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Temchura V, Wagner JT, Damm D. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines: Danger Signal vs. Helping Hand. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 38258035 PMCID: PMC10818441 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a predominant problem in human health. While the incidence of many pathogenic infections is controlled by vaccines, some pathogens still pose a challenging task for vaccine researchers. In order to face these challenges, the field of vaccine development has changed tremendously over the last few years. For non-replicating recombinant antigens, novel vaccine delivery systems that attempt to increase the immunogenicity by mimicking structural properties of pathogens are already approved for clinical applications. Lipid-based nanoparticles (LbNPs) of different natures are vesicles made of lipid layers with aqueous cavities, which may carry antigens and other biomolecules either displayed on the surface or encapsulated in the cavity. However, the efficacy profile of recombinant LbNP vaccines is not as high as that of live-attenuated ones. This review gives a compendious picture of two approaches that affect the immunogenicity of recombinant LbNP vaccines: (i) the incorporation of immunostimulatory agents and (ii) the utilization of pre-existing or promiscuous cellular immunity, which might be beneficial for the development of tailored prophylactic and therapeutic LbNP vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Temchura
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | | | - Dominik Damm
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
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Zhou S, Luo Y, Lovell JF. Vaccine approaches for antigen capture by liposomes. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:1022-1040. [PMID: 37878481 PMCID: PMC10872528 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2274479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liposomes have been used as carriers for vaccine adjuvants and antigens due to their inherent biocompatibility and versatility as delivery vehicles. Two vial admixture of protein antigens with liposome-formulated immunostimulatory adjuvants has become a broadly used clinical vaccine preparation approach. Compared to freely soluble antigens, liposome-associated forms can enhance antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells and co-deliver antigens with adjuvants, leading to improved vaccine efficacy. AREAS COVERED Several antigen-capture strategies for liposomal vaccines have been developed for proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids. Specific antigen delivery methodologies are discussed, including electrostatic adsorption, encapsulation inside the liposome aqueous core, and covalent and non-covalent antigen capture. EXPERT OPINION Several commercial vaccines include active lipid components, highlighting an increasingly prominent role of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles in vaccine development. Utilizing liposomes to associate antigens offers potential advantages, including antigen and adjuvant dose-sparing, co-delivery of antigen and adjuvant to immune cells, and enhanced immunogenicity. Antigen capture by liposomes has demonstrated feasibility in clinical testing. New antigen-capture techniques have been developed and appear to be of interest for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Flagellin Improves the Immune Response of an Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Subunit Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111780. [DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin activates the immune system through Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and can work as an adjuvant for subunit vaccines. In this study, we tested the adjuvancy of two different N-terminal fragments of flagellin, (1) FliC99, residues 1–99, and (2) FliC176, residues 1–176, to incorporate larger areas of the hotspot region for potentially higher levels of TLR5 activation and immune response. A truncated version of the VP2 protein (name tVP2, residues 199–356) of the Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was genetically linked to the flagellin constructs, and the immune response was evaluated in chickens. Results showed that both chimeric antigen–adjuvant constructs increased humoral (total IgG titers), cellular and cytokine immune response (IL-4, IFN-γ). The resulting antibody also successfully neutralized IBDV. We conclude that the N-terminus of flagellin can act as an immune activator to enhance vaccine efficacy.
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Lu Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Deng Z, Fang W, He F. The truncated form of flagellin (tFlic) provides the 2dCap subunit vaccine with better immunogenicity and protective effects in mice. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022; 2:11. [PMID: 35669451 PMCID: PMC9160859 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases, and it causes substantial economic losses in the swine industry each year. It is crucial to develop an effective vaccine against the circulating strain PCV2d, which is prone to substantial degrees of mutation. In this study, a truncated form of flagellin (tFlic: 85-111 aa) was inserted into the C-terminal sequence of 2dCap, and Western blotting results showed that recombinant Cap-tFlic VLPs were successfully expressed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) data indicated that purified recombinant Cap-tFlic fusion proteins existed in the form of polymers and that tFlic could not affect the formation and internalization of VLPs. Integrated Cap-tFlic VLPs induced the expression of antigen presentation-related factors (MHC-II and CD86) by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs), and the expression of TLR5-related factors (TNF-α) was dramatically elevated. Mice intramuscularly immunized with Cap-tFlic VLPs exhibited significantly higher levels of Cap-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than mice immunized with wild-type Cap VLPs. The data obtained in the current study indicate that Cap-tFlic may be a candidate for a subunit vaccine against PCV2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zehui Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yingxiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhuofan Deng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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5
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Mekadim C, Skalnikova HK, Cizkova J, Cizkova V, Palanova A, Horak V, Mrazek J. Dysbiosis of skin microbiome and gut microbiome in melanoma progression. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:63. [PMID: 35216552 PMCID: PMC8881828 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiome alterations are associated with cancer growth and may influence the immune system and response to therapy. Particularly, the gut microbiome has been recently shown to modulate response to melanoma immunotherapy. However, the role of the skin microbiome has not been well explored in the skin tumour microenvironment and the link between the gut microbiome and skin microbiome has not been investigated in melanoma progression. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine associations between dysbiosis in the skin and gut microbiome and the melanoma growth using MeLiM porcine model of melanoma progression and spontaneous regression. Results Parallel analysis of cutaneous microbiota and faecal microbiota of the same individuals was performed in 8 to 12 weeks old MeLiM piglets. The bacterial composition of samples was analysed by high throughput sequencing of the V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene. A significant difference in microbiome diversity and richness between melanoma tissue and healthy skin and between the faecal microbiome of MeLiM piglets and control piglets were observed. Both Principal Coordinate Analysis and Non-metric multidimensional scaling revealed dissimilarities between different bacterial communities. Linear discriminant analysis effect size at the genus level determined different potential biomarkers in multiple bacterial communities. Lactobacillus, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Corynebacterium 1 were the most discriminately higher genera in the healthy skin microbiome, while Fusobacterium, Trueperella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Bacteroides were discriminately abundant in melanoma tissue microbiome. Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Escherichia-Shigella were associated with the faecal microbiota of MeLiM piglets. Potential functional pathways analysis based on the KEGG database indicated significant differences in the predicted profile metabolisms between the healthy skin microbiome and melanoma tissue microbiome. The faecal microbiome of MeLiM piglets was enriched by genes related to membrane transports pathways allowing for the increase of intestinal permeability and alteration of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Conclusion The associations between melanoma progression and dysbiosis in the skin microbiome as well as dysbiosis in the gut microbiome were identified. Results provide promising information for further studies on the local skin and gut microbiome involvement in melanoma progression and may support the development of new therapeutic approaches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02458-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahrazed Mekadim
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Kupcova Skalnikova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Cizkova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic.,Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Cizkova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Palanova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Vratislav Horak
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburska 89, 277 21, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Mrazek
- Laboratory of Anaerobic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Zhou Y, Liu C, Song H. Innate Immunomodulatory Nanodevices for Cancer Therapy: A Review. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2022; 18:293-318. [PMID: 35484759 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2022.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The newly emerged cancer immunotherapy has shown a great potential in clinical trials. However, most immunotherapeutic strategies focus on restoring and/or enhancing the effector T cell responses, and only a small portion of malignancies respond favorably due to the lacking of T cell infiltration. Recently, the modulation of innate immune system has been applied as an alternative or combined strategy to improve host anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we summarize recent progress in nanotechnology-based innate immunomodulation for cancer therapy. Firstly, we present various types of nanodevices that serve to deliver or mimic the reactions of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as bacterial components, viral DNA or viral RNA, for the stimulation of type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines. We also introduce nanodevice-mediated immunogenic cell death (ICD) for the generation of endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and improvement of immune responses. Moreover, targeted manipulation of specific types of innate immune cells by nanodevices are discussed. Lastly, we describe typical strategies of combining innate immunomodulatory nanodevices with immune checkpoint blockade to amplify the anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Haiyun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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7
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Sun H, Hu W, Yan Y, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Yao X, Teng L, Wang X, Chai D, Zheng J, Wang G. Using PAMPs and DAMPs as adjuvants in cancer vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5546-5557. [PMID: 34520322 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1964316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for cancer has attracted considerable attention. As one of the immunotherapeutics, tumor vaccines exert great potential for cancer immunotherapy. The most important components in tumor vaccines are antigens and adjuvants, which determine the therapeutic safety and efficacy, respectively. After decades of research, many types of adjuvants have been developed. Although these adjuvants can induce strong and long-lasting immune responses in tumor immunity, they also cause more severe toxic side effects and are therefore not suitable for use in humans. With the development of innate immunity research, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are receiving more attention in vaccine design. However, whether they have the potential to become new adjuvants remains to be elucidated. The purpose of this review is to provide newideas for the research and development of new adjuvants by discussing the mechanisms and related functions of PAMPs and DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyou Sun
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Hu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Yan
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zichun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xuefan Yao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ling Teng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Center Of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital Of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Center For The Collaboration And Innovation Of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center Of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital Of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Center For The Collaboration And Innovation Of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Center Of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital Of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Center For The Collaboration And Innovation Of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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8
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Van Herck S, De Geest BG. Nanomedicine-mediated alteration of the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecule cancer immunotherapeutics. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:881-894. [PMID: 32451411 PMCID: PMC7471422 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy is a game changer in cancer therapy with monoclonal antibody- and T cell-based therapeutics being the current flagships. Small molecule immunotherapeutics might offer advantages over the biological drugs in terms of complexity, tissue penetration, manufacturing cost, stability, and shelf life. However, small molecule drugs are prone to rapid systemic distribution, which might induce severe off-target side effects. Nanotechnology could aid in the formulation of the drug molecules to improve their delivery to specific immune cell subsets. In this review we summarize the current efforts in changing the pharmacokinetic profile of small molecule immunotherapeutics with a strong focus on Toll-like receptor agonists. In addition, we give our vision on limitations and future pathways in the route of nanomedicine to the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Van Herck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Golonka RM, Saha P, Yeoh BS, Chattopadhyay S, Gewirtz AT, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M. Harnessing innate immunity to eliminate SARS-CoV-2 and ameliorate COVID-19 disease. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:217-221. [PMID: 32275178 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00033.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Golonka
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Piu Saha
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bina Joe
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- UT Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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Flórez-Álvarez L, Ruiz-Perez L, Taborda N, Hernandez JC. Toll-like receptors as a therapeutic target in cancer, infections and inflammatory diseases. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:311-322. [PMID: 32237938 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed pattern recognition receptors that bind to conserved molecular patterns expressed by pathogens and damaged cells. After recognition, activated TLRs induce the expression of various proinflammatory and antiviral molecules. Thus, TLRs are potential targets for treatment strategies aimed at boosting the adaptive immune response to vaccines, controlling infections, enhancing immune responses during tumor treatment and attenuating immune responses in inflammatory disorders. This Special Report examines the potential of TLRs as targets for the treatment of cancer, infections and inflammatory diseases. Here, we make a particular emphasis on molecules capable of modulating TLRs and their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA; Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lanie Ruiz-Perez
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Natalia Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA; Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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Santos-Sierra S. Developments in anticancer vaccination: budding new adjuvants. Biol Chem 2020; 401:435-446. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe immune system has a limited capacity to recognize and fight cells that become cancerous and in cancer patients, the immune system has to seek the right balance between cancer rejection and host-immunosupression. The tumor milieu builds a protective shell and tumor cells rapidly accumulate mutations that promote antigen variability and immune-escape. Therapeutic vaccination of cancer is a promising strategy the success of which depends on a powerful activation of the cells of the adaptive immune system specific for tumor-cell detection and killing (e.g. CD4+and CD8+T-cells). In the last decades, the search for novel adjuvants that enhance dendritic cell (DC) function and their ability to prime T-cells has flourished and some Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have long been known to be valid immune adjuvants. The implementation of TLR-synthetic agonists in clinical studies of cancer vaccination is replacing the initial use of microbial-derived products with some encouraging results. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest discoveries of TLR-synthetic agonists with adjuvant potential in anti-cancer vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Santos-Sierra
- Section of Biochemical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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12
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Incorporation of a truncated form of flagellin (TFlg) into porcine circovirus type 2 virus-like particles enhances immune responses in mice. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:45. [PMID: 32028949 PMCID: PMC7006081 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important pathogen in the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination remains the principal tool to control PCV2-associated diseases (PCVADs). Current vaccines do not eliminate viral shedding in the environment. To enhance the efficacy of PCV2 vaccines, recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) of PCV2 were generated by fusing a truncated form of flagellin FliC (TFlg: 85-111aa) with the PCV2 capsid protein (Cap). Results The recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and detected using Western blotting. The abilities of the recombinant proteins to assemble into VLPs were observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The protective immune responses of recombinant VLPs were further evaluated by immunization of mice. The results showed that insertion of TFlg into C terminal of the Cap protein did not affect the formation of VLPs and boosted both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. After a challenge with PCV2, in the Cap-TFlg vaccinated group, viremia was milder and viral loads were lower as compared with those in the Cap vaccinated group. Conclusion These results suggest that recombinant VLPs of PCV2 containing a TFlg adjuvant can be used as a promising PCV2 vaccine candidate.
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TLR Agonists as Adjuvants for Cancer Vaccines. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1024:195-212. [PMID: 28921471 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the best characterised families of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play a critical role in the host defence to infection. Accumulating evidence indicates that TLRs also participate in maintaining tissue homeostasis by controlling inflammation and tissue repair, as well as promoting antitumour effects via activation and modulation of adaptive immune responses. TLR agonists have successfully been exploited to ameliorate the efficacy of various cancer therapies. In this chapter, we will discuss the rationales of using TLR agonists as adjuvants to cancer treatments and summarise the recent findings of preclinical and clinical studies of TLR agonist-based cancer therapies.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial flagellin, as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), can activate both innate and adaptive immunity. Its unique structural characteristics endow an effective and flexible adjuvant activity, which allow the design of different types of vaccine strategies to prevent various diseases. This review will discuss recent progress in the mechanism of action of flagellin and its prospects for use as a vaccine adjuvant. AREAS COVERED Herein we summarize various types of information related to flagellin adjuvants from PubMed, including structures, signaling pathways, natural immunity, and extensive applications in vaccines, and it discusses the immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy of flagellin-adjuvanted vaccines in clinical trials. EXPERT COMMENTARY It is widely accepted that as an adjuvant, flagellin can induce an enhanced antigen-specific immune response. Flagellin adjuvants will allow more effective flagellin-based vaccines to enter clinical trials. Furthermore, vaccine formulations containing PAMPs are crucial to exert the maximum potential of vaccine antigens. Therefore, combinations of flagellin-adjuvanted vaccines with other adjuvants that act in a synergistic manner, particularly TLR ligands, represent a promising method for tailoring targeted vaccines to meet specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Cui
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Yuzhen Fang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Peng Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
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Mett V, Komarova EA, Greene K, Bespalov I, Brackett C, Gillard B, Gleiberman AS, Toshkov IA, Aygün-Sunar S, Johnson C, Karasik E, Bapardekar-Nair M, Kurnasov OV, Osterman AL, Stanhope-Baker PS, Morrison C, Moser MT, Foster BA, Gudkov AV. Mobilan: a recombinant adenovirus carrying Toll-like receptor 5 self-activating cassette for cancer immunotherapy. Oncogene 2017; 37:439-449. [PMID: 28967901 PMCID: PMC5799711 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is considered an attractive target for anticancer immunotherapy. TLR5 agonists, bacterial flagellin and engineered flagellin derivatives, have been shown to have potent antitumor and metastasis-suppressive effects in multiple animal models and to be safe in both animals and humans. Anticancer efficacy of TLR5 agonists stems from TLR5-dependent activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that mediates innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses. To extend application of TLR5-targeted anticancer immunotherapy to tumors that do not naturally express TLR5, we created an adenovirus-based vector for intratumor delivery, named Mobilan that drives expression of self-activating TLR5 signaling cassette comprising of human TLR5 and a secreted derivative of Salmonella flagellin structurally analogous to a clinical stage TLR5 agonist, entolimod. Co-expression of TLR5 receptor and agonist in Mobilan-infected cells established an autocrine/paracrine TLR5 signaling loop resulting in constitutive activation of NF-κB both in vitro and in vivo. Injection of Mobilan into primary tumors of the prostate cancer-prone transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice resulted in a strong induction of multiple genes involved in inflammatory responses and mobilization of innate immune cells into the tumors including neutrophils and NK cells and suppressed tumor progression. Intratumoral injection of Mobilan into subcutaneously growing syngeneic prostate tumors in immunocompetent hosts improved animal survival after surgical resection of the tumors, by suppression of tumor metastasis. In addition, vaccination of mice with irradiated Mobilan-transduced prostate tumor cells protected mice against subsequent tumor challenge. These results provide proof-of-concept for Mobilan as a tool for antitumor vaccination that directs TLR5-mediated immune response toward cancer cells and does not require identification of tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Mett
- Cleveland Biolabs Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - E A Komarova
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K Greene
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - I Bespalov
- Cleveland Biolabs Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - C Brackett
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - B Gillard
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - C Johnson
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - E Karasik
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - O V Kurnasov
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - A L Osterman
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - C Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - M T Moser
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - B A Foster
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - A V Gudkov
- Cleveland Biolabs Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA.,Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Biotechnology approaches to produce potent, self-adjuvanting antigen-adjuvant fusion protein subunit vaccines. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:375-389. [PMID: 28288861 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Traditional vaccination approaches (e.g. live attenuated or killed microorganisms) are among the most effective means to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. These approaches, nevertheless, have failed to yield successful vaccines against many important pathogens. To overcome this problem, methods have been developed to identify microbial components, against which protective immune responses can be elicited. Subunit antigens identified by these approaches enable the production of defined vaccines, with improved safety profiles. However, they are generally poorly immunogenic, necessitating their administration with potent immunostimulatory adjuvants. Since few safe and effective adjuvants are currently used in vaccines approved for human use, with those available displaying poor potency, or an inability to stimulate the types of immune responses required for vaccines against specific diseases (e.g. cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) to treat cancers), the development of new vaccines will be aided by the availability of characterized platforms of new adjuvants, improving our capacity to rationally select adjuvants for different applications. One such approach, involves the addition of microbial components (pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs), that can stimulate strong immune responses, into subunit vaccine formulations. The conjugation of PAMPs to subunit antigens provides a means to greatly increase vaccine potency, by targeting immunostimulation and antigen to the same antigen presenting cell. Thus, methods that enable the efficient, and inexpensive production of antigen-adjuvant fusions represent an exciting mean to improve immunity towards subunit antigens. Herein we review four protein-based adjuvants (flagellin, bacterial lipoproteins, the extra domain A of fibronectin (EDA), and heat shock proteins (Hsps)), which can be genetically fused to antigens to enable recombinant production of antigen-adjuvant fusion proteins, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, structural or sequence requirements for activity, sequence modifications to enhance their activity or simplify production, adverse effects, and examples of vaccines in preclinical or human clinical trials.
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17
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Miura N, Akita H, Tateshita N, Nakamura T, Harashima H. Modifying Antigen-Encapsulating Liposomes with KALA Facilitates MHC Class I Antigen Presentation and Enhances Anti-tumor Effects. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1003-1013. [PMID: 28236573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For a successful anti-cancer vaccine, antigen presentation on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I is a requirement. To accomplish this, an antigen must be delivered to the cytoplasm by overcoming the endosome/lysosome. We previously reported that a lipid nanoparticle modified with a KALA peptide (WEAKLAKALAKALAKHLAKALAKALKA), an α-helical cationic peptide, permits the encapsulated pDNA to be efficiently delivered to the cytoplasm in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Herein, we report on the use of KALA-modified liposomes as an antigen carrier, in an attempt to induce potent antigen-specific cellular immunity. The subcutaneous injection of KALA-modified ovalbumin (OVA)-encapsulating liposomes (KALA-OVA-LPs) elicited a much more potent OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and anti-tumor effect in comparison with particles that were modified with octa-arginine (R8), a cell-penetrating peptide (R8-OVA-LPs). In addition, the numbers of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells were increased by immunization the KALA-OVA-LPs. The treatment of BMDCs with KALA-OVA-LPs induced a substantial MHC class I antigen presentation. Furthermore, the acidic pH-dependent membrane destabilization activity of KALA-OVA-LPs strongly suggests that they are able to escape from endosomes/lysosomes and thereby deliver their cargos to the cytoplasm. Collectively, the KALA-modified liposome is a potential antigen delivery platform for use as a protein vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Miura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 263-8675, Japan.
| | - Naho Tateshita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba City, Chiba 263-8675, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo City, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan.
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18
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Karch CP, Burkhard P. Vaccine technologies: From whole organisms to rationally designed protein assemblies. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 120:1-14. [PMID: 27157411 PMCID: PMC5079805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines have been the single most significant advancement in public health, preventing morbidity and mortality in millions of people annually. Vaccine development has traditionally focused on whole organism vaccines, either live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. While successful for many different infectious diseases whole organisms are expensive to produce, require culture of the infectious agent, and have the potential to cause vaccine associated disease in hosts. With advancing technology and a desire to develop safe, cost effective vaccine candidates, the field began to focus on the development of recombinantly expressed antigens known as subunit vaccines. While more tolerable, subunit vaccines tend to be less immunogenic. Attempts have been made to increase immunogenicity with the addition of adjuvants, either immunostimulatory molecules or an antigen delivery system that increases immune responses to vaccines. An area of extreme interest has been the application of nanotechnology to vaccine development, which allows for antigens to be expressed on a particulate delivery system. One of the most exciting examples of nanovaccines are rationally designed protein nanoparticles. These nanoparticles use some of the basic tenants of structural biology, biophysical chemistry, and vaccinology to develop protective, safe, and easily manufactured vaccines. Rationally developed nanoparticle vaccines are one of the most promising candidates for the future of vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/adverse effects
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Allergy and Immunology/history
- Allergy and Immunology/trends
- Animals
- Antigens/adverse effects
- Antigens/chemistry
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens/therapeutic use
- Biopharmaceutics/history
- Biopharmaceutics/methods
- Biopharmaceutics/trends
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/history
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/trends
- Communicable Disease Control/history
- Communicable Disease Control/trends
- Communicable Diseases/immunology
- Communicable Diseases/veterinary
- Drug Delivery Systems/adverse effects
- Drug Delivery Systems/trends
- Drug Delivery Systems/veterinary
- Drug Design
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Nanoparticles/adverse effects
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
- Protein Engineering/trends
- Protein Engineering/veterinary
- Protein Folding
- Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Vaccines/adverse effects
- Vaccines/chemistry
- Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Subunit/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
- Veterinary Drugs/adverse effects
- Veterinary Drugs/chemistry
- Veterinary Drugs/immunology
- Veterinary Drugs/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Karch
- The Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - Peter Burkhard
- The Institute of Materials Science, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 93 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States.
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19
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Liposome-Based Adjuvants for Subunit Vaccines: Formulation Strategies for Subunit Antigens and Immunostimulators. Pharmaceutics 2016; 8:pharmaceutics8010007. [PMID: 26978390 PMCID: PMC4810083 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of subunit vaccines has become very attractive in recent years due to their superior safety profiles as compared to traditional vaccines based on live attenuated or whole inactivated pathogens, and there is an unmet medical need for improved vaccines and vaccines against pathogens for which no effective vaccines exist. The subunit vaccine technology exploits pathogen subunits as antigens, e.g., recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides, allowing for highly specific immune responses against the pathogens. However, such antigens are usually not sufficiently immunogenic to induce protective immunity, and they are often combined with adjuvants to ensure robust immune responses. Adjuvants are capable of enhancing and/or modulating immune responses by exposing antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) concomitantly with conferring immune activation signals. Few adjuvant systems have been licensed for use in human vaccines, and they mainly stimulate humoral immunity. Thus, there is an unmet demand for the development of safe and efficient adjuvant systems that can also stimulate cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Adjuvants constitute a heterogeneous group of compounds, which can broadly be classified into delivery systems or immunostimulators. Liposomes are versatile delivery systems for antigens, and they can carefully be customized towards desired immune profiles by combining them with immunostimulators and optimizing their composition, physicochemical properties and antigen-loading mode. Immunostimulators represent highly diverse classes of molecules, e.g., lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and peptides, and they are ligands for pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which are differentially expressed on APC subsets. Different formulation strategies might thus be required for incorporation of immunostimulators and antigens, respectively, into liposomes, and the choice of immunostimulator should ideally be based on knowledge regarding the specific PRR expression profile of the target APCs. Here, we review state-of-the-art formulation approaches employed for the inclusion of immunostimulators and subunit antigens into liposome dispersion and their optimization towards robust vaccine formulations.
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20
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Gamazo C, Martín-Arbella N, Brotons A, Camacho AI, Irache JM. Mimicking microbial strategies for the design of mucus-permeating nanoparticles for oral immunization. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 96:454-63. [PMID: 25615880 PMCID: PMC7126451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dealing with mucosal delivery systems means dealing with mucus. The name mucosa comes from mucus, a dense fluid enriched in glycoproteins, such as mucin, which main function is to protect the delicate mucosal epithelium. Mucus provides a barrier against physiological chemical and physical aggressors (i.e., host secreted digestive products such as bile acids and enzymes, food particles) but also against the potentially noxious microbiota and their products. Intestinal mucosa covers 400m(2) in the human host, and, as a consequence, is the major portal of entry of the majority of known pathogens. But, in turn, some microorganisms have evolved many different approaches to circumvent this barrier, a direct consequence of natural co-evolution. The understanding of these mechanisms (known as virulence factors) used to interact and/or disrupt mucosal barriers should instruct us to a rational design of nanoparticulate delivery systems intended for oral vaccination and immunotherapy. This review deals with this mimetic approach to obtain nanocarriers capable to reach the epithelial cells after oral delivery and, in parallel, induce strong and long-lasting immune and protective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nekane Martín-Arbella
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Brotons
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana I Camacho
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J M Irache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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21
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Lim JS, Nguyen KCT, Nguyen CT, Jang I, Han JM, Fabian C, Lee SE, Rhee JH, Cho KA. Flagellin-dependent TLR5/caveolin-1 as a promising immune activator in immunosenescence. Aging Cell 2015. [PMID: 26223660 PMCID: PMC4568978 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-associated decline of immune responses causes high susceptibility to infections and reduced vaccine efficacy in the elderly. However, the mechanisms underlying age-related deficits are unclear. Here, we found that the expression and signaling of flagellin (FlaB)-dependent Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), unlike the other TLRs, were well maintained in old macrophages, similar to young macrophages. The expression and activation of TLR5/MyD88, but not TLR4, were sensitively regulated by the upregulation of caveolin-1 in old macrophages through direct interaction. This interaction was also confirmed using macrophages from caveolin-1 or MyD88 knockout mice. Because TLR5 and caveolin-1 were well expressed in major old tissues including lung, skin, intestine, and spleen, we analyzed in vivo immune responses via a vaccine platform with FlaB as a mucosal adjuvant for the pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in young and aged mice. The FlaB-PspA fusion protein induced a significantly higher level of PspA-specific IgG and IgA responses and demonstrated a high protective efficacy against a lethal challenge with live S. pneumoniae in aged mice. These results suggest that caveolin-1/TLR5 signaling plays a key role in age-associated innate immune responses and that FlaB-PspA stimulation of TLR5 may be a new strategy for a mucosal vaccine adjuvant against pneumococcal infection in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
| | - Kim Cuc Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
| | - Chung Truong Nguyen
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital 160 Ilsim‐Ri Hwasun‐gun Jeonnam 519‐809 South Korea
| | - Ik‐Soon Jang
- Division of Life Science Korea Basic Science Institute Daejeon 305‐333 South Korea
| | - Jung Min Han
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Yonsei University Seoul 120‐749 South Korea
- College of Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon 406‐840 South Korea
| | - Claire Fabian
- Department of Immunology Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) University of Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) University of Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Shee Eun Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital 160 Ilsim‐Ri Hwasun‐gun Jeonnam 519‐809 South Korea
- Dental Science Research Institute School of Dentistry Chonnam National University Gwangju 500‐757 South Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital 160 Ilsim‐Ri Hwasun‐gun Jeonnam 519‐809 South Korea
- Department of Microbiology Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
| | - Kyung A Cho
- Department of Biochemistry Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital 160 Ilsim‐Ri Hwasun‐gun Jeonnam 519‐809 South Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
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22
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Sehgal K, Dhodapkar KM, Dhodapkar MV. Targeting human dendritic cells in situ to improve vaccines. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:59-67. [PMID: 25072116 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) provide a critical link between innate and adaptive immunity. The potent antigen presenting properties of DCs makes them a valuable target for the delivery of immunogenic cargo. Recent clinical studies describing in situ DC targeting with antibody-mediated targeting of DC receptor through DEC-205 provide new opportunities for the clinical application of DC-targeted vaccines. Further advances with nanoparticle vectors which can encapsulate antigens and adjuvants within the same compartment and be targeted against diverse DC subsets also represent an attractive strategy for targeting DCs. This review provides a brief summary of the rationale behind targeting dendritic cells in situ, the existing pre-clinical and clinical data on these vaccines and challenges faced by the next generation DC-targeted vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Sehgal
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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23
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Marqués-Gallego P, de Kroon AIPM. Ligation strategies for targeting liposomal nanocarriers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:129458. [PMID: 25126543 PMCID: PMC4122157 DOI: 10.1155/2014/129458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes have been exploited for pharmaceutical purposes, including diagnostic imaging and drug and gene delivery. The versatility of liposomes as drug carriers has been demonstrated by a variety of clinically approved formulations. Since liposomes were first reported, research of liposomal formulations has progressed to produce improved delivery systems. One example of this progress is stealth liposomes, so called because they are equipped with a PEGylated coating of the liposome bilayer, leading to prolonged blood circulation and improved biodistribution of the liposomal carrier. A growing research area focuses on the preparation of liposomes with the ability of targeting specific tissues. Several strategies to prepare liposomes with active targeting ligands have been developed over the last decades. Herein, several strategies for the functionalization of liposomes are concisely summarized, with emphasis on recently developed technologies for the covalent conjugation of targeting ligands to liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Marqués-Gallego
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, H.R. Kruyt Building, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anton I. P. M. de Kroon
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, H.R. Kruyt Building, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Benencia F, Muccioli M, Alnaeeli M. Perspectives on reprograming cancer-associated dendritic cells for anti-tumor therapies. Front Oncol 2014; 4:72. [PMID: 24778991 PMCID: PMC3984996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the relevance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the progression of cancer has gained considerable attention. It has been shown that the TME is capable of inactivating various components of the immune system responsible for tumor clearance, thus favoring cancer cell growth and tumor metastasis. In particular, effects of the TME on antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs) include rendering these cells unable to promote specific immune responses or transform them into suppressive cells capable of inducing regulatory T cells. In addition, under the influence of the TME, DCs can produce growth factors that induce neovascularization, therefore further contributing to tumor development. Interestingly, cancer-associated DCs harbor tumor antigens and thus have the potential to become anti-tumor vaccines in situ if properly reactivated. This perspective article provides an overview of the scientific background and experimental basis for reprograming cancer-associated DCs in situ to generate anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Benencia
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA ; Diabetes Institute, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA ; Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA
| | - Maria Muccioli
- Molecular and Cell Biology Program, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA
| | - Mawadda Alnaeeli
- Diabetes Institute, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA ; Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University , Athens, OH , USA
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25
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Leigh ND, Bian G, Ding X, Liu H, Aygun-Sunar S, Burdelya LG, Gudkov AV, Cao X. A flagellin-derived toll-like receptor 5 agonist stimulates cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated tumor immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85587. [PMID: 24454895 PMCID: PMC3891810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) mediated recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns allows the immune system to rapidly respond to a pathogenic insult. The "danger context" elicited by TLR agonists allows an initially non-immunogenic antigen to become immunogenic. This ability to alter environment is highly relevant in tumor immunity, since it is inherently difficult for the immune system to recognize host-derived tumors as immunogenic. However, immune cells may have encountered certain TLR ligands associated with tumor development, yet the endogenous stimulation is typically not sufficient to induce spontaneous tumor rejection. Of special interest are TLR5 agonists, because there are no endogenous ligands that bind TLR5. CBLB502 is a pharmacologically optimized TLR5 agonist derived from Salmonella enterica flagellin. We examined the effect of CBLB502 on tumor immunity using two syngeneic lymphoma models, both of which do not express TLR5, and thus do not directly respond to CBLB502. Upon challenge with the T-cell lymphoma RMAS, CBLB502 treatment after tumor inoculation protects C57BL/6 mice from death caused by tumor growth. This protective effect is both natural killer (NK) cell- and perforin-dependent. In addition, CBLB502 stimulates clearance of the B-cell lymphoma A20 in BALB/c mice in a CD8(+) T cell-dependent fashion. Analysis on the cellular level via ImageStream flow cytometry reveals that CD11b(+) and CD11c(+) cells, but neither NK nor T cells, directly respond to CBLB502 as determined by NFκB nuclear translocation. Our findings demonstrate that CBLB502 stimulates a robust antitumor response by directly activating TLR5-expressing accessory immune cells, which in turn activate cytotoxic lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Leigh
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Guanglin Bian
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Xilai Ding
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Semra Aygun-Sunar
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Lyudmila G. Burdelya
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrei V. Gudkov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Tarahomjoo S. Utilizing bacterial flagellins against infectious diseases and cancers. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2013; 105:275-88. [PMID: 24276957 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-013-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The flagellum is the organelle providing motility to bacterial cells and its activity is coupled to the cellular chemotaxis machinery. The flagellar filament is the largest portion of the flagellum, which consists of repeating subunits of the protein flagellin. Receptors of the innate immune system including Toll like receptor 5, ICE protease activating factor, and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein 5 signal in response to bacterial flagellins. In addition to inducing innate immune responses, bacterial flagellins mediate the development of adaptive immune responses to both flagellins and coadministered antigens. Therefore, these proteins have intensively been investigated for the vaccine development and the immunotherapy. This review describes the utilization of bacterial flagellins for the construction of vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy. Furthermore, the key factors affecting the performance of these systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Tarahomjoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, 31975/148, Karaj, Iran,
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27
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Ungaro F, Conte C, Quaglia F, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. VLPs and particle strategies for cancer vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:1173-1193. [PMID: 24124878 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.836909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective delivery of tumor antigens to APCs is one of the key steps for eliciting a strong and durable immune response to tumors. Several cancer vaccines have been evaluated in clinical trials, based on soluble peptides, but results have not been fully satisfactory. To improve immunogenicity particles provide a valid strategy to display and/or incorporate epitopes which can be efficiently targeted to APCs for effective induction of adaptive immunity. In the present review, we report some leading technologies for developing particulate vaccines employed in cancer immunotherapy, highlighting the key parameters for a rational design to elicit both humoral and cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ungaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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28
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Nguyen CT, Hong SH, Sin JI, Vu HVD, Jeong K, Cho KO, Uematsu S, Akira S, Lee SE, Rhee JH. Flagellin enhances tumor-specific CD8⁺ T cell immune responses through TLR5 stimulation in a therapeutic cancer vaccine model. Vaccine 2013; 31:3879-87. [PMID: 23831323 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor antigen (TA)-specific immunotherapy is an emerging approach for cancer treatment. Potent adjuvants are prerequisites to the immunotherapy for overcoming the low immunogenicity of TAs. We previously demonstrated that a bacterial flagellin, Vibrio vulnificus FlaB, has potent adjuvant activity in various vaccination models. In this study, we investigated whether the FlaB protein could be a potent adjuvant for a human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 (E6/E7) peptide-based anticancer immunotherapy. We used an E6/E7-expressing TC-1 carcinoma implantation animal model and tested TA-specific immunomodulation by FlaB. We co-administered the E6/E7 peptide either with or without FlaB into TC-1 tumor-bearing mice and then analyzed the antitumor activity of the peptide. FlaB significantly potentiated specific antitumor immune responses elicited by the peptide immunization, as evidenced by retarded in vivo tumor growth and significantly prolonged survival. We noticed that TC-1 cells do not express Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) on their surface and the TLR5 signaling pathway in TC-1 cells was not responsible for the antitumor effect of FlaB. FlaB potentiated the CTL activity and Ag-specific IFN-γ production of CD8(+) T cells from the draining lymph node and spleen. In addition, this antitumor activity was abrogated following the in vivo depletion of CD8(+) T cells and in TLR5 knockout (KO) or MyD88 KO mice. These results suggest that flagellin could enhance TA-specific CD8(+) CTL immune responses through TLR5 stimulation in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Truong Nguyen
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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29
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Xiang SD, Wilson K, Day S, Fuchsberger M, Plebanski M. Methods of effective conjugation of antigens to nanoparticles as non-inflammatory vaccine carriers. Methods 2013; 60:232-41. [PMID: 23643867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently become clear that nanoparticle size is a major determinant for how antigen presenting cells (APCs), and specifically dendritic cells (DC) recognize and handle particles, and hence a critical parameter for the formulation of particulate vaccines that aim to induce immunity by targeting DC. Our previous studies in mice and sheep have shown polystyrene nanoparticles of 40-50 nm (PSNPs) with covalently bound antigen offer a new class of vaccines, which contain only 2 elements, antigen and particle, and no added inflammatory stimuli, but evoke very potent combined CD8 T cell and antibody responses. Herein we have optimized the methods for antigen conjugation to PSNPs to controllably promote a single antigen (protein or peptide) layer coating on the nanoparticle. Surprisingly, these nanovaccines not only continued to induce high levels of CD8 T cells in vivo, but were further more potent antibody inducers than nanoparticles containing multiple antigen layers. Addressing the issue of antigen loading on PSNPs, we found an optimal range, above or below which immunogenicity is changed either for antibodies or CD8 T cells. The mechanism behind the induction of high levels of CD8 T cells was further explored by assessing the DC subset that takes up the PSNPs in vivo, and these were found to be preferentially CD8(+) CD11c(+) DC in the lymph node draining the injection site. Since the levels of induced antibodies were highly elevated, and CD8(+) DC do not traditionally induce antibodies, we further sought to find if, despite no detectable inflammation at the injection site, the PSNPs may perhaps induce inflammatory cytokines locally in the lymph node after injection, or systemically in sera, resulting in an adjuvant effect. The initial findings presented herein show no detectable induction of the key inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1 or IL-6, suggesting a novel "non-inflammatory" adjuvant mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue D Xiang
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, 89 Commercial Rd., Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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30
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A liposome-based antigen delivery system using pH-sensitive fusogenic polymers for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3042-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Recent trends in multifunctional liposomal nanocarriers for enhanced tumor targeting. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2013; 2013:705265. [PMID: 23533772 PMCID: PMC3606784 DOI: 10.1155/2013/705265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are delivery systems that have been used to formulate a vast variety of therapeutic and imaging agents for the past several decades. They have significant advantages over their free forms in terms of pharmacokinetics, sensitivity for cancer diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy. The multifactorial nature of cancer and the complex physiology of the tumor microenvironment require the development of multifunctional nanocarriers. Multifunctional liposomal nanocarriers should combine long blood circulation to improve pharmacokinetics of the loaded agent and selective distribution to the tumor lesion relative to healthy tissues, remote-controlled or tumor stimuli-sensitive extravasation from blood at the tumor's vicinity, internalization motifs to move from tumor bounds and/or tumor intercellular space to the cytoplasm of cancer cells for effective tumor cell killing. This review will focus on current strategies used for cancer detection and therapy using liposomes with special attention to combination therapies.
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Matsuo H, Yoshimoto N, Iijima M, Niimi T, Jung J, Jeong SY, Choi EK, Sewaki T, Arakawa T, Kuroda S. Engineered hepatitis B virus surface antigen L protein particles for in vivo active targeting of splenic dendritic cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3341-50. [PMID: 22848163 PMCID: PMC3405891 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of adaptive T-cell responses. By capturing exogenous antigens and presenting antigen-derived peptides via major histocompatibility complex molecules to naïve T cells, DCs induce antigen-specific immune responses in vivo. In order to induce effective host immune responses, active delivery of exogenous antigens to DCs is considered important for future vaccine development. We recently generated bionanocapsules (BNCs) consisting of hepatitis B virus surface antigens that mediate stringent in vivo cell targeting and efficient endosomal escape, and after the fusion with liposomes (LP) containing therapeutic materials, the BNC-LP complexes deliver them to human liver-derived tissues in vivo. BNCs were further modified to present the immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc-interacting domain (Z domain) derived from Staphylococcus aureus protein A in tandem. When mixed with IgGs, modified BNCs (ZZ-BNCs) displayed the IgG Fv regions outwardly for efficient binding to antigens in an oriented-immobilization manner. Due to the affinity of the displayed IgGs, the IgG-ZZ-BNC complexes accumulated in specific cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo. After mixing ZZ-BNCs with antibodies against DCs, we used immunocytochemistry to examine which antibodies delivered ZZ-BNCs to mouse splenic DCs following intravenous injection of the ZZ-BNCs. ZZ-BNCs displaying anti-CD11c monoclonal antibodies (α-CD11c-ZZ-BNCs) were found to accumulate with approximately 62% of splenic DCs, and reside within some of them. After the fusion with liposomes containing antigens, the α-CD11c-ZZ-BNCs could elicit the respective antibodies more efficiently than other nontargeting control vaccines, suggesting that this DC-specific nanocarrier is promising for future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Matsuo
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Dendritic cells the tumor microenvironment and the challenges for an effective antitumor vaccination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:425476. [PMID: 22505809 PMCID: PMC3312387 DOI: 10.1155/2012/425476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinical trials have been carried out or are in progress to assess the therapeutic potential of dendritic-cell- (DC-) based vaccines on cancer patients, and recently the first DC-based vaccine for human cancer was approved by the FDA. Herewith, we describe the general characteristics of DCs and different strategies to generate effective antitumor DC vaccines. In recent years, the relevance of the tumor microenvironment in the progression of cancer has been highlighted. It has been shown that the tumor microenvironment is capable of inactivating various components of the immune system responsible for tumor clearance. In particular, the effect of the tumor microenvironment on antigen-presenting cells, such as DCs, does not only render these immune cells unable to induce specific immune responses, but also turns them into promoters of tumor growth. We also describe strategies likely to increase the efficacy of DC vaccines by reprogramming the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment.
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Qian F, Wang X, Zhang L, Chen S, Piecychna M, Allore H, Bockenstedt L, Malawista S, Bucala R, Shaw AC, Fikrig E, Montgomery RR. Age-associated elevation in TLR5 leads to increased inflammatory responses in the elderly. Aging Cell 2012; 11:104-10. [PMID: 22023165 PMCID: PMC3257374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by a progressive decline in immune function. Studies have shown age-related decreases in the expression and signaling efficiency of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in monocytes and dendritic cells and dysregulation of macrophage TLR3. Using a multivariable mixed effect model, we report a highly significant increase in TLR5-induced production of IL-8 from monocytes of older individuals (P < 0.0001). Elevated IL-8 is accompanied by increased expression of TLR5, both protein and mRNA, and by increased levels of TLR5-mediated phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and ERK. We noted incomplete activation of NF-κB in response to TLR5 signaling in monocytes of elderly donors, as reflected by the absence of an associated increase in the production of TNF-α. Elevated TLR5 may provide a critical mechanism to enhance immune responsiveness in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Albert C. Shaw
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Cruz LJ, Tacken PJ, Rueda F, Domingo JC, Albericio F, Figdor CG. Targeting nanoparticles to dendritic cells for immunotherapy. Methods Enzymol 2012; 509:143-63. [PMID: 22568905 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391858-1.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players in the initiation of adaptive immune responses and are currently exploited in immunotherapy for treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Development of targeted nanodelivery systems carrying vaccine components, including antigens and adjuvants, to DCs in vivo represents a promising strategy to enhance immune responses. Delivering particulate vaccines specifically to DCs and preventing nonspecific uptake by other endocytotic cells are challenging. Size represents a critical parameter determining whether particulate vaccines can penetrate lymph nodes and reach resident DCs. Specific delivery is further enhanced by actively targeting DC-specific receptors. This chapter discusses the rationale for the use of particle-based vaccines and provides an overview of antigen-delivery vehicles currently under investigation. In addition, we discuss how vaccine delivery systems may be developed, focusing on liposomes, PLGA polymers, and gold nanoparticles, to obtain safe and efficacious vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J Cruz
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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36
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Faham A, Herringson T, Parish C, Suhrbier A, Khromykh AA, Altin JG. pDNA-lipoplexes engrafted with flagellin-related peptide induce potent immunity and anti-tumour effects. Vaccine 2011; 29:6911-9. [PMID: 21798298 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Complexes of cationic lipids and DNA (lipoplexes) are widely used for non-viral gene delivery and DNA vaccine development, but cationic lipids are toxic and promote non-specific interactions with cells, leading to poor efficacy. Near-neutral lipoplexes, on the other hand, can obviate toxicity, but a convenient means to target them to specific cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) has been lacking. Here, we show that a His-tagged flagellin-derived peptide (denoted 9Flg), previously reported to promote binding of liposomal antigen to TLR5-expressing cells, can be used to target near-neutral pDNA-lipoplexes incorporating the chelator lipid NTA(3)-DTDA (3(nitrilotriacetic acid)-ditetradecylamine) to DCs and other antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Thus, we show that pDNA-lipoplexes engrafted with 9Flg target pDNA to APCs in vitro and in vivo. Following i.v. administration, radiolabelled 9Flg-lipoplexes exhibited increased accumulation in spleen, lung and liver. Vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with 9Flg-lipoplexes containing either pcDNA3.1-SIIN (pSIIN) or a Kunjin virus replicon-based vector (pKUN), each encoding the epitope OVA(257-264) (SIINFEKL), induced Ag-specific T cell priming, and elicited strong cellular immunity as reflected by a marked increase in the number of Ag-responsive IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells. Importantly, compared to i.m. injection of these SIINFEKL-encoding pDNAs in naked form, the i.v. administration of pSIIN or pKUN in 9Flg-lipoplexes to C57BL/6 mice induced a significantly more potent anti-tumour response in the B16-OVA melanoma tumour model. The targeting of near-neutral 9Flg-lipoplexes bearing pDNA encoding tumour antigens to TLR5 on APCs, therefore, is a powerful approach for developing more effective DNA vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Faham
- Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry, Research School of Biology, ANU College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
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37
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Panda AK. Induction of anti-tumor immunity and T-cell responses using nanodelivery systems engrafting TLR-5 ligand. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:155-7. [PMID: 21332264 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Induction of activated T-cell responses is a prerequisite for the development of vaccine against intracellular infection and for the control of cancer. Particulate nanoscale delivery systems deliver antigens intracellularly and help in inducing T-cell responses. T-cell responses can be further augmented by targeting these particles to dendritic cells, which have the ability to induce both innate and adaptive immune responses. Flagellin, which acts as a TLR-5 ligand, has been extensively explored for its adjuvant activity. The paper under evaluation reports a novel vaccine delivery platform technology for induction of a T-cell response using a nanoscale liposome containing antigen and a small synthetic peptide representing TLR-5-binding motifs of flagellin. Vaccination using this nanodelivery system activated dendritic cells through TLR-5 activation and induced both innate and adaptive immune responses. Such novel delivery systems can improve modern vaccine formulation, particularly for the generation of activated T-cell responses and anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya K Panda
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India.
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38
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Henriksen-Lacey M, Korsholm KS, Andersen P, Perrie Y, Christensen D. Liposomal vaccine delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:505-19. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.558081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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