potential in healthcare. Overall, the article emphasizes the potential of exosomes for personalized and targeted cancer therapy, while acknowledging the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloomeh Khoushab
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Hobabi Aghmiuni
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Esfandiari
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Rashidi
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Yousafzai NA, El Khalki L, Wang W, Szpendyk J, Sossey-Alaoui K. Advances in 3D Culture Models to Study Exosomes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:883. [PMID: 38473244 PMCID: PMC10931050 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, exhibits distinct subtypes with varying pathological, genetic, and clinical characteristics. Despite advancements in breast cancer treatments, its histological and molecular heterogeneity pose a significant clinical challenge. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a highly aggressive subtype lacking targeted therapeutics, adds to the complexity of breast cancer treatment. Recent years have witnessed the development of advanced 3D culture technologies, such as organoids and spheroids, providing more representative models of healthy human tissue and various malignancies. These structures, resembling organs in structure and function, are generated from stem cells or organ-specific progenitor cells via self-organizing processes. Notably, 3D culture systems bridge the gap between 2D cultures and in vivo studies, offering a more accurate representation of in vivo tumors' characteristics. Exosomes, small nano-sized molecules secreted by breast cancer and stromal/cancer-associated fibroblast cells, have garnered significant attention. They play a crucial role in cell-to-cell communication, influencing tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. The 3D culture environment enhances exosome efficiency compared to traditional 2D cultures, impacting the transfer of specific cargoes and therapeutic effects. Furthermore, 3D exosomes have shown promise in improving therapeutic outcomes, acting as potential vehicles for cancer treatment administration. Studies have demonstrated their role in pro-angiogenesis and their innate therapeutic potential in mimicking cellular therapies without side effects. The 3D exosome model holds potential for addressing challenges associated with drug resistance, offering insights into the mechanisms underlying multidrug resistance and serving as a platform for drug screening. This review seeks to emphasize the crucial role of 3D culture systems in studying breast cancer, especially in understanding the involvement of exosomes in cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelum Aziz Yousafzai
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4909, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
| | - Lamyae El Khalki
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4909, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
| | - Justin Szpendyk
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
| | - Khalid Sossey-Alaoui
- MetroHealth System, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; (N.A.Y.); (L.E.K.); (W.W.)
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4909, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH 44106-7285, USA
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15
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Hao Y, Chen P, Guo S, Li M, Jin X, Zhang M, Deng W, Li P, Lei W, Liang A, Qian W. Tumor-derived exosomes induce initial activation by exosomal CD19 antigen but impair the function of CD19-specific CAR T-cells via TGF-β signaling. Front Med 2024; 18:128-146. [PMID: 37870681 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) enriched in immune suppressive molecules predominantly drive T-cell dysfunction and impair antitumor immunity. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment for refractory and relapsed hematological malignancies, but whether lymphoma TEXs have the same impact on CAR T-cell remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that B-cell lymphoma-derived exosomes induce the initial activation of CD19-CAR T-cells upon stimulation with exosomal CD19. However, lymphoma TEXs might subsequently induce CAR T-cell apoptosis and impair the tumor cytotoxicity of the cells because of the upregulated expression of the inhibitory receptors PD-1, TIM3, and LAG3 upon prolonged exposure. Similar results were observed in the CAR T-cells exposed to plasma exosomes from patients with lymphoma. More importantly, single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that CAR T-cells typically showed differentiated phenotypes and regulatory T-cell (Treg) phenotype conversion. By blocking transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-Smad3 signaling with TGF-β inhibitor LY2109761, the negative effects of TEXs on Treg conversion, terminal differentiation, and immune checkpoint expression were rescued. Collectively, although TEXs lead to the initial activation of CAR T-cells, the effect of TEXs suppressed CAR T-cells, which can be rescued by LY2109761. A treatment regimen combining CAR T-cell therapy and TGF-β inhibitors might be a novel therapeutic strategy for refractory and relapsed B-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Xueli Jin
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Minghuan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Wenhai Deng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Wen Lei
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Aibin Liang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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16
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Wang W, Wu X, Zheng J, Yin R, Li Y, Wu X, Xu L, Jin Z. Utilizing exosomes as sparking clinical biomarkers and therapeutic response in acute myeloid leukemia. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1315453. [PMID: 38292478 PMCID: PMC10824954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1315453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant clonal tumor originating from immature myeloid hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow with rapid progression and poor prognosis. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the pathogenesis of AML can provide new ideas for the treatment of AML. In recent years, it has been found that exosomes play an important role in the pathogenesis of AML. Exosomes are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) that transfer signaling molecules and have attracted a large amount of attention, which are key mediators of intercellular communication. Extracellular vesicles not only affect AML cells and normal hematopoietic cells but also have an impact on the bone marrow microenvironment and immune escape, thereby promoting the progression of AML and leading to refractory relapse. It is worth noting that exosomes and the various molecules they contain are expected to become the new markers for disease monitoring and prognosis of AML, and may also function as drug carriers and vaccines to enhance the treatment of leukemia. In this review, we mainly summarize to reveal the role of exosomes in AML pathogenesis, which helps us elucidate the application of exosomes in AML diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandi Wang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamian Zheng
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ran Yin
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Wu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyi Jin
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis and Infection Prevention and Control, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Hao H, Chen L, Lv T, Zhang X, Qi Y, Wang Z. Esophageal cancer cell-derived small extracellular vesicles decrease circulating Tfh/Tfr via sEV-PDL1 to promote immunosuppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:4249-4259. [PMID: 37943341 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is a deadly malignancy. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with programmed death ligand 1 (sEV-PDL1) induce immune escape to promote tumor progression. Furthermore, the imbalance between circulating follicular helper T (Tfh) and circulating follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells is related to the progression of many malignant tumors. However, the role of the EC-derived sEV-PDL1 in circulating Tfh/Tfr is unknown. Circulating Tfh and Tfr cells were detected by flow cytometry. sEVs were isolated through differential centrifugation and cultured for cell expansion assays. Naïve CD4+ T cells were isolated, stimulated, and cultured with sEVs to evaluate the frequencies, phenotypes, and functions of Tfh and Tfr cells. The proportion of circulating Tfh in patients with EC was lower than that in healthy donors (HDs), whereas that of circulating Tfr was higher. The EC group showed significantly lower circulating Tfh/Tfr and a higher level of sEV-PDL1 than HDs. Notably, sEV-PDL1 was negatively correlated with circulating Tfh/Tfr in the EC group. In vitro assays, sEV-PDL1 inhibited Tfh expansion, enhanced the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4+ (CTLA4+) Tfh cell percentage, decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-21 and interferon-γ, and increased IL-10. sEV-PDL1 promoted the expansion and immunosuppressive functions of circulating Tfr; the increased percentages of CTLA4+ Tfr and inducible T cell co-stimulator+ Tfr were accompanied with high IL-10. However, applying an anti-PDL1 antibody significantly reversed this. Our results suggest a novel mechanism of sEV-PDL1-mediated immunosuppression in EC. Inhibiting sEV-PDL1 to restore circulating Tfh/Tfr balance provides a novel therapeutic approach for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Li
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050010, Hebei, China
| | - He Hao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henan Cancer Hospital Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450008, Henan, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050010, Hebei, China
| | - Tingting Lv
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaokuan Zhang
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Yuying Qi
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China.
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18
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Jiang J, Wang W, Zhu L, Shi B, Chen Y, Xia Y, Feng W, Yao W, Lu A, Zhang H. Unveiling the role of hypoxic macrophage-derived exosomes in driving colorectal cancer progression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260638. [PMID: 38022589 PMCID: PMC10666760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between tumor cells and macrophages under hypoxic conditions has been acknowledged as a pivotal determinant in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Previous research has underscored the significance of exosomes derived from hypoxic tumor cells in facilitating tumor progression through inducing the polarization of macrophages towards the M2-like phenotype. The precise influence of hypoxic macrophage-derived exosomes (HMDEs) on the progression of CRC has not yet been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of HMDEs in the progression of CRC. We discovered that there was an elevated release of exosomes derived from macrophages in hypoxic conditions. Additionally, the hypoxia-induced macrophage-derived exosomes played a crucial role in promoting the progression of CRC. We have also demonstrated that HMDEs have the ability to induce cell cycle transition and inhibit cell apoptosis, thereby promoting the growth of CRC cells. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these effects have been identified. The overexpression of Hif-1α results in its direct interaction with distinct regions (-521- -516 bp and -401- -391 bp) of the Hsp90 promoter during hypoxic circumstances. This binding event led to the overexpression of Hsp90 and the subsequent elevation of Hsp90 protein levels within HMDEs. Importantly, the crucial interaction between Hsp90 and Lats1 resulted in the deactivation of Lats1 and the inhibition of Yap phosphorylation. Ultimately, this series of events lead to the deactivation of the Hippo signaling pathway. Our in vivo and in vitro studies presented compelling evidence for the crucial role of hypoxic macrophage-derived exosomal Hsp90 in promoting CRC progression through the inhibition of the Hippo signaling pathway. These findings represented a significant advancement in our comprehension of the complex interplay between macrophages and CRC cells under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bowen Shi
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Xia
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiming Feng
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwu Yao
- Department of Imaging, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiguo Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Trivedi R, Bhat KP. Liquid biopsy: creating opportunities in brain space. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1727-1746. [PMID: 37752289 PMCID: PMC10667495 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, liquid biopsy has emerged as an alternative method to diagnose and monitor tumors. Compared to classical tissue biopsy procedures, liquid biopsy facilitates the repetitive collection of diverse cellular and acellular analytes from various biofluids in a non/minimally invasive manner. This strategy is of greater significance for high-grade brain malignancies such as glioblastoma as the quantity and accessibility of tumors are limited, and there are collateral risks of compromised life quality coupled with surgical interventions. Currently, blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are the most common biofluids used to collect circulating cells and biomolecules of tumor origin. These liquid biopsy analytes have created opportunities for real-time investigations of distinct genetic, epigenetic, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics alterations associated with brain tumors. This review describes different classes of liquid biopsy biomarkers present in the biofluids of brain tumor patients. Moreover, an overview of the liquid biopsy applications, challenges, recent technological advances, and clinical trials in the brain have also been provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Trivedi
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Krishna P Bhat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Najafi S, Majidpoor J, Mortezaee K. Extracellular vesicle-based drug delivery in cancer immunotherapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:2790-2806. [PMID: 37261603 PMCID: PMC10234250 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of nanoscale membrane-bound organelles including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), membrane particles, and apoptotic bodies, which are released from almost all eukaryotic cells. Owing to their ingredients, EVs can be employed as biomarkers for human diseases. Interestingly, EVs show favorable features as candidates for targeted drug delivery and thus, they are suggested as ideal drug carriers as well as good vaccines for various human diseases including cancer. Among various drugs loaded in EVs for targeted drug delivery, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including antibodies against programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), have attracted an increasing attention for cancer researchers and clinicians. Animal and clinical studies have shown combination of EVs and immunotherapy antibodies to improve the efficacy and reduce possible side effects in systemic administration of ICIs. In this review, we discuss the EVs and their significance in drug delivery with a focus on cancer immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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21
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Kumar S, Dhar R, Kumar LBSS, Shivji GG, Jayaraj R, Devi A. Theranostic signature of tumor-derived exosomes in cancer. Med Oncol 2023; 40:321. [PMID: 37798480 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the most challenging global health crisis. In the recent times, studies on extracellular vesicles (EVs) are adding a new chapter to cancer research and reports on EVs explores cancer in a new dimension. Exosomes are a group of subpopulations of EVs. It originates from the endosomes and carries biologically active molecules to the neighboring cells which in turn transforms the recipient cell activity. In general, it plays a role in cellular communication. The correlation between exosomes and cancer is fascinating. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) play a dynamic role in cancer progression and are associated with uncontrolled cell growth, angiogenesis, immune suppression, and metastasis. Its molecular cargo is an excellent source of cancer biomarkers. Several advanced molecular profiling approaches assist in exploring the TEXs in depth. This paves the way for a strong foundation for identifying and detecting more specific and efficient biomarkers. TEXs are also gaining importance in scientific society for its role in cancer therapy and several clinical trials based on TEXs is a proof of its significance. In this review, we have highlighted the role of TEXs in mediating immune cell reprogramming, cancer development, metastasis, EMT, organ-specific metastasis, and its clinical significance in cancer theranostics. TEXs profiling is an effective method to understand the complications associated with cancer leading to good health and well-being of the individual and society as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samruti Kumar
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Lokesh Babu Sirkali Suresh Kumar
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Gauresh Gurudas Shivji
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Rama Jayaraj
- Jindal Institute of Behavioral Sciences (JIBS), Jindal Global Institution of Eminence Deemed to Be University, 28, Sonipat, 131001, India
- Director of Clinical Sciences, Northern Territory Institute of Research and Training, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu District, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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22
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Van Morckhoven D, Dubois N, Bron D, Meuleman N, Lagneaux L, Stamatopoulos B. Extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies: EV-dence for reshaping the tumoral microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1265969. [PMID: 37822925 PMCID: PMC10562589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1265969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Following their discovery at the end of the 20th century, extracellular vesicles (EVs) ranging from 50-1,000 nm have proven to be paramount in the progression of many cancers, including hematological malignancies. EVs are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures that include small EVs (commonly called exosomes) and large EVs (microparticles). They have been demonstrated to participate in multiple physiological and pathological processes by allowing exchange of biological material (including among others proteins, DNA and RNA) between cells. They are therefore a crucial way of intercellular communication. In this context, malignant cells can release these extracellular vesicles that can influence their microenvironment, induce the formation of a tumorigenic niche, and prepare and establish distant niches facilitating metastasis by significantly impacting the phenotypes of surrounding cells and turning them toward supportive roles. In addition, EVs are also able to manipulate the immune response and to establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This in turn allows for ideal conditions for heightened chemoresistance and increased disease burden. Here, we review the latest findings and reports studying the effects and therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles in various hematological malignancies. The study of extracellular vesicles remains in its infancy; however, rapid advances in the analysis of these vesicles in the context of disease allow us to envision prospects to improve the detection and treatment of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Morckhoven
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathan Dubois
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Bron
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Departement of Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Meuleman
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Departement of Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Basile Stamatopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Mitchell MI, Loudig O. Communicator Extraordinaire: Extracellular Vesicles in the Tumor Microenvironment Are Essential Local and Long-Distance Mediators of Cancer Metastasis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2534. [PMID: 37760975 PMCID: PMC10526527 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumors are increasingly being described as a complex "ecosystem", that includes many different cell types, secreted growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and microvessels, that altogether create the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the TME, epithelial cancer cells control the function of surrounding stromal cells and the non-cellular ECM components in an intricate orchestra of signaling networks specifically designed for cancer cells to exploit surrounding cells for their own benefit. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the tumor microenvironment are essential mediators in the reprogramming of surrounding stromal cells, which include cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and tumor endothelial cells (TECs), which are responsible for the promotion of neo-angiogenesis, immune cell evasion, and invasion which are essential for cancer progression. Perhaps most importantly, tumor-derived EVs play critical roles in the metastatic dissemination of tumor cells through their two-fold role in initiating cancer cell invasion and the establishment of the pre-metastatic niche, both of which are vital for tumor cell migration, homing, and colonization at secondary tumor sites. This review discusses extracellular vesicle trafficking within the tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche formation, focusing on the complex role that EVs play in orchestrating cancer-to-stromal cell communication in order to promote the metastatic dissemination of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Loudig
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA;
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24
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Ghaffari K, Moradi-Hasanabad A, Sobhani-Nasab A, Javaheri J, Ghasemi A. Application of cell-derived exosomes in the hematological malignancies therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1263834. [PMID: 37745073 PMCID: PMC10515215 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1263834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin that are produced by both tumor and normal cells and can be found in physiological fluids like plasma and cell culture supernatants. They include cytokines, growth factors, proteins, lipids, RNAs, and metabolites and are important intercellular communication controllers in several disorders. According to a vast amount of research, exosomes could support or inhibit tumor start and diffusion in a variety of solid and hematological malignancies by paracrine signaling. Exosomes are crucial therapeutic agents for a variety of illnesses, such as cancer and autoimmune diseases. This review discusses the most current and encouraging findings from in vitro and experimental in vivo research, as well as the scant number of ongoing clinical trials, with a focus on the impact of exosomes in the treatment of malignancies. Exosomes have great promise as carriers of medications, antagonists, genes, and other therapeutic materials that can be incorporated into their core in a variety of ways. Exosomes can also alter the metabolism of cancer cells, alter the activity of immunologic effectors, and alter non-coding RNAs, all of which can alter the tumor microenvironment and turn it from a pro-tumor to an anti-tumor milieu. This subject is covered in the current review, which also looks at how exosomes contribute to the onset and progression of hematological malignancies, as well as their importance in diagnosing and treating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Ghaffari
- Department of Basic and Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Amin Moradi-Hasanabad
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ali Sobhani-Nasab
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Javad Javaheri
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ali Ghasemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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25
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Mukherjee S, Dhar R, Jonnalagadda S, Gorai S, Nag S, Kar R, Mukerjee N, Mukherjee D, Vatsa R, Arikketh D, Krishnan A, Gundamaraju R, Jha SK, Alexiou A, Papadakis M. Exosomal miRNAs and breast cancer: a complex theranostics interlink with clinical significance. Biomarkers 2023; 28:502-518. [PMID: 37352015 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2023.2229537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) remains the most challenging global health crisis of the current decade, impacting a large population of females annually. In the field of cancer research, the discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically exosomes (a subpopulation of EVs), has marked a significant milestone. In general, exosomes are released from all active cells but tumour cell-derived exosomes (TDXs) have a great impact (TDXs miRNAs, proteins, lipid molecules) on cancer development and progression. TDXs regulate multiple events in breast cancer such as tumour microenvironment remodelling, immune cell suppression, angiogenesis, metastasis (EMT-epithelial mesenchymal transition, organ-specific metastasis), and therapeutic resistance. In BC, early detection is the most challenging event, exosome-based BC screening solved the problem. Exosome-based BC treatment is a sign of the transforming era of liquid biopsy, it is also a promising therapeutic tool for breast cancer. Exosome research goes to closer precision oncology via a single exosome profiling approach. Our hope is that this review will serve as motivation for researchers to explore the field of exosomes and develop an efficient, and affordable theranostics approach for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantanee Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Rajib Dhar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | | | - Sukhamoy Gorai
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, India
| | - Rishav Kar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Belur Math,India
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
| | | | - Rishabh Vatsa
- Department of Microbiology, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies, Chennai, India
| | - Devi Arikketh
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER Stress and Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied and Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
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26
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Lee KW, Yam JWP, Mao X. Dendritic Cell Vaccines: A Shift from Conventional Approach to New Generations. Cells 2023; 12:2147. [PMID: 37681880 PMCID: PMC10486560 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the emerging era of cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) and adoptive cell transfer therapies (ACTs) have gained significant attention. However, their therapeutic efficacies are limited due to the presence of cold type tumors, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and immune-related side effects. On the other hand, dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines have been suggested as a new cancer immunotherapy regimen that can address the limitations encountered by ICBs and ACTs. Despite the success of the first generation of DC-based vaccines, represented by the first FDA-approved DC-based therapeutic cancer vaccine Provenge, several challenges remain unsolved. Therefore, new DC vaccine strategies have been actively investigated. This review addresses the limitations of the currently most adopted classical DC vaccine and evaluates new generations of DC vaccines in detail, including biomaterial-based, immunogenic cell death-inducing, mRNA-pulsed, DC small extracellular vesicle (sEV)-based, and tumor sEV-based DC vaccines. These innovative DC vaccines are envisioned to provide a significant breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy landscape and are expected to be supported by further preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Won Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (K.-W.L.); (J.W.P.Y.)
| | - Judy Wai Ping Yam
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; (K.-W.L.); (J.W.P.Y.)
- State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaowen Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
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27
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Quagliano A, Gopalakrishnapillai A, Barwe SP. Tetraspanins set the stage for bone marrow microenvironment-induced chemoprotection in hematologic malignancies. Blood Adv 2023; 7:4403-4413. [PMID: 37561544 PMCID: PMC10432613 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, relapse still remains a consistent issue. One of the primary contributors to relapse is the bone marrow microenvironment providing a sanctuary to malignant cells. These cells interact with bone marrow components such as osteoblasts and stromal cells, extracellular matrix proteins, and soluble factors. These interactions, mediated by the cell surface proteins like cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs), induce intracellular signaling that leads to the development of bone marrow microenvironment-induced chemoprotection (BMC). Although extensive study has gone into these CAMs, including the development of targeted therapies, very little focus in hematologic malignancies has been put on a family of cell surface proteins that are just as important for mediating bone marrow interactions: the transmembrane 4 superfamily (tetraspanins; TSPANs). TSPANs are known to be important mediators of microenvironmental interactions and metastasis based on numerous studies in solid tumors. Recently, evidence of their possible role in hematologic malignancies, specifically in the regulation of cellular adhesion, bone marrow homing, intracellular signaling, and stem cell dynamics in malignant hematologic cells has come to light. Many of these effects are facilitated by associations with CAMs and other receptors on the cell surface in TSPAN-enriched microdomains. This could suggest that TSPANs play an important role in mediating BMC in hematologic malignancies and could be used as therapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss TSPAN structure and function in hematologic cells, their interactions with different cell surface and signaling proteins, and possible ways to target/inhibit their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Quagliano
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
| | - Sonali P. Barwe
- Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation Institute for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children’s Hospital, Wilmington, DE
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
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28
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Ren M, Feng L, Zong R, Sun H. Novel prognostic gene signature for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma based on hypoxia. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:257. [PMID: 37605192 PMCID: PMC10464224 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is lack of marker to accurately assess the prognosis of patients diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study aims to establish a hypoxia-related risk scoring model that can effectively predict the prognosis and chemotherapy outcomes of PDAC patients. METHODS Using unsupervised consensus clustering algorithms, we comprehensively analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data to identify two distinct hypoxia clusters and used the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to examine gene sets significantly associated with these hypoxia clusters. Then univariate Cox regression, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression and multivariate Cox regression were used to construct a signature and its efficacy was evaluated using the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) PDAC cohort. Further, the correlation between the risk scores obtained from the signature and carious clinical, pathological, immunophenotype, and immunoinfiltration factors as well as the differences in immunotherapy potential and response to common chemotherapy drugs between high-risk and low-risk groups were evaluated. RESULTS From a total of 8 significantly related modules and 4423 genes, 5 hypoxia-related signature genes were identified to construct a risk model. Further analysis revealed that the overall survival rate (OS) of patients in the low-risk group was significantly higher than the high-risk group. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the risk scoring signature was an independent factor for prognosis prediction. Analysis of immunocyte infiltration and immunophenotype showed that the immune score and the anticancer immune response in the high-risk were significantly lower than that in the low-risk group. CONCLUSION The constructed hypoxia-associated prognostic signature demonstrated could be used as a potential risk classifier for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ren
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Liaoliao Feng
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Rongrong Zong
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Huiru Sun
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China.
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29
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Ortiz-Espinosa S, Srivastava S. Bursting Tumor Bubbles to Improve CAR T-cell Therapy. Cancer Res 2023; 83:2637-2639. [PMID: 37581231 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-23-1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have had dramatic success in B-cell malignancies, but this efficacy has not yet translated to more common solid tumors. In this issue of Cancer Research, Zhong and colleagues demonstrated that tumor-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV) contain CAR target antigens like mesothelin, enabling them to preferentially interact with and suppress the activity of CAR T cells in vivo. PD-L1 in tumor-derived sEVs increased upon CAR T-cell infusion and induced PD-L1-dependent suppression of CAR T cells that could be completely reversed by PD-L1 blockade. Strategies to inhibit sEV secretion, via genetic manipulation of tumor cells or pharmacologic inhibition, significantly improved CAR T-cell accumulation, function, and antitumor activity in vivo, suggesting that therapeutic targeting of sEV secretion could be a promising new approach to improving the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy. See related article by Zhong et al., p. 2790.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivani Srivastava
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
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30
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Zhang W, Wang T, Xue Y, Zhan B, Lai Z, Huang W, Peng X, Zhou Y. Research progress of extracellular vesicles and exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1238789. [PMID: 37646039 PMCID: PMC10461809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles and exosomes can significantly improve the curative effect of oxidative stress-related diseases. Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles and exosomes (MSC-EVs and MSC-Exos) are rich in bioactive molecules and have many biological regulatory functions. In this review, we describe how MSC-EVs and MSC-Exos reduce the related markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in various systemic diseases, and the molecular mechanism of MSC-EVs and MSC-Exos in treating apoptosis and vascular injury induced by oxidative stress. The results of a large number of experimental studies have shown that both local and systemic administration can effectively inhibit the oxidative stress response in diseases and promote the survival and regeneration of damaged parenchymal cells. The mRNA and miRNAs in MSC-EVs and MSC-Exos are the most important bioactive molecules in disease treatment, which can inhibit the apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress of lung, heart, kidney, liver, bone, skin and other cells, and promote their survive and regenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingyu Wang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanye Xue
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bingbing Zhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zengjie Lai
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Biomedical Innovation Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Marine Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yanfang Zhou
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Mondal SK, Haas D, Han J, Whiteside TL. Small EV in plasma of triple negative breast cancer patients induce intrinsic apoptosis in activated T cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:815. [PMID: 37542121 PMCID: PMC10403597 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) in TNBC patients' plasma promote T cell dysfunction and tumor progression. Here we show that tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEX) carrying surface PDL-1, PD-1, Fas, FasL, TRAIL, CTLA-4 and TGF-β1 induce apoptosis of CD8+T and CD4+T cells but spare B and NK cells. Inhibitors blocking TEX-induce receptor/ligand signals and TEX pretreatments with proteinase K or heat fail to prevent T cell apoptosis. Cytochalasin D, Dynosore or Pit Stop 2, partly inhibit TEX uptake but do not prevent T cell apoptosis. TEX entry into T cells induces cytochrome C and Smac release from mitochondria and caspase-3 and PARP cleavage in the cytosol. Expression of survival proteins is reduced in T cells undergoing apoptosis. Independently of external death receptor signaling, TEX entry into T cells induces mitochondrial stress, initiating relentless intrinsic apoptosis, which is responsible for death of activated T cells in the tumor-bearing hosts. The abundance of TEX in cancer plasma represents a danger for adoptively transferred T cells, limiting their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujan Kumar Mondal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Derick Haas
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Hu M, Kenific CM, Boudreau N, Lyden D. Tumor-derived nanoseeds condition the soil for metastatic organotropism. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 93:70-82. [PMID: 37178822 PMCID: PMC10362948 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary tumors secrete a variety of factors to turn distant microenvironments into favorable and fertile 'soil' for subsequent metastases. Among these 'seeding' factors that initiate pre-metastatic niche (PMN) formation, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are of particular interest as tumor EVs can direct organotropism depending on their surface integrin profiles. In addition, EVs also contain versatile, bioactive cargo, which include proteins, metabolites, lipids, RNA, and DNA fragments. The cargo incorporated into EVs is collectively shed from cancer cells and cancer-associated stromal cells. Increased understanding of how tumor EVs promote PMN establishment and detection of EVs in bodily fluids highlight how tumor EVs could serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as provide a therapeutic target for metastasis prevention. This review focuses on tumor-derived EVs and how they direct organotropism and subsequently modulate stromal and immune microenvironments at distal sites to facilitate PMN formation. We also outline the progress made thus far towards clinical applications of tumor EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Hu
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Boudreau
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Li Y, Liu F. The extracellular vesicles targeting tumor microenvironment: a promising therapeutic strategy for melanoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200249. [PMID: 37575250 PMCID: PMC10419216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small particles secreted by numerous cell types and circulate in almost all body fluids, acting as crucial messengers for cell-to-cell communication. EVs involves multiple physiological and pathological processes, including tumor progression, via their multiple cargoes. Therefore, EVs have become attractive candidates for the treatment of tumor, including melanoma. Notably, due to the crucial role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in promoting tumor malignant phenotype, and the close intercellular communication in TME, EVs-based therapy by targeting TME has become a cutting-edge and prospective strategy for inhibiting melanoma progression and strengthening the anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we aimed to summarize and discuss the role of therapeutic EVs, which target the components of TME in melanoma, thereby providing insights into these promising clinical strategies for the treatment of melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmin Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China
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Graham R, Gazinska P, Zhang B, Khiabany A, Sinha S, Alaguthurai T, Flores-Borja F, Vicencio J, Beuron F, Roxanis I, Matkowski R, Liam-Or R, Tutt A, Ng T, Al-Jamal KT, Zhou Y, Irshad S. Serum-derived extracellular vesicles from breast cancer patients contribute to differential regulation of T-cell-mediated immune-escape mechanisms in breast cancer subtypes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1204224. [PMID: 37441083 PMCID: PMC10335744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1204224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intracellular communication within the tumour is complex and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as major contributing factors for the cell-to-cell communication in the local and distant tumour environments. Here, we examine the differential effects of breast cancer (BC) subtype-specific patient serum and cell-line derived EVs in the regulation of T cell mediated immune responses. Methods Ultracentrifugation was used to isolate EVs from sera of 63 BC patients, 15 healthy volunteers and 4 human breast cancer cell lines. Longitudinal blood draws for EV isolation for patients on neoadjuvant chemotherapy was also performed. Characterization of EVs was performed by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunoblotting. CD63 staining was performed on a tissue microarray of 218 BC patients. In-house bioinformatics algorithms were utilized for the computation of EV associated expression scores within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and correlated with tumour infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) scores. In vitro stimulation of PBMCs with EVs from serum and cell-line derived EVs was performed and changes in the immune phenotypes characterized by flow cytometry. Cytokine profiles were assessed using a 105-plex immunoassay or IL10 ELISA. Results Patients with triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) exhibited the lowest number of EVs in the sera; whilst the highest was detected in ER+HER2+ cancers; reflected also in the higher level of CD63+ vesicles found within the ER+HER2+ local tumour microenvironment. Transcriptomic analysis of the TCGA data identified that samples assigned with lower EV scores had significantly higher abundance of CD4+ memory activated T cells, T follicular cells and CD8 T cells, plasma, and memory B cells; whilst samples with high EV scores were more enriched for anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and mast cells. A negative correlation between EV expression scores and stromal TIL counts was also observed. In vitro experiments confirmed that circulating EVs within breast cancer subtypes have functionally differing immunomodulatory capabilities, with EVs from patients with the most aggressive breast cancer subtype (TNBCs) demonstrating the most immune-suppressive phenotype (decreased CD3+HLA-DR+ but increased CD3+PD-L1 T cells, increased CD4+CD127-CD25hi T regulatory cells with associated increase in IL10 cytokine production). In depth assessment of the cytokine modulation triggered by the serum/cell line derived exosomes confirmed differential inflammatory cytokine profiles across differing breast cancer subtypes. Studies using the MDA-231 TNBC breast cancer cell-line derived EVs provided further support that TNBC EVs induced the most immunosuppressive response within PBMCs. Discussion Our study supports further investigations into how tumour derived EVs are a mechanism that cancers can exploit to promote immune suppression; and breast cancer subtypes produce EVs with differing immunomodulatory capabilities. Understanding the intracellular/extracellular pathways implicated in alteration from active to suppressed immune state may provide a promising way forward for restoring immune competence in specific breast cancer patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Graham
- Breast Immunology Group, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Gazinska
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Biobank Research Group, Lukasiewicz Research Network – PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Birong Zhang
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Atousa Khiabany
- Breast Immunology Group, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shubhankar Sinha
- Breast Immunology Group, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thanussuyah Alaguthurai
- Breast Immunology Group, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Flores-Borja
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Vicencio
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabienne Beuron
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Roxanis
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafal Matkowski
- Breast Unit, Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmunology and Hematology Center, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Revadee Liam-Or
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Tutt
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Ng
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Richard Dimbleby Laboratory of Cancer Research School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - You Zhou
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute and Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sheeba Irshad
- Breast Immunology Group, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Cancer Now Research Unit, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Medical Oncology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Greening DW, Xu R, Ale A, Hagemeyer CE, Chen W. Extracellular vesicles as next generation immunotherapeutics. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:73-100. [PMID: 36773820 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as a mode of intercellular communication and molecular transfer to elicit diverse biological/functional response. Accumulating evidence has highlighted that EVs from immune, tumour, stromal cells and even bacteria and parasites mediate the communication of various immune cell types to dynamically regulate host immune response. EVs have an innate capacity to evade recognition, transport and transfer functional components to target cells, with subsequent removal by the immune system, where the immunological activities of EVs impact immunoregulation including modulation of antigen presentation and cross-dressing, immune activation, immune suppression, and immune surveillance, impacting the tumour immune microenvironment. In this review, we outline the recent progress of EVs in immunorecognition and therapeutic intervention in cancer, including vaccine and targeted drug delivery and summarise their utility towards clinical translation. We highlight the strategies where EVs (natural and engineered) are being employed as a therapeutic approach for immunogenicity, tumoricidal function, and vaccine development, termed immuno-EVs. With seminal studies providing significant progress in the sequential development of engineered EVs as therapeutic anti-tumour platforms, we now require direct assessment to tune and improve the efficacy of resulting immune responses - essential in their translation into the clinic. We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in EV immunobiology and facilitate advances in engineering EVs for the development of novel EV-based immunotherapeutics as a platform for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Greening
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia; Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rong Xu
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anukreity Ale
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Lee TH, Maruthai Y, Abd Aziz NH, Chua KH, Hamdan N, Lee CH, Azmi NA. Chemopreventive and immunoadjuvant properties of standardised edible bird’s nest extract on human breast cancer cell line. INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL 2023; 30:472-486. [DOI: 10.47836/ifrj.30.2.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigated the chemopreventive and immunoadjuvant properties of edible bird’s nest (EBN) extract on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Specifically, the cytotoxicity level of EBN extracts (HMG, EHMG, pHMG) against MCF-7, human immune cells of cytotoxic T cells, and monocytes (CD8+ and CD14+) were evaluated by measuring the production of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic molecules released in single and co-culture of MCF-7, CD8+, and CD14+ cells, before and after EBN treatment. The highest cytotoxic effect towards MCF-7 using IC50 of 15 µg/mL was demonstrated by HMG but no effects on CD8+ and CD14+, with cell viability of more than 90%. At the mRNA level, activated CD8+ and CD14+ depicted increased pro-apoptotic gene expression after HMG treatment in co-culture. Additionally, HMG treatment increased apoptosis by down-regulating the regulation of anti-apoptotic genes and up-regulating the pro-apoptotic genes in MCF-7. ELISA and multiplex assay reflected increased pro-apoptotic factors, and decreased anti-apoptotic soluble factors, by non-activated and activated CD8+ and CD14+, in a single or co-culture with MCF-7 after HMG treatment. In conclusion, HMG extract possesses immunoadjuvant properties that can be a potential anticancer agent without causing any deleterious effects on the human immune cells.
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37
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Loric S, Denis JA, Desbene C, Sabbah M, Conti M. Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Biology and Function to Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7208. [PMID: 37108371 PMCID: PMC10139222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the first worldwide most frequent cancer in both sexes and the most commonly diagnosed in females. Although BC mortality has been thoroughly declining over the past decades, there are still considerable differences between women diagnosed with early BC and when metastatic BC is diagnosed. BC treatment choice is widely dependent on precise histological and molecular characterization. However, recurrence or distant metastasis still occurs even with the most recent efficient therapies. Thus, a better understanding of the different factors underlying tumor escape is mainly mandatory. Among the leading candidates is the continuous interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment, where extracellular vesicles play a significant role. Among extracellular vesicles, smaller ones, also called exosomes, can carry biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and generate signal transmission through an intercellular transfer of their content. This mechanism allows tumor cells to recruit and modify the adjacent and systemic microenvironment to support further invasion and dissemination. By reciprocity, stromal cells can also use exosomes to profoundly modify tumor cell behavior. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the role of extracellular vesicle production in normal and cancerous breast tissues. Specific attention is paid to the use of extracellular vesicles for early BC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis because exosomes are actually under the spotlight of researchers as a high-potential source of liquid biopsies. Extracellular vesicles in BC treatment as new targets for therapy or efficient nanovectors to drive drug delivery are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Loric
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | | | - Cédric Desbene
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Marc Conti
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
- INTEGRACELL SAS, 91160 Longjumeau, France
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Gonzalez-Melero L, Hernandez RM, Santos-Vizcaino E, Igartua M. Tumour-derived extracellular vesicle based vaccines for melanoma treatment. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2023; 13:1520-1542. [PMID: 37022605 PMCID: PMC10102154 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The interest of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer immunotherapy is increasing every day. EVs are lipid bilayer vesicles released by most cells, which contain the molecular signature of their parent cell. Melanoma-derived EVs present antigens specific to this aggressive type of cancer, but they also exert immunomodulatory and pro-metastatic activity. Until now, most reviews focus on the immunoevasive characteristics of tumour-derived EVs, but do not help to overcome the issues related to them. In this review, we describe isolation methods of EVs from melanoma patients and most interesting markers to oversee their effect if they are used as antigen carriers. We also discuss the methods developed so far to overcome the lack of immunogenicity of melanoma-derived EVs, which includes EV modification or adjuvant co-administration. In summary, we conclude that EVs can be an interesting antigen source for immunotherapy development once EV obtaining is optimised and the understanding of the mechanisms behind their multiple effects is further understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Gonzalez-Melero
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Edorta Santos-Vizcaino
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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39
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Ibrahim YS, Amin AH, Jawhar ZH, Alghamdi MA, Al-Awsi GRL, Shbeer AM, Al-Ghamdi HS, Gabr GA, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Almulla AF. "To be or not to Be": Regulatory T cells in melanoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110093. [PMID: 37023699 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
In spite of progresses in the therapy of different malignancies, melanoma still remains as one of lethal types of skin tumor. Melanoma is almost easily treatable by surgery alone with higher overall survival rates when it is diagnosed at early stages. However, survival rates are decreased remarkably upon survival if the tumor is progressed to advanced metastatic stages. Immunotherapeutics have been prosperous in the development of anti-tumor responses in patients with melanoma through promotion of the tumor-specific effector T cells in vivo; nonetheless, suitable clinical outcomes have not been satisfactory. One of the underlying causes of the unfavorable clinical outcomes might stem from adverse effects of regulatory T (Treg) cell, which is a prominent mechanism of tumor cells to escape from tumor-specific immune responses. Evidence shows that a poor prognosis and low survival rate in patients with melanoma can be attributed to a higher Treg cell number and function in these subjects. As a result, to promote melanoma-specific anti-tumor responses, depletion of Treg cells appears to be a promising approach; even though the clinical efficacy of different approaches to attain appropriate Treg cell depletion has been inconsistent. Here in this review, the main purpose is to assess the role of Treg cells in the initiation and perpetuation of melanoma and to discuss effective strategies for Treg cell modulation with the aim of melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Saleh Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-maarif University College, Ramadi, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | - Ali H Amin
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammad A Alghamdi
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abdullah M Shbeer
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan S Al-Ghamdi
- Internal Medicine Department, Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Gabr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Catholic University of Cuenca, Azogues Campus, Ecuador; University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National University of Education, Azogues, Ecuador; CES University, Colombia
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
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Patras L, Shaashua L, Matei I, Lyden D. Immune determinants of the pre-metastatic niche. Cancer Cell 2023; 41:546-572. [PMID: 36917952 PMCID: PMC10170403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary tumors actively and specifically prime pre-metastatic niches (PMNs), the future sites of organotropic metastasis, preparing these distant microenvironments for disseminated tumor cell arrival. While initial studies of the PMN focused on extracellular matrix alterations and stromal reprogramming, it is increasingly clear that the far-reaching effects of tumors are in great part achieved through systemic and local PMN immunosuppression. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the tumor immune microenvironment and provide a comprehensive overview of the immune determinants of the PMN's spatiotemporal evolution. Moreover, we depict the PMN immune landscape, based on functional pre-clinical studies as well as mounting clinical evidence, and the dynamic, reciprocal crosstalk with systemic changes imposed by cancer progression. Finally, we outline emerging therapeutic approaches that alter the dynamics of the interactions driving PMN formation and reverse immunosuppression programs in the PMN ensuring early anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Patras
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center of Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lee Shaashua
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Matei
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David Lyden
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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41
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Quantitative Proteomics for the Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in the Extracellular Vesicles of Cervical Cancer Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030702. [PMID: 36992411 PMCID: PMC10051161 DOI: 10.3390/v15030702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) in a tumoral microenvironment can exert different functions by transferring their content, which has been poorly described in cervical cancer. Here, we tried to clarify the proteomic content of these EVs, comparing those derived from cancerous HPV (+) keratinocytes (HeLa) versus those derived from normal HPV (–) keratinocytes (HaCaT). We performed a quantitative proteomic analysis, using LC-MS/MS, of the EVs from HeLa and HaCaT cell lines. The up- and downregulated proteins in the EVs from the HeLa cell line were established, along with the cellular component, molecular function, biological processes, and signaling pathways in which they participate. The biological processes with the highest number of upregulated proteins are cell adhesion, proteolysis, lipid metabolic process, and immune system processes. Interestingly, three of the top five signaling pathways with more up- and downregulated proteins are part of the immune response. Due to their content, we can infer that EVs can have a significant role in migration, invasion, metastasis, and the activation or suppression of immune system cells in cancer.
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Chen L, Xie T, Wei B, Di DL. Tumour‑derived exosomes and their emerging roles in leukaemia (Review). Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:126. [PMID: 36845960 PMCID: PMC9947586 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles with a diameter of ~40-100 nm that are secreted by the majority of endogenous cells under normal and pathological conditions. They contain abundant proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and biomolecules such as signal transduction molecules, adhesion factors and cytoskeletal proteins, and play an important role in exchanging materials and transmitting information between cells. Recent studies have shown that exosomes are involved in the pathophysiology of leukaemia by affecting the bone marrow microenvironment, apoptosis, tumour angiogenesis, immune escape and chemotherapy resistance. Furthermore, exosomes are potential biomarkers and drug carriers for leukaemia, impacting the diagnosis and treatment of leukaemia. The present study describes the biogenesis and general characteristics of exosomes, and then highlight the emerging roles of exosomes in different types of leukaemia. Finally, the value of clinical application of exosomes as biomarkers and drug carriers is discussed with the aim to provide novel strategies for the treatment of leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Da-Lin Di
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Da-Lin Di, Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotongxi Street, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China . com
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Whiteside TL. Evaluating tumor cell- and T cell-derived extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers of cancer and immune cell competence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:109-122. [PMID: 36787282 PMCID: PMC9998373 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2178902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by tumors, also called tumor-derived exosomes (TEX), have been implicated in inducing immune cell suppression in vitro and in vivo. The development of a novel category of noninvasive biomarkers for precision oncology remains an unmet need, and TEX emerge as a promising liquid tumor biopsy component. AREAS COVERED TEX play a critical role in monitoring cancer presence/progression and in reprograming of anti-tumor effector T cells to producers of EVs with pro-tumor activity. TEX are a subset of circulating EVs. Their separation by immune capture from EVs derived from nonmalignant cells allows for TEX phenotypic/functional assessments. TEX cross-talking with CD3(+) T cells induce the release of CD3(+) small EV (sEV), whose cargo of suppressor proteins resembles that of TEX and further contributes to cancer-induced immune suppression. While TEX recapitulate the genetic/molecular phenotype of tumor cells, CD3(+) sEV might serve as 'T cell liquid biopsy.' EXPERT OPINION Preclinical explorations of the role in cancer body fluids of TEX and CD3(+) sEV as cancer biomarkers suggest that these EV subsets may qualify as liquid tumor biopsy noninvasive components in the near future. Their potential to simultaneously serve as noninvasive liquid tumor biopsy and T cell biopsy remains to be validated in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Clancy JW, D'Souza-Schorey C. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Multifunctional Entities in the Tumor Microenvironment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:205-229. [PMID: 36202098 PMCID: PMC10410237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-022116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can function as mediators of intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment. EVs contain a host of bioactive cargo, including membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear proteins, in addition to noncoding RNAs, other RNA types, and double-stranded DNA fragments. These shed vesicles may deposit paracrine information and can also be taken up by stromal cells, causing the recipient cells to undergo phenotypic changes that profoundly impact diverse facets of cancer progression. For example, this unique form of cellular cross talk helps condition the premetastatic niche, facilitates evasion of the immune response, and promotes invasive and metastatic activity. These findings, coupled with those demonstrating that the number and content of EVs produced by tumors can vary depending on their tumor of origin, disease stage, or response to therapy, have raised the exciting possibility that EVs can be used for risk stratification, diagnostic, and even prognostic purposes. We summarize recent developments and the current knowledge of EV cargoes, their impact on disease progression, and implementation of EV-based liquid biopsies as tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clancy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; ,
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45
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Zhang H, Wang S, Sun M, Cui Y, Xing J, Teng L, Xi Z, Yang Z. Exosomes as smart drug delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1093607. [PMID: 36733388 PMCID: PMC9888251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1093607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (Exos) as drug delivery vehicles have been widely used for cancer immunotherapy owing to their good biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low immunogenicity. Some Exos-based cancer immunotherapy strategies such as tuning of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, immune checkpoint blockades, and cancer vaccines have also been investigated in recent years, which all showed excellent therapeutic effects for malignant tumor. Furthermore, some Exos-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) for cancer immunotherapy have also undergone clinic trails, indicating that Exos are a promising drug delivery carrier. In this review, in order to promote the development of Exos-based DDSs in cancer immunotherapy, the biogenesis and composition of Exos, and Exos as drug delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapy are summarized. Meanwhile, their clinical translation and challenges are also discussed. We hope this review will provide a good guidance for Exos as drug delivery vehicles for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Simiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Man Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaxin Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianming Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lesheng Teng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhifang Xi
- School of Horticulture and Food, Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhifang Xi, ; Zhaogang Yang,
| | - Zhaogang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Zhifang Xi, ; Zhaogang Yang,
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46
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Extracellular Vesicles Are Important Mediators That Regulate Tumor Lymph Node Metastasis via the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021362. [PMID: 36674900 PMCID: PMC9865533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles with a lipid bilayer structure, and they are secreted by various cells in the body. EVs interact with and modulate the biological functions of recipient cells by transporting their cargoes, such as nucleic acids and proteins. EVs influence various biological phenomena, including disease progression. They also participate in tumor progression by stimulating a variety of signaling pathways and regulating immune system activation. EVs induce immune tolerance by suppressing CD8+ T-cell activation or polarizing macrophages toward the M2 phenotype, which results in tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, immune checkpoint molecules are also expressed on the surface of EVs that are secreted by tumors that express these molecules, allowing tumor cells to not only evade immune cell attack but also acquire resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. During tumor metastasis, EVs contribute to microenvironmental changes in distant organs before metastatic lesions appear; thus, EVs establish a premetastatic niche. In particular, lymph nodes are adjacent organs that are connected to tumor lesions via lymph vessels, so that tumor cells metastasize to draining lymph nodes at first, such as sentinel lymph nodes. When EVs influence the microenvironment of lymph nodes, which are secondary lymphoid tissues, the immune response against tumor cells is weakened; subsequently, tumor cells spread throughout the body. In this review, we will discuss the association between EVs and tumor progression via the immune system as well as the clinical application of EVs as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Pando A, Schorl C, Fast LD, Reagan JL. Tumor Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Gene Expression in T cells. Gene 2023; 850:146920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lopez K, Lai SWT, Lopez Gonzalez EDJ, Dávila RG, Shuck SC. Extracellular vesicles: A dive into their role in the tumor microenvironment and cancer progression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1154576. [PMID: 37025182 PMCID: PMC10071009 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1154576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) encompass a diverse set of membrane-derived particles released from cells and are found in numerous biological matrices and the extracellular space. Specific classes of EVs include apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and microvesicles, which vary in their size, origin, membrane protein expression, and interior cargo. EVs provide a mechanism for shuttling cargo between cells, which can influence cell physiology by transporting proteins, DNA, and RNA. EVs are an abundant component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are proposed to drive tumor growth and progression by communicating between fibroblasts, macrophages, and tumor cells in the TME. The cargo, source, and type of EV influences the pro- or anti-tumoral role of these molecules. Therefore, robust EV isolation and characterization techniques are required to ensure accurate elucidation of their association with disease. Here, we summarize different EV subclasses, methods for EV isolation and characterization, and a selection of current clinical trials studying EVs. We also review key studies exploring the role and impact of EVs in the TME, including how EVs mediate intercellular communication, drive cancer progression, and remodel the TME.
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Chang C, Tang X, Li W. A Modified Differential Centrifugation Protocol for Isolation and Quantitation of Extracellular Heat Shock Protein 90 (eHsp90). Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2693:251-261. [PMID: 37540440 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3342-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the past 15 years have revealed a critical role for extracellular heat shock protein 90alpha (eHsp90α) in the development of several human disorders, including wound healing, cachexia (muscle wasting), inflammatory diseases, and cancers. The two established functions of highly purified eHsp90α protein are to promote cell survival and to stimulate cell migration. However, the mechanism of secretion and the method of isolation of eHsp90α remained to be standardized. Among the half a dozen reported methodologies, differential centrifugation is considered the "gold standard" largely for its quantitative recovery of eHsp90α from a conditioned medium of cultured cells. Herein, we describe a revised protocol that isolates three fractions of extracellular vesicles with distinct ranges of diameters and the leftover vesicle-free supernatant for biochemical analyses, especially eHsp90α, from tumor cell-conditioned media. Quantitation of the relative amount of eHsp90α can be carried out with known amounts of recombinant Hsp90α protein on the same SDS-PAGE. We believe that this modified methodology will prove to be a useful tool for studying eHsp90α in cultured cells and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chang
- Department of Dermatology the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Southern California Keck Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Dermatology the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Southern California Keck Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Southern California Keck Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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50
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Chen Y, Huang Y, Deng Y, Liu X, Ye J, Li Q, Luo Y, Lin Y, Liang R, Wei J, Zhang J, Li Y. Cancer Therapy Empowered by Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Targeted Delivery. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1353-1364. [PMID: 37779037 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of nanoparticles that mediate signaling molecules delivery between donor and recipient cells. Heterogeneity in the content of EVs and their membrane surface proteins determines their unique targetability. Their low immunogenicity, capability to cross various biological barriers, and superior biocompatibility enable engineering-modified EVs to be ideal drug delivery carriers. In addition, the engineered EVs that emerge in recent years have become a powerful tool for cancer treatment through the selective delivery of bioactive molecules to therapeutic targets, such as tumor cells and stroma. Our review focuses on the various types of EV modifications and their promoting therapeutic capabilities, which provide an innovative means for cancer precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yujuan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yayan Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Jiaxiang Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Qiuyun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Rong Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Jiazhang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
- Institute of Oncology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education/Guangxi Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital
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