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Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Mosavat A, Rezaee SA. Novel insights into human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) pathogenesis-host interactions in the manifestation of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2567. [PMID: 38937135 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) was the first discovered human oncogenic retrovirus, the etiological agent of two serious diseases have been identified as adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma malignancy and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a debilitating chronic neuro-myelopathy. Despite more than 40 years of molecular, histopathological and immunological studies on HTLV-1-associated diseases, the virulence and pathogenicity of this virus are yet to be clarified. The reason why the majority of HTLV-1-infected individuals (∼95%) remain asymptomatic carriers is still unclear. The deterioration of the immune system towards oncogenicity and autoimmunity makes HTLV-1 a natural probe for the study of malignancy and neuro-inflammatory diseases. Additionally, its slow worldwide spreading has prompted public health authorities and researchers, as urged by the WHO, to focus on eradicating HTLV-1. In contrast, neither an effective therapy nor a protective vaccine has been introduced. This comprehensive review focused on the most relevant studies of the neuro-inflammatory propensity of HTLV-1-induced HAM/TSP. Such an emphasis on the virus-host interactions in the HAM/TSP pathogenesis will be critically discussed epigenetically. The findings may shed light on future research venues in designing and developing proper HTLV-1 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Gholamzad A, Khakpour N, Gholamzad M, Roudaki Sarvandani MR, Khosroshahi EM, Asadi S, Rashidi M, Hashemi M. Stem cell therapy for HTLV-1 induced adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL): A comprehensive review. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155172. [PMID: 38340584 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. The emerging field of stem cell therapies for ATLL is discussed, highlighting the potential of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and genetically modified stem cells. HSCT aims to eradicate malignant T-cells and restore a functional immune system through the infusion of healthy donor stem cells. Genetically modified stem cells show promise in enhancing their ability to target and eliminate ATLL cells. The article presents insights from preclinical studies and limited clinical trials, emphasizing the need for further research to establish the safety, efficacy, and long-term outcomes of stem cell therapies for ATLL and challenges associated with these innovative approaches are also explored. Overall, stem cell therapies hold significant potential in revolutionizing ATLL treatment, and ongoing clinical trials aim to determine their benefits in larger patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Gholamzad
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khakpour
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Gholamzad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Elaheh Mohandesi Khosroshahi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Asadi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Bangham CRM. HTLV-1 persistence and the oncogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2023; 141:2299-2306. [PMID: 36800643 PMCID: PMC10646791 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022019332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, causes the aggressive malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) in 5% of infected people and a chronic progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, in ∼0.3% to 4% of them, varying between regions where it is endemic. Reliable treatments are lacking for both conditions, although there have been promising recent advances in the prevention and treatment of ATL. Because ATL typically develops after several decades of infection, it is necessary to understand how the virus persists in the host despite a strong immune response, and how this persistence results in oncogenesis.
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Shafiei M, Mozhgani SH. Th17/IL-17 Axis in HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy Tropical Spastic Paraparesis and Multiple Sclerosis: Novel Insights into the Immunity During HAMTSP. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3839-3854. [PMID: 36947318 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HTLV/TSP), also known as HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and multiple sclerosis (MS) are chronic debilitating diseases of the central nervous system; although the etiology of which is different, similarities have been observed between these two demyelinating diseases, especially in clinical manifestation and immunopathogenesis. Exorbitant response of the immune system to the virus and neurons in CNS is the causative agent of HAM/TSP and MS, respectively. Helper T lymphocyte-17 cells (Th17s), a component of the immune system, which have a proven role in immunity and autoimmunity, mediate protection against bacterial/fungal infections. The role of these cells has been reviewed in several CNS diseases. A pivotal role for Th17s is presented in demyelination, even more axial than Th1s, during MS. The effect of Th17s is not well determined in HTLV-1-associated infections; however, the evidence that we have supplied in this review illustrates the attendance, also the role of Th17 cells during HAM/TSP. Furthermore, for better conception concerning the trace of these cells in HAM/TSP, a comparative characterization with MS, the resembling disease, has been applied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Shafiei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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5
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Glover A, Zhang Z, Shannon-Lowe C. Deciphering the roles of myeloid derived suppressor cells in viral oncogenesis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161848. [PMID: 37033972 PMCID: PMC10076641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogenous population of myeloid cells derived from monocyte and granulocyte precursors. They are pathologically expanded in conditions of ongoing inflammation where they function to suppress both innate and adaptive immunity. They are subdivided into three distinct subsets: monocytic (M-) MDSC, polymorphonuclear (or neutrophilic) (PMN-) MDSC and early-stage (e-) MDSC that may exhibit differential function in different pathological scenarios. However, in cancer they are associated with inhibition of the anti-tumour immune response and are universally associated with a poor prognosis. Seven human viruses classified as Group I carcinogenic agents are jointly responsible for nearly one fifth of all human cancers. These viruses represent a large diversity of species, including DNA, RNA and retroviridae. They include the human gammaherpesviruses (Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV), members of the high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B and C (HBV, HCV), Human T cell leukaemia virus (HTLV-1) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Each of these viruses encode an array of different oncogenes that perturb numerous cellular pathways that ultimately, over time, lead to cancer. A prerequisite for oncogenesis is therefore establishment of chronic infection whereby the virus persists in the host cells without being eradicated by the antiviral immune response. Although some of the viruses can directly modulate the immune response to enable persistence, a growing body of evidence suggests the immune microenvironment is modulated by expansions of MDSCs, driven by viral persistence and oncogenesis. It is likely these MDSCs play a role in loss of immune recognition and function and it is therefore essential to understand their phenotype and function, particularly given the increasing importance of immunotherapy in the modern arsenal of anti-cancer therapies. This review will discuss the role of MDSCs in viral oncogenesis. In particular we will focus upon the mechanisms thought to drive the MDSC expansions, the subsets expanded and their impact upon the immune microenvironment. Importantly we will explore how MDSCs may modulate current immunotherapies and their impact upon the success of future immune-based therapies.
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Devi-Marulkar P, Fastenackels S, Karapentiantz P, Goc J, Germain C, Kaplon H, Knockaert S, Olive D, Panouillot M, Validire P, Damotte D, Alifano M, Murris J, Katsahian S, Lawand M, Dieu-Nosjean MC. Regulatory T cells infiltrate the tumor-induced tertiary lymphoïd structures and are associated with poor clinical outcome in NSCLC. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1416. [PMID: 36566320 PMCID: PMC9789959 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
On one hand, regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an immunosuppressive activity in most solid tumors but not all. On the other hand, the organization of tumor-infiltrating immune cells into tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) is associated with long-term survival in most cancers. Here, we investigated the role of Tregs in the context of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)-associated TLS. We observed that Tregs show a similar immune profile in TLS and non-TLS areas. Autologous tumor-infiltrating Tregs inhibit the proliferation and cytokine secretion of CD4+ conventional T cells, a capacity which is recovered by antibodies against Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related protein (GITR) but not against other immune checkpoint (ICP) molecules. Tregs in the whole tumor, including in TLS, are associated with a poor outcome of NSCLC patients, and combination with TLS-dendritic cells (DCs) and CD8+ T cells allows higher overall survival discrimination. Thus, Targeting Tregs especially in TLS may represent a major challenge in order to boost anti-tumor immune responses initiated in TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Devi-Marulkar
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.418596.70000 0004 0639 6384Present Address: Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Solène Fastenackels
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657UMRS1135 Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1135, Paris, France ,grid.463810.8Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Karapentiantz
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,Present Address: Inserm, Sorbonne Université, université Paris 13, Laboratoire d’informatique médicale et d’ingénierie des connaissances en e-santé, LIMICS, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Goc
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.5386.8000000041936877XPresent Address: Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Claire Germain
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,Present Address: Biomunex Pharmaceuticals, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Kaplon
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.418301.f0000 0001 2163 3905Present Address: Translational Medicine Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Samantha Knockaert
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.418301.f0000 0001 2163 3905Present Address: Translational Medicine Department, Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, Suresnes, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Inserm U1068, CNRS, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France ,grid.463833.90000 0004 0572 0656Laboratory « Immunity and Cancer », Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Marseille, France
| | - Marylou Panouillot
- grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657UMRS1135 Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1135, Paris, France ,grid.463810.8Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Pierre Validire
- grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.418120.e0000 0001 0626 5681Department of Pathology, Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.411784.f0000 0001 0274 3893Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Cochin hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marco Alifano
- grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Department of Thoracic Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Juliette Murris
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.5328.c0000 0001 2186 3954HeKA, INRIA, Paris, France ,Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm, Centre d’Investigation Clinique 1418, Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Katsahian
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.5328.c0000 0001 2186 3954HeKA, INRIA, Paris, France ,Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Recherche Clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm, Centre d’Investigation Clinique 1418, Module Epidémiologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Myriam Lawand
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Caroline Dieu-Nosjean
- grid.503414.7Sorbonne Université, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Université de Paris, UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.417925.cLaboratory “Cancer, Immune Control, and Escape”, Inserm U1138, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657UMRS1135 Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Université, Paris, France ,grid.7429.80000000121866389INSERM U1135, Paris, France ,grid.463810.8Laboratory “Immune Microenvironment and Immunotherapy”, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
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Tan BJY, Sugata K, Ono M, Satou Y. HTLV-1 persistence and leukemogenesis: A game of hide-and-seek with the host immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:991928. [PMID: 36300109 PMCID: PMC9591123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.991928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a retrovirus which mainly infects CD4+ T cells and causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), is primarily transmitted via direct cell-to-cell transmission. This feature generates a wide variety of infected clones in hosts, which are maintained via clonal proliferation, resulting in the persistence and survival of the virus. The maintenance of the pool of infected cells is achieved by sculpting the immunophenotype of infected cells and modulating host immune responses to avoid immune surveillance. Here, we review the processes undertaken by HTLV-1 to modulate and subvert host immune responses which contributes to viral persistence and development of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjy J. Y. Tan
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Benjy J. Y. Tan, ; Yorifumi Satou,
| | - Kenji Sugata
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Division of Genomics and Transcriptomics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Benjy J. Y. Tan, ; Yorifumi Satou,
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Yoshie O. CCR4 as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215542. [PMID: 34771703 PMCID: PMC8583476 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CCR4 is a chemokine receptor selectively expressed on normal T cell subsets such as type 2 helper T cells, skin-homing T cells and regulatory T cells, and on skin-associated T cell malignancies such as adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), which is etiologically associated with human T lymphocyte virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs). Mogamulizumab is a fully humanized and glyco-engineered monoclonal anti-CCR4 antibody used for the treatment of refractory/relapsed ATLL and CTCLs, often resulting in complete remission. The clinical applications of Mogamulizumab are now being extended to solid tumors, exploring the therapeutic effect of regulatory T cell depletion. This review overviews the expression of CCR4 in various T cell subsets, HTLV-1-infected T cells, ATLL and CTCLs, and the clinical applications of Mogamulizumab. Abstract CCR4 is a chemokine receptor mainly expressed by T cells. It is the receptor for two CC chemokine ligands, CCL17 and CCL22. Originally, the expression of CCR4 was described as highly selective for helper T type 2 (Th2) cells. Later, its expression was extended to other T cell subsets such as regulatory T (Treg) cells and Th17 cells. CCR4 has long been regarded as a potential therapeutic target for allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis and bronchial asthma. Furthermore, the findings showing that CCR4 is strongly expressed by T cell malignancies such as adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCLs) have led to the development and clinical application of the fully humanized and glyco-engineered monoclonal anti-CCR4 Mogamulizumab in refractory/relapsed ATLL and CTCLs with remarkable successes. However, Mogamulizumab often induces severe adverse events in the skin possibly because of its efficient depletion of Treg cells. In particular, treatment with Mogamulizumab prior to allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), the only curative option of these T cell malignancies, often leads to severe glucocorticoid-refractory graft-versus-host diseases. The efficient depletion of Treg cells by Mogamulizumab has also led to its clinical trials in advanced solid tumors singly or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. The main focus of this review is CCR4; its expression on normal and malignant T cells and its significance as a therapeutic target in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yoshie
- Health and Kampo Institute, Sendai 981-3205, Japan;
- Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
- Aoinosono-Sendai Izumi Long-Term Health Care Facility, Sendai 981-3126, Japan
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9
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Hirons A, Khoury G, Purcell DFJ. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1: a lifelong persistent infection, yet never truly silent. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 21:e2-e10. [PMID: 32986997 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30328-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) has a large global burden and in some key communities, such as Indigenous Australians living in remote areas, greater than 45% of people are infected. Despite HTLV-1 causing serious malignancy and myelopathic paraparesis, and a significant association with a range of inflammatory comorbidities and secondary infections that shorten lifespan, few biomedical interventions are available. HTLV-1 starkly contrasts with other blood-borne sexually transmitted viral infections, such as, HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus, with no antiviral treatments that reduce virus-infected cells, no rapid diagnostics or biomarker assays suitable for use in remote settings, and no effective vaccine. We review how the replication strategies and molecular properties of HTLV-1 establish a long-term stealthy viral pathogenesis through a fine-tuned balance of persistence, immune cell dysfunction, and proliferation of proviral infected cells that collectively present robust barriers to treatment and prevention. An understanding of the nature of the HTLV-1 provirus and opposing actions of viral-coded negative-sense HBZ and positive-sense regulatory proteins Tax, p12 and its cleaved product p8, and p30, is needed to improve the biomedical tools for preventing transmission and improving the long-term health of people with this lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hirons
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georges Khoury
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Zargari R, Mahdifar M, Mohammadi A, Vahidi Z, Hassanshahi G, Rafatpanah H. The Role of Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of HTLV-1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32231656 PMCID: PMC7083101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that is associated with two main diseases: HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Chemokines are highly specialized groups of cytokines that play important roles in organizing, trafficking, homing, and in the migration of immune cells to the bone marrow, lymphoid organs and sites of infection and inflammation. Aberrant expression or function of chemokines, or their receptors, has been linked to the protection against or susceptibility to specific infectious diseases, as well as increased the risk of autoimmune diseases and malignancy. Chemokines and their receptors participate in pathogenesis of HTLV-1 associated diseases from inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) which occurs in cases of HAM/TSP to T cell immortalization and tissue infiltration observed in ATL patients. Chemokines represent viable effective prognostic biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated diseases which provide the early identification of high-risk, treatment possibilities and high-yielding clinical trials. This review focuses on the emerging roles of these molecules in the outcome of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Zargari
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahdifar
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Zohreh Vahidi
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Yoshida N, Sugiyama G, Sugi S, Satake K, Wakasugi D, Yamasaki S, Mihara Y, Matsuda K, Ida H, Ohshima K, Yamaguchi R, Nakashima M. A case of acute diffuse large B cell lymphoma in an anti-human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1-positive rheumatoid arthritis patient treated with methotrexate, who died. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2019; 4:161-167. [PMID: 33087004 DOI: 10.1080/24725625.2019.1702493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 70-year-old woman was hospitalised due to jaundice and fever. She was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at 54 years of age. Treatment with methotrexate (MTX) was successful, and her RA was in remission. Five weeks before the hospitalisation, she was diagnosed with optic neuritis due to a decline in the visual acuity of the right eye. She was treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy, followed by prednisolone (PSL), before the hospitalisation, which were not effective. Blood tests showed increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, liver injury, and thrombocytopenia. Abdominal echo revealed numerous enlarged lymph nodes in the hepatic portal region. Malignant lymphoma was suspected due to high serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor. None of the treatments were effective, and she died on the fifth hospital day. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma was diagnosed during the autopsy, which showed infiltration of CD20-positive atypical lymphocytes in almost all organs. Since she was taking MTX, she was diagnosed with immunosuppressive drug-associated lymphoproliferative disease (LPD). Anti-human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) antibody was detected in her serum after her death; however, adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma was not observed. LPD develops during the treatment of RA with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs; however, a rapid clinical course leading to death is rarely observed. Previous reports suggest that T cell dysregulation observed in HTLV-1 may contribute towards the development of B cell lymphoma. We have discussed the possible roles of HTLV-1 in LPD development in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Yoshida
- Division of Rheumatology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Gen Sugiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Suzuna Sugi
- Division of Rheumatology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Koki Satake
- Division of Rheumatology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Daisuke Wakasugi
- Division of Rheumatology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamasaki
- Division of Rheumatology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yutaro Mihara
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsuda
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ida
- Division of Respirology, Neurology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Rin Yamaguchi
- Division of Pathology, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
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12
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Bangham CRM, Miura M, Kulkarni A, Matsuoka M. Regulation of Latency in the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus, HTLV-1. Annu Rev Virol 2019; 6:365-385. [PMID: 31283437 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The human T cell leukemia virus persists in vivo in 103 to 106 clones of T lymphocytes that appear to survive for the lifetime of the host. The plus strand of the provirus is typically transcriptionally silent in freshly isolated lymphocytes, but the strong, persistently activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to the viral antigens indicates that the virus is not constantly latent in vivo. There is now evidence that the plus strand is transcribed in intense intermittent bursts that are triggered by cellular stress, modulated by hypoxia and glycolysis, and inhibited by polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). The minus-strand gene hbz is transcribed at a lower, more constant level but is silent in a proportion of infected cells at a given time. Viral genes in the sense and antisense strands of the provirus play different respective roles in latency and de novo infection: Expression of the plus-strand gene tax is essential for de novo infection, whereas hbz appears to facilitate survival of the infected T cell clone in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
| | - Michi Miura
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
| | - Anurag Kulkarni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan;
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13
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Kurihara M, Tsuge M, Murakami E, Mori N, Ohishi W, Uchida T, Fujino H, Nakahara T, Abe-Chayama H, Kawaoka T, Miki D, Hiramatsu A, Imamura M, Kawakami Y, Aikata H, Ochi H, Zhang Y, Makokha GN, Hayes CN, Chayama K. The association between serum cytokine and chemokine levels and antiviral response by entecavir treatment in chronic hepatitis B patients. Antivir Ther 2019; 23:239-248. [PMID: 28933704 DOI: 10.3851/imp3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nucleoside/nucleotide analogue therapy is thought to suppress chronic hepatitis B (CHB) via regulation of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, serum cytokine/chemokine levels were measured in CHB patients treated with entecavir, and the association with antiviral response was analysed. METHODS A total of 78 Japanese patients with CHB were enrolled, and serum cytokine/chemokine levels were measured at baseline and at 12, 24 and 48 weeks of entecavir treatment using the MULTIPLEX kit. RESULTS Antiviral response to entecavir treatment was significantly associated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) titre and serum interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) level (12w; P=0.0002; OR=0.020 [95% CI 0.002, 0.156], P=0.003; OR=0.042 [95% CI 0.005, 0.336], respectively). HBe-positive patients whose serum macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) level was lower (<582.83 pg/ml) and IP-10 level was higher (≥1,323.13 pg/ml) achieved hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) loss earlier than those who remained HBeAg-positive (P=0.044). HBsAg reduction by entecavir treatment was significantly associated with higher initial tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level (≥15.20 pg/ml) and higher alanine aminotransferase level (≥73 IU/l; P=0.009; OR=18.460 [95% CI 2.044, 166.709], P=0.022; OR=7.709 [95% CI 1.341, 44.327], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study indicate that changes in cytokine/chemokine levels following entecavir therapy are associated with response to antiviral therapy in CHB patients. Monitoring of serum cytokine/chemokine levels could be useful for predicting reduction of HBV DNA and HBsAg and HBe seroconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kurihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eisuke Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nami Mori
- Department of Hepatology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital and Atomic Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Waka Ohishi
- Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hatsue Fujino
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Center for Medical Specialist Graduate Education and Research, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Kawaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiiku Kawakami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ochi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Grace Naswa Makokha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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14
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Peres C, Tanaka Y, Martin F, Fox J. Flow cytometric methodology for the detection of de novo human T-cell leukemia virus -1 infection in vitro: A tool to study novel infection inhibitors. J Virol Methods 2019; 274:113728. [PMID: 31509775 PMCID: PMC6853161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MT-2 cells express more Tax, gp46 and p19 than HUT102′s. HUT78 cells express higher levels of the HTLV-1 permissive receptors neuropilin and GLUT-1 than CEM or JURKAT. Irradiation does not eliminate all MT-2 donor cells in HTLV-1 co-culture protocols. Flow cytometry and Lt-4 anti-tax antibody can detect de novo HTLV-1 infection at early time points. Cytochalasin B and sodium valproate inhibit HTLV-1 infection at early time points.
Methodology to detect and study de novo human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV)-1 infection is required to further our knowledge of the viruses’ mechanisms of infection and to study potential therapeutic interventions. Whilst methodology currently exists, utilisation of an anti-Tax antibody to detect de novo Tax expression in permissive cells labelled with cell tracker allowing for the detection by flow cytometry of new infection after co-culture with donor cell lines productively infected with HTLV-1 is an alternative strategy. Using this methodology, we have been able to detect de novo infection of the T cell line HUT78 following co-culture with the productively infected HTLV-1 donor cell line MT-2 and to confirm that infection can be effectively blocked with well characterised infection inhibitors. This methodology will benefit experimental studies examining HTLV infection in vitro and may aid identification of therapeutic agents that block this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Peres
- Department of Biology & Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Fabiola Martin
- Department of Biology & Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
| | - James Fox
- Department of Biology & Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK.
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15
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Zeng Q, Gupta A, Xin L, Poon M, Schwarz H. Plasma Factors for the Differentiation of Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Diffused Large B Cell Lymphoma and for Monitoring Remission. J Hematol 2019; 8:47-54. [PMID: 32300443 PMCID: PMC7153682 DOI: 10.14740/jh499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is one of the most frequent cancers occurring at a young age. Although diagnosis of HL is not difficult, a minimally invasive method to diagnose HL, and a radiation-free method to confirm the remission status are highly desired. Methods In this study, we employed cutting-edge Luminex technology to evaluate 67 soluble plasma proteins for their suitability for diagnosis and for confirming remission of classical HL (cHL). Results Soluble cluster of differentiation (CD)30 and CC motif chemokine ligand (CCL)22 were identified to be capable of differentiating cHL patients from healthy donors and from patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a disease that shares many characteristics with cHL. Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)2 was found to be lower in the remission than in the initial diagnosis cohort of cHL patients, and also to be lower in plasmas at remission than in plasmas at initial diagnosis from the same patients. In DLBCL plasmas, concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2, soluble IL-2 receptor and IL-31 changed in patients upon entering remission. Conclusions Measurement of these factors may: 1) provide a minimally-invasive method to diagnose and differentiate HL and DLBCL, and 2) make it possible to monitor the remission status of these patients without use of radiation-based imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Co-first authors
| | - Arunima Gupta
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Co-first authors
| | - Liu Xin
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Poon
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Co-senior authors
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Co-senior authors
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16
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Futsch N, Prates G, Mahieux R, Casseb J, Dutartre H. Cytokine Networks Dysregulation during HTLV-1 Infection and Associated Diseases. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120691. [PMID: 30563084 PMCID: PMC6315340 DOI: 10.3390/v10120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a neural chronic inflammation, called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and of a malignant lymphoproliferation, called the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). The mechanisms through which the HTLV-1 induces these diseases are still unclear, but they might rely on immune alterations. HAM/TSP is associated with an impaired production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, CXCL9, or CXCL10. ATLL is associated with high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. These immunosuppressive cytokines could promote a protumoral micro-environment. Moreover, HTLV-1 infection impairs the IFN-I production and signaling, and favors the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 expression. This contributes both to immune escape and to infected cells proliferation. Here, we review the landscape of cytokine dysregulations induced by HTLV-1 infection and the role of these cytokines in the HTLV-1-associated diseases progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- Équipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe Labellisée «FRM», CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Gabriela Prates
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP 01246-100, Brazil.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Équipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe Labellisée «FRM», CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP 01246-100, Brazil.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- Équipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, Equipe Labellisée «FRM», CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
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17
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Ushio A, Arakaki R, Otsuka K, Yamada A, Tsunematsu T, Kudo Y, Aota K, Azuma M, Ishimaru N. CCL22-Producing Resident Macrophages Enhance T Cell Response in Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2594. [PMID: 30467506 PMCID: PMC6236111 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦs) are critical regulators of immune response and serve as a link between innate and acquired immunity. The precise mechanism of involvement of tissue-resident MΦs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is not clear. Here, using a murine model for Sjögren's syndrome (SS), we investigated the role of tissue-resident MΦs in the onset and development of autoimmunity. Two unique populations of CD11bhigh and CD11blow resident MΦs were observed in the target tissue of the SS model. Comprehensive gene expression analysis of chemokines revealed effective production of CCL22 by the CD11bhigh MΦs. CCL22 upregulated the migratory activity of CD4+ T cells by increasing CCR4, a receptor of CCL22, on T cells in the SS model. In addition, CCL22 enhanced IFN-γ production of T cells of the SS model, thereby suggesting that CCL22 may impair the local immune tolerance in the target organ of the SS model. Moreover, administration of anti-CCL22 antibody suppressed autoimmune lesions in the SS model. Finally, histopathological analysis revealed numerous CCL22-producing MΦs in the minor salivary gland tissue specimens of the SS patients. CCL22-producing tissue-resident MΦs may control autoimmune lesions by enhancing T cell response in the SS model. These results suggest that specific chemokines and their receptors may serve as novel therapeutic or diagnostic targets for SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ushio
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Rieko Arakaki
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Otsuka
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamada
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takaaki Tsunematsu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasusei Kudo
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiko Aota
- Department of Oral Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Azuma
- Department of Oral Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naozumi Ishimaru
- Department of Oral Molecular Pathology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
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18
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Bangham CRM, Matsuoka M. Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1: parasitism and pathogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0272. [PMID: 28893939 PMCID: PMC5597739 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes not only adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma (ATL), but also inflammatory diseases including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. HTLV-1 transmits primarily through cell-to-cell contact, and generates abundant infected cells in the host in order to survive and transmit to a new host. The resulting high proviral load is closely associated with the development of ATL and inflammatory diseases. To increase the number of infected cells, HTLV-1 changes the immunophenotype of infected cells, induces proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through the cooperative actions of two viral genes, tax and HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ). As a result, infected cells survive, proliferate and infiltrate into the tissues, which is critical for transmission of the virus. Thus, the strategy of this virus is indivisibly linked with its pathogenesis, providing a clue for prevention and treatment of HTLV-1-induced diseases. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University Faculty of Life Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan .,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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19
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Futsch N, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses 2017; 10:v10010001. [PMID: 29267225 PMCID: PMC5795414 DOI: 10.3390/v10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Going back to their discovery in the early 1980s, both the Human T-cell Leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) greatly fascinated the virology scene, not only because they were the first human retroviruses discovered, but also because they were associated with fatal diseases in the human population. In almost four decades of scientific research, both viruses have had different fates, HTLV-1 being often upstaged by HIV-1. However, although being very close in terms of genome organization, cellular tropism, and viral replication, HIV-1 and HTLV-1 are not completely commutable in terms of treatment, especially because of the opposite fate of the cells they infect: death versus immortalization, respectively. Nowadays, the antiretroviral therapies developed to treat HIV-1 infected individuals and to limit HIV-1 spread among the human population have a poor or no effect on HTLV-1 infected individuals, and thus, do not prevent the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases, which still lack highly efficient treatments. The present review mainly focuses on the course of HTLV-1 infection, from the initial infection of the host to diseases development and associated treatments, but also investigates HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection events and their impact on diseases development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Futsch
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France.
- Equipe labellisée "Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer", France.
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20
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Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), also known as human T lymphotropic virus type 1, was the first exogenous human retrovirus discovered. Unlike the distantly related lentivirus HIV-1, HTLV-1 causes disease in only 5-10% of infected people, depending on their ethnic origin. But whereas HIV-1 infection and the consequent diseases can be efficiently contained in most cases by antiretroviral drug treatment, there is no satisfactory treatment for the malignant or inflammatory diseases caused by HTLV-1. The purpose of the present article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which the virus persists in vivo and causes disabling or fatal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom;
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Prevalence of plasma autoantibody against cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1 in HTLV-1 infected individuals with different clinical status. Virol J 2017; 14:130. [PMID: 28716148 PMCID: PMC5512893 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of specific immune responses against cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 was recently reported in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected asymptomatic carriers (ACs). However, the relationship of the responses with the HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) and the levels of viral gene expression remain unclear. FINDINGS We measured plasma levels of autoantibodies to NY-ESO-1 immunogenic tumor antigen in HTLV-1-infected individuals with different clinical status, and in healthy controls. Data were compared to tax and HBZ mRNA levels, and PVL. Plasma anti-NY-ESO-1 antibody was detectable in 13.7% (7/51) of ACs, 29.2% (38/130) of patients with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and 18.9% (10/53) of patients with ATL. Anti-NY-ESO-1 plasma levels were significantly higher in patients with HAM/TSP than in patients with ATL or ACs. Anti-NY-ESO-1 levels were not associated with PVL or the expression levels of tax and HBZ mRNA among HTLV-1-infected individuals, regardless of clinical status. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate the strong humoral immune response against NY-ESO-1 in natural HTLV-1 infection, irrespective of the clinical status. The higher immunoreactivity against NY-ESO-1 is not simply associated with the levels of both HTLV-1 gene expression and the number of infected cells in vivo. Rather, it might reflect chronic and generalized immune activation in infected individuals.
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HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells that produces an inflammatory positive feedback loop via astrocytes in HAM/TSP. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 304:51-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kagdi HH, Demontis MA, Fields PA, Ramos JC, Bangham CRM, Taylor GP. Risk stratification of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma using immunophenotyping. Cancer Med 2016; 6:298-309. [PMID: 28035765 PMCID: PMC5269699 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a human T‐lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1)‐associated disease, has a highly variable clinical course and four subtypes with therapeutic and prognostic implications. However, there are overlapping features between ATL subtypes and between ATL and nonmalignant (non‐ATL) HTLV‐1 infection complicating diagnosis and prognostication. To further refine the diagnosis and prognosis of ATL, we characterized the immunophenotype of HTLV‐1‐infected cells in ATL and non‐ATL. A retrospective study of peripheral blood samples from 10 HTLV‐1‐uninfected subjects (UI), 54 HTLV‐1‐infected patients with non‐ATL, and 22 with ATL was performed using flow cytometry. All patients with ATL had CD4+ CCR4+ CD26− immunophenotype and the frequency of CD4+ CCR4+ CD26− T cells correlated highly significantly with the proviral load in non‐ATL suggesting CD4+ CCR4+ CD26− as a marker of HTLV‐1‐infected cells. Further immunophenotyping of CD4+ CCR4+ CD26− cells revealed that 95% patients with ATL had a CD7− (≤30% CD7+ cells), whereas 95% HTLV+ non‐ATL had CD7+ (>30% CD7+ cells) immunophenotype. All patients with aggressive ATL had a CCR7+ (≥30%), whereas 92% with indolent ATL and 100% non‐ATL had a CCR7− (<30%) immunophenotype. Patients with nonprogressing indolent ATL were CD127+ but those with progressive lymphocytosis requiring systemic therapy had a CD127− (≤30%) immunophenotype. In summary, HTLV‐1‐infected cells have a CD4+ CCR4+ CD26− immunophenotype. Within this population, CD7− phenotype suggests a diagnosis of ATL, CCR7+ phenotype identifies aggressive ATL, while CCR7−CD127− phenotype identifies progressive indolent ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseini H Kagdi
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria A Demontis
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Juan Carlos Ramos
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Charles R M Bangham
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Toulza F, Tsang L, Ottenhoff THM, Brown M, Dockrell HM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T-cell response is increased, and Treg cells decreased, in anthelmintic-treated patients with latent TB. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:752-61. [PMID: 26638865 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In many settings, adults with active or latent tuberculosis will also be coinfected with helminths. Our study aimed to investigate how anthelmintic treatment modulates antimycobacterial immunity, in a setting where helminth reinfection should not occur. We investigated the potential impact of helminth infection on immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in patients with latent Mtb infection with or without helminth infection (Strongyloides or Schistosoma), and tested T-cell responses before and after anthelmintic treatment. The study was performed in migrants resident in the United Kingdom, where reexposure and reinfection following anthelmintic treatment would not occur. The frequency of CD4(+) IFN-γ(+) T cells was measured following stimulation with Mtb Purified Protein Derivative or ESAT-6/CFP-10 antigen, and concentrations of IFN-γ in culture supernatants measured by ELISA and multiplex bead array. Helminth infection was associated with a lower frequency of CD4(+) IFN-γ(+) T cells, which increased following treatment. Patients with helminth infection showed a significant increase in CD4(+) FoxP3(+) T cells (Treg) compared to those without helminth infection. There was a decrease in the frequency of Treg cells, and an associated increase in CD4(+) IFN-γ(+) T cells after the anthelmintic treatment. Here, we show a potential role of Treg cells in reducing the frequency and function of antimycobacterial CD4(+) IFN-γ(+) T cells, and that these effects are reversed after anthelmintic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Toulza
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Lillian Tsang
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College Hospital, and Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College Hospital, and Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Hazel M Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Bangham CRM, Ratner L. How does HTLV-1 cause adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL)? Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:93-100. [PMID: 26414684 PMCID: PMC4772697 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A typical person infected with the retrovirus human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carries tens of thousands of clones of HTLV-1-infected T lymphocytes, each clone distinguished by a unique integration site of the provirus in the host genome. However, only 5% of infected people develop the malignant disease adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma, usually more than 50 years after becoming infected. We review the host and viral factors that cause this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R M Bangham
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK.
| | - Lee Ratner
- Medical Oncology Section, Hematology-Oncology Faculty, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, WA, USA
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Hiyoshi M, Okuma K, Tateyama S, Takizawa K, Saito M, Kuramitsu M, Araki K, Morishita K, Okada S, Yamamoto N, Biragyn A, Yamaguchi K, Hamaguchi I. Furin-dependent CCL17-fused recombinant toxin controls HTLV-1 infection by targeting and eliminating infected CCR4-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo. Retrovirology 2015; 12:73. [PMID: 26289727 PMCID: PMC4545545 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0199-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. However, there are no therapies to prevent ATL development in high-risk asymptomatic carriers. To develop a therapy targeting HTLV-1-infected cells that are known to express CCR4 frequently, we tested whether truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) fused to a CCR4 ligand, CCL17/thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), selectively eliminates such cells. RESULTS Our data show that TARC-PE38 efficiently killed HTLV-1-infected cell lines. It also shrank HTLV-1-associated solid tumors in an infected-cell-engrafted mouse model. In HTLV-1-positive humanized mice, TARC-PE38 markedly inhibited the proliferation of HTLV-1-infected human CD4(+)CD25(+) or CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) cells and reduced the proviral loads (PVLs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Importantly, TARC-PE38 significantly reduced the PVLs in PBMCs obtained from asymptomatic carriers. We show that the cytotoxicity of TARC-PE38 is mediated by the expression of the proprotein convertase, furin. The expression of furin was enhanced in HTLV-1-infected cells and correlated positively with PVLs in HTLV-1-infected individuals, suggesting that infected cells are more susceptible to TARC-PE38 than normal cells. CONCLUSIONS TARC-PE38 robustly controls HTLV-1 infection by eliminating infected cells in both a CCR4- and furin-dependent manner, indicating the excellent therapeutic potential of TARC-PE38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Hiyoshi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Seiji Tateyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan. .,Medical Facilities Support Department, Micron Inc., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0005, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Takizawa
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Masumichi Saito
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kumiko Araki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan.
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Kazunari Yamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan.
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Inghirami G, Chan WC, Pileri S. Peripheral T-cell and NK cell lymphoproliferative disorders: cell of origin, clinical and pathological implications. Immunol Rev 2015; 263:124-59. [PMID: 25510275 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with distinct clinical-biological properties. The normal cellular counterpart of these processes has been postulated based on functional and immunophenotypic analyses. However, T lymphocytes have been proven to be remarkably capable of modulating their properties, adapting their function in relationship with multiple stimuli and to the microenvironment. This impressive plasticity is determined by the equilibrium among a pool of transcription factors and by DNA chromatin regulators. It is now proven that the acquisition of specific genomic defects leads to the enforcement/activation of distinct pathways, which ultimately alter the preferential activation of defined regulators, forcing the neoplastic cells to acquire features and phenotypes distant from their original fate. Thus, dissecting the landscape of the genetic defects and their functional consequences in T-cell neoplasms is critical not only to pinpoint the origin of these tumors but also to define innovative mechanisms to re-adjust an unbalanced state to which the tumor cells have become addicted and make them vulnerable to therapies and targetable by the immune system. In our review, we briefly describe the pathological and clinical aspects of the T-cell lymphoma subtypes as well as NK-cell lymphomas and then focus on the current understanding of their pathogenesis and the implications on diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Pathology, and NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a progressive disease of the CNS that causes weakness or paralysis of the legs, lower back pain and urinary symptoms. HAM/TSP was first described in Jamaica in the nineteenth century, but the aetiology of the condition, infection with the retrovirus HTLV-1, was only identified in the 1980s. HAM/TSP causes chronic disability and, accordingly, imposes a substantial health burden in areas where HTLV-1 infection is endemic. Since the discovery of the cause of HAM/TSP, considerable advances have been made in the understanding of the virology, immunology, cell biology and pathology of HTLV-1 infection and its associated diseases. However, progress has been limited by the lack of accurate animal models of the disease. Moreover, the treatment of HAM/TSP remains highly unsatisfactory: antiretroviral drugs have little impact on the infection and, although potential disease-modifying therapies are widely used, their value is unproved. At present, clinical management is focused on symptomatic treatment and counselling. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of HAM/TSP and identify areas in which further research is needed. For an illustrated summary of this Primer, visit: http://go.nature.com/tjZCFM.
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Lou H, Fang J, Li P, Zhou W, Wang Y, Fan E, Li Y, Wang H, Liu Z, Xiao L, Wang C, Zhang L. Frequency, suppressive capacity, recruitment and induction mechanisms of regulatory T cells in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma and nasal inverted papilloma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126463. [PMID: 26020249 PMCID: PMC4447263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SSCC) and nasal inverted papilloma (NIP) represent the predominant type of malignant and benign tumors in sinonasal tract, respectively. CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ natural regulatory T (Treg) cells might play critical role(s) in the suppression of anti-tumor immune response and thus shed light on tumor progression from benign to malignant. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and suppressive capacity of Treg cells in SSCC compared to NIP and further to explore the underlying mechanisms. Patients and Methods Frequencies of Treg, Th1 and Th2 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry in tissue homogenate and peripheral blood from 31 SSCC patients, 32 NIP patients and 35 normal controls. Treg cells were tested for regulatory function by co-culture with effector T cells. CCR4 and its ligands, CCL22 and CCL17, were analyzed by flow cytometry and Luminex, respectively. The chemoattractant properties of CCR4/CCL22 and CCR4/CCL17 for Treg cells were assessed using the Boyden chamber technique, to elucidate the potential mechanisms of Treg recruitment in tumor microenvironment. Treg cells induction via TGF-β was assessed with transwells after local CD4+Foxp3+ T cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry and TGF-β concentration was measured by Luminex. Results Tumor-infiltrating Treg cells increased significantly from normal to NIP to SSCC (P ≤ 0.001 for normal vs. NIP and P = 0.004 for NIP vs. SSCC). Significantly elevated frequency and enhanced suppression capacity of circulating Treg cells in SSCC were detected compared to NIP and healthy controls, concomitant with Th1 decrease and Th2 increase. Apparently increased CCL22 attracted CCR4-expressing Treg cells to tumor microenvironment in SSCC, compared to NIP. SSCC produced significantly more TGF-β than NIP and thus possessed greater potential for Treg cell induction. Conclusion Frequency and suppressive capacity of Treg cells enhanced with progression of malignancy from NIP to SSCC. Circulating Treg cells were recruited to tumor tissue via CCR4/CCL22 signalling, whereas tumor-synthesised TGF-β contributed to induction of peripheral Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jugao Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pingdong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weiguo Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Erzhong Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhongyan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Sections of Pulmonary & Cardiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chengshuo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (CW); (LZ)
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of nasal diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (CW); (LZ)
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Nakamura H, Takahashi Y, Yamamoto-Fukuda T, Horai Y, Nakashima Y, Arima K, Nakamura T, Koji T, Kawakami A. Direct Infection of Primary Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells by Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type I in Patients With Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1096-106. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nakamura
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Yoshiko Takahashi
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | | | - Yoshiro Horai
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Arima
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | | | - Takehiko Koji
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
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Bischoff L, Alvarez S, Dai DL, Soukhatcheva G, Orban PC, Verchere CB. Cellular mechanisms of CCL22-mediated attenuation of autoimmune diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3054-64. [PMID: 25740943 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β cells in type 1 diabetes and islet transplantation involves a variety of immune pathways but is primarily mediated by self-reactive T cells. Chemokines can modulate local immune responses in inflammation and tumors by recruiting immune cells. We have reported that expression of the chemokine CCL22 in pancreatic β cells in the NOD mouse prevents autoimmune attack by recruiting T regulatory cells (Tregs), protecting mice from diabetes. In this study we show that invariant NKT cells are also recruited to CCL22-expressing islet transplants and are required for CCL22-mediated protection from autoimmunity. Moreover, CCL22 induces an influx of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which correlates with higher levels of IDO in CCL22-expressing islet grafts. In addition to its chemotactic properties, we found that CCL22 activates Tregs and promotes their ability to induce expression of IDO by dendritic cells. Islet CCL22 expression thus produces a tolerogenic milieu through the interplay of Tregs, invariant NKT cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which results in suppression of effector T cell responses and protection of β cells. The immunomodulatory properties of CCL22 could be harnessed for prevention of graft rejection and type 1 diabetes as well as other autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine Bischoff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; and
| | - Sigrid Alvarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; and
| | - Derek L Dai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; and
| | - Galina Soukhatcheva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; and
| | - Paul C Orban
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; and
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; and Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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HTLV-1-associated infective dermatitis demonstrates low frequency of FOXP3-positive T-regulatory lymphocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 77:150-5. [PMID: 25676425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1-associated infective dermatitis (ID) is a rare severe chronic eczema, considered as a harbinger for the development of cutaneous adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and/or HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP). The pathogenesis of ID remains unclear. High numbers of peripheral blood CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been reported in ATLL and HAM/TSP. OBJECTIVE To investigate the status of Tregs, unknown to date, and the histopathological features of ID. METHODS We studied 16 skin biopsies from 15 Peruvian adults and children with ID by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Histopathological patterns were seborrheic dermatitis-like and lichenoid. Intraepidermal lymphocytes were conspicuous. The infiltrate was composed of a CD3+ T cell infiltrate with a predominance of CD8+ over CD4+ cells. CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Tregs were rare and their numbers were significantly lower than those reported in other inflammatory dermatoses. CONCLUSION Tregs have an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis of skin. Treg dysregulation ends in severe clinical manifestations. The clinical presentation of ID, with lesions resembling those seen in patients with atopic dermatitis and with mutations in the FoxP3 gene, is in agreement with a common Treg-deficient skin environment in these disorders, possibly secondary to HTLV-1 infection.
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Control of the inflammatory response mechanisms mediated by natural and induced regulatory T-cells in HCV-, HTLV-1-, and EBV-associated cancers. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:564296. [PMID: 25525301 PMCID: PMC4267219 DOI: 10.1155/2014/564296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are involved in chronic inflammation and, in some cases, cancer development. Although a viral infection activates the immune system's response that eradicates the pathogen mainly through inflammatory mechanisms, it is now recognized that this inflammatory condition is also favorable to the development of tumors. Indeed, it is well described that viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) or human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), are important risk factors for tumor malignancies. The inflammatory response is a fundamental immune mechanism which involves several molecular and cellular components consisting of cytokines and chemokines that are released by various proinflammatory cells. In parallel to this process, some endogenous recruited components release anti-inflammatory mediators to restore homeostasis. The development of tools and strategies using viruses to hijack the immune response is mostly linked to the presence of regulatory T-cells (Treg) that can inhibit inflammation and antiviral responses of other effector cells. In this review, we will focus on current understanding of the role of natural and induced Treg in the control and the resolution of inflammatory response in HCV-, HTLV-1-, and EBV-associated cancers.
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Conniot J, Silva JM, Fernandes JG, Silva LC, Gaspar R, Brocchini S, Florindo HF, Barata TS. Cancer immunotherapy: nanodelivery approaches for immune cell targeting and tracking. Front Chem 2014; 2:105. [PMID: 25505783 PMCID: PMC4244808 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2014.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common diseases afflicting people globally. New therapeutic approaches are needed due to the complexity of cancer as a disease. Many current treatments are very toxic and have modest efficacy at best. Increased understanding of tumor biology and immunology has allowed the development of specific immunotherapies with minimal toxicity. It is important to highlight the performance of monoclonal antibodies, immune adjuvants, vaccines and cell-based treatments. Although these approaches have shown varying degrees of clinical efficacy, they illustrate the potential to develop new strategies. Targeted immunotherapy is being explored to overcome the heterogeneity of malignant cells and the immune suppression induced by both the tumor and its microenvironment. Nanodelivery strategies seek to minimize systemic exposure to target therapy to malignant tissue and cells. Intracellular penetration has been examined through the use of functionalized particulates. These nano-particulate associated medicines are being developed for use in imaging, diagnostics and cancer targeting. Although nano-particulates are inherently complex medicines, the ability to confer, at least in principle, different types of functionality allows for the plausible consideration these nanodelivery strategies can be exploited for use as combination medicines. The development of targeted nanodelivery systems in which therapeutic and imaging agents are merged into a single platform is an attractive strategy. Currently, several nanoplatform-based formulations, such as polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes and dendrimers are in preclinical and clinical stages of development. Herein, nanodelivery strategies presently investigated for cancer immunotherapy, cancer targeting mechanisms and nanocarrier functionalization methods will be described. We also intend to discuss the emerging nano-based approaches suitable to be used as imaging techniques and as cancer treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conniot
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana M Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana G Fernandes
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liana C Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rogério Gaspar
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Steve Brocchini
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa S Barata
- EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Emergent Macromolecular Therapies, UCL School of Pharmacy London, UK
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Araya N, Sato T, Ando H, Tomaru U, Yoshida M, Coler-Reilly A, Yagishita N, Yamauchi J, Hasegawa A, Kannagi M, Hasegawa Y, Takahashi K, Kunitomo Y, Tanaka Y, Nakajima T, Nishioka K, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3431-42. [PMID: 24960164 PMCID: PMC4109535 DOI: 10.1172/jci75250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is linked to multiple diseases, including the neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Evidence suggests that HTLV-1, via the viral protein Tax, exploits CD4+ T cell plasticity and induces transcriptional changes in infected T cells that cause suppressive CD4+CD25+CCR4+ Tregs to lose expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 and produce IFN-γ, thus promoting inflammation. We hypothesized that transformation of HTLV-1-infected CCR4+ T cells into Th1-like cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Here, using patient cells and cell lines, we demonstrated that Tax, in cooperation with specificity protein 1 (Sp1), boosts expression of the Th1 master regulator T box transcription factor (T-bet) and consequently promotes production of IFN-γ. Evaluation of CSF and spinal cord lesions of HAM/TSP patients revealed the presence of abundant CD4+CCR4+ T cells that coexpressed the Th1 marker CXCR3 and produced T-bet and IFN-γ. Finally, treatment of isolated PBMCs and CNS cells from HAM/TSP patients with an antibody that targets CCR4+ T cells and induces cytotoxicity in these cells reduced both viral load and IFN-γ production, which suggests that targeting CCR4+ T cells may be a viable treatment option for HAM/TSP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/genetics
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, CCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR4/immunology
- Receptors, CCR4/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katsunori Takahashi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuo Kunitomo
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kusuki Nishioka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Miyazato P, Matsuoka M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and Foxp3 expression: viral strategy in vivo. Int Immunol 2014; 26:419-25. [PMID: 24792037 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and inflammatory diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, uveitis and infective dermatitis. However, it remains to be elucidated how HTLV-1 induces both neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. A critical component in the Treg-cell machinery is the transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), which is expressed in ~5% of CD4(+) T cells of healthy individuals. Foxp3 is expressed in around 80% of ATL cases. Recent studies point to the capacity of Treg cells to convert to other cell types, even to those with an inflammatory phenotype. These characteristics might indicate that Treg cells might be playing a critical role in HTLV-1 infection, either by being targeted by the virus or by regulating and modulating the immune response. In this review, we will discuss the interplay between Foxp3 expression and HTLV-1, focusing on important viral proteins that might help the virus to trigger the development of such diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Miyazato
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Barros N, Risco J, Rodríguez C, Sánchez C, González E, Tanaka Y, Gotuzzo E, White AC, Montes M. CD4+ T cell subsets and Tax expression in HTLV-1 associated diseases. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 107:202-6. [PMID: 23816512 DOI: 10.1179/2047773213y.0000000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection displays variable clinical manifestations. These include inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (HAM) or immunosuppressive conditions such as Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection. The viral protein, Tax causes activation and proliferation of T cells. We hypothesize that the expression of Tax in T cell subsets characterizes the clinical manifestations of HTLV-1. To test this hypothesis, we measured T helper 1 effector cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) among Tax expressing lymphocytes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 32 HTLV-1 infected patients with HAM, with S. stercoralis co-infection or with asymptomatic infection. We observed increased ratios of Th1/Treg among Tax expressing lymphocytes in HAM patients. These data suggest that the expression of Tax among the different target cells may explain the variable presentation of HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Barros
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana, Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Lima, Peru
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Saito M. Neuroimmunological aspects of human T cell leukemia virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. J Neurovirol 2013; 20:164-74. [PMID: 23943469 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus etiologically associated with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Only approximately 0.25-4 % of infected individuals develop HAM/TSP; the majority of infected individuals remain lifelong asymptomatic carriers. Recent data suggest that immunological aspects of host-virus interactions might play an important role in the development and pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. This review outlines and discusses the current understanding, ongoing developments, and future perspectives of HAM/TSP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineki Saito
- Department of Microbiology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, 701-0192, Japan,
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Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Passos L, Duarte MC, Araújo MG, Campi-Azevedo AC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Trindade BC, dos Santos Dias R, Martins ML, Carneiro-Proietti ABDF, Guedes AC, Gonçalves DU, Martins-Filho OA. Immunological profile of HTLV-1-infected patients associated with infectious or autoimmune dermatological disorders. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2328. [PMID: 23936564 PMCID: PMC3723575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the frequency, the activation and the cytokine and chemokine profile of HTLV-1 carriers with or without dermatological lesions were thoroughly described and compared. The results indicated that HTLV-1-infected patients with dermatological lesions have distinct frequency and activation status when compared to asymptomatic carriers. Alterations in the CD4(+)HLA-DR(+), CD8(+) T cell, macrophage-like and NKT subsets as well as in the serum chemokines CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9 and CXCL10 were observed in the HTLV-1-infected group with skin lesions. Additionally, HTLV-1 carriers with dermatological skin lesions showed more frequently high proviral load as compared to asymptomatic carriers. The elevated proviral load in HTLV-1 patients with infectious skin lesions correlated significantly with TNF-α/IL-10 ratio, while the same significant correlation was found for the IL-12/IL-10 ratio and the high proviral load in HTLV-1-infected patients with autoimmune skin lesions. All in all, these results suggest a distinct and unique immunological profile in the peripheral blood of HTLV-1-infected patients with skin disorders, and the different nature of skin lesion observed in these patients may be an outcome of a distinct unbalance of the systemic inflammatory response upon HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Grazziela Alves Coelho-dos-Reis
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Livia Passos
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Grossi Araújo
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruno Caetano Trindade
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel dos Santos Dias
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marina Lobato Martins
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio Carlos Guedes
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise Utsch Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Instituto René Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Interdisciplinary HTLV Research Group – GIPH – HEMOMINAS, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Leal FE, Ndhlovu LC, Hasenkrug AM, Bruno FR, Carvalho KI, Wynn-Williams H, Neto WK, Sanabani SS, Segurado AC, Nixon DF, Kallas EG. Expansion in CD39⁺ CD4⁺ immunoregulatory t cells and rarity of Th17 cells in HTLV-1 infected patients is associated with neurological complications. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2028. [PMID: 23409198 PMCID: PMC3566991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 infection is associated with several inflammatory disorders, including the neurodegenerative condition HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is unclear why a minority of infected subjects develops HAM/TSP. CD4⁺ T cells are the main target of infection and play a pivotal role in regulating immunity to HTLV and are hypothesized to participate in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. The CD39 ectonucleotidase receptor is expressed on CD4⁺ T cells and based on co-expression with CD25, marks T cells with distinct regulatory (CD39⁺CD25⁺) and effector (CD39⁺CD25⁻) function. Here, we investigated the expression of CD39 on CD4⁺ T cells from a cohort of HAM/TSP patients, HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (AC), and matched uninfected controls. The frequency of CD39⁺ CD4⁺ T cells was increased in HTLV-1 infected patients, regardless of clinical status. More importantly, the proportion of the immunostimulatory CD39⁺CD25⁻ CD4⁺ T-cell subset was significantly elevated in HAM/TSP patients as compared to AC and phenotypically had lower levels of the immunoinhibitory receptor, PD-1. We saw no difference in the frequency of CD39⁺CD25⁺ regulatory (Treg) cells between AC and HAM/TSP patients. However, these cells transition from being anergic to displaying a polyfunctional cytokine response following HTLV-1 infection. CD39⁻CD25⁺ T cell subsets predominantly secreted the inflammatory cytokine IL-17. We found that HAM/TSP patients had significantly fewer numbers of IL-17 secreting CD4⁺ T cells compared to uninfected controls. Taken together, we show that the expression of CD39 is upregulated on CD4⁺ T cells HAM/TSP patients. This upregulation may play a role in the development of the proinflammatory milieu through pathways both distinct and separate among the different CD39 T cell subsets. CD39 upregulation may therefore serve as a surrogate diagnostic marker of progression and could potentially be a target for interventions to reduce the development of HAM/TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio E. Leal
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Hawaii Center of AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Hawaii Center of AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Hasenkrug
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fernanda R. Bruno
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karina I. Carvalho
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Harry Wynn-Williams
- Hawaii Center of AIDS, Department of Tropical Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Walter K. Neto
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Fundação Pró-Sangue, Hemocentro de São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabri S. Sanabani
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aluisio C. Segurado
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- The Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- Deparment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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42
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Trindade BC, Sorgi CA, Nicolete LDDF, Malta TM, Pinto MT, Takayanagui OM, Covas DT, Filho OAM, Kashima S, Faccioli LH. Leukotrienes are upregulated and associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated neuroinflammatory disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51873. [PMID: 23284797 PMCID: PMC3527467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are lipid mediators involved in several inflammatory disorders. We investigated the LT pathway in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection by evaluating LT levels in HTLV-1-infected patients classified according to the clinical status as asymptomatic carriers (HACs) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients. Bioactive LTB4 and CysLTs were both increased in the plasma and in the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures of HTLV-1-infected when compared to non-infected. Interestingly, CysLT concentrations were increased in HAM/TSP patients. Also, the concentration of plasma LTB4 and LTC4 positively correlated with the HTLV-1 proviral load in HTLV-1-infected individuals. The gene expression levels of LT receptors were differentially modulated in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of HTLV-1-infected patients. Analysis of the overall plasma signature of immune mediators demonstrated that LT and chemokine amounts were elevated during HTLV-1 infection. Importantly, in addition to CysLTs, IP-10 was also identified as a biomarker for HAM/TSP activity. These data suggest that LTs are likely to be associated with HTLV-1 infection and HAM/TSP development, suggesting their putative use for clinical monitoring.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Female
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Leukotrienes/genetics
- Leukotrienes/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/metabolism
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Proviruses/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Leukotriene/genetics
- Receptors, Leukotriene/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Caetano Trindade
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia das Parasitoses, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Artério Sorgi
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia das Parasitoses, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tathiane Maistro Malta
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular/Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tomazini Pinto
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular/Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Massaiti Takayanagui
- Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimas Tadeu Covas
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular/Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins Filho
- Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Simone Kashima
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular/Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Faccioli
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunologia das Parasitoses, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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43
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Messina JL, Fenstermacher DA, Eschrich S, Qu X, Berglund AE, Lloyd MC, Schell MJ, Sondak VK, Weber JS, Mulé JJ. 12-Chemokine gene signature identifies lymph node-like structures in melanoma: potential for patient selection for immunotherapy? Sci Rep 2012; 2:765. [PMID: 23097687 PMCID: PMC3479449 DOI: 10.1038/srep00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We have interrogated a 12-chemokine gene expression signature (GES) on genomic arrays of 14,492 distinct solid tumors and show broad distribution across different histologies. We hypothesized that this 12-chemokine GES might accurately predict a unique intratumoral immune reaction in stage IV (non-locoregional) melanoma metastases. The 12-chemokine GES predicted the presence of unique, lymph node-like structures, containing CD20⁺ B cell follicles with prominent areas of CD3⁺ T cells (both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ subsets). CD86⁺, but not FoxP3⁺, cells were present within these unique structures as well. The direct correlation between the 12-chemokine GES score and the presence of unique, lymph nodal structures was also associated with better overall survival of the subset of melanoma patients. The use of this novel 12-chemokine GES may reveal basic information on in situ mechanisms of the anti-tumor immune response, potentially leading to improvements in the identification and selection of melanoma patients most suitable for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Messina
- Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa, FL, USA ; the Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL, USA
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Tattermusch S, Bangham CRM. HTLV-1 infection: what determines the risk of inflammatory disease? Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:494-500. [PMID: 22917680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an exogenous retrovirus that persists lifelong in the infected host. Infection has been linked to a spectrum of diverse diseases: adult T cell leukemia, encephalomyelopathy, and predisposition to opportunistic bacterial and helminth infections. Applications of new technologies and biological concepts to the field have provided new insights into viral persistence and pathogenesis in HTLV-1 infection. Here, we summarize the emerging concepts of dynamic HTLV-1-host interactions and propose that chronic interferon (IFN) production causes tissue damage in HTLV-1-associated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Tattermusch
- Imperial College London, Department of Immunology, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
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45
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D'Agostino DM, Zanovello P, Watanabe T, Ciminale V. The microRNA regulatory network in normal- and HTLV-1-transformed T cells. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 113:45-83. [PMID: 22429852 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394280-7.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent efforts to understand the molecular networks governing normal T cell development and driving the neoplastic transformation of T cells have brought to light the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of noncoding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. In the present review, we compare the expression profiles of miRNAs in normal T cell development to that of transformed T cells using as a model adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, an aggressive malignancy of mature CD4+ T cells that is caused by infection with human T cell leukemia virus type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M D'Agostino
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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46
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Satou Y, Utsunomiya A, Tanabe J, Nakagawa M, Nosaka K, Matsuoka M. HTLV-1 modulates the frequency and phenotype of FoxP3+CD4+ T cells in virus-infected individuals. Retrovirology 2012; 9:46. [PMID: 22647666 PMCID: PMC3403885 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HTLV-1 utilizes CD4 T cells as the main host cell and maintains the proviral load via clonal proliferation of infected CD4+ T cells. Infection of CD4+ T cells by HTLV-1 is therefore thought to play a pivotal role in HTLV-1-related pathogenicity, including leukemia/lymphoma of CD4+ T cells and chronic inflammatory diseases. Recently, it has been reported that a proportion of HTLV-1 infected CD4+ T cells express FoxP3, a master molecule of regulatory T cells. However, crucial questions remain unanswered on the relationship between HTLV-1 infection and FoxP3 expression. RESULTS To investigate the effect of HTLV-1 infection on CD4+ T-cell subsets, we used flow cytometry to analyze the T-cell phenotype and HTLV-1 infection in peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of four groups of subjects, including 23 HTLV-1-infected asymptomatic carriers (AC), 10 patients with HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), 10 patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), and 10 healthy donors. The frequency of FoxP3+ cells in CD4+ T cells in AC with high proviral load and patients with HAM/TSP or ATL was higher than that in uninfected individuals. The proviral load was positively correlated with the percentage of CD4+ T cells that were FoxP3+. The CD4+FoxP3+ T cells, themselves, were frequently infected with HTLV-1. We conclude that FoxP3+ T- cells are disproportionately infected with HTLV-1 during chronic infection. We next focused on PBMCs of HAM/TSP patients. The expression levels of the Treg associated molecules CTLA-4 and GITR were decreased in CD4+FoxP3+ T cells. Further we characterized FoxP3+CD4+ T-cell subsets by staining CD45RA and FoxP3, which revealed an increase in CD45RA-FoxP3low non-suppressive T-cells. These findings can reconcile the inflammatory phenotype of HAM/TSP with the observed increase in frequency of FoxP3+ cells. Finally, we analyzed ATL cells and observed not only a high frequency of FoxP3 expression but also wide variation in FoxP3 expression level among individual cases. CONCLUSIONS HTLV-1 infection induces an abnormal frequency and phenotype of FoxP3+CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorifumi Satou
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Current address: Immunology Section, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, 890-0064, Japan
| | - Junko Tanabe
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakagawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kisato Nosaka
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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47
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Cancer/testis antigens are novel targets of immunotherapy for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2012; 119:3097-104. [PMID: 22323448 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-379982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an intractable hematologic malignancy caused by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), which infects approximately 20 million people worldwide. Here, we have explored the possible expression of cancer/testis (CT) antigens by ATLL cells, as CT antigens are widely recognized as ideal targets of cancer immunotherapy against solid tumors. A high percentage (87.7%) of ATLL cases (n = 57) expressed CT antigens at the mRNA level: NY-ESO-1 (61.4%), MAGE-A3 (31.6%), and MAGE-A4 (61.4%). CT antigen expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. This contrasts with other types of lymphoma or leukemia, which scarcely express these CT antigens. Humoral immune responses, particularly against NY-ESO-1, were detected in 11.6% (5 of 43) and NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses were observed in 55.6% (5 of 9) of ATLL patients. NY-ESO-1-specific CD8(+) T cells recognized autologous ATLL cells and produced effector cytokines. Thus, ATLL cells characteristically express CT antigens and therefore vaccination with CT antigens can be an effective immunotherapy of ATLL.
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48
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Immunopathogenesis of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis: recent perspectives. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2012. [PMID: 23198155 PMCID: PMC3505925 DOI: 10.1155/2012/259045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is a replication-competent human retrovirus associated with two distinct types of disease only in a minority of infected individuals: the malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and a chronic inflammatory central nervous system disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is a chronic progressive myelopathy characterized by spastic paraparesis, sphincter dysfunction, and mild sensory disturbance in the lower extremities. Although the factors that cause these different manifestations of HTLV-1 infection are not fully understood, accumulating evidence from host population genetics, viral genetics, DNA expression microarrays, and assays of lymphocyte function suggests that complex virus-host interactions and the host immune response play an important role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Especially, the efficiency of an individual's cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response to HTLV-1 limits the HTLV-1 proviral load and the risk of HAM/TSP. This paper focuses on the recent advances in HAM/TSP research with the aim to identify the precise mechanisms of disease, in order to develop effective treatment and prevention.
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Bayry J. Chemokine axis as a therapeutic target to enhance the recruitment of Tregs and treat organ-specific autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Immunotherapy 2012; 4:9-12. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 872, 15 rue de l’Ecole de Médicine, Paris, F-75006, France and Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 16- Immunopathology and therapeutic immunointervention, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, UMR S 872, Paris, F-75006, France and Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, F-75006, France and International Associated Laboratory IMPACT at National Institute of Immunohaemotology, Mumbai, Institut National de la Santé et de la
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50
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Balkwill FR. The chemokine system and cancer. J Pathol 2011; 226:148-57. [PMID: 21989643 DOI: 10.1002/path.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines (chemo-attractant cytokines) are a group of small proteins that act together with their cell surface receptors, in development, normal physiology and immune responses, to direct cells to specific locations throughout the body. Cancer cells acquire the ability to subvert the chemokine system, such that these molecules and their receptors become important regulators of cell movement into and out of the tumour microenvironment and major players in cancer biology.
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