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Jiang Y, Ni S, Xiao B, Jia L. Function, mechanism and drug discovery of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modification with multiomics profiling for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4341-4372. [PMID: 37969742 PMCID: PMC10638515 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) pathways are critical post-translational modifications that determine whether functional proteins are degraded or activated/inactivated. To date, >600 associated enzymes have been reported that comprise a hierarchical task network (e.g., E1-E2-E3 cascade enzymatic reaction and deubiquitination) to modulate substrates, including enormous oncoproteins and tumor-suppressive proteins. Several strategies, such as classical biochemical approaches, multiomics, and clinical sample analysis, were combined to elucidate the functional relations between these enzymes and tumors. In this regard, the fundamental advances and follow-on drug discoveries have been crucial in providing vital information concerning contemporary translational efforts to tailor individualized treatment by targeting Ub and Ubl pathways. Correspondingly, emphasizing the current progress of Ub-related pathways as therapeutic targets in cancer is deemed essential. In the present review, we summarize and discuss the functions, clinical significance, and regulatory mechanisms of Ub and Ubl pathways in tumorigenesis as well as the current progress of small-molecular drug discovery. In particular, multiomics analyses were integrated to delineate the complexity of Ub and Ubl modifications for cancer therapy. The present review will provide a focused and up-to-date overview for the researchers to pursue further studies regarding the Ub and Ubl pathways targeted anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Biying Xiao
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lijun Jia
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Pelczyńska M, Moszak M, Wesołek A, Bogdański P. The Preventive Mechanisms of Bioactive Food Compounds against Obesity-Induced Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1232. [PMID: 37371961 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns are promising strategies for preventing and treating obesity and its coexisting inflammatory processes. Bioactive food compounds have received considerable attention due to their actions against obesity-induced inflammation, with limited harmful side effects. They are perceived as food ingredients or dietary supplements other than those necessary to meet basic human nutritional needs and are responsible for positive changes in the state of health. These include polyphenols, unsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics. Although the exact mechanisms of bioactive food compounds' action are still poorly understood, studies have indicated that they involve the modulation of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and hormones; regulate gene expression in adipose tissue; and modify the signaling pathways responsible for the inflammatory response. Targeting the consumption and/or supplementation of foods with anti-inflammatory potential may represent a new approach to obesity-induced inflammation treatment. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to evaluate strategies for bioactive food compound intake, especially times and doses. Moreover, worldwide education about the advantages of bioactive food compound consumption is warranted to limit the consequences of unhealthy dietary patterns. This work presents a review and synthesis of recent data on the preventive mechanisms of bioactive food compounds in the context of obesity-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pelczyńska
- Chair and Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Moszak
- Chair and Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wesołek
- Chair and Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Chair and Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego Street, 60-569 Poznań, Poland
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3
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Su H, Yi J, Tsui CK, Li C, Zhu J, Li L, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Xu J, Zhu M, Han J. HIF1-α upregulation induces proinflammatory factors to boost host killing capacity after Aspergillus fumigatus exposure. Future Microbiol 2023; 18:27-41. [PMID: 36472203 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: HIF1-α is an important transcription factor in the regulation of the immune response. The protective function of HIF1-α in the host epithelial immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus requires further clarification. Methods: In this study we demonstrated the effect of upregulation of HIF1-α expression in A549 cells and mouse airway cells exposed to A. fumigatus in vivo. Results: The killing capacity was enhanced by boosting proinflammatory factors both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, airway inflammation was reduced in the HIF1-α-upregulated mice. Conclusion: We identified a protective role for HIF1-α in anti-A. fumigatus immunity. Modulation of HIF1-α might be a target for the development of aspergillosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Su
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jiu Yi
- Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai, 200052, China
| | - Clement Km Tsui
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T1Z3, Canada.,National Center for Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng hospital, 308442, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Junhao Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Yuanjie Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai, 200052, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jiande Han
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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4
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Rahman A, Matthews MA, Nowell CJ, Chalmers DK, Thompson PE, Nicholson SE, Barlow N, Norton RS. Enhanced nitric oxide production by macrophages treated with a cell-penetrating peptide conjugate. Bioorg Chem 2022; 123:105763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Li K, You T, Zhao P, Luo Y, Zhang D, Wei H, Wang Y, Yang J, Guan X, Kuang Z. Structural basis for the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by the SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein SPSB2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Nitric Oxide 2021; 113-114:1-6. [PMID: 33862200 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relatively high concentration of nitric oxide (NO) produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in response to a variety of stimuli is a source of reactive nitrogen species, an important weapon of host innate immune defense. The SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 2 (SPSB2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that regulates the lifetime of iNOS. SPSB2 interacts with the N-terminal region of iNOS via a binding site on the SPRY domain of SPSB2, and recruits an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to polyubiquitinate iNOS, leading to its proteasomal degradation. Although critical residues for the SPSB2-iNOS interaction have been identified, structural basis for the interaction remains to be explicitly determined. In this study, we have determined a crystal structure of the N-terminal region of iNOS in complex with the SPRY domain of SPSB2 at 1.24 Å resolution. We have resolved the roles of some flanking residues, whose contribution to the SPSB2-iNOS interaction was structurally unclear previously. Furthermore, we have evaluated the effects of SPSB2 inhibitors on NO production using transient transfection and cell-penetrating peptide approaches, and found that such inhibitors can elevate NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages. These results thus provide a useful basis for the development of potent SPSB2 inhibitors as well as recruiting ligands for proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kefa Li
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tingting You
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Panqi Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yanhong Luo
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Danting Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xueyan Guan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhihe Kuang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Biotechnology Drug and Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, 510632, China; National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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6
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Babu Reddiar S, Al-Wassiti H, Pouton CW, Nowell CJ, Matthews MA, Rahman A, Barlow N, Norton RS. Assessing the cellular toxicity of peptide inhibitors of intracellular protein-protein interactions by microinjection. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 29:115906. [PMID: 33310547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of protein-protein interactions can be developed through a number of technologies to provide leads that include cell-impermeable molecules. Redesign of these impermeable leads to provide cell-permeable derivatives can be challenging and costly. We hypothesised that intracellular toxicity of leads could be assessed by microinjection prior to investing in the redesign process. We demonstrate this approach for our development of inhibitors of the protein-protein interaction between inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) and SPRY domain-containing SOCS box proteins (SPSBs). We microinjected a lead molecule into AD-293 cells and were able to perform an intracellular toxicity assessment. We also investigated the intracellular distribution and localisation of injected inhibitor using a fluorescently-labelled analogue. Our findings show that a lead peptide inhibitor, CP2, had no toxicity even at intracellular concentrations four orders of magnitude higher than its Kd for binding to SPSB2. This early toxicity assessment justifies further development of this cell-impermeable lead to confer cell permeability. Our investigation highlights the utility of microinjection as a tool for assessing toxicity during development of drugs targeting protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevini Babu Reddiar
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Hareth Al-Wassiti
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Macgregor A Matthews
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Arfatur Rahman
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia.
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia; ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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7
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Yue L, Yan M, Chen S, Cao H, Li H, Xie Z. PTP1B negatively regulates STAT1-independent Pseudomonas aeruginosa killing by macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:296-303. [PMID: 32958258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main conditional pathogen of immunodeficiency individuals. The mechanisms governing immune response to P. aeruginosa infection by macrophages remain incompletely defined. Herein, we demonstrate that protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is a critical negative regulator of P. aeruginosa infection response by macrophages. PTP1B-deficient macrophages display greatly enhanced bacterial phagocytosis and killing, accompanied by increased lysosome formation during P. aeruginosa infection. We also found that PTP1B repressed nitric oxide (NO) production and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction following P. aeruginosa infection. PTP1B deficiency tended to upregulate the production of TRIF-interferon (IFN) pathway cytokines and chemokines, including IFN-β and interferon γ-inducible protein 10 (CXCL10, IP-10). Unexpectedly, the phosphorylation level of STAT1 was not regulated by PTP1B. In vivo experiments also confirmed that the regulatory function of PTP1B was not dependent on STAT1. These findings demonstrate that STAT1 is dispensable for negative regulation of P. aeruginosa clearance by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shihua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Han Cao
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hua Li
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Zhongping Xie
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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8
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Ghoreishifar SM, Eriksson S, Johansson AM, Khansefid M, Moghaddaszadeh-Ahrabi S, Parna N, Davoudi P, Javanmard A. Signatures of selection reveal candidate genes involved in economic traits and cold acclimation in five Swedish cattle breeds. Genet Sel Evol 2020; 52:52. [PMID: 32887549 PMCID: PMC7487911 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-020-00571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thousands of years of natural and artificial selection have resulted in indigenous cattle breeds that are well-adapted to the environmental challenges of their local habitat and thereby are considered as valuable genetic resources. Understanding the genetic background of such adaptation processes can help us design effective breeding objectives to preserve local breeds and improve commercial cattle. To identify regions under putative selection, GGP HD 150 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays were used to genotype 106 individuals representing five Swedish breeds i.e. native to different regions and covering areas with a subarctic cold climate in the north and mountainous west, to those with a continental climate in the more densely populated south regions. Results Five statistics were incorporated within a framework, known as de-correlated composite of multiple signals (DCMS) to detect signatures of selection. The obtained p-values were adjusted for multiple testing (FDR < 5%), and significant genomic regions were identified. Annotation of genes in these regions revealed various verified and novel candidate genes that are associated with a diverse range of traits, including e.g. high altitude adaptation and response to hypoxia (DCAF8, PPP1R12A, SLC16A3, UCP2, UCP3, TIGAR), cold acclimation (AQP3, AQP7, HSPB8), body size and stature (PLAG1, KCNA6, NDUFA9, AKAP3, C5H12orf4, RAD51AP1, FGF6, TIGAR, CCND2, CSMD3), resistance to disease and bacterial infection (CHI3L2, GBP6, PPFIBP1, REP15, CYP4F2, TIGD2, PYURF, SLC10A2, FCHSD2, ARHGEF17, RELT, PRDM2, KDM5B), reproduction (PPP1R12A, ZFP36L2, CSPP1), milk yield and components (NPC1L1, NUDCD3, ACSS1, FCHSD2), growth and feed efficiency (TMEM68, TGS1, LYN, XKR4, FOXA2, GBP2, GBP5, FGD6), and polled phenotype (URB1, EVA1C). Conclusions We identified genomic regions that may provide background knowledge to understand the mechanisms that are involved in economic traits and adaptation to cold climate in cattle. Incorporating p-values of different statistics in a single DCMS framework may help select and prioritize candidate genes for further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Ghoreishifar
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Susanne Eriksson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna M Johansson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Majid Khansefid
- AgriBio Centre for AgriBioscience, Agriculture Victoria, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Sima Moghaddaszadeh-Ahrabi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nahid Parna
- Department of Animal Science, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, 31587-11167, Iran
| | - Pourya Davoudi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N5E3, Canada
| | - Arash Javanmard
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Zhao Y, Xiong X, Sun Y. Cullin-RING Ligase 5: Functional characterization and its role in human cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:61-79. [PMID: 32334051 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cullin-RING ligase 5 (CRL5) is a multi-protein complex and consists of a scaffold protien cullin 5, a RING protein RBX2 (also known as ROC2 or SAG), adaptor proteins Elongin B/C, and a substrate receptor protein SOCS. Through targeting a variety of substrates for proteasomal degradation or modulating various protein-protein interactions, CRL5 is involved in regulation of many biological processes, such as cytokine signal transduction, inflammation, viral infection, and oncogenesis. As many substrates of CRL5 are well-known oncoproteins or tumor suppressors, abnormal regulation of CRL5 is commonly found in human cancers. In this review, we first briefly introduce each of CRL5 components, and then discuss the biological processes regulated by four members of SOCS-box-containing substrate receptor family through substrate degradation. We next describe how CRL5 is hijacked by a variety of viral proteins to degrade host anti-viral proteins, which facilitates virus infection. We further discuss the regulation of CUL5 and its various roles in human cancers, acting as either a tumor suppressor or an oncoprotein in a context-dependent manner. Finally, we propose novel insights for future perspectives on the validation of cullin5 and other CRL5 components as potential targets, and possible targeting strategies to discover CRL5 inhibitors for anti-cancer and anti-virus therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiufang Xiong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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10
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Georgana I, Maluquer de Motes C. Cullin-5 Adaptor SPSB1 Controls NF-κB Activation Downstream of Multiple Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3121. [PMID: 32038638 PMCID: PMC6985365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of innate immune responses against pathogens relies on the activation of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and corresponding intracellular signaling cascades. To avoid inappropriate or excessive activation of PRRs, these responses are tightly controlled. Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) have emerged as critical regulators of many cellular functions including innate immune activation and inflammation. CRLs form multiprotein complexes in which a Cullin protein acts as a scaffold and recruits specific adaptor proteins, which in turn recognize specific substrate proteins for ubiquitylation, hence providing selectivity. CRLs are divided into 5 main groups, each of which uses a specific group of adaptor proteins. Here, we systematically depleted all predicted substrate adaptors for the CRL5 family (the so-called SOCS-box proteins) and assessed the impact on the activation of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Depletion of SPSB1 resulted in a significant increase in NF-κB activation, indicating the importance of SPSB1 as an NF-κB negative regulator. In agreement, overexpression of SPSB1 suppressed NF-κB activity in a potent, dose-dependent manner in response to various agonists. Inhibition by SPSB1 was specific to NF-κB, because other transcription factors related to innate immunity and interferon (IFN) responses such as IRF-3, AP-1, and STATs remained unaffected by SPSB1. SPSB1 suppressed NF-κB activation induced via multiple pathways including Toll-like receptors and RNA and DNA sensing adaptors, and required the presence of its SOCS-box domain. To provide mechanistic insight, we examined phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor of κB (IκBα) and p65 translocation into the nucleus. Both remained unaffected by SPSB1, indicating that SPSB1 exerts its inhibitory activity downstream, or at the level, of the NF-κB heterodimer. In agreement with this, SPSB1 was found to co-precipitate with p65 after over-expression and at endogenous levels. Additionally, A549 cells stably expressing SPSB1 presented lower cytokine levels including type I IFN in response to cytokine stimulation and virus infection. Taken together, our results reveal novel regulatory mechanisms in innate immune signaling and identify the prominent role of SPSB1 in limiting NF-κB activation. Our work thus provides insights into inflammation and inflammatory diseases and new opportunities for the therapeutic targeting of NF-κB transcriptional activity.
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Zhang S, Sun Y. Cullin RING Ligase 5 (CRL-5): Neddylation Activation and Biological Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1217:261-283. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-1025-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Yue L, Yan M, Tremblay ML, Lin TJ, Li H, Yang T, Song X, Xie T, Xie Z. PTP1B negatively regulates nitric oxide-mediated Pseudomonas aeruginosa killing by neutrophils. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222753. [PMID: 31532798 PMCID: PMC6750887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in host defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Mechanisms underlying the negative regulation of neutrophil function in bacterial clearance remain incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) is a negative regulator of P. aeruginosa clearance by neutrophils. PTP1B-deficient neutrophils display greatly enhanced bacterial phagocytosis and killing, which are accompanied by increased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling activation and nitric oxide (NO) production following P. aeruginosa infection. Interestingly, PTP1B deficiency mainly upregulates the production of IL-6 and IFN-β, leads to enhanced TLR4-dependent STAT1 activation and iNOS expression by neutrophils following P. aeruginosa infection. Further studies reveal that PTP1B and STAT1 are physically associated. These findings demonstrate a negative regulatory mechanism in neutrophil underlying the elimination of P. aeruginosa infection though a PTP1B-STAT1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yue
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tong-Jun Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hua Li
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ting Yang
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xia Song
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tianhong Xie
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhongping Xie
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Luo Y, Li K, Yang J, Zhang D, Zhou Y, Kuang Z. Crystal structure of the SPRY domain of human SPSB2 in the apo state. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2019; 75:412-418. [PMID: 31204687 PMCID: PMC6572098 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1900623x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 2 (SPSB2) is one of four mammalian SPSB proteins that are characterized by a C-terminal SOCS box and a central SPRY/B30.2 domain. SPSB2 interacts with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) via the SPRY domain and polyubiquitinates iNOS, resulting in its proteasomal degradation. Inhibitors that can disrupt SPSB2-iNOS interaction and augment NO production may serve as novel anti-infective and anticancer agents. The previously determined murine SPSB2 structure may not reflect the true apo conformation of the iNOS-binding site. Here, the crystal structure of human SPSB2 SPRY domain in the apo state is reported at a resolution of 1.9 Å. Comparison of the apo and ligand-bound structures reveals that the iNOS-binding site is highly preformed and that major conformational changes do not occur upon ligand binding. Moreover, the C-terminal His6 tag of the recombinant protein binds to a shallow pocket adjacent to the iNOS-binding site on a crystallographically related SPSB2 molecule. These findings may help in structure-based and fragment-based SPSB2 inhibitor design in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kefa Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danting Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihe Kuang
- Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Guangzhou 510632, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Wang M, Liu C, Wang W, Dong M, Zhang P, Liu Y, Wang L, Song L. A SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein 3 (SPSB3) involved in the regulation of cytokine production in granulocytes of Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:28-37. [PMID: 30711451 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sp1A/ryanodine receptor (SPRY) family members have been reported to involve in important biological pathways, including innate immune signaling, cytokine signaling suppression, development, cell growth, and retroviral restriction. In the present study, a SPRY domain-containing SOCS box protein (named as CgSPSB3) was identified and characterized from oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame of CgSPSB3 gene was of 699 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 232 amino acid residues with a central SPRY domain and a C-terminal SOCS box motif. CgSPSB3 mRNA transcripts could be detected in all the examined tissues with the highest level in hemocytes, which was about 82.72-fold (p < 0.05) of that in gonad. Furthermore, the expression level of CgSPSB3 mRNA in granulocytes was significantly higher than that in semi-granulocytes and agranulocytes, which was about 2.04-fold (p < 0.05) of the average level of hemocytes. Immunofluorescence assay further revealed that CgSPSB3 protein was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of granulocytes. The mRNA expression of CgSPSB3 in hemocytes was up-regulated after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Vibrio splendidus stimulations. The mRNA expression of CgIFNLP, CgIL17-5 and CgTNF-1 decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 24 h after the CgSPSB3 mRNA was knocked down by RNAi. These results collectively indicated that CgSPSB3 might play an important role in regulating cytokines production in granulocytes of C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Prevention of Aquaculture Animals, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Prevention of Aquaculture Animals, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Miren Dong
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Disease Control and Prevention of Aquaculture Animals, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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15
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Srivastava M, Bencurova E, Gupta SK, Weiss E, Löffler J, Dandekar T. Aspergillus fumigatus Challenged by Human Dendritic Cells: Metabolic and Regulatory Pathway Responses Testify a Tight Battle. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:168. [PMID: 31192161 PMCID: PMC6540932 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells which serve as a passage between the innate and the acquired immunity. Aspergillosis is a major lethal condition in immunocompromised patients caused by the adaptable saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. The healthy human immune system is capable to ward off A. fumigatus infections however immune-deficient patients are highly vulnerable to invasive aspergillosis. A. fumigatus can persist during infection due to its ability to survive the immune response of human DCs. Therefore, the study of the metabolism specific to the context of infection may allow us to gain insight into the adaptation strategies of both the pathogen and the immune cells. We established a metabolic model of A. fumigatus central metabolism during infection of DCs and calculated the metabolic pathway (elementary modes; EMs). Transcriptome data were used to identify pathways activated when A. fumigatus is challenged with DCs. In particular, amino acid metabolic pathways, alternative carbon metabolic pathways and stress regulating enzymes were found to be active. Metabolic flux modeling identified further active enzymes such as alcohol dehydrogenase, inositol oxygenase and GTP cyclohydrolase participating in different stress responses in A. fumigatus. These were further validated by qRT-PCR from RNA extracted under these different conditions. For DCs, we outlined the activation of metabolic pathways in response to the confrontation with A. fumigatus. We found the fatty acid metabolism plays a crucial role, along with other metabolic changes. The gene expression data and their analysis illuminate additional regulatory pathways activated in the DCs apart from interleukin regulation. In particular, Toll-like receptor signaling, NOD-like receptor signaling and RIG-I-like receptor signaling were active pathways. Moreover, we identified subnetworks and several novel key regulators such as UBC, EGFR, and CUL3 of DCs to be activated in response to A. fumigatus. In conclusion, we analyze the metabolic and regulatory responses of A. fumigatus and DCs when confronted with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Srivastava
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Bencurova
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shishir K Gupta
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Esther Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Löffler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,EMBL Heidelberg, Structural and Computational Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
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Cabrié A, Guittet O, Tomasini R, Vincendeau P, Lepoivre M. Crosstalk between TAp73 and TGF-β in fibroblast regulates iNOS expression and Nrf2-dependent gene transcription. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:617-629. [PMID: 30753884 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity produces anti-tumor and anti-microbial effects but also promotes carcinogenesis through mutagenic, immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic mechanisms. The tumor suppressor p53 contributes to iNOS downregulation by repressing induction of the NOS2 gene encoding iNOS, thereby limiting NO-mediated DNA damages. This study focuses on the role of the p53 homologue TAp73 in the regulation of iNOS expression. Induction of iNOS by immunological stimuli was upregulated in immortalized MEFs from TAp73-/- mice, compared to TAp73+/+ fibroblasts. This overexpression resulted both from increased levels of NOS2 transcripts, and from an increased stability of the protein. Limitation of iNOS expression by TAp73 in wild-type cells is alleviated by TGF-β receptor I inhibitors, suggesting a cooperation between TAp73 and TGF-β in suppression of iNOS expression. Accordingly, downregulation of iNOS expression by exogenous TGF-β1 was impaired in TAp73-/- fibroblasts. Increased NO production in these cells resulted in a stronger, NO-dependent induction of Nrf2 target genes, indicating that the Nrf2-dependent adaptive response to nitrosative stress in fibroblasts is proportional to iNOS activity. NO-dependent induction of two HIF-1 target genes was also stronger in TAp73-deficient cells. Finally, the antimicrobial action of NO against Trypanosoma musculi parasites was enhanced in TAp73-/- fibroblasts. Our data indicate that tumor suppressive TAp73 isoforms cooperate with TGF-β to control iNOS expression, NO-dependent adaptive responses to stress, and pathogen proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimeric Cabrié
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR9198, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Guittet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR9198, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Richard Tomasini
- CRCM, INSERM, U1068, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France; Paoli-Calmettes Institute, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France; CNRS, UMR7258, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Philippe Vincendeau
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "INTERTRYP", Université Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Lepoivre
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC) CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR9198, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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17
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Sadek MM, Barlow N, Leung EWW, Williams-Noonan BJ, Yap BK, Shariff FM, Caradoc-Davies TT, Nicholson SE, Chalmers DK, Thompson PE, Law RHP, Norton RS. A Cyclic Peptide Inhibitor of the iNOS-SPSB Protein-Protein Interaction as a Potential Anti-Infective Agent. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2930-2938. [PMID: 30226743 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SPRY domain- and SOCS box-containing proteins SPSB1, SPSB2, and SPSB4 interact with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), causing the iNOS to be polyubiquitinated and targeted for degradation. Inhibition of this interaction increases iNOS levels, and consequently cellular nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, and has been proposed as a potential strategy for killing intracellular pathogens. We previously described two DINNN-containing cyclic peptides (CP1 and CP2) as potent inhibitors of the murine SPSB-iNOS interaction. In this study, we report the crystal structures of human SPSB4 bound to CP1 and CP2 and human SPSB2 bound to CP2. We then used these structures to design a new inhibitor in which an intramolecular hydrogen bond was replaced with a hydrocarbon linkage to form a smaller macrocycle while maintaining the bound geometry of CP2 observed in the crystal structures. This resulting pentapeptide SPSB-iNOS inhibitor (CP3) has a reduced macrocycle ring size, fewer nonbinding residues, and includes additional conformational constraints. CP3 has a greater affinity for SBSB2 ( KD = 7 nM as determined by surface plasmon resonance) and strongly inhibits the SPSB2-iNOS interaction in macrophage cell lysates. We have also determined the crystal structure of CP3 in complex with human SPSB2, which reveals the structural basis for the increased potency of CP3 and validates the original design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiada M. Sadek
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Nicholas Barlow
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eleanor W. W. Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Billy J. Williams-Noonan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Beow Keat Yap
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Fairolniza Mohd Shariff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra, 43400 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Sandra E. Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
- The Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David K. Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Philip E. Thompson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ruby H. P. Law
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
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18
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Liu S, Iaria J, Simpson RJ, Zhu HJ. Ras enhances TGF-β signaling by decreasing cellular protein levels of its type II receptor negative regulator SPSB1. Cell Commun Signal 2018. [PMID: 29534718 PMCID: PMC5850916 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transformation by oncogene Ras overcomes TGF-β mediated growth inhibition in epithelial cells. However, it cooperates with each other to mediate epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mechanism of how these two pathways interact with each other is controversial. Methods Molecular techniques were used to engineer expression plasmids for Ras, SPRY, TGF-β receptors, type I and II and ubiquitin. Immunoprecipitation and western blots were employed to determine protein-protein interactions, preotein levels, protein phosphorylation while immunofluorecesent staining for molecular co-localization. TGF-β signalling activities is also determined by its luciferase reporter assay. Trans-well assays were used to measure cell migration and invasion. Results Ras interacts with the SPSB1’s SPRY domain to enhance TGF-β signaling. Ras interacts and colocalizes with the TGF-β type II receptor’s (TβRII) negative regulator SPSB1 on the cell membrane, consequently promoting SPSB1 protein degradation via enhanced mono- and di-ubiquitination. Reduced SPSB1 levels result in the stablization of TβRII, in turn the increase of receptor levels significantly enhance Smad2/3 phosphorylation and signaling. Importantly, forced expression of SPSB1 in Ras transformed cells suppresses TGF-β signaling and its mediated migration and invasion. Conclusion Ras positively cooperates with TGF-β signaling by reducing the cellular protein levels of TβRII negative regualtor SPSB1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-018-0223-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Josephine Iaria
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Richard J Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Whirledge S, Kisanga EP, Taylor RN, Cidlowski JA. Pioneer Factors FOXA1 and FOXA2 Assist Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling in Human Endometrial Cells. Endocrinology 2017; 158:4076-4092. [PMID: 28938408 PMCID: PMC5695839 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Successful pregnancy relies on dynamic control of cell signaling to achieve uterine receptivity and the necessary biological changes required for endometrial decidualization, embryo implantation, and fetal development. Glucocorticoids are master regulators of intracellular signaling and can directly regulate embryo implantation and endometrial remodeling during murine pregnancy. In immortalized human uterine cells, we have shown that glucocorticoids and estradiol (E2) coregulate thousands of genes. Recently, glucocorticoids and E2 were shown to coregulate the expression of Left-right determination factor 1 (LEFTY1), previously implicated in the regulation of decidualization. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which glucocorticoids and E2 regulate the expression of LEFTY1, immortalized and primary human endometrial cells were evaluated for gene expression and receptor recruitment to regulatory regions of the LEFTY1 gene. Glucocorticoid administration induced expression of LEFTY1 messenger RNA and protein and recruitment of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and activated polymerase 2 to the promoter of LEFTY1. Glucocorticoid-mediated recruitment of GR was dependent on pioneer factors FOXA1 and FOXA2. E2 was found to antagonize glucocorticoid-mediated induction of LEFTY1 by reducing recruitment of GR, FOXA1, FOXA2, and activated polymerase 2 to the LEFTY1 promoter. Gene expression analysis identified several genes whose glucocorticoid-dependent induction required FOXA1 and FOXA2 in endometrial cells. These results suggest a molecular mechanism by which E2 antagonizes GR-dependent induction of specific genes by preventing the recruitment of the pioneer factors FOXA1 and FOXA2 in a physiologically relevant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Whirledge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Edwina P. Kisanga
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Robert N. Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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20
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Fang Y, Kang Y, Zou H, Cheng X, Xie T, Shi L, Zhang H. β-elemene attenuates macrophage activation and proinflammatory factor production via crosstalk with Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Fitoterapia 2017; 124:92-102. [PMID: 29066299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
β-elemene, extracted from Rhizoma zedoariae, has been widely used as a traditional medicine for its antitumor activity against a broad range of cancers. However, the effect of β-elemene in inflammation disorders has yet to be determined. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and potential molecular mechanisms of β-elemene in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage cells RAW264.7. We found that the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), induced by LPS was significantly suppressed by β-elemene in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Also, β-elemene inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression by RAW264.7, which was related to the down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Importantly, this study demonstrates that β-catenin was significantly inhibited by β-elemene, which appeared to be largely responsible for the down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Accordingly, the deletion of β-catenin in primary macrophages reversed β-catenin-elicited inhibition of immune response. Furthermore, β-catenin expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway induced by LPS in RAW264.7 was also significantly inhibited by α-humulene, one isomeric sesquiterpene of β-elemene. α-humulene was also found to significantly inhibit LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines. However, α-humulene showed more cytotoxic ability than β-elemene. Collectively, our data illustrated that β-elemene exerted a potent inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory meditator and cytokines production via the inactivation of β-catenin, and also demonstrated the protective functions of β-elemene in endotoxin-induced inflammation. β-elemene may serve as potential nontoxic modulatory agents for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Basical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanhua Kang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Basical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Zou
- Key Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Basical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaxuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Basical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Institute of Holistic Integrative Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Holistic Integrative Oncology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Key Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Basical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Division of Basical Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Holistic Integrative Oncology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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21
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Characterisation of a novel coumarin-based fluorescent probe for monitoring nitric oxide production in macrophages. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5743-5748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Eisenreich W, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. To Eat and to Be Eaten: Mutual Metabolic Adaptations of Immune Cells and Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens upon Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:316. [PMID: 28752080 PMCID: PMC5508010 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacterial pathogens (IBPs) invade and replicate in different cell types including immune cells, in particular of the innate immune system (IIS) during infection in the acute phase. However, immune cells primarily function as essential players in the highly effective and integrated host defense systems comprising the IIS and the adaptive immune system (AIS), which cooperatively protect the host against invading microbes including IBPs. As countermeasures, the bacterial pathogens (and in particular the IBPs) have developed strategies to evade or reprogram the IIS at various steps. The intracellular replication capacity and the anti-immune defense responses of the IBP's as well as the specific antimicrobial responses of the immune cells of the innate and the AIS depend on specific metabolic programs of the IBPs and their host cells. The metabolic programs of the immune cells supporting or counteracting replication of the IBPs appear to be mutually exclusive. Indeed, recent studies show that upon interaction of naïve, metabolically quiescent immune cells with IBPs, different metabolic activation processes occur which may result in the provision of a survival and replication niche for the pathogen or its eradication. It is therefore likely that within a possible host cell population subsets exist that are metabolically programmed for pro- or anti-microbial conditions. These metabolic programs may be triggered by the interactions between different bacterial agonistic components and host cell receptors. In this review, we summarize the current status in the field and discuss metabolic adaptation processes within immune cells of the IIS and the IBPs that support or restrict the intracellular replication of the pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Biochemistry, Technische Universität MünchenGarching, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Chair of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilian University of MunichMünchen, Germany
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23
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You T, Wang Y, Li K, Zhang D, Wei H, Luo Y, Li H, Lu Y, Su X, Kuang Z. Crystal structure of SPSB2 in complex with a rational designed RGD-containing cyclic peptide inhibitor of SPSB2-iNOS interaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:346-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Chittoor B, Krishnarjuna B, Morales RAV, MacRaild CA, Sadek M, Leung EWW, Robinson SD, Pennington MW, Norton RS. The Single Disulfide-Directed β-Hairpin Fold. Dynamics, Stability, and Engineering. Biochemistry 2017; 56:2455-2466. [PMID: 28437072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Grafting bioactive peptide sequences onto small cysteine-rich scaffolds is a promising strategy for enhancing their stability and value as novel peptide-based therapeutics. However, correctly folded disulfide-rich peptides can be challenging to produce by either recombinant or synthetic means. The single disulfide-directed β-hairpin (SDH) fold, first observed in contryphan-Vc1, provides a potential alternative to complex disulfide-rich scaffolds. We have undertaken recombinant production of full-length contryphan-Vc1 (rCon-Vc1[Z1Q]) and a truncated analogue (rCon-Vc11-22[Z1Q]), analyzed the backbone dynamics of rCon-Vc1[Z1Q], and probed the conformational and proteolytic stability of these peptides to evaluate the potential of contryphan-Vc1 as a molecular scaffold. Backbone 15N relaxation measurements for rCon-Vc1[Z1Q] indicate that the N-terminal domain of the peptide is ordered up to Thr19, whereas the remainder of the C-terminal region is highly flexible. The solution structure of truncated rCon-Vc11-22[Z1Q] was similar to that of the full-length peptide, indicating that the flexible C-terminus does not have any effect on the structured domain of the peptide. Contryphan-Vc1 exhibited excellent proteolytic stability against trypsin and chymotrypsin but was susceptible to pepsin digestion. We have investigated whether contryphan-Vc1 can accept a bioactive epitope while maintaining the structure of the peptide by introducing peptide sequences based on the DINNN motif of inducible nitric oxide synthase. We show that sCon-Vc11-22[NNN12-14] binds to the iNOS-binding protein SPSB2 with an affinity of 1.3 μM while maintaining the SDH fold. This study serves as a starting point in utilizing the SDH fold as a peptide scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanyam Chittoor
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bankala Krishnarjuna
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Rodrigo A V Morales
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher A MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Maiada Sadek
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eleanor W W Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Samuel D Robinson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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25
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Norton RS, Leung EWW, Chandrashekaran IR, MacRaild CA. Applications of (19)F-NMR in Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070860. [PMID: 27438818 PMCID: PMC6273323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(19)F-NMR has proved to be a valuable tool in fragment-based drug discovery. Its applications include screening libraries of fluorinated fragments, assessing competition among elaborated fragments and identifying the binding poses of promising hits. By observing fluorine in both the ligand and the target protein, useful information can be obtained on not only the binding pose but also the dynamics of ligand-protein interactions. These applications of (19)F-NMR will be illustrated in this review with studies from our fragment-based drug discovery campaigns against protein targets in parasitic and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | - Eleanor W W Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | - Indu R Chandrashekaran
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia.
| | - Christopher A MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia.
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26
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Okumura F, Joo-Okumura A, Nakatsukasa K, Kamura T. The role of cullin 5-containing ubiquitin ligases. Cell Div 2016; 11:1. [PMID: 27030794 PMCID: PMC4812663 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-016-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) box consists of the BC box and the cullin 5 (Cul5) box, which interact with Elongin BC and Cul5, respectively. SOCS box-containing proteins have ubiquitin ligase activity mediated by the formation of a complex with the scaffold protein Cul5 and the RING domain protein Rbx2, and are thereby members of the cullin RING ligase superfamily. Cul5-type ubiquitin ligases have a variety of substrates that are targeted for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Here, we review the current knowledge on the identification of Cul5 and the regulation of its expression, as well as the signaling pathways regulated by Cul5 and how viruses highjack the Cul5 system to overcome antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Okumura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Akiko Joo-Okumura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kunio Nakatsukasa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
| | - Takumi Kamura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602 Japan
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27
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Liu S, Nheu T, Luwor R, Nicholson SE, Zhu HJ. SPSB1, a Novel Negative Regulator of the Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Pathway Targeting the Type II Receptor. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17894-17908. [PMID: 26032413 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate cellular signaling is essential to control cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Aberrant signaling can have devastating consequences and lead to disease states, including cancer. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway is a prominent signaling pathway that has been tightly regulated in normal cells, whereas its deregulation strongly correlates with the progression of human cancers. The regulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway involves a variety of physiological regulators. Many of these molecules act to alter the activity of Smad proteins. In contrast, the number of molecules known to affect the TGF-β signaling pathway at the receptor level is relatively low, and there are no known direct modulators for the TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII). Here we identify SPSB1 (a Spry domain-containing Socs box protein) as a novel regulator of the TGF-β signaling pathway. SPSB1 negatively regulates the TGF-β signaling pathway through its interaction with both endogenous and overexpressed TβRII (and not TβRI) via its Spry domain. As such, TβRII and SPSB1 co-localize on the cell membrane. SPSB1 maintains TβRII at a low level by enhancing the ubiquitination levels and degradation rates of TβRII through its Socs box. More importantly, silencing SPSB1 by siRNA results in enhanced TGF-β signaling and migration and invasion of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Thao Nheu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Rodney Luwor
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Sandra E Nicholson
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Departments of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Departments of Surgery (the Royal Melbourne Hospital), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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28
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D'Cruz AA, Babon JJ, Norton RS, Nicola NA, Nicholson SE. Structure and function of the SPRY/B30.2 domain proteins involved in innate immunity. Protein Sci 2014; 22:1-10. [PMID: 23139046 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The SPRY domain is a protein interaction module found in 77 murine and ~100 human proteins, and is implicated in important biological pathways, including those that regulate innate and adaptive immunity. The current definition of the SPRY domain is based on a sequence repeat discovered in the splA kinase and ryanodine receptors. The greater SPRY family is divided into the B30.2 (which contains a PRY extension at the N-terminus) and "SPRY-only" sub-families. In this brief review, we examine the current structural and biochemical literature on SPRY/B30.2 domain involvement in key immune processes and highlight a PRY-like 60 amino acid region in the N-terminus of "SPRY-only" proteins. Phylogenetic, structural, and functional analyses suggest that this N-terminal region is related to the PRY region of B30.2 and should be characterized as part of an extended SPRY domain. Greater understanding of the functional importance of the N-terminal region in "SPRY only" proteins will enhance our ability to interrogate SPRY interactions with their respective binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay A D'Cruz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Lugrin J, Rosenblatt-Velin N, Parapanov R, Liaudet L. The role of oxidative stress during inflammatory processes. Biol Chem 2014; 395:203-30. [PMID: 24127541 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The production of various reactive oxidant species in excess of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms promotes the development of a state of oxidative stress, with significant biological consequences. In recent years, evidence has emerged that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development and perpetuation of inflammation, and thus contributes to the pathophysiology of a number of debilitating illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, or neurodegenerative processes. Oxidants affect all stages of the inflammatory response, including the release by damaged tissues of molecules acting as endogenous danger signals, their sensing by innate immune receptors from the Toll-like (TLRs) and the NOD-like (NLRs) families, and the activation of signaling pathways initiating the adaptive cellular response to such signals. In this article, after summarizing the basic aspects of redox biology and inflammation, we review in detail the current knowledge on the fundamental connections between oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, with a special emphasis on the danger molecule high-mobility group box-1, the TLRs, the NLRP-3 receptor, and the inflammasome, as well as the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB.
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30
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Yap BK, Leung EWW, Yagi H, Galea CA, Chhabra S, Chalmers DK, Nicholson SE, Thompson PE, Norton RS. A Potent Cyclic Peptide Targeting SPSB2 Protein as a Potential Anti-infective Agent. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7006-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500596j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beow Keat Yap
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eleanor W. W. Leung
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hiromasa Yagi
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles A. Galea
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandeep Chhabra
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K. Chalmers
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra E. Nicholson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
- The
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Philip E. Thompson
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Leung EWW, Yagi H, Harjani JR, Mulcair MD, Scanlon MJ, Baell JB, Norton RS. 19F NMR as a Probe of Ligand Interactions with the iNOS Binding site of SPRY Domain-Containing SOCS Box Protein 2. Chem Biol Drug Des 2014; 84:616-25. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor W. W. Leung
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Hiromasa Yagi
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jitendra R. Harjani
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Mark D. Mulcair
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Martin J. Scanlon
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Jonathan B. Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
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32
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Zhu M, Li D, Wu Y, Huang X, Wu M. TREM-2 promotes macrophage-mediated eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa via a PI3K/Akt pathway. Scand J Immunol 2014; 79:187-96. [PMID: 24383713 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) is a cell surface receptor abundantly expressed on myeloid lineage cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. It is reported that TREM-2 functions as an inflammatory inhibitor in macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the role of TREM-2 in bacterial killing remains unclear. This study explored the role of TREM-2 in bacterial eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), a Gram-negative bacterium which causes various opportunistic infections. Phagocytosis assay assessed by flow cytometry suggested that TREM-2 was not involved in the uptake of PA by macrophages, while bacterial plate count data showed that TREM-2 was required for macrophage-mediated intracellular killing of PA. Moreover, our results demonstrated that TREM-2 promoted macrophage killing by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS), but not nitric oxygen (NO) production. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, diminished the TREM-2-mediated intracellular killing of PA. To further investigate the underlined mechanisms of TREM-2-promoted bacterial killing, we examined the activation of downstream mitogen-activated protein kinases and PI3K/Akt pathway. Western blot data showed that silencing of TREM-2 inhibited phosphorylation of Akt, but not ERK, JNK or P38. In addition, pretreatment with PI3K active product PIP3 DiC16 reversed the elevation of intracellular bacterial load in TREM-2-silenced macrophages, while PI3K inhibitor wortmannin restored the decline of bacterial load in TREM-2-overexpressed macrophages. These data together suggested that the TREM-2-mediated bacterial killing is dependent on the activation of PI3K/Akt signalling, which may provide a better understanding of the host antibacterial immune defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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33
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Ichikawa T, Sugiura H, Koarai A, Minakata Y, Kikuchi T, Morishita Y, Oka A, Kanai K, Kawabata H, Hiramatsu M, Akamatsu K, Hirano T, Nakanishi M, Matsunaga K, Yamamoto N, Ichinose M. TLR3 activation augments matrix metalloproteinase production through reactive nitrogen species generation in human lung fibroblasts. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4977-88. [PMID: 24760149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection often triggers asthma exacerbation and contributes to airway remodeling. Cell signaling in viral infection is mainly mediated through TLR3. Many mediators are involved in airway remodeling, but matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key players in this process in asthma. However, the role of TLR3 activation in production of MMPs is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], a ligand for TLR3, on production of MMPs in human lung fibroblasts, with a focus on nitrosative stress in TLR3 modulation of MMP production. After lung fibroblasts were treated with poly(I:C), production of MMP-1, -2, and -9 and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was assessed. The roles of NF-κB and IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) in the poly(I:C)-mediated production of MMPs and the responsiveness to poly(I:C) of normal lung fibroblasts and asthmatic lung fibroblasts were also investigated. Poly(I:C) augmented production of MMPs and iNOS in fibroblasts, and an iNOS inhibitor diminished this production of MMPs. Poly(I:C) stimulated translocation of NF-κB and IRF-3 into the nucleus in fibroblasts and inhibition of NF-κB or IRF-3 abrogated the poly(I:C)-induced increase in both iNOS expression and release of MMPs. Poly(I:C)-induced production of iNOS and MMPs was greater in asthmatic fibroblasts than in normal fibroblasts. We conclude that viral infection may induce nitrosative stress and subsequent MMP production via NF-κB- and IRF-3-dependent pathways, thus potentiating viral-induced airway remodeling in asthmatic airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ichikawa
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akira Koarai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Minakata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Takashi Kikuchi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Yukiko Morishita
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Asako Oka
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Kuninobu Kanai
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Hiroki Kawabata
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Masataka Hiramatsu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Keiichiro Akamatsu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Tsunahiko Hirano
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Masanori Nakanishi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Kazuto Matsunaga
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Nobuyuki Yamamoto
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, School of Medicine, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan; and
| | - Masakazu Ichinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Dong H, Bullock TNJ. Metabolic influences that regulate dendritic cell function in tumors. Front Immunol 2014; 5:24. [PMID: 24523723 PMCID: PMC3906600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are critical regulators of both activation and tolerance in the adaptive immune response. The dual nature of DC immunoregulatory function depends on their differentiation and activation status. DC found within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor-draining lymph node often exist in an inactive state, which is thought to limit the adaptive immune response elicited by the growing tumor. The major determinants of DC activation and the functional alterations in DC that result from integrating exogenous stimuli have been well investigated. Extensive efforts have been made to elucidate how the TME contributes to the inactivated/dysfunctional phenotype of tumor-associated DC (TADC). Although performed predominantly on in vitro DC cultures, recent evidence indicates that DC undergo required, coordinated alterations in their metabolism upon activation, and dysregulated metabolism in TADC is associated with their reduced immunostimulatory capacity. In this review, we will focus on the role of glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism in DC activation and function and discuss how these metabolic pathways may be regulated in TADC. Further, we consider the need for developing novel experimental approaches to assess metabolic choices in vivo, and the necessity for integrating metabolic regulation into the optimized development of DC for tumor vaccines and immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- Experimental Pathology Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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35
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Aldrich MB, Sevick-Muraca EM. Cytokines are systemic effectors of lymphatic function in acute inflammation. Cytokine 2013; 64:362-9. [PMID: 23764549 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The response of the lymphatic system to inflammatory insult and infection is not completely understood. Using a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging system to noninvasively document propulsive function, we noted the short-term cessation of murine lymphatic propulsion as early as 4h following LPS injection. Notably, the effects were systemic, displaying bilateral lymphatic pumping cessation after a unilateral insult. Furthermore, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, cytokines that were found to be elevated in serum during lymphatic pumping cessation, were shown separately to acutely and systemically decrease lymphatic pulsing frequency and velocity following intradermal administration. Surprisingly, marked lymphatic vessel dilation and leakiness were noted in limbs contralateral to IL-1β intradermal administration, but not in ipsilateral limbs. The effects of IL-1β on lymphatic pumping were abated by pre-treatment with an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, L-NIL (N-iminoethyl-L-lysine). The results suggest that lymphatic propulsion is systemically impaired within 4h of acute inflammatory insult, and that some cytokines are major effectors of lymphatic pumping cessation through nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms. These findings may help in understanding the actions of cytokines as mediators of lymphatic function in inflammatory and infectious states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Aldrich
- The Center for Molecular Imaging, Brown Foundation Institute for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, 1825 Pressler, 330-07, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Ramey HR, Decker JE, McKay SD, Rolf MM, Schnabel RD, Taylor JF. Detection of selective sweeps in cattle using genome-wide SNP data. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:382. [PMID: 23758707 PMCID: PMC3681554 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The domestication and subsequent selection by humans to create breeds and biological types of cattle undoubtedly altered the patterning of variation within their genomes. Strong selection to fix advantageous large-effect mutations underlying domesticability, breed characteristics or productivity created selective sweeps in which variation was lost in the chromosomal region flanking the selected allele. Selective sweeps have now been identified in the genomes of many animal species including humans, dogs, horses, and chickens. Here, we attempt to identify and characterise regions of the bovine genome that have been subjected to selective sweeps. Results Two datasets were used for the discovery and validation of selective sweeps via the fixation of alleles at a series of contiguous SNP loci. BovineSNP50 data were used to identify 28 putative sweep regions among 14 diverse cattle breeds. Affymetrix BOS 1 prescreening assay data for five breeds were used to identify 85 regions and validate 5 regions identified using the BovineSNP50 data. Many genes are located within these regions and the lack of sequence data for the analysed breeds precludes the nomination of selected genes or variants and limits the prediction of the selected phenotypes. However, phenotypes that we predict to have historically been under strong selection include horned-polled, coat colour, stature, ear morphology, and behaviour. Conclusions The bias towards common SNPs in the design of the BovineSNP50 assay led to the identification of recent selective sweeps associated with breed formation and common to only a small number of breeds rather than ancient events associated with domestication which could potentially be common to all European taurines. The limited SNP density, or marker resolution, of the BovineSNP50 assay significantly impacted the rate of false discovery of selective sweeps, however, we found sweeps in common between breeds which were confirmed using an ultra-high-density assay scored in a small number of animals from a subset of the breeds. No sweep regions were shared between indicine and taurine breeds reflecting their divergent selection histories and the very different environmental habitats to which these sub-species have adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Ramey
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Foster MW, Thompson JW, Forrester MT, Sha Y, McMahon TJ, Bowles DE, Moseley MA, Marshall HE. Proteomic analysis of the NOS2 interactome in human airway epithelial cells. Nitric Oxide 2013; 34:37-46. [PMID: 23438482 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.02.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine-inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) is constitutively expressed in human respiratory epithelia and is upregulated in inflammatory lung disease. Here, we sought to better define the protein interactions that may be important for NOS2 activity and stability, as well as to identify potential targets of NOS2-derived NO, in the respiratory epithelium. We overexpressed Flag-tagged, catalytically-inactive NOS2 in A549 cells and used mass spectrometry to qualitatively identify NOS2 co-immunoprecipitating proteins. Stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) was used to quantify the coordinate effects of cytokine stimulation on NOS2-protein interactions. Multi-protein networks dominated the NOS2 interactome, and cytokine-inducible interactions with allosteric activators and with the ubiquitin-proteasome system were correlated with cytokine-dependent increases in NO metabolites and in NOS2 ubiquitination. The ubiquitin ligase scaffolding protein, FBXO45, was identified as a novel, direct NOS2 interactor. Similar to the SPRY domain-containing SOCS box (SPSB) proteins, FBXO45 requires Asn27 in the (23)DINNN(27) motif of NOS2 for its interaction. However, FBXO45 is unique from the SPSBs in that it recruits a distinct E3 ligase complex containing MYCBP2 and SKP1. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the general utility of interaction proteomics for defining new aspects of NOS2 physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Foster
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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Exploring the diversity of SPRY/B30.2-mediated interactions. Trends Biochem Sci 2012; 38:38-46. [PMID: 23164942 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The SPla/Ryanodine receptor (SPRY)/B30.2 domain is one of the most common folds in higher eukaryotes. The human genome encodes 103 SPRY/B30.2 domains, several of which are involved in the immune response. Approximately 45% of human SPRY/B30.2-containing proteins are E3 ligases. The role and function of the majority of SPRY/B30.2 domains are still poorly understood, however, in several cases mutations in this domain have been linked to congenital disorders. The recent characterization of SPRY/B30.2-mediated protein interactions has provided evidence for a role of this domain as an adaptor module to assemble macromolecular complexes, analogous to Src homology (SH)2, SH3, and WW domains. However, functional and structural evidence suggests that SPRY/B30.2 is a more versatile fold, allowing a wide range of binding modes.
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Yao X, Li G, Lü C, Xu H, Yin Z. Arctigenin promotes degradation of inducible nitric oxide synthase through CHIP-associated proteasome pathway and suppresses its enzyme activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:138-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Mgbemena V, Segovia JA, Chang TH, Tsai SY, Cole GT, Hung CY, Bose S. Transactivation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by Kruppel-like factor 6 regulates apoptosis during influenza A virus infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:606-15. [PMID: 22711891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (flu) is a respiratory tract pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality among the human population. NO is a cellular mediator involved in tissue damage through its apoptosis of target cells and resulting enhancement of local inflammation. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is involved in the production of NO following infection. Although NO is a key player in the development of exaggerated lung disease during flu infection, the underlying mechanism, including the role of NO in apoptosis during infection, has not been reported. Similarly, the mechanism of iNOS gene induction during flu infection is not well defined in terms of the host transactivator(s) required for iNOS gene expression. In the current study, we identified Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) as a critical transcription factor essential for iNOS gene expression during flu infection. We also underscored the requirement for iNOS in inducing apoptosis during infection. KLF6 gene silencing in human lung epithelial cells resulted in the drastic loss of NO production, iNOS promoter-specific luciferase activity, and expression of iNOS mRNA following flu infection. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed a direct interaction of KLF6 with iNOS promoter during in vitro and in vivo flu infection of human lung cells and mouse respiratory tract, respectively. A significant reduction in flu-mediated apoptosis was noted in KLF6-silenced cells, cells treated with iNOS inhibitor, and primary murine macrophages derived from iNOS knockout mice. A similar reduction in apoptosis was noted in the lungs following intratracheal flu infection of iNOS knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mgbemena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Pajewski NM, Shrestha S, Quinn CP, Parker SD, Wiener H, Aissani B, McKinney BA, Poland GA, Edberg JC, Kimberly RP, Tang J, Kaslow RA. A genome-wide association study of host genetic determinants of the antibody response to Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed. Vaccine 2012; 30:4778-84. [PMID: 22658931 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have supported a host genetic contribution to vaccine response, but genome-wide assessments for specific determinants have been sparse. Here we describe a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of protective antigen-specific antibody (AbPA) responses among 726 European-Americans who received Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA) as part of a clinical trial. After quality control, 736,996 SNPs were tested for association with the AbPA response to 3 or 4 AVA vaccinations given over a 6-month period. No SNP achieved the threshold of genome-wide significance (p=5 × 10(-8)), but suggestive associations (p<1 × 10(-5)) were observed for SNPs in or near the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), in the promoter region of SPSB1, and adjacent to MEX3C. Multivariable regression modeling suggested that much of the association signal within the MHC corresponded to previously identified HLA DR-DQ haplotypes involving component HLA-DRB1 alleles of *15:01, *01:01, or *01:02. We estimated the proportion of additive genetic variance explained by common SNP variation for the AbPA response after the 6 month vaccination. This analysis indicated a significant, albeit imprecisely estimated, contribution of variation tagged by common polymorphisms (p=0.032). Future studies will be required to replicate these findings in European Americans and to further elucidate the host genetic factors underlying variable immune response to AVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Pajewski
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC 27157-1063, USA.
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Linossi EM, Nicholson SE. The SOCS box-adapting proteins for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. IUBMB Life 2012; 64:316-23. [PMID: 22362562 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) box was first identified in the SH2-containing SOCS box family (cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein, SOCS1-7) and is a 40-amino acid motif, which functions to recruit an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex consisting of the adapter proteins elongins B and C, Rbx2 and the scaffold protein Cullin5. The SOCS box is found in a diverse array of intracellular signalling molecules, many of which contain different protein interaction domains such as SPRY and WD40 domains, leucine and ankyrin repeats or other functional domains such as GTPases. In general, the SOCS box-containing proteins are thought to act as substrate-recognition modules to mediate the polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of substrate proteins by the 26S proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond M Linossi
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria
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Sugiyama Y, Kakoi K, Kimura A, Takada I, Kashiwagi I, Wakabayashi Y, Morita R, Nomura M, Yoshimura A. Smad2 and Smad3 are redundantly essential for the suppression of iNOS synthesis in macrophages by regulating IRF3 and STAT1 pathways. Int Immunol 2012; 24:253-65. [PMID: 22331441 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is a well-known immunosuppressive cytokine, little is known about the role of its downstream transcription factors, Smad2 and Smad3, in the suppression of macrophage activation. Previous studies have demonstrated that Smad3 is critical for the suppression of LPS-mediated inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) induction, although the role of Smad2 remains to be investigated. In this study, we found that iNOS induction was enhanced in Smad2-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal macrophages in vitro and tumor-associated macrophages in vivo, compared with wild-type (WT) macrophages. However, TGF-β1 still suppressed iNOS induction in Smad2-deficient macrophages. In Smad2/3 double knockout (KO) (Smad2/3 DKO) BMDMs, LPS-mediated NO/iNOS induction was more strongly elevated than in Smad2 or Smad3 single KO BMDMs, and its suppression by exogenous TGF-β1 was severely impaired. These data suggest that Smad2 and Smad3 redundantly regulate iNOS induction. Similarly, the production of IL-6 and TNFα, but not IL-10 was augmented in Smad2/3 DKO BMDMs, suggesting that Smad2 and Smad3 also redundantly suppressed some cytokines production. In Smad2/3 DKO macrophages, TLR3- as well as TLR4-mediated IRF3 activation and IFN-β production were strongly augmented, which resulted in hyper STAT1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, IFN-β- and IFN-γ-induced iNOS induction in the absence of TLR signaling and STAT1 transcriptional activity were augmented in Smad2/3 DKO BMDMs. These results suggest that Smad2 and Smad3 negatively regulate iNOS induction in macrophages by suppressing multiple steps in the IRF3-IFN-β-STAT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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