1
|
Pollock KM, Borges ÁH, Cheeseman HM, Rosenkrands I, Schmidt KL, Søndergaard RE, Day S, Evans A, McFarlane LR, Joypooranachandran J, Amini F, Skallerup P, Dohn RB, Jensen CG, Olsen AW, Bang P, Cole T, Schronce J, Lemm NM, Kristiansen MP, Andersen PL, Dietrich J, Shattock RJ, Follmann F. An investigation of trachoma vaccine regimens by the chlamydia vaccine CTH522 administered with cationic liposomes in healthy adults (CHLM-02): a phase 1, double-blind trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:829-844. [PMID: 38615673 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no vaccine against the major global pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis; its different serovars cause trachoma in the eye or chlamydia in the genital tract. We did a clinical trial administering CTH522, a recombinant version of the C trachomatis major outer membrane molecule, in different dose concentrations with and without adjuvant, to establish its safety and immunogenicity when administered intramuscularly, intradermally, and topically into the eye, in prime-boost regimens. METHODS CHLM-02 was a phase 1, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Clinical Research Facility, London, UK. Participants were healthy men and non-pregnant women aged 18-45 years, without pre-existing C trachomatis genital infection. Participants were assigned into six groups by the electronic database in a pre-prepared randomisation list (A-F). Participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1:1) to each of the groups A-E (12 participants each) and 6 were randomly assigned to group F. Investigators were masked to treatment allocation. Groups A-E received investigational medicinal product and group F received placebo only. Two liposomal adjuvants were compared, CAF01 and CAF09b. The groups were intramuscular 85 μg CTH522-CAF01, or placebo on day 0 and two boosters or placebo at day 28 and 112, and a mucosal recall with either placebo or CTH522 topical ocularly at day 140 (A); intramuscular 85 μg CTH522-CAF01, two boosters at day 28 and 112 with additional topical ocular administration of CTH522, and a mucosal recall with either placebo or CTH522 topical ocularly at day 140 (B); intramuscular 85 μg CTH522-CAF01, two boosters at day 28 and 112 with additional intradermal administration of CTH522, and a mucosal recall with either placebo or CTH522 topical ocularly at day 140 (C); intramuscular 15 μg CTH522-CAF01, two boosters at day 28 and 112, and a mucosal recall with either placebo or CTH522 topical ocularly at day 140 (D); intramuscular 85 μg CTH522-CAF09b, two boosters at day 28 and 112, and a mucosal recall with either placebo or CTH522 topical ocularly at day 140 (E); intramuscular placebo (F). The primary outcome was safety; the secondary outcome (humoral immunogenicity) was the percentage of trial participants achieving anti-CTH522 IgG seroconversion, defined as four-fold and ten-fold increase over baseline concentrations. Analyses were done as intention to treat and as per protocol. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03926728, and is complete. FINDINGS Between Feb 17, 2020 and Feb 22, 2022, of 154 participants screened, 65 were randomly assigned, and 60 completed the trial (34 [52%] of 65 women, 46 [71%] of 65 White, mean age 26·8 years). No serious adverse events occurred but one participant in group A2 discontinued dosing after having self-limiting adverse events after both placebo and investigational medicinal product doses. Study procedures were otherwise well tolerated; the majority of adverse events were mild to moderate, with only seven (1%) of 865 reported as grade 3 (severe). There was 100% four-fold seroconversion rate by day 42 in the active groups (A-E) and no seroconversion in the placebo group. Serum IgG anti-CTH522 titres were higher after 85 μg CTH522-CAF01 than 15 μg, although not significantly (intention-to-treat median IgG titre ratio groups A-C:D=5·6; p=0·062), with no difference after three injections of 85 μg CTH522-CAF01 compared with CTH522-CAF09b (group E). Intradermal CTH522 (group C) induced high titres of serum IgG anti-CTH522 neutralising antibodies against serovars B (trachoma) and D (urogenital). Topical ocular CTH522 (group B) at day 28 and 112 induced higher total ocular IgA compared with baseline (p<0·001). Participants in all active vaccine groups, particularly groups B and E, developed cell mediated immune responses against CTH522. INTERPRETATION CTH522, adjuvanted with CAF01 or CAF09b, is safe and immunogenic, with 85 μg CTH522-CAF01 inducing robust serum IgG binding titres. Intradermal vaccination conferred systemic IgG neutralisation breadth, and topical ocular administration increased ocular IgA formation. These findings indicate CTH522 vaccine regimens against ocular trachoma and urogenital chlamydia for testing in phase 2, clinical trials. FUNDING The EU Horizon Program TRACVAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Pollock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Álvaro H Borges
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ida Rosenkrands
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirstine L Schmidt
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Suzanne Day
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Abbey Evans
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Leon R McFarlane
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fahimah Amini
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Per Skallerup
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca B Dohn
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte G Jensen
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja W Olsen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Bang
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom Cole
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Schronce
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nana-Marie Lemm
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Max P Kristiansen
- Department of Vaccine Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter L Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Frank Follmann
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Del Castillo D, Lo DD. Deciphering the M-cell niche: insights from mouse models on how microfold cells "know" where they are needed. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1400739. [PMID: 38863701 PMCID: PMC11165056 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1400739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Known for their distinct antigen-sampling abilities, microfold cells, or M cells, have been well characterized in the gut and other mucosa including the lungs and nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). More recently, however, they have been identified in tissues where they were not initially suspected to reside, which raises the following question: what external and internal factors dictate differentiation toward this specific role? In this discussion, we will focus on murine studies to determine how these cells are identified (e.g., markers and function) and ask the broader question of factors triggering M-cell localization and patterning. Then, through the consideration of unconventional M cells, which include villous M cells, Type II taste cells, and medullary thymic epithelial M cells (microfold mTECs), we will establish the M cell as not just a player in mucosal immunity but as a versatile niche cell that adapts to its home tissue. To this end, we will consider the lymphoid structure relationship and apical stimuli to better discuss how the differing cellular programming and the physical environment within each tissue yield these cells and their unique organization. Thus, by exploring this constellation of M cells, we hope to better understand the multifaceted nature of this cell in its different anatomical locales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David D. Lo
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kosenda K, Ichii O, Yamashita Y, Ohtsuka H, Fukuda S, Kon Y. Histological Characteristics of Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue in Young and Adult Holstein Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3481. [PMID: 38003099 PMCID: PMC10668845 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) has been used as a target site for mucosal vaccinations in several animals. In this study, we compared the morphological features of CALT in the eyelid and third eyelid between Holstein calves and adult cows. In the eyelids, CALTs in the form of diffused lymphoid tissue (DLT) and lymphatic follicles (LF) were observed, where DLTs were dominant and LFs were scarce. The CALTs of cows comprised T-, B-cells, macrophages, and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In particular, B-cells were dominant except in the eyelids of the calves. The epithelial layer covering the CALT is often discontinuous and lacks goblet cells. Cytokeratin18 is strongly expressed in the epithelial layer covering the CALT, except in the third eyelids of adult cows. IgA-positive cells were diffusely distributed in the lamina propria of the conjunctiva of the eyelids and third eyelids. The eyelid CALT area in calves was lower than that in adult cows. Furthermore, the CALT of calves had a lower cellularity of B-cells and a higher cellularity of macrophages than that of adult cows. These histological characteristics indicate that CALT plays a role in the mucosal immune-inductive and effector sites. Furthermore, lower cellularity of B-cells in the CALT of calves indicates that the function of CALT as a mucosal immune induction site is less developed in calves than in adult cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Kosenda
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Pathophysiology, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Japan;
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (O.I.); (Y.K.)
- Laboratory of Agrobiomedical Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamashita
- Nayoro Veterinary Clinical Center, Hokkaido Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Nayoro 096-0072, Japan;
| | - Hiromichi Ohtsuka
- Section of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
| | - Shigeo Fukuda
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Pathophysiology, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu 069-0836, Japan;
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan; (O.I.); (Y.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effectiveness and safety of injectable human papilloma virus vaccine administered as eyedrops. Vaccine 2023; 41:92-100. [PMID: 36402660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal vaccines have the advantages of ease of administration and the induction of strong mucosal immunity and a systemic immune response. Recently, the eye mucosa has been shown to be an effective and safe alternative vaccination route against influenza, Toxoplasma gondii infection, and hemolytic uremic syndrome in mice. In this study, we showed that the commercially available human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine, Cervarix, induced significant immune reactions in terms of anti-HPV antigen (Ag)-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody production following eyedrop (ED) vaccination in mice. The HPV ED vaccines (EDV) provoked no signs of inflammation within 24 h, as indicated by the inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels and infiltration of mononuclear cells in inoculation sites. Moreover, the morphology of the cornea and retina and intraocular pressure of mice did not change after the HPV EDV. The functions of photoreceptor cells, including rod and cone cells, were normal following the HPV EDV inoculation in mice. These results suggest that Cervarix EDV could be a potent, safe, and effective mucosal vaccine against HPV-associated cancers.
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Fujihashi K, Kiyono H. Mucosal vaccination: onward and upward. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:885-899. [PMID: 37817433 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2268724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route and cold chain-free logistic requirements also provide additional advantages in ease and economy. However, the development of mucosal vaccines faces several challenges, and only a handful of mucosal vaccines are currently licensed. These vaccines are all in the form of live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms, whereas no subunit-based mucosal vaccine is available. AREAS COVERED The selection of antigen, delivery vehicle, route and adjuvants for mucosal vaccination are highly important. This is particularly crucial for subunit vaccines, as they often fail to elicit strong immune responses. Emerging research is providing new insights into the biological and immunological uniqueness of mucosal tissues. However, many aspects of the mucosal immunology still await to be investigated. EXPERT OPINION This article provides an overview of the current understanding of mucosal vaccination and discusses the remaining knowledge gaps. We emphasize that because of the potential benefits mucosal vaccines can bring from the biomedical, social and economic standpoints, the unmet goal to achieve mucosal vaccine success is worth the effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jacelyn M S Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iwanaga T, Kimura S. GP2-expressing cells: a new guardian with divergent functions in the intestine, eyes, and nose. Biomed Res 2023; 44:233-243. [PMID: 38008422 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.44.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
GP (glycoprotein)-2, originally identified as a predominant membranous component of pancreatic acinar cells, has attracted the interest of researchers in mucosal immunology for its role as a functional molecule specific for antigen-sampling cells in the intestinal Peyer's patches. GP2 is involved in the detection of pathological bacteria and is also histologically useful for the identification of the M cell lineage and their differentiation in lymphoid tissues. Subsequent immunohistochemistry for GP2 has revealed a broad distribution of M cells and related cells in the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissues, conjunctiva, tear duct, and airway. Especially, GP2 cells in the paranasal sinuses and tear duct have been identified as novel types of epithelial cells. The systematic administration of RANKL can induce extra-M cells in conventional epithelia of body. The production and release of GP2 by conjunctival goblet cells and several mucous glands suggests leading roles for mucous cells in protection, including the entrapment of microorganisms for infections. The ocular surface and conjunctiva are connected to the lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, and further nasal cavity, comprising another canal that passes through the body. The broad distribution of GP2-expressingcells may indicate its function as a new guardian in the intestine, eyes, and nose, all of which are exposed to external milieu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemis- try, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pascual DW, Goodwin ZI, Bhagyaraj E, Hoffman C, Yang X. Activation of mucosal immunity as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating brucellosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018165. [PMID: 36620020 PMCID: PMC9814167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease of livestock that is commonly asymptomatic until an abortion occurs. Disease in humans results from contact of infected livestock or consumption of contaminated milk or meat. Brucella zoonosis is primarily caused by one of three species that infect livestock, Bacillus abortus in cattle, B. melitensis in goats and sheep, and B. suis in pigs. To aid in disease prophylaxis, livestock vaccines are available, but are only 70% effective; hence, improved vaccines are needed to mitigate disease, particularly in countries where disease remains pervasive. The absence of knowing which proteins confer complete protection limits development of subunit vaccines. Instead, efforts are focused on developing new and improved live, attenuated Brucella vaccines, since these mimic attributes of wild-type Brucella, and stimulate host immune, particularly T helper 1-type responses, required for protection. In considering their development, the new mutants must address Brucella's defense mechanisms normally active to circumvent host immune detection. Vaccination approaches should also consider mode and route of delivery since disease transmission among livestock and humans is believed to occur via the naso-oropharyngeal tissues. By arming the host's mucosal immune defenses with resident memory T cells (TRMs) and by expanding the sources of IFN-γ, brucellae dissemination from the site of infection to systemic tissues can be prevented. In this review, points of discussion focus on understanding the various immune mechanisms involved in disease progression and which immune players are important in fighting disease.
Collapse
|
8
|
Moran MC, Dominguez MP, Bence AR, Rodriguez MG, Goldbaum FA, Zylberman V, Paola PR, Lupi G, Marcipar IS, Lützelschwab CM, Estein SM. Evaluation of the efficacy of polymeric antigen BLSOmp31 formulated in a new cage-like particle adjuvant (ISPA) administered by parenteral or mucosal routes against Brucella ovis in BALB/c mice. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:29-39. [PMID: 35151156 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucella ovis is an economically important cause of epididymitis in rams worldwide. Polymeric BLSOmp31 was previously identified as a protective immunogen against this pathogen. In this study, BLSOmp31 was formulated with a modified version of ISCOMATRIX adjuvant called ISPA (BLSOmp31/ISPA) and was administered in BALB/C by the subcutaneous and ocular route. The systemic and mucosal immune responses, the opsonic activity of antibodies and the protection conferred against B. ovis were evaluated. BLSOmp31+ISPA injected subcutaneously or by ocular route induced significantly higher IgG antibody levels with a mixed Th1/Th2 profile compared to non-immunized mice. IgA and IgG were detected in sera and nasal, tracheobronchial, vaginal secretions, tears and faeces, from SC immunized mice while in the group immunized by the ocular route a slight increase in both isotypes was mainly observed in all secretions, except in vaginal fluid. Opsonic antibodies stimulated binding and increased uptake of PHrodo™ Green-labelled B. ovis by neutrophils and monocytes. BLSOmp31 administered subcutaneously induced the highest levels of IFN-ɣ. The ocular immunization not only produced significant levels of this cytokine but also IL-4 compared to non-immunized mice. Both, subcutaneous and ocular routes of immunization, significantly protected against B. ovis infection. These results indicate that BLSOmp31/ISPA administered parenterally or by ocular route is a safe and effective vaccine against B. ovis in the murine model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Celeste Moran
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, Departamento SAMP, CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA, F.C.V, U.N.C.P.B.A, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Dominguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Ricardo Bence
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, F.C.V, U.N.C.P.B.A, Tandil, Bs.As, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Gastón Rodriguez
- Área de Bioestadística, SAMP. CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA, FCV, UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Giuliana Lupi
- Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ivan Sergio Marcipar
- Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia María Lützelschwab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, SE-750-07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Silvia Marcela Estein
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eye Infection with SARS-CoV-2 as a Route to Systemic Immunization? Viruses 2022; 14:v14071447. [PMID: 35891426 PMCID: PMC9318776 DOI: 10.3390/v14071447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases of the conjunctiva and cornea usually leave behind both broad local and systemic immunity. Case reports of SARS-CoV-2-positive conjunctivitis with subsequent systemic immunity suggest a new route of immunization preventing the primary infection of the airways. Material and Methods: A total of 24 Syrian field hamsters were treated. In systematic animal experiments, we infected the eyes of n = 8 animals (group 1) and the airways of another n = 8 animals (group 2) with SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan type); n = 8 hamsters served as controls (group 3). The weight development of the animals was recorded. After two weeks of observation of disease symptoms, all animals were re-exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract (challenge) to determine whether immunity to the virus had been achieved. Results: The epi-ocularly infected animals (group 1) showed no clinically visible disease during the ocular infection phase. At most, there was a slightly reduced weight gain compared to the control group (group 3), while the respiratory infected animals (group 2) all lost weight, became lethargic, and slowly recovered after two weeks. After the challenge, none of the animals in groups 1 and 2 became ill again. The animals in the negative control (group 3) all became ill. Cytotoxic antibodies were detectable in the blood of the infected groups before and after challenge, with higher titers in the epi-ocularly infected animals. Conclusion: By epi-ocular infection with SARS-CoV-2, the development of systemic immunity with formation of cytotoxic antibodies without severe general disease could be observed in the experimental animals, which did not induce any more disease upon a second infection in the respiratory tract. Therefore, it can be concluded that a purely epi-ocular infection with SARS-CoV2 only induces a weak disease pattern followed by systemic immunity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Arnous R, Arshad S, Sandgren K, Cunningham AL, Carnt N, White A. Tissue resident memory T cells inhabit the deep human conjunctiva. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6077. [PMID: 35414674 PMCID: PMC9005529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal linings of the body, including the conjunctiva, are enriched in tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) whose defining feature is their continual tissue protection that does not rely on migration to lymphoid organs to elicit immune responses. Hitherto, conjunctival TRMs have only been identified in the superficial epithelium. This work aims to develop a more complete understanding of the conjunctival immunological capacity by investigating the presence of TRMs within the deeper, more stable layers of the healthy human conjunctiva. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD69 and HLA-DR on bulbar conjunctival biopsies obtained from 7 healthy adults (age range = 32-77 years; females = 4), we identified CD69+TRM subsets in all layers of the human conjunctiva: the superficial epithelium, the basal epithelium, the adenoid, and the fibrous layers. Interestingly, the adenoid layer showed significantly higher densities of both CD4 and CD8 TRMs when compared to the fibrous layer and conjunctival epithelia. Additionally, CD4 TRMs predominated significantly over CD8 TRMs in the adenoid layer. The abundance of deep conjunctival CD69+TRMs within the healthy human may suggest the presence of defence mechanisms capable of inducing long-term immunogenic memory. Understanding this spatial distribution of conjunctival CD69+TRMs is essential to improving mucosal vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Racha Arnous
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sana Arshad
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kerrie Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicole Carnt
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2033, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew White
- Centre for Vision Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feng F, Wen Z, Chen J, Yuan Y, Wang C, Sun C. Strategies to Develop a Mucosa-Targeting Vaccine against Emerging Infectious Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030520. [PMID: 35336927 PMCID: PMC8952777 DOI: 10.3390/v14030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, usually infect the host through the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract. The mucosa is well known to provide the first line of host defense against pathogen entry by physical, chemical, biological, and immunological barriers, and therefore, mucosa-targeting vaccination is emerging as a promising strategy for conferring superior protection. However, there are still many challenges to be solved to develop an effective mucosal vaccine, such as poor adhesion to the mucosal surface, insufficient uptake to break through the mucus, and the difficulty in avoiding strong degradation through the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, increasing efforts to overcome these issues have been made, and we herein summarize the latest findings on these strategies to develop mucosa-targeting vaccines, including a novel needle-free mucosa-targeting route, the development of mucosa-targeting vectors, the administration of mucosal adjuvants, encapsulating vaccines into nanoparticle formulations, and antigen design to conjugate with mucosa-targeting ligands. Our work will highlight the importance of further developing mucosal vaccine technology to combat the frequent outbreaks of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziyu Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiaoshan Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (F.F.); (Z.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.); (C.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sączyńska V, Romanik-Chruścielewska A, Florys-Jankowska K, Cecuda-Adamczewska V, Kęsik-Brodacka M. Chitosan-based formulation of hemagglutinin antigens for oculo-nasal booster vaccination of chickens against influenza viruses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 247:110406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Ocular Distribution of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in the Context of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2022; 2022:9970922. [PMID: 35173799 PMCID: PMC8831072 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9970922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented impact on global health, economy, and way of life. SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the disease, utilizes the ACE2 receptor found on host cells to mediate entry, replication, and infection. Numerous studies have elucidated the presence of many components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the eye, including the ACE2 receptor. Considering this, and the anatomical vulnerability that the exposed ocular surface offers with its interconnectedness to the respiratory system, there is a theoretical risk of pathogen entry from the ocular route as well as the development of COVID-19-associated eye disease. Despite this, the actual epidemiological data demonstrates low ocular symptoms, possibly due to differing ACE2 receptor expression across age, ethnicity, and sex coupled with the protective properties of tears. We summarize the current literature on ocular RAAS with specific focus on the ACE2 receptor and its interplay with the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Collapse
|
14
|
Oya Y, Kimura S, Nakamura Y, Ishihara N, Takano S, Morita R, Endo M, Hase K. Characterization of M Cells in Tear Duct-Associated Lymphoid Tissue of Mice: A Potential Role in Immunosurveillance on the Ocular Surface. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779709. [PMID: 34880872 PMCID: PMC8645900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular mucosal tissues are exposed to potentially harmful foreign antigens in the air and tear fluid. The tear duct-associated lymphoid tissue (TALT) may contribute to immune surveillance in the eye region. Follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of TALTs is classified as stratified squamous epithelium and consists of squamous epithelial cells arranged in layers on the basement membrane. In contrast, most mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue is covered by a monolayer of epithelium containing microfold (M) cells. Therefore, antigen uptake and the presence of M cells in TALT are not fully understood. The present study found that a small population of FAE cells in the TALT expressed intestinal M-cell markers, namely Sox8, Tnfaip2, GP2, and OPG. This cell population was identified as functional M cells because of their uptake capacity of luminal nanoparticles. In addition, RANKL, which is essential for M-cell differentiation, was expressed by stroma-like cells at the subepithelial region and its receptor RANK by the FAE in the TALT. The administration of RANKL markedly increased the number of Sox8+ M cells. In contrast, deficiency in OPG, an endogenous inhibitor of RANKL, increased the number of M cells in the TALT. These data demonstrate that the RANKL-RANK axis is essential for M-cell differentiation in the TALT. Furthermore, immunization via eye drops elicited the production of antigen-specific antibodies in tears, which was enhanced by RANKL administration. Thus, TALT M cells play an important role in the immunosurveillance of the eye region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Oya
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Narumi Ishihara
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takano
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Morita
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Endo
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Developmental Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee JS, Yoon S, Han SJ, Kim ED, Kim J, Shin HS, Seo KY. Eyedrop vaccination: an immunization route with promises for effective responses to pandemics. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 21:91-101. [PMID: 34788181 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2008246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucosal vaccines have several advantages over parenteral vaccines. They induce both systemic and mucosal antigen-specific immune responses, allow easy administration, and bypass the need for trained medical personnel. AREAS COVERED Eye mucosa is a novel route of mucosal vaccine administration. Eyedrop vaccination induces systemic and mucosal immune responses similar to other forms of mucosal vaccines such as oral and intranasal vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Eyedrop vaccines are free of serious adverse side effects like the infiltration of CNS by pathogens. Studies over the years have shown promising results for eye drop vaccines against infectious agents like the influenza virus, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli in animal models. Such efficacy and safety of eyedrop vaccination enable the application of eyedrop vaccines against other infectious diseases as well as chronic diseases. In this review of published literature, we examine the mechanism, efficacy, and safety of eyedrop vaccines and contemplate their role in times of a pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihei Sara Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangchul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Jung Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Do Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Sol Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (Kmspc), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Korea Mouse Sensory Phenotyping Center (Kmspc), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bai MT, Li Y, Hu ZL. Ragweed pollen induces allergic conjunctivitis immune tolerance in mice via regulation of the NF-κB signal pathway. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:955-964. [PMID: 34282378 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the feasibility and mechanism of immune tolerance in allergic conjunctivitis. METHODS The allergic conjunctivitis immune tolerance mice model was established by ragweed pollen (RW) and the related cytokines were detected. The mice were divided into 9 groups and the maslinic acid (MA) or PBS were given for different group after modeling. The expression levels of chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and P-65 in the conjunctival tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. The percentage of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and CD4+CD25+ in the splenocyte supernatant was analyzed by flow cytometry. Furthermore, the serum and splenocyte supernatant concentration of total-IgE, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and IL-17 was analyzed by enzyme linked immune response (ELISA). RESULTS After the model was established, symptoms of conjunctivitis were alleviated, the level of P-65, CCL5, IL-17, and total-IgE was raised, while the expression of IL-10, CD4+CD25+ was decreased. This result fully demonstrated that a typical IL-17/regulatory-T-cells (Treg cells) imbalance and NF-κB activation. When the NF-κB signal pathway was suppressed, it showed that there was a further relief of conjunctivitis in mice. At the same time, the expression of total-IgE, IL-17, and CCL5 was decreased and the expression of anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10, CD4+CD25+) was increased. CONCLUSION In the state of immune tolerance, symptoms of conjunctivitis in mice are alleviated, the Th-17 cells of allergic conjunctivitis mice are inhibited, and Treg cells activity is enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Tian Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China.,Provincial Innovation Team for Cataract and Ocular Fundus Disease, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China.,Expert Workstation of Yao Ke, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining 629000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Oncology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining 629000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhu-Lin Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China.,Yunnan Eye Institute, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province for the Prevention and Treatment of Ophthalmology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China.,Provincial Innovation Team for Cataract and Ocular Fundus Disease, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China.,Expert Workstation of Yao Ke, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moran MC, Bence AR, Vallecillo MFS, Lützelschwab CM, Rodriguez MG, Pardo R, Goldbaum FA, Zylberman V, Palma SD, Maletto BA, Estein SM. Polymeric antigen BLSOmp31 formulated with class B CpG-ODN in a nanostructure (BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16) administered by parenteral or mucosal routes confers protection against Brucella ovis in Balb/c mice. Res Vet Sci 2021; 135:217-227. [PMID: 33631456 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that the chimera BLSOmp31 formulated in chitosan microspheres or Poloxamer407-Chitosan administered via the nasal and the ocular mucosa conferred partial protection in sheep against B. ovis. In this work, we tested a new delivery system for mucosal immunization with BLSOmp31 in the murine model to improve the efficacy of previously used formulations. First, we evaluated the protective efficacy against B. ovis induced by BLSOmp31 administered by the subcutaneous route using either BLSOmp31 alone, co-administered with immunostimulatory synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs (CpG-ODN) or with CpG-ODN in a nanostructure called Coa-ASC16 compared with BLSOmp31 emulsified in Incomplete Freund Adjuvant. Then, we evaluated the protection conferred by the best performing formulation (BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16) administered by both subcutaneous and ocular routes. BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 injected subcutaneously did not induce higher IgG antibody levels compared to BLSOmp31 alone or BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN but it did stimulate a mixed immune Th1-Th2 response with the highest levels of IFN-ɣ and conferred significant protection against the B. ovis challenge. Although ocular instillation of BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 showed a similar degree of protection compared to the parenteral route (3.66 and 3.60 logs of protection, respectively), it induced lower levels in serum of specific IgG (with mixed IgG1/IgG2a) and IgA antibodies and, less IFN-ɣ and IL-4 than the subcutaneous route. No antibodies were detected in vaginal lavages or saliva. Fecal antigen-specific IgA was slightly higher in mice immunized with BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 subcutaneously compared with the ocular route. These results indicate that BLSOmp31/CpG-ODN/Coa-ASC16 was a safe and effective vaccine against B. ovis in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Celeste Moran
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica y Experimental, Departamento SAMP, CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA., F.C.V, U.N.C.P.B.A., Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Ricardo Bence
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Fisiopatología, F.C.V, U.N.C.P.B.A., Tandil, Buenos Aires., Argentina; Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Sánchez Vallecillo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia María Lützelschwab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Box 7028, SE-750-07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Santiago Daniel Palma
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, UNITEFA (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belkys Angélica Maletto
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia Marcela Estein
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva (SAMP), Centro de Investigación Veterinaria Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Steven P, Schwab S, Kiesewetter A, Saban DR, Stern ME, Gehlsen U. Disease-Specific Expression of Conjunctiva Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT) in Mouse Models of Dry Eye Disease and Ocular Allergy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207514. [PMID: 33053795 PMCID: PMC7589149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjunctiva-associated tissue (CALT) is assumed to play a crucial role in the immune system of the ocular surface. Its function in several ocular surface diseases (OSD) is still not fully understood. This study investigates the function of CALT in mouse models of dry-eye disease and ocular allergy. Since antigen-presentation is the central similarity in the pathologies, this study focuses on antigen-presentation in CALT Morphology and the expression of CALT, which was investigated in mice after induction of dry-eye, ocular allergy, topical antigen-stimulation, and after local depletion of phagocytic cells. Antigen uptake was investigated after the application of fluorescent ovalbumin (OVA). OSD influences the appearance and morphology of CALT in a disease-dependent manner. Ocular allergy leads to an increase and dry-eye disease to a decrease in number and size of CALT. The development of CALT is dependent on the presence of APCs. Professional APCs are present in CALT, and soluble antigen is transported into the follicle. CALT appearance is disease-specific and indicative of differing functions. Although the specific involvement of CALT in OSD needs further study, the existence of functional APCS and antigen-uptake supports the hypothesis that CALT is an immunological key player at the ocular surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Steven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.E.S.)
- Division of Dry-Eye and ocular GvHD, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwab
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne Kiesewetter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.E.S.)
| | - Daniel R. Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27701, USA;
| | - Michael E. Stern
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.E.S.)
- Division of Dry-Eye and ocular GvHD, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
- ImmunEyze, LLC., Irvine, CA 92606, USA
| | - Uta Gehlsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany; (P.S.); (A.K.); (M.E.S.)
- Division of Dry-Eye and ocular GvHD, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, 50924 Cologne, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-478-85618
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Spitsyn AN, Utkin DV, Kireev MN, Ovchinnikova MV, Kuznetsov OS, Erokhin PS, Kochubei VI. The Spectrophotometric Characteristic of Immunoglobulin Conjugates for Diagnostics of Causative Agents of Especially Dangerous Infections. OPTICS AND SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 128:417-421. [PMID: 32435071 PMCID: PMC7224094 DOI: 10.1134/s0030400x20030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of characterizing fluorescent immunoglobulins using spectrophotometric analysis as a testing method is considered. The comparative analysis of optical properties of fluorescent immunoglobulin preparations and their components-immunoglobulins and fluorochrome-is carried out. The obtained results testify that the proposed methodological approach of optical detection of labeled immunoglobulin molecules can be promising for tests on obtaining conjugates used in immunological tests on revealing specific antigens of causative agents of especially dangerous infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. N. Spitsyn
- Mikrob Russian Antiplague Research Institute, 410005 Saratov, Russia
| | - D. V. Utkin
- Mikrob Russian Antiplague Research Institute, 410005 Saratov, Russia
| | - M. N. Kireev
- Mikrob Russian Antiplague Research Institute, 410005 Saratov, Russia
| | | | - O. S. Kuznetsov
- Mikrob Russian Antiplague Research Institute, 410005 Saratov, Russia
| | - P. S. Erokhin
- Mikrob Russian Antiplague Research Institute, 410005 Saratov, Russia
| | - V. I. Kochubei
- Chernyshevsky Saratov National Research State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jung BK, Kim ED, Song H, Chai JY, Seo KY. Immunogenicity of Exosomes from Dendritic Cells Stimulated with Toxoplasma gondii Lysates in Ocularly Immunized Mice. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 58:185-189. [PMID: 32418388 PMCID: PMC7231829 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2020.58.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity of dendritic cell-derived exosomes stimulated with Toxoplasma gondii lysates (TLA exo), mixed with cholera toxin as an adjuvant, was investigated in mice immunized via 2 mucosal routes (ocular vs intranasal). BALB/c mice were injected 3 times with TLA exo vaccine at 2 week interval, and the levels of IgG in serum and IgA in tear, saliva, feces, and vaginal wash were measured. To observe the expression of T. gondii-specific B1 gene, mice infected with ME49 T. gondii cysts were immunized with TLA exo or PBS exo (not stimulated with TLA), and their brain tissues were examined. The mice vaccinated via intranasal route elicited significantly higher humoral and mucosal immune responses compared with mice treated with PBS alone. Also, mice immunized via ocular route (by eyedrop) induced significantly higher T. gondii-specific IgG in serum and IgA in tear and feces in comparison with PBS controls. B1 gene expression was significantly lower in TLA exo vaccinated mice than in PBS or PBS exo vaccinated mice. These results demonstrated that ocular immunization of mice with TLA exo vaccine has the potential to stimulate systemic or local antibody responses. This study also highlighted an advantage of an eyedrop vaccine as an alternative for T. gondii intranasal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bong-Kwang Jung
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Eun-Do Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Eye Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.,Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hyemi Song
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea
| | - Jong-Yil Chai
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Korea Association of Health Promotion, Seoul 07649, Korea.,Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Eye Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jamali A, Harris DL, Blanco T, Lopez MJ, Hamrah P. Resident plasmacytoid dendritic cells patrol vessels in the naïve limbus and conjunctiva. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:277-285. [PMID: 32109562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) constitute a unique population of bone marrow-derived cells that play a pivotal role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses. While peripheral tissues are typically devoid of pDCs during steady state, few tissues do host resident pDCs. In the current study, we aim to assess presence and distribution of pDCs in naïve murine limbus and bulbar conjunctiva. Immunofluorescence staining followed by confocal microscopy revealed that the naïve bulbar conjunctiva of wild-type mice hosts CD45+ CD11clow PDCA-1+ pDCs. Flow cytometry confirmed the presence of resident pDCs in the bulbar conjunctiva through multiple additional markers, and showed that they express maturation markers, the T cell co-inhibitory molecules PD-L1 and B7-H3, and minor to negligible levels of T cell co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD86, and ICAM-1. Epi-fluorescent microscopy of DPE-GFP×RAG1-/- transgenic mice with GFP-tagged pDCs indicated lower density of pDCs in the bulbar conjunctiva compared to the limbus. Further, intravital multiphoton microscopy revealed that resident pDCs accompany the limbal vessels and patrol the intravascular space. In vitro multiphoton microscopy showed that pDCs are attracted to human umbilical vein endothelial cells and interact with them during tube formation. In conclusion, our study shows that the limbus and bulbar conjunctiva are endowed with resident pDCs during steady state, which express maturation and classic T cell co-inhibitory molecules, engulf limbal vessels, and patrol intravascular spaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomas Blanco
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria J Lopez
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Islam MA, Firdous J, Badruddoza AZM, Reesor E, Azad M, Hasan A, Lim M, Cao W, Guillemette S, Cho CS. M cell targeting engineered biomaterials for effective vaccination. Biomaterials 2018; 192:75-94. [PMID: 30439573 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the greatest medical interventions of all time and have been successful in controlling and eliminating a myriad of diseases over the past two centuries. Among several vaccination strategies, mucosal vaccines have wide clinical applications and attract considerable interest in research, showing potential as innovative and novel therapeutics. In mucosal vaccination, targeting (microfold) M cells is a frontline prerequisite for inducing effective antigen-specific immunostimulatory effects. In this review, we primarily focus on materials engineered for use as vaccine delivery platforms to target M cells. We also describe potential M cell targeting areas, methods to overcome current challenges and limitations of the field. Furthermore, we present the potential of biomaterials engineering as well as various natural and synthetic delivery technologies to overcome the challenges of M cell targeting, all of which are absent in current literature. Finally, we briefly discuss manufacturing and regulatory processes to bring a robust perspective on the feasibility and potential of this next-generation vaccine technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ariful Islam
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jannatul Firdous
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Emma Reesor
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mohammad Azad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Anwarul Hasan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Wuji Cao
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Simon Guillemette
- Department of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Chong Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Belser JA, Lash RR, Garg S, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. The eyes have it: influenza virus infection beyond the respiratory tract. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 18:e220-e227. [PMID: 29477464 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Avian and human influenza A viruses alike have shown a capacity to use the eye as a portal of entry and cause ocular disease in human beings. However, whereas influenza viruses generally represent a respiratory pathogen and only occasionally cause ocular complications, the H7 virus subtype stands alone in possessing an ocular tropism. Clarifying what confers such non-respiratory tropism to a respiratory virus will permit a greater ability to identify, treat, and prevent zoonotic human infection following ocular exposure to influenza viruses; especially those within the H7 subtype, which continue to cause avian epidemics on many continents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - R Ryan Lash
- Travelers' Health Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shikha Garg
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Klećkowska-Nawrot JE, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Łupicki D, Marycz K, Nawara T, Barszcz K, Kowalczyk A, Rosenberger J, Łukaszewicz E. The differences in the eyelids microstructure and the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue between selected ornamental and wild birds as a result of adaptation to their habitat. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E. Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Dariusz Łupicki
- Museum of Natural History of the Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Nawara
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences; Warsaw Poland
| | - Artur Kowalczyk
- Division of Poultry Breeding; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Joanna Rosenberger
- Division of Poultry Breeding; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Ewa Łukaszewicz
- Division of Poultry Breeding; Faculty of Biology and Animal Science; Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Galletti JG, Guzmán M, Giordano MN. Mucosal immune tolerance at the ocular surface in health and disease. Immunology 2017; 150:397-407. [PMID: 28108991 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is constantly exposed to environmental irritants, allergens and pathogens, against which it can mount a prompt immune response to preserve its integrity. But to avoid unnecessary inflammation, the ocular surface's mucosal immune system must also discriminate between harmless and potentially dangerous antigens, a seemingly complicated task. Despite its unique features, the ocular surface is a mucosal lining, and as such, it shares some homeostatic and pathophysiological mechanisms with other mucosal surfaces. The purpose of this review is to explore the mucosal homeostatic immune function of the ocular surface in both the healthy and diseased states, with a special focus on mucosal immunology concepts. The information discussed in this review has been retrieved by PubMed searches for literature published from January 1981 to October 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremías G Galletti
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauricio Guzmán
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirta N Giordano
- Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Inic-Kanada A, Stojanovic M, Marinkovic E, Becker E, Stein E, Lukic I, Djokic R, Schuerer N, Hegemann JH, Barisani-Asenbauer T. A Probiotic Adjuvant Lactobacillus rhamnosus Enhances Specific Immune Responses after Ocular Mucosal Immunization with Chlamydial Polymorphic Membrane Protein C. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157875. [PMID: 27636704 PMCID: PMC5026373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of chlamydia vaccines, using live-attenuated or ultraviolet light-inactivated chlamydia, are paving the way for new possibilities to oppose the societal challenges posed by chlamydia-related diseases, such as blinding trachoma. An effective subunit vaccine would mitigate the risks associated with the use of a whole-cell vaccine. Our rationale for the design of an efficient subunit vaccine against Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is based on the membrane proteins involved in the initial Ct-host cell contact and on the route of immunization that mimics the natural infection process (i.e., via the ocular mucosa). The first aim of our study was to characterize the specific conjunctival and vaginal immune responses following eye drop immunization in BALB/c mice, using the N-terminal portion of the Ct serovar E polymorphic membrane protein C (N-PmpC) as the subunit vaccine antigen. Second, we aimed to examine the adjuvant properties of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LB) when formulated with N-PmpC. N-PmpC applied alone stimulated the production of N-PmpC- and Ct serovar B-specific antibodies in serum, tears and vaginal washes, whereas the combination with LB significantly enhanced these responses. The N-PmpC/LB combination initiated a T cell response characterized by an elevated percentage of CD25+ T cells and CD8+ effector T cells, enhanced CD4+ T-helper 1 skewing, and increased regulatory T cell responses. Together, these results show that eye drop vaccination with combined use of N-PmpC and a live probiotic LB stimulates specific cellular and humoral immune responses, not only locally in the conjunctiva but also in the vaginal mucosa, which could be a promising approach in Ct vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Inic-Kanada
- OCUVAC – Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marijana Stojanovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera – TORLAK, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emilija Marinkovic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera – TORLAK, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elisabeth Becker
- Institut für Funktionelle Genomforschung der Mikroorganismen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Gebäude 25.02.U1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Stein
- OCUVAC – Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivana Lukic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera – TORLAK, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radmila Djokic
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera – TORLAK, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadine Schuerer
- OCUVAC – Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes H. Hegemann
- Institut für Funktionelle Genomforschung der Mikroorganismen, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Gebäude 25.02.U1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Talin Barisani-Asenbauer
- OCUVAC – Center of Ocular Inflammation and Infection, Laura Bassi Centres of Expertise, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Meliopoulos VA, Karlsson EA, Schultz-Cherry S. What can imaging tell us about influenza virus transmission and protection? Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of zoonotic influenza infections is a constant threat to public health. One of the major determinants of pandemic potential is the ability to transmit from animal to human and/or human to human via respiratory droplets. Understanding viral tropism and spread is crucial for predicting which viruses represent the most threatening to human health. Recently, a replication-competent influenza reporter virus was described that permitted in vivo imaging and visualization of infection in ferrets for the first time. This review will focus on the applications of luminescent reporter viruses toward understanding transmission of influenza viruses and development of therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Erik A Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Laksono BM, de Vries RD, McQuaid S, Duprex WP, de Swart RL. Measles Virus Host Invasion and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2016; 8:E210. [PMID: 27483301 PMCID: PMC4997572 DOI: 10.3390/v8080210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Measles virus is a highly contagious negative strand RNA virus that is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease in previously unexposed humans and non-human primates. Measles is characterised by fever and skin rash and usually associated with cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. A hallmark of measles is the transient immune suppression, leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. At the same time, the disease is paradoxically associated with induction of a robust virus-specific immune response, resulting in lifelong immunity to measles. Identification of CD150 and nectin-4 as cellular receptors for measles virus has led to new perspectives on tropism and pathogenesis. In vivo studies in non-human primates have shown that the virus initially infects CD150⁺ lymphocytes and dendritic cells, both in circulation and in lymphoid tissues, followed by virus transmission to nectin-4 expressing epithelial cells. The abilities of the virus to cause systemic infection, to transmit to numerous new hosts via droplets or aerosols and to suppress the host immune response for several months or even years after infection make measles a remarkable disease. This review briefly highlights current topics in studies of measles virus host invasion and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta M Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephen McQuaid
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, BT7 1NN Belfast, UK.
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yoon S, Kim ED, Song MS, Han SJ, Park TK, Choi KS, Choi YK, Seo KY. Eyedrop Vaccination Induced Systemic and Mucosal Immunity against Influenza Virus in Ferrets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157634. [PMID: 27333331 PMCID: PMC4917170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated eyedrop vaccination (EDV) in pre-clinical development for immunological protection against influenza and for potential side effects involving ocular inflammation and the central nervous system (CNS). Live attenuated influenza EDV, CA07 (H1N1), PZ-4 (H1N2) and Uruguay (H3N2), induced both systemic and mucosal virus-specific antibody responses in ferrets. In addition, EDV resulted in a clinically significant protection against viral challenge, and suppression of viral replication in nasal secretion and lung tissue. Regarding safety, we found that administered EDV flow through the tear duct to reach the base of nasal cavity, and thus do not contact the olfactory bulb. All analyses for potential adverse effects due to EDV, including histological and functional examinations, did not reveal significant side effects. On the basis of these findings, we propose that EDV as effective, while being a safe administration route with minimum local side effects, CNS invasion, or visual function disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangchul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Medical Center, Seoul, 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Do Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sub Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Gyounggi-do, 10444, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Martelli S, Pender SLF, Larbi A. Compartmentalization of immunosenescence: a deeper look at the mucosa. Biogerontology 2015; 17:159-76. [PMID: 26689202 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Developments in medical care and living conditions led to an astonishing increase in life-span perspective and subsequently a rise in the old population. This can be seen as a success for public health policies but it also challenges society to adapt, in order to cope with the potentially overwhelming cost for the healthcare system. A fast-growing number of older people lose their ability to live independently because of diseases and disabilities, frailty or cognitive impairment. Many require long-term care, including home-based nursing, communities and hospital-based care. Immunosenescence, an age-related deterioration in immune functions, is considered a major contributory factor for the higher prevalence and severity of infectious diseases and the poor efficacy of vaccination in the elderly. When compared with systemic immunosenescence, alterations in the mucosal immune system with age are less well understood. For this reason, this area deserves more extensive and intensive research and support. In this article, we provide an overview of age-associated changes occurring in systemic immunity and discuss the distinct features of mucosal immunosenescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Martelli
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Aging and Immunity Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvia L F Pender
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Aging and Immunity Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lin IYC, Van TTH, Smooker PM. Live-Attenuated Bacterial Vectors: Tools for Vaccine and Therapeutic Agent Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:940-72. [PMID: 26569321 PMCID: PMC4693226 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically attenuated microorganisms, including pathogenic and commensal bacteria, can be engineered to carry and deliver heterologous antigens to elicit host immunity against both the vector as well as the pathogen from which the donor gene is derived. These live attenuated bacterial vectors have been given much attention due to their capacity to induce a broad range of immune responses including localized mucosal, as well as systemic humoral and/or cell-mediated immunity. In addition, the unique tumor-homing characteristics of these bacterial vectors has also been exploited for alternative anti-tumor vaccines and therapies. In such approach, tumor-associated antigen, immunostimulatory molecules, anti-tumor drugs, or nucleotides (DNA or RNA) are delivered. Different potential vectors are appropriate for specific applications, depending on their pathogenic routes. In this review, we survey and summarize the main features of the different types of live bacterial vectors and discussed the clinical applications in the field of vaccinology. In addition, different approaches for using live attenuated bacterial vectors for anti-cancer therapy is discussed, and some promising pre-clinical and clinical studies in this field are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Y C Lin
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora VIC-3083, Australia.
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora VIC-3083, Australia.
| | - Peter M Smooker
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora VIC-3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kim ED, Han SJ, Byun YH, Yoon SC, Choi KS, Seong BL, Seo KY. Inactivated Eyedrop Influenza Vaccine Adjuvanted with Poly(I:C) Is Safe and Effective for Inducing Protective Systemic and Mucosal Immunity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137608. [PMID: 26355295 PMCID: PMC4565664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The eye route has been evaluated as an efficient vaccine delivery routes. However, in order to induce sufficient antibody production with inactivated vaccine, testing of the safety and efficacy of the use of inactivated antigen plus adjuvant is needed. Here, we assessed various types of adjuvants in eyedrop as an anti-influenza serum and mucosal Ab production-enhancer in BALB/c mice. Among the adjuvants, poly (I:C) showed as much enhancement in antigen-specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibody production as cholera toxin (CT) after vaccinations with trivalent hemagglutinin-subunits or split H1N1 vaccine antigen in mice. Vaccination with split H1N1 eyedrop vaccine antigen plus poly(I:C) showed a similar or slightly lower efficacy in inducing antibody production than intranasal vaccination; the eyedrop vaccine-induced immunity was enough to protect mice from lethal homologous influenza A/California/04/09 (H1N1) virus challenge. Additionally, ocular inoculation with poly(I:C) plus vaccine antigen generated no signs of inflammation within 24 hours: no increases in the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines nor in the infiltration of mononuclear cells to administration sites. In contrast, CT administration induced increased expression of IL-6 cytokine mRNA and mononuclear cell infiltration in the conjunctiva within 24 hours of vaccination. Moreover, inoculated visualizing materials by eyedrop did not contaminate the surface of the olfactory bulb in mice; meanwhile, intranasally administered materials defiled the surface of the brain. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the use of eyedrop inactivated influenza vaccine plus poly(I:C) is a safe and effective mucosal vaccine strategy for inducing protective anti-influenza immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Do Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jung Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ho Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sub Choi
- The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Gyounggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Translational Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
This chapter reviews papers mostly written since 2005 that report results using live attenuated bacterial vectors to deliver after administration through mucosal surfaces, protective antigens, and DNA vaccines, encoding protective antigens to induce immune responses and/or protective immunity to pathogens that colonize on or invade through mucosal surfaces. Papers that report use of such vaccine vector systems for parenteral vaccination or to deal with nonmucosal pathogens or do not address induction of mucosal antibody and/or cellular immune responses are not reviewed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Choi KS, Kim SH, Kim ED, Lee SH, Han SJ, Yoon S, Chang KT, Seo KY. Protection from hemolytic uremic syndrome by eyedrop vaccination with modified enterohemorrhagic E. coli outer membrane vesicles. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100229. [PMID: 25032703 PMCID: PMC4102476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether eyedrop vaccination using modified outer membrane vesicles (mOMVs) is effective for protecting against hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infection. Modified OMVs and waaJ-mOMVs were prepared from cultures of MsbB- and Shiga toxin A subunit (STxA)-deficient EHEC O157:H7 bacteria with or without an additional waaJ mutation. BALB/c mice were immunized by eyedrop mOMVs, waaJ-mOMVs, and mOMVs plus polymyxin B (PMB). Mice were boosted at 2 weeks, and challenged peritoneally with wild-type OMVs (wtOMVs) at 4 weeks. As parameters for evaluation of the OMV-mediated immune protection, serum and mucosal immunoglobulins, body weight change and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/Creatinin (Cr) were tested, as well as histopathology of renal tissue. In order to confirm the safety of mOMVs for eyedrop use, body weight and ocular histopathological changes were monitored in mice. Modified OMVs having penta-acylated lipid A moiety did not contain STxA subunit proteins but retained non-toxic Shiga toxin B (STxB) subunit. Removal of the polymeric O-antigen of O157 LPS was confirmed in waaJ-mOMVs. The mice group vaccinated with mOMVs elicited greater humoral and mucosal immune responses than did the waaJ-mOMVs and PBS-treated groups. Eyedrop vaccination of mOMVs plus PMB reduced the level of humoral and mucosal immune responses, suggesting that intact O157 LPS antigen can be a critical component for enhancing the immunogenicity of the mOMVs. After challenge, mice vaccinated with mOMVs were protected from a lethal dose of wtOMVs administered intraperitoneally, conversely mice in the PBS control group were not. Collectively, for the first time, EHEC O157-derived mOMV eyedrop vaccine was experimentally evaluated as an efficient and safe means of vaccine development against EHEC O157:H7 infection-associated HUS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Sub Choi
- The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang city, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Do Kim
- The Graduate School of Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soo Jung Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangchul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- The National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KYS); (KTC)
| | - Kyoung Yul Seo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ear Hospital, Severance Hospital, Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KYS); (KTC)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Azegami T, Yuki Y, Kiyono H. Challenges in mucosal vaccines for the control of infectious diseases. Int Immunol 2014; 26:517-28. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
36
|
Tabynov K, Kydyrbayev Z, Ryskeldinova S, Yespembetov B, Zinina N, Assanzhanova N, Kozhamkulov Y, Inkarbekov D, Gotskina T, Sansyzbay A. Novel influenza virus vectors expressing Brucella L7/L12 or Omp16 proteins in cattle induced a strong T-cell immune response, as well as high protectiveness against B. abortus infection. Vaccine 2014; 32:2034-41. [PMID: 24598723 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study of the immunogenicity and protectiveness of new candidate vector vaccine against Brucella abortus - a bivalent vaccine formulation consisting of a mixture of recombinant influenza A subtype H5N1 or H1N1 (viral constructs vaccine formulation) viruses expressing Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 and Omp16, in cattle. To increase the effectiveness of the candidate vaccine, adjuvants such as Montanide Gel01 or chitosan were included in its composition. Immunization of cattle (heifers aged 1-1.5 years, 5 animals per group) with the viral constructs vaccine formulation only, or its combination with adjuvants Montanide Gel01 or chitosan, was conducted via the conjunctival method using cross prime (influenza virus subtype H5N1) and booster (influenza virus subtype H1N1) vaccination schedules at an interval of 28 days. Vaccine candidates were evaluated in comparison with the positive (B. abortus S19) and negative (PBS) controls. The viral constructs vaccine formulations, particularly in combination with Montanide Gel01 adjuvant promoted formation of IgG antibodies (with a predominance of antibodies of isotype IgG2a) against Brucella L7/L12 and Omp16 proteins in ELISA. Moreover, these vaccines in cattle induced a strong antigen-specific T-cell immune response, as indicated by a high number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, as well as the concentration of IFN-γ, and most importantly provided a high level of protectiveness comparable to the commercial B. abortus S19 vaccine and superior to the B. abortus S19 vaccine in combination with Montanide Gel01 adjuvant. Based on these findings, we recommended the bivalent vaccine formulation containing the adjuvant Montanide Gel01 for practical use in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaissar Tabynov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan.
| | - Zhailaubay Kydyrbayev
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Sholpan Ryskeldinova
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Bolat Yespembetov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Nadezhda Zinina
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurika Assanzhanova
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerken Kozhamkulov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Dulat Inkarbekov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Tatyana Gotskina
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| | - Abylai Sansyzbay
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, 080409, Zhambulskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeisky, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Malik B, Rath G, Goyal AK. Are the anatomical sites for vaccine administration selected judiciously? Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Fujihashi K, Sato S, Kiyono H. Mucosal adjuvants for vaccines to control upper respiratory infections in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:21-6. [PMID: 24440991 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are two major pathogens that lead to significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Since both pathogens enter the host via the mucosa, especially the upper respiratory tract (URT), it is essential to elicit pathogen-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) antibody (Ab) responses at mucosal surfaces for defense of the elderly. However, as aging occurs, alterations in the mucosal immune system of older individuals result in a failure to induce SIgA Abs for protection from these infections. To overcome mucosal immunosenescence, we have developed a mucosal dendritic cell targeting, novel double adjuvant system which we show to be an attractive and effective immunological modulator. This system induces a more balanced Th1- and Th2-type cytokine response which supports both mucosal SIgA and systemic IgG1 and IgG2a Ab responses. Thus, adaptation of this adjuvant system to nasal vaccines for influenza virus and S. pneumoniae could successfully provide protection by supporting pathogen-specific SIgA Ab responses in the URT in the mouse model of aging. In summary, a double adjuvant system is considered to be an attractive and potentially important strategy for the future development of mucosal vaccines for the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The Institute of Oral Health Research, The School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The Institute of Oral Health Research, The School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA.
| | - Shintaro Sato
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The Institute of Oral Health Research, The School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The Institute of Oral Health Research, The School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA; Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Siebelmann S, Gehlsen U, Hüttmann G, Koop N, Bölke T, Gebert A, Stern ME, Niederkorn JY, Steven P. Development, alteration and real time dynamics of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82355. [PMID: 24376530 PMCID: PMC3869694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) is thought to play a key role in initiating ocular surface related immune responses. This study was planned to get first profound insights into the function of CALT related to development, cellular dynamics and morphological alteration using a novel mouse model. Methods Expression and morphology of CALT were investigated using BALB/c mice kept under different housing conditions, after topical antigen-stimulation and following lymphadenectomy and splenectomy. Particles and bacteria were applied topically to study antigen-transport. Intravital visualization was performed using two-photon microscopy. Results Postnatal development and ultrastructure of CALT in the mouse is similar to humans. Topical antigen-challenge significantly alters CALT expression. Bacterial translocation is demonstrated via lymphoepithelium whereas cellular velocities within follicles were approximately 8 µm/min. Conclusions CALT in the mouse is an immunological interface of the ocular surface, featuring dynamic processes such as morphological plasticity, particle/bacteria transport and cellular migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Uta Gehlsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon Hüttmann
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Koop
- Institute of Biomedical Optics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Torsten Bölke
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Gebert
- Institute of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael E. Stern
- Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jerry Y. Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Philipp Steven
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nanotechnological Approaches for Genetic Immunization. DNA AND RNA NANOBIOTECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE: DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES 2013. [PMCID: PMC7121080 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36853-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic immunization is one of the important findings that provide multifaceted immunological response against infectious diseases. With the advent of r-DNA technology, it is possible to construct vector with immunologically active genes against specific pathogens. Nevertheless, site-specific delivery of constructed genetic material is an important contributory factor for eliciting specific cellular and humoral immune response. Nanotechnology has demonstrated immense potential for the site-specific delivery of biomolecules. Several polymeric and lipidic nanocarriers have been utilized for the delivery of genetic materials. These systems seem to have better compatibility, low toxicity, economical and capable to delivering biomolecules to intracellular site for the better expression of desired antigens. Further, surface engineering of nanocarriers and targeting approaches have an ability to offer better presentation of antigenic material to immunological cells. This chapter gives an overview of existing and emerging nanotechnological approaches for the delivery of genetic materials.
Collapse
|
41
|
The ocular conjunctiva as a mucosal immunization route: a profile of the immune response to the model antigen tetanus toxoid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60682. [PMID: 23637758 PMCID: PMC3637207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a quest for a needle-free vaccine administration strategy, we evaluated the ocular conjunctiva as an alternative mucosal immunization route by profiling and comparing the local and systemic immune responses to the subcutaneous or conjunctival administration of tetanus toxoid (TTd), a model antigen. Materials and methods BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized either subcutaneously with TTd alone or via the conjunctiva with TTd alone, TTd mixed with 2% glycerol or TTd with merthiolate-inactivated whole-cell B. pertussis (wBP) as adjuvants. Mice were immunized on days 0, 7 and 14 via both routes, and an evaluation of the local and systemic immune responses was performed two weeks after the last immunization. Four weeks after the last immunization, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose (2 × LD50) of tetanus toxin. Results The conjunctival application of TTd in BALB/c mice induced TTd-specific secretory IgA production and skewed the TTd-specific immune response toward a Th1/Th17 profile, as determined by the stimulation of IFNγ and IL-17A secretion and/or the concurrent pronounced reduction of IL-4 secretion, irrespective of the adjuvant. In conjunctivaly immunized C57BL/6 mice, only TTd administered with wBP promoted the establishment of a mixed Th1/Th17 TTd-specific immune response, whereas TTd alone or TTd in conjunction with glycerol initiated a dominant Th1 response against TTd. Immunization via the conjunctiva with TTd plus wBP adjuvant resulted in a 33% survival rate of challenged mice compared to a 0% survival rate in non-immunized animals (p<0.05). Conclusion Conjunctival immunization with TTd alone or with various adjuvants induced TTd-specific local and systemic immune responses, predominantly of the Th1 type. The strongest immune responses developed in mice that received TTd together with wBP, which implies that this alternative route might tailor the immune response to fight intracellular bacteria or viruses more effectively.
Collapse
|
42
|
Bock F, Maruyama K, Regenfuss B, Hos D, Steven P, Heindl LM, Cursiefen C. Novel anti(lymph)angiogenic treatment strategies for corneal and ocular surface diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 34:89-124. [PMID: 23348581 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is one of the few tissues which actively maintain an avascular state, i.e. the absence of blood and lymphatic vessels (corneal [lymph]angiogenic privilege). Nonetheless do several diseases interfere with this privilege and cause pathologic corneal hem- and lymphangiogenesis. The ingrowths of pathologic blood and lymphatic vessels into the cornea not only reduce transparency and thereby visual acuity up to blindness, but also significantly increases the rate of graft rejections after subsequent corneal transplantation. Therefore great interest exists in new strategies to target pathologic corneal (lymph)angiogenesis to promote graft survival. This review gives an overview on the vascular anatomy of the normal ocular surface, on the molecular mechanisms contributing to the corneal (lymph)angiogenic privilege and on the cellular and molecular mechanisms occurring during pathological neovascularization of the cornea. In addition we summarize the current preclinical and clinical evidence for three novel treatment strategies against ocular surface diseases based on targeting pathologic (lymph)angiogenesis: (a) modulation of the immune responses after (corneal) transplantation by targeting pathologic (lymph)angiogenesis prior to and after transplantation, (b) novel concepts against metastasis and recurrence of ocular surface tumors such as malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva by anti(lymph)angiogenic therapy and (c) new ideas on how to target ocular surface inflammatory diseases such as dry eye by targeting conjunctival and corneal lymphatic vessels. Based on compelling preclinical evidence and early data from clinical trials the novel therapeutic concepts of promoting graft survival, inhibiting tumor metastasis and dampening ocular surface inflammation and dry eye disease by targeting (lymph)angiogenesis are on their way to translation into the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bock
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fujkuyama Y, Tokuhara D, Kataoka K, Gilbert RS, McGhee JR, Yuki Y, Kiyono H, Fujihashi K. Novel vaccine development strategies for inducing mucosal immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:367-79. [PMID: 22380827 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To develop protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens, the delivery route and adjuvants for vaccination are important. The host, however, strives to maintain mucosal homeostasis by responding to mucosal antigens with tolerance, instead of immune activation. Thus, induction of mucosal immunity through vaccination is a rather difficult task, and potent mucosal adjuvants, vectors or other special delivery systems are often used, especially in the elderly. By taking advantage of the common mucosal immune system, the targeting of mucosal dendritic cells and microfold epithelial cells may facilitate the induction of effective mucosal immunity. Thus, novel routes of immunization and antigen delivery systems also show great potential for the development of effective and safe mucosal vaccines against various pathogens. The purpose of this review is to introduce several recent approaches to induce mucosal immunity to vaccines, with an emphasis on mucosal tissue targeting, new immunization routes and delivery systems. Defining the mechanisms of mucosal vaccines is as important as their efficacy and safety, and in this article, examples of recent approaches, which will likely accelerate progress in mucosal vaccine development, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Fujkuyama
- Departments of Pediatric Dentistry and Microbiology, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Mansour DEAA, El-Shazly AAF, Elawamry AI, Ismail AT. Comparison of ocular findings in patients with H1N1 influenza infection versus patients receiving influenza vaccine during a pandemic. Ophthalmic Res 2012; 48:134-8. [PMID: 22572924 DOI: 10.1159/000337138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate ocular findings during the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) and after vaccination for the same strain. PATIENTS AND METHODS This study was conducted on 89 patients with H1N1 influenza infection (group 1) and 28 subjects who received vaccination for H1N1 (group 2). All patients were subjected to history taking, ophthalmological examination, fundus examination, conjunctival impression cytology and conjunctival swabs. RESULTS The patients' age ranged between 5 and 60 years (19.25 ± 11.70 years). Group 1 included 43 (48.1%) males and 46 (51.9%) females, while group 2 included 13 (46.43%) males and 15 (53.57%) females. The most common ocular finding of patients in group 1 was bilateral acute conjunctivitis in 58 cases (65.17%), while in group 2, we found 3 (10.71%) cases of mild conjunctivitis, and 2 (7.14%) cases of moderate conjunctivitis. Retinopathy, uveal affection, and optic neuritis were not statistically different between the 2 groups. Impression cytology of the conjunctiva for group 1 showed squamous metaplasia grade 3 with enlargement of epithelial cells, and fragmentation of the nucleus which is similar to virus-infected structural changes. CONCLUSION Pandemic influenza H1N1 was able to induce different ocular manifestations including acute conjunctivitis, retinopathy, uveal effusion syndrome and optic neuritis.
Collapse
|
45
|
Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) reactions to antiglaucoma prostaglandins with or without BAK-preservative in rabbit acute toxicity study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33913. [PMID: 22442734 PMCID: PMC3307783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) is closely associated with ocular surface immunity. This study investigated the effects of antiglaucoma prostaglandin analogs with or without benzalkonium chloride (BAK) preservative on organized CALT using an acute toxic model. A total of 48 albino rabbits were used and seven groups of treatments were constituted. Solutions (50 µl) of PBS, 0.02%BAK, (0.02%BAK+)latanoprost, (0.015%BAK+)travoprost, (0.005%BAK+)bimatoprost, (BAK-free)travoprost preserved with the SofZia® system or (BAK-free)tafluprost were instilled 15 times at 5-min intervals in both eyes. CALT changes were analyzed using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), immunohistology in cryosections for detecting MUC-5AC+ mucocytes and CD45+ hematopoietic cells. Antiglaucoma eye drops stimulated inflammatory cell infiltration in the CALT, and seemed to be primarily related to the concentration of their BAK content. The CALT reaction after instillation of BAK-containing eye drops was characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration in the dome and intrafollicular layers and by cell circulation inside the lymph vessels. CD45 was strongly expressed in the CALT after instillation of all BAK-containing solutions at 4 h and decreased at 24 h. The number of MUC-5AC+ mucocytes around the CALT structure decreased dramatically after instillation of BAK-containing solutions. This study showed for the first time the in vivo aspect of rabbit CALT after toxic stimuli, confirming the concentration-dependent toxic effects of BAK. IVCM-CALT analysis could be a pertinent tool in the future for understanding the immunotoxicologic challenges in the ocular surface and would provide useful criteria for evaluating newly developed eye drops.
Collapse
|
46
|
Giuliano EA, Finn K. Characterization of membranous (M) cells in normal feline conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT). Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 14 Suppl 1:60-6. [PMID: 21923825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize conjunctival lymphoid nodules obtained from the nictitans of healthy cats to determine if the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) in this species contains membranous (M)-cells analogous to those described in other regions of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). METHODS Lymphoid follicles from nictitan bulbar surfaces of 10 healthy cats (20 eyes total) were examined. Nictitans from five cats were harvested immediately post-mortem and a minimum of 12 lymphoid nodules from each third eyelid were isolated using a Zeiss operating microscope. At least three lymphoid follicles from each eye were examined using light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using standard fixation and embedding protocols. Nictitan-lymphoid follicles from another five healthy cats were processed for immunohistochemistry to characterize the distribution of T- and B-lymphocytes present beneath the FAE. RESULTS The FAE overlying CALT from 10 healthy cats demonstrated morphology characteristic of M-cells including attenuated apical cell surface with blunted microvilli and microfolds, invaginated basolateral membrane forming a cytoplasmic pocket, and diminished distance between the apical and pocket membrane. Immunohistochemistry of lymphoid tissue subtending the FAE demonstrated B-cell dependent regions in the germinal centers surrounded by T-cell dependent interfollicular zones. CONCLUSIONS Healthy feline CALT contains morphologic features analogous to those described in other regions of MALT. Documentation of feline conjunctival M-cells is of clinical relevance in the study of primary infectious, allergic, and autoimmune ocular diseases, as well as a potential means of vaccination or drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Giuliano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Naz RK. Female genital tract immunity: distinct immunological challenges for vaccine development. J Reprod Immunol 2012; 93:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
48
|
Zuccotti GV, Fabiano V. Strategies for preventing influenza: future perspectives in influenza vaccine technology. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1-4. [PMID: 21133814 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.539047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of influenza transmission and containment of epidemics and pandemics require effective strategies that can be efficiently and easily addressed to the whole population. Annual vaccination is undoubtedly the most effective way to provide protection against influenza infection. Numbers of vaccines are actually available for yearly immunisation. However, the continuous increasing demand for rapidly available vaccine doses for immunisation of a larger proportion of population represents the stimulus for study and development of more efficient vaccine production technologies, which can guarantee reduction of vaccine manufacture times and better compliance by availability of easier routes of administration. New perspectives in influenza vaccination technology are making their way in the future panorama of influenza prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kudela P, Koller VJ, Mayr UB, Nepp J, Lubitz W, Barisani-Asenbauer T. Bacterial Ghosts as antigen and drug delivery system for ocular surface diseases: Effective internalization of Bacterial Ghosts by human conjunctival epithelial cells. J Biotechnol 2011; 153:167-75. [PMID: 21501636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the presented investigation was to examine the efficiency of the novel carrier system Bacterial Ghosts (BGs), which are empty bacterial cell envelopes of Gram-negative bacteria to target human conjunctival epithelial cells, as well as to test the endocytic capacity of conjunctival cells after co-incubation with BGs generated from different bacterial species, and to foreclose potential cytotoxic effects caused by BGs. The efficiency of conjunctival cells to internalize BGs was investigated using the Chang conjunctival epithelial cell line and primary human conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells (HCDECs) as in vitro model. A high capacity of HCDECs to functionally internalize BGs was detected with the level of internalization depending on the type of species used for BGs generation. Detailed analysis showed no cytotoxic effect of BGs on HCDECs independently of the used bacterial species. Moreover, co-incubation with BGs did not enhance expression of both MHC class I and class II molecules by HCDECs, but increased expression of ICAM-1. The high rates of BG's internalization by HCDECs with no BG-mediated cytotoxic impact designate this carrier system to be a promising candidate for an ocular surface drug delivery system. BGs could be useful for future therapeutic ocular surface applications and eye-specific disease vaccine development including DNA transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Kudela
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Grewal JS, Pilgrim MJ, Grewal S, Kasman L, Werner P, Bruorton ME, London SD, London L. Salivary glands act as mucosal inductive sites via the formation of ectopic germinal centers after site-restricted MCMV infection. FASEB J 2011; 25:1680-96. [PMID: 21307334 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-174656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the hypothesis that salivary gland inoculation stimulates formation of ectopic germinal centers (GCs), transforming the gland into a mucosal inductive site. Intraglandular infection of mice with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV; control: UV-inactivated MCMV) induces salivary gland ectopic follicles comprising cognate interactions between CD4(+) and B220(+) lymphocytes, IgM(+) and isotype-switched IgG(+) and IgA(+) B cells, antigen presenting cells, and follicular dendritic cells. B cells coexpressed the GC markers GCT (57%) and GL7 (52%), and bound the lectin peanut agglutinin. Lymphoid follicles were characterized by a 2- to 3-fold increase in mRNA for CXCL13 (lymphoid neogenesis), syndecan-1 (plasma cells), Blimp-1 (plasma cell development/differentiation), and a 2- to 6-fold increase for activation-induced cytidine deaminase, PAX5, and the nonexcised rearranged DNA of an IgA class-switch event, supporting somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination within the salivary follicles. Intraglandular inoculation also provided protection against a systemic MCMV challenge, as evidenced by decreased viral titers (10(5) plaque-forming units to undetectable), and restoration of normal salivary flow rates from a 6-fold decrease. Therefore, these features suggest that the salivary gland participates in oral mucosal immunity via generation of ectopic GCs, which function as ectopic mucosal inductive sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasvir S Grewal
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|