1
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Lorant AK, Yoshida AE, Gilbertson EA, Chu T, Stefani C, Acharya M, Hamerman JA, Lacy-Hulbert A. Integrin αvβ3 Limits Cytokine Production by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Restricts TLR-Driven Autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1680-1692. [PMID: 38607278 PMCID: PMC11105983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are strongly implicated as a major source of IFN-I in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), triggered through TLR-mediated recognition of nucleic acids released from dying cells. However, relatively little is known about how TLR signaling and IFN-I production are regulated in pDCs. In this article, we describe a role for integrin αvβ3 in regulating TLR responses and IFN-I production by pDCs in mouse models. We show that αv and β3-knockout pDCs produce more IFN-I and inflammatory cytokines than controls when stimulated through TLR7 and TLR9 in vitro and in vivo. Increased cytokine production was associated with delayed acidification of endosomes containing TLR ligands, reduced LC3 conjugation, and increased TLR signaling. This dysregulated TLR signaling results in activation of B cells and promotes germinal center (GC) B cell and plasma cell expansion. Furthermore, in a mouse model of TLR7-driven lupus-like disease, deletion of αvβ3 from pDCs causes accelerated autoantibody production and pathology. We therefore identify a pDC-intrinsic role for αvβ3 in regulating TLR signaling and preventing activation of autoreactive B cells. Because αvβ3 serves as a receptor for apoptotic cells and cell debris, we hypothesize that this regulatory mechanism provides important contextual cues to pDCs and functions to limit responses to self-derived nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina K Lorant
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason; Seattle, WA, USA 98101
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Anna E Yoshida
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason; Seattle, WA, USA 98101
| | | | - Talyn Chu
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason; Seattle, WA, USA 98101
| | - Caroline Stefani
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason; Seattle, WA, USA 98101
| | - Mridu Acharya
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA 98105
| | - Jessica A Hamerman
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason; Seattle, WA, USA 98101
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA 98109
| | - Adam Lacy-Hulbert
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason; Seattle, WA, USA 98101
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington; Seattle, WA, USA 98109
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2
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Cappe B, Vandenabeele P, Riquet FB. A guide to the expanding field of extracellular vesicles and their release in regulated cell death programs. FEBS J 2024; 291:2068-2090. [PMID: 37872002 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis disruption is visible at the molecular and cellular levels and may often lead to cell death. This vital process allows us to maintain the more extensive system's integrity by keeping the different features (genetic, metabolic, physiologic, and individual) intact. Interestingly, while cells can die in different manners, dying cells still communicate with their environment. This communication was, for a long time, perceived as only driven by the release of soluble factors. However, it has now been reconsidered with the increasing interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are discovered to be released during different regulated cell death programs, with the observation of specific effects. EVs are game changers in the paradigm of cell-cell communication with tremendous implications in fundamental research with regard to noncell autonomous functions, as well as in biomarkers research, all of which are geared toward diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. This review is composed of two main parts. The first is a comprehensive presentation of the state of the art of the EV field at large. In the second part, we focus on EVs discovered to be released during different regulated cell death programs, also known as cell death EVs (cdEVs), and EV-associated specific effects on recipient cells in the context of cell death and inflammation/inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cappe
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Franck B Riquet
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research (IRC), Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Belgium
- University of Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, France
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3
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Ding W, Chen J, Zhao L, Wu S, Chen X, Chen H. Mitochondrial DNA leakage triggers inflammation in age-related cardiovascular diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1287447. [PMID: 38425502 PMCID: PMC10902119 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1287447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of cardiovascular aging. The leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is increased in senescent cells, which are resistant to programmed cell death such as apoptosis. Due to its similarity to prokaryotic DNA, mtDNA could be recognized by cellular DNA sensors and trigger innate immune responses, resulting in chronic inflammatory conditions during aging. The mechanisms include cGAS-STING signaling, TLR-9 and inflammasomes activation. Mitochondrial quality controls such as mitophagy could prevent mitochondria from triggering harmful inflammatory responses, but when this homeostasis is out of balance, mtDNA-induced inflammation could become pathogenic and contribute to age-related cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize recent studies on mechanisms by which mtDNA promotes inflammation and aging-related cardiovascular diseases, and discuss the potential value of mtDNA in early screening and as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyue Ding
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Qiqihar Hospital, The First Hospital of Qiqihar, Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Syndrome Laboratory, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
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4
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Zhou HY, Luo Q, Sui H, Du XN, Zhao YJ, Liu L, Guan Q, Zhou Y, Wen QS, Shi Y, Sun Y, Lin HL, Wang DP. Recent advances in the involvement of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2024; 258:109857. [PMID: 38043757 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a typical systemic autoimmune disease that manifests as skin rash, arthritis, lymphadenopathy, and multiple organ lesions. Epigenetics, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation, mainly affect the function and characteristics of cells through the regulation of gene transcription or translation. Increasing evidence indicates that there are a variety of complex epigenetic effects in patients with SLE, which interfere with the differentiation and function of T, and B lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, and enhance the expression of SLE-associated pathogenic genes. This paper summarizes our currently knowledge regarding pathogenesis of SLE, and introduces current advances in the epigenetic regulation of SLE from three aspects: immune function, inflammatory response, and lupus complications. We propose that epigenetic changes could be used as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Luo
- Nephrology Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hua Sui
- Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Collage of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiang-Ning Du
- Nephrology Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yang-Jianing Zhao
- Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Collage of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Nephrology Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing Guan
- Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Collage of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Nephrology Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qing-Si Wen
- Nephrology Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Nephrology Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Nephrology Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-Li Lin
- Nephrology Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Da-Peng Wang
- Nephrology Department of First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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5
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Zou X, Lei Q, Luo X, Yin J, Chen S, Hao C, Shiyu L, Ma D. Advances in biological functions and applications of apoptotic vesicles. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:260. [PMID: 37749626 PMCID: PMC10519056 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptotic vesicles are extracellular vesicles generated by apoptotic cells that were previously regarded as containing waste or harmful substances but are now thought to play an important role in signal transduction and homeostasis regulation. METHODS In the present review, we reviewed many articles published over the past decades on the subtypes and formation of apoptotic vesicles and the existing applications of these vesicles. RESULTS Apoptotic bodies were once regarded as vesicles released by apoptotic cells, however, apoptotic vesicles are now regarded to include apoptotic bodies, apoptotic microvesicles and apoptotic exosomes, which exhibit variation in terms of biogenesis, sizes and properties. Applications of apoptotic vesicles were first reported long ago, but such reports have been rarer than those of other extracellular vesicles. At present, apoptotic vesicles have been utilized mainly in four aspects, including in direct therapeutic applications, in their engineering as carriers, in their construction as vaccines and in their utilization in diagnosis. CONCLUSION Building on a deeper understanding of their composition and characteristics, some studies have utilized apoptotic vesicles to treat diseases in more novel ways. However, their limitations for clinical translation, such as heterogeneity, have also emerged. In general, apoptotic vesicles have great application potential, but there are still many barriers to overcome in their investigation. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Zou
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Xinghong Luo
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Jingyao Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuoling Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China
| | - Chunbo Hao
- Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan Province, China
| | - Liu Shiyu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145West Changle Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China.
| | - Dandan Ma
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, No 366 Jiangnan Avenue South, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510280, China.
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6
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Zhu Y, Chen X, Liao Y. Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Apoptotic Extracellular Vesicles (ApoEVs): Mechanism and Application in Tissue Regeneration. Stem Cells 2023; 41:837-849. [PMID: 37338056 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are commonly used as a source for cellular therapy owing to their strong immunosuppressive and regenerative effects. However, MSCs undergo extensive apoptosis within a short period after transplantation. During apoptosis, MSCs generate several apoptotic extracellular vesicles (MSCs-ApoEVs). MSCs-ApoEVs are rich in miRNomes, metabolites, and proteomes. They are critical intercellular communication mediators that can exert different regulatory effects on recipient cells. MSCs-ApoEVs have been shown to promote regeneration in the skin, hair, bone, muscle, and vascular system, etc. This review describes the production, release, isolation, and functionality of ApoEVs in detail. Furthermore, we summarize the existing mechanisms of MSCs-ApoEVs used for tissue regeneration and evaluate the possible strategies for their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xihang Chen
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjun Liao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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7
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Gregory CD, Rimmer MP. Extracellular vesicles arising from apoptosis: forms, functions, and applications. J Pathol 2023; 260:592-608. [PMID: 37294158 PMCID: PMC10952477 DOI: 10.1002/path.6138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed subcellular bodies produced by most, if not all cells. Research over the last two decades has recognised the importance of EVs in intercellular communication and horizontal transfer of biological material. EVs range in diameter from tens of nanometres up to several micrometres and are able to transfer a spectrum of biologically active cargoes - from whole organelles, through macromolecules including nucleic acids and proteins, to metabolites and small molecules - from their cells of origin to recipient cells, which may consequently become physiologically or pathologically altered. Based on their modes of biogenesis, the most renowned EV classes are (1) microvesicles, (2) exosomes (both produced by healthy cells), and (3) EVs from cells undergoing regulated death by apoptosis (ApoEVs). Microvesicles bud directly from the plasma membrane, while exosomes are derived from endosomal compartments. Current knowledge of the formation and functional properties of ApoEVs lags behind that of microvesicles and exosomes, but burgeoning evidence indicates that ApoEVs carry manifold cargoes, including mitochondria, ribosomes, DNA, RNAs, and proteins, and perform diverse functions in health and disease. Here we review this evidence, which demonstrates substantial diversity in the luminal and surface membrane cargoes of ApoEVs, permitted by their very broad size range (from around 50 nm to >5 μm; the larger often termed apoptotic bodies), strongly suggests their origins through both microvesicle- and exosome-like biogenesis pathways, and indicates routes through which they interact with recipient cells. We discuss the capacity of ApoEVs to recycle cargoes and modulate inflammatory, immunological, and cell fate programmes in normal physiology and in pathological scenarios such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Finally, we provide a perspective on clinical applications of ApoEVs in diagnostics and therapeutics. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Michael P Rimmer
- Centre for Reproductive HealthInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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8
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Venturelli V, Isenberg DA. Targeted Therapy for SLE-What Works, What Doesn't, What's Next. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093198. [PMID: 37176637 PMCID: PMC10179673 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, the failure of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has prevented patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) from benefiting from biological drugs that have proved to be effective in other rheumatological diseases. Only two biologics are approved for SLE, however they can only be administered to a restricted proportion of patients. Recently, several phase II RCTs have evaluated the efficacy and safety of new biologics in extra-renal SLE and lupus nephritis. Six drug trials have reported encouraging results, with an improvement in multiple clinical and serological outcome measures. The possibility of combining B-cell depletion and anti-BLyS treatment has also been successfully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Venturelli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna, 44124 Cona, Italy
| | - David Alan Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
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9
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Wu YY, Sun TK, Chen MS, Munir M, Liu HJ. Oncolytic viruses-modulated immunogenic cell death, apoptosis and autophagy linking to virotherapy and cancer immune response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1142172. [PMID: 37009515 PMCID: PMC10050605 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1142172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have revealed that oncolytic viruses (OVs) play a significant role in cancer therapy. The infection of OVs such as oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), parvovirus, mammalian reovirus (MRV), human adenovirus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), avian reovirus (ARV), Orf virus (ORFV), inactivated Sendai virus (ISV), enterovirus, and coxsackievirus offer unique opportunities in immunotherapy through diverse and dynamic pathways. This mini-review focuses on the mechanisms of OVs-mediated virotherapy and their effects on immunogenic cell death (ICD), apoptosis, autophagy and regulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Kai Sun
- Tsairder Boitechnology Co. Ltd., Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Department of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Hung-Jen Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Ph.D Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Hung-Jen Liu,
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10
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Lai H, Li J, Kou X, Mao X, Zhao W, Ma L. Extracellular Vesicles for Dental Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010282. [PMID: 36678909 PMCID: PMC9862817 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound particles derived from their original cells, which play critical roles in intercellular communication through their cargoes, including protein, lipids, and nucleic acids. According to their biogenesis and release pathway, EVs can be divided into three categories: apoptotic vesicles (ApoVs), microvesicles (MVs), and small EVs (sEVs). Recently, the role of EVs in oral disease has received close attention. In this review, the main characteristics of EVs are described, including their classification, biogenesis, biomarkers, and components. Moreover, the therapeutic mechanism of EVs in tissue regeneration is discussed. We further summarize the current status of EVs in pulp/periodontal tissue regeneration and discuss the potential mechanisms. The therapeutic potential of EVs in pulp and periodontal regeneration might involve the promotion of tissue regeneration and immunomodulatory capabilities. Furthermore, we highlight the current challenges in the translational use of EVs. This review would provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic strategies of EVs in dental pulp and periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Lai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Xueli Mao
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (L.M.)
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
- Correspondence: (W.Z.); (L.M.)
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11
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Ge Y, Ye T, Fu S, Jiang X, Song H, Liu B, Wang G, Wang J. Research progress of extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114041. [PMID: 37153619 PMCID: PMC10162406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most severe forms of malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, of which non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most primary type observed in the clinic. NSCLC is mainly treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Additionally, targeted therapy and immunotherapy have also shown promising results. Several immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, have been developed for clinical use and have benefited patients with NSCLC. However, immunotherapy faces several challenges like poor response and unknown effective population. It is essential to identify novel predictive markers to further advance precision immunotherapy for NSCLC. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) present an important research direction. In this review, we focus on the role of EVs as a biomarker in NSCLC immunotherapy considering various perspectives, including the definition and properties of EVs, their role as biomarkers in current NSCLC immunotherapy, and different EV components as biomarkers in NSCLC immunotherapy research. We describe the cross-talk between the role of EVs as biomarkers and novel technical approaches or research concepts in NSCLC immunotherapy, such as neoadjuvants, multi-omics analysis, and the tumour microenvironment. This review will provide a reference for future research to improve the benefits of immunotherapy for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ge
- Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Graduate School, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Siyun Fu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Department of Science and Technology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Liu, ; Guoquan Wang, ; Jinghui Wang,
| | - Guoquan Wang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Liu, ; Guoquan Wang, ; Jinghui Wang,
| | - Jinghui Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University/Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Liu, ; Guoquan Wang, ; Jinghui Wang,
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12
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Korvenlaita N, Gómez‐Budia M, Scoyni F, Pistono C, Giudice L, Eamen S, Loppi S, de Sande AH, Huremagic B, Bouvy‐Liivrand M, Heinäniemi M, Kaikkonen MU, Cheng L, Hill AF, Kanninen KM, Jenster GW, van Royen ME, Ramiro L, Montaner J, Batkova T, Mikulik R, Giugno R, Jolkkonen J, Korhonen P, Malm T. Dynamic release of neuronal extracellular vesicles containing miR-21a-5p is induced by hypoxia. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12297. [PMID: 36594832 PMCID: PMC9809533 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia induces changes in the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in several non-neuronal cells and pathological conditions. EVs are packed with biomolecules, such as microRNA(miR)-21-5p, which respond to hypoxia. However, the true EV association of miR-21-5p, and its functional or biomarker relevance, are inadequately characterised. Neurons are extremely sensitive cells, and it is not known whether the secretion of neuronal EVs and miR-21-5p are altered upon hypoxia. Here, we characterised the temporal EV secretion profile and cell viability of neurons under hypoxia. Hypoxia induced a rapid increase of miR-21a-5p secretion in the EVs, which preceded the elevation of hypoxia-induced tissue or cellular miR-21a-5p. Prolonged hypoxia induced cell death and the release of morphologically distinct EVs. The EVs protected miR-21a-5p from enzymatic degradation but a remarkable fraction of miR-21a-5p remained fragile and non-EV associated. The increase in miR-21a-5p secretion may have biomarker potential, as high blood levels of miR-21-5p in stroke patients were associated with significant disability at hospital discharge. Our data provides an understanding of the dynamic regulation of EV secretion from neurons under hypoxia and provides a candidate for the prediction of recovery from ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nea Korvenlaita
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Mireia Gómez‐Budia
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Flavia Scoyni
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Cristiana Pistono
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Luca Giudice
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland,Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of VeronaVeronaVenetoItaly
| | - Shaila Eamen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Sanna Loppi
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Ana Hernández de Sande
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Benjamin Huremagic
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of VeronaVeronaVenetoItaly,Department of Human GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenFlandersBelgium
| | | | | | - Minna U. Kaikkonen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and ChemistrySchool of Agriculture Biomedicine & EnvironmentLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrew F. Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and ChemistrySchool of Agriculture Biomedicine & EnvironmentLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia,La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia,Institute for Health and SportVictoria UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Guido W. Jenster
- Department of UrologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Martin E. van Royen
- Department of PathologyErasmus University Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Ramiro
- Neurovascular Research LaboratoryVall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research LaboratoryVall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR)Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Institute de Biomedicine of SevilleIBiS/Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville & Department of NeurologyHospital Universitario Virgen MacarenaSevilleAndalucíaSpain
| | - Tereza Batkova
- BioVendor‐laboratorni medicina a.s.BrnoCzech Republic,International Clinical Research CenterNeurological DepartmentSt. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Robert Mikulik
- International Clinical Research CenterNeurological DepartmentSt. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Rosalba Giugno
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of VeronaVeronaVenetoItaly
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
| | - Tarja Malm
- University of Eastern FinlandA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesKuopioFinland
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13
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Landa S, Verlov N, Fedorova N, Filatov M, Pantina R, Burdakov V, Varfolomeeva E, Emanuel V. Extracellular Particles as Carriers of Cholesterol Not Associated with Lipoproteins. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060618. [PMID: 35736324 PMCID: PMC9227390 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes and exomeres are the smallest microparticles ranging from 20 to 130 nm in diameter. They are found in almost all biological fluids. Exosomes and exomeres are of considerable interest since they can be involved in intercellular signaling and are biological markers of the state of cells, which can be used for diagnostics. The nomenclature of exosomes remains poorly developed. Most researchers try to classify them based on the mode of formation, physicochemical characteristics, and the presence of tetrasporin markers CD9, CD63, and CD81. The data presented in this work show that although exomeres carry tetrasporin biomarkers, they differ from exosomes strongly in lipid composition, especially in cholesterol content. The production of exomeres by cells is associated with the synthesis of cholesterol in cells and is expressed or suppressed by regulators of the synthesis of mevalonate, an intermediate product of cholesterol metabolism. In addition, the work shows that the concentration of extracellular particles in the body correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in the plasma, but weakly correlates with the concentration of cholesterol in lipoproteins. This suggests that not all plasma cholesterol is associated with lipoproteins, as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Landa
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (N.V.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (R.P.); (V.B.); (E.V.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, St. Petersburg State Medical University, I.P. Pavlova of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 9, Lev Tolstoy St., 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicolay Verlov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (N.V.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (R.P.); (V.B.); (E.V.)
- Saint Petersburg Clinical Research and Practical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological), 196605 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Fedorova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (N.V.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (R.P.); (V.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Mikhail Filatov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (N.V.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (R.P.); (V.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Rimma Pantina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (N.V.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (R.P.); (V.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Vladimir Burdakov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (N.V.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (R.P.); (V.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Elena Varfolomeeva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Orlova Roshcha, 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (N.V.); (N.F.); (M.F.); (R.P.); (V.B.); (E.V.)
| | - Vladimir Emanuel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, St. Petersburg State Medical University, I.P. Pavlova of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 9, Lev Tolstoy St., 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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14
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Imanbekova M, Suarasan S, Lu Y, Jurchuk S, Wachsmann-Hogiu S. Recent advances in optical label-free characterization of extracellular vesicles. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:2827-2863. [PMID: 35880114 PMCID: PMC9128385 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are complex biological nanoparticles endogenously secreted by all eukaryotic cells. EVs carry a specific molecular cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids derived from cells of origin and play a significant role in the physiology and pathology of cells, organs, and organisms. Upon release, they may be found in different body fluids that can be easily accessed via noninvasive methodologies. Due to the unique information encoded in their molecular cargo, they may reflect the state of the parent cell and therefore EVs are recognized as a rich source of biomarkers for early diagnostics involving liquid biopsy. However, body fluids contain a mixture of EVs released by different types of healthy and diseased cells, making the detection of the EVs of interest very challenging. Recent research efforts have been focused on the detection and characterization of diagnostically relevant subpopulations of EVs, with emphasis on label-free methods that simplify sample preparation and are free of interfering signals. Therefore, in this paper, we review the recent progress of the label-free optical methods employed for the detection, counting, and morphological and chemical characterization of EVs. We will first briefly discuss the biology and functions of EVs, and then introduce different optical label-free techniques for rapid, precise, and nondestructive characterization of EVs such as nanoparticle tracking analysis, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and SERS spectroscopy. In the end, we will discuss their applications in the detection of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer and provide an outlook on the future impact and challenges of these technologies to the field of liquid biopsy via EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meruyert Imanbekova
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sorina Suarasan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Yao Lu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, 1006, Montreal, QC, H3C6W1, Canada
| | - Sarah Jurchuk
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 Rue Universite, Rm#350, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu
- Bioengineering, McGill University Faculty of Engineering, 3480 University St., MC362, Montreal, H3A 0E9l, Canada
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15
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Rother N, Yanginlar C, Pieterse E, Hilbrands L, van der Vlag J. Microparticles in Autoimmunity: Cause or Consequence of Disease? Front Immunol 2022; 13:822995. [PMID: 35514984 PMCID: PMC9065258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are small (100 nm - 1 um) extracellular vesicles derived from the plasma membrane of dying or activated cells. MPs are important mediators of intercellular communication, transporting proteins, nucleic acids and lipids from the parent cell to other cells. MPs resemble the state of their parent cells and are easily accessible when released into the blood or urine. MPs also play a role in the pathogenesis of different diseases and are considered as potential biomarkers. MP isolation and characterization is technically challenging and results in different studies are contradictory. Therefore, uniform guidelines to isolate and characterize MPs should be developed. Our understanding of MP biology and how MPs play a role in different pathological mechanisms has greatly advanced in recent years. MPs, especially if derived from apoptotic cells, possess strong immunogenic properties due to the presence of modified proteins and nucleic acids. MPs are often found in patients with autoimmune diseases where MPs for example play a role in the break of immunological tolerance and/or induction of inflammatory conditions. In this review, we describe the main techniques to isolate and characterize MPs, define the characteristics of MPs generated during cell death, illustrate different mechanism of intercellular communication via MPs and summarize the role of MPs in pathological mechanisms with a particular focus on autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Rother
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cansu Yanginlar
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Elmar Pieterse
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Luuk Hilbrands
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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16
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Guillemin A, Kumar A, Wencker M, Ricci EP. Shaping the Innate Immune Response Through Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression Mediated by RNA-Binding Proteins. Front Immunol 2022; 12:796012. [PMID: 35087521 PMCID: PMC8787094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.796012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the frontline of defense against infections and tissue damage. It is a fast and semi-specific response involving a myriad of processes essential for protecting the organism. These reactions promote the clearance of danger by activating, among others, an inflammatory response, the complement cascade and by recruiting the adaptive immunity. Any disequilibrium in this functional balance can lead to either inflammation-mediated tissue damage or defense inefficiency. A dynamic and coordinated gene expression program lies at the heart of the innate immune response. This expression program varies depending on the cell-type and the specific danger signal encountered by the cell and involves multiple layers of regulation. While these are achieved mainly via transcriptional control of gene expression, numerous post-transcriptional regulatory pathways involving RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and other effectors play a critical role in its fine-tuning. Alternative splicing, translational control and mRNA stability have been shown to be tightly regulated during the innate immune response and participate in modulating gene expression in a global or gene specific manner. More recently, microRNAs assisting RBPs and post-transcriptional modification of RNA bases are also emerging as essential players of the innate immune process. In this review, we highlight the numerous roles played by specific RNA-binding effectors in mediating post-transcriptional control of gene expression to shape innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Guillemin
- LBMC, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modelisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5239, INSERM, U1293, Lyon, France
| | - Anuj Kumar
- CRCL, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- LBMC, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modelisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5239, INSERM, U1293, Lyon, France
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5308, INSERM, Lyon, France
| | - Emiliano P. Ricci
- LBMC, Laboratoire de Biologie et Modelisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5239, INSERM, U1293, Lyon, France
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17
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Hodge AL, Baxter AA, Poon IKH. Gift bags from the sentinel cells of the immune system: The diverse role of dendritic cell-derived extracellular vesicles. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:903-920. [PMID: 34699107 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru1220-801r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs of the immune system that continuously sample their environment and function to stimulate an adaptive immune response by initiating Ag-specific immunity or tolerance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small membrane-bound structures, are released from DCs and have been discovered to harbor functional peptide-MHC complexes, T cell costimulatory molecules, and other molecules essential for Ag presentation, immune cell regulation, and stimulating immune responses. As such, DC-derived EVs are being explored as potential immunotherapeutic agents. DC-derived EVs have also been implicated to function as a trafficking mechanism of infectious particles aiding viral propagation. This review will explore the unique features that enable DC-derived EVs to regulate immune responses and interact with recipient cells, their roles within Ag-presentation and disease settings, as well as speculating on a potential immunological role of apoptotic DC-derived EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Hodge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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The Pathogenesis, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of the Interferon Pathway in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011286. [PMID: 34681945 PMCID: PMC8540355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic success in treating patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is limited by the multivariate disease etiology, multi-organ presentation, systemic involvement, and complex immunopathogenesis. Agents targeting B-cell differentiation and survival are not efficacious for all patients, indicating a need to target other inflammatory mediators. One such target is the type I interferon pathway. Type I interferons upregulate interferon gene signatures and mediate critical antiviral responses. Dysregulated type I interferon signaling is detectable in many patients with SLE and other autoimmune diseases, and the extent of this dysregulation is associated with disease severity, making type I interferons therapeutically tangible targets. The recent approval of the type I interferon-blocking antibody, anifrolumab, by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with SLE demonstrates the value of targeting this pathway. Nevertheless, the interferon pathway has pleiotropic biology, with multiple cellular targets and signaling components that are incompletely understood. Deconvoluting the complexity of the type I interferon pathway and its intersection with lupus disease pathology will be valuable for further development of targeted SLE therapeutics. This review summarizes the immune mediators of the interferon pathway, its association with disease pathogenesis, and therapeutic modalities targeting the dysregulated interferon pathway.
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19
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Sanwlani R, Gangoda L. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cell Death and Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:2663. [PMID: 34685643 PMCID: PMC8534608 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as novel mediators of intercellular communication. They work via delivering the sequestered cargo to cells in the close vicinity, as well as distant sites in the body, regulating pathophysiological processes. Cell death and inflammation are biologically crucial processes in both normal physiology and pathology. These processes are indistinguishably linked with their effectors modulating the other process. For instance, during an unresolvable infection, the upregulation of specific immune mediators leads to inflammation causing cell death and tissue damage. EVs have gained considerable interest as mediators of both cell death and inflammation during conditions, such as sepsis. This review summarizes the types of extracellular vesicles known to date and their roles in mediating immune responses leading to cell death and inflammation with specific focus on sepsis and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sanwlani
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Lahiru Gangoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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20
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Pfeifer E, Burchell JM, Dazzi F, Sarker D, Beatson R. Apoptosis in the Pancreatic Cancer Tumor Microenvironment-The Double-Edged Sword of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071653. [PMID: 34359823 PMCID: PMC8305815 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with poor prognosis. This is attributed to the disease already being advanced at presentation and having a particularly aggressive tumor biology. The PDAC tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, dominated by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune cells displaying immunosuppressive phenotypes. Due to the advanced stage at diagnosis, the depletion of immune effector cells and lack of actionable genomic targets, the standard treatment is still apoptosis-inducing regimens such as chemotherapy. Paradoxically, it has emerged that the direct induction of apoptosis of cancer cells may fuel oncogenic processes in the TME, including education of CAF and immune cells towards pro-tumorigenic phenotypes. The direct effect of cytotoxic therapies on CAF may also enhance tumorigenesis. With the awareness that CAF are the predominant cell type in PDAC driving tumorigenesis with various tumor supportive functions, efforts have been made to try to target them. However, efforts to target CAF have, to date, shown disappointing results in clinical trials. With the help of sophisticated single cell analyses it is now appreciated that CAF in PDAC are a heterogenous population with both tumor supportive and tumor suppressive functions. Hence, there remains a debate whether targeting CAF in PDAC is a valid therapeutic strategy. In this review we discuss how cytotoxic therapies and the induction of apoptosis in PDAC fuels oncogenesis by the education of surrounding stromal cells, with a particular focus on the potential pro-tumorigenic outcomes arising from targeting CAF. In addition, we explore therapeutic avenues to potentially avoid the oncogenic effects of apoptosis in PDAC CAF.
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21
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Farkas L. The Endothelium Is in Shock and IFN-α/STAT1 Signaling Is to Blame. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:128-129. [PMID: 33844939 PMCID: PMC8399578 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0147ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute Columbus, Ohio
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22
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Bosch S, Young NA, Mignot G, Bach JM. Epigenetic Mechanisms in Immune Disease: The Significance of Toll-Like Receptor-Binding Extracellular Vesicle-Encapsulated microRNA. Front Genet 2020; 11:578335. [PMID: 33193698 PMCID: PMC7662563 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.578335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas A Young
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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23
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Li M, Liao L, Tian W. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Apoptotic Cells: An Essential Link Between Death and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573511. [PMID: 33134295 PMCID: PMC7561711 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a universal and continuous event during tissue development, restoration, repair, and regeneration. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that apoptosis is essential for the activation of tissue regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. A striking development in recent years comes from research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from apoptotic cells. During apoptosis, cells secrete vesicles of various sizes containing various components. Apoptotic cell-derived EVs (ApoEVs) have been found to transit to neighboring cells or cells in distant tissues through the circulation. These vesicles could act as containers to transmit the nucleic acid, protein, and lipid signals to target cells. ApoEVs have been shown to promote regeneration in the cardiovascular system, skin, bone, muscle, kidney, etc. Moreover, several specific signaling pathways mediating the anabolic effects of ApoEVs have been classified. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the latest findings on the function of ApoEVs in tissue regeneration and disease prevention. These findings may reveal unexpected clues regarding the regulatory network between cell death and tissue regeneration and suggest novel targets for regenerative medicine. The findings discussed here also raise the question whether and to what extent ApoEVs contribute to embryonic development. This question is all the more urgent because the exact functions of apoptotic events during numerous developmental processes are still largely unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojiao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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24
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The Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Glioma Microenvironment: Biogenesis and Clinical Relevance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071964. [PMID: 32707733 PMCID: PMC7409063 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a diverse group of brain tumors comprised of malignant cells ('tumor' cells) and non-malignant 'normal' cells, including neural (neurons, glia), inflammatory (microglia, macrophage) and vascular cells. Tumor heterogeneity arises in part because, within the glioma mass, both 'tumor' and 'normal' cells secrete factors that form a unique microenvironment to influence tumor progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication between immediate cellular neighbors and distantly located cells in healthy tissues/organs and in tumors, including gliomas. EVs mediate cell-cell signaling as carriers of nucleic acid, lipid and protein cargo, and their content is unique to cell types and physiological states. EVs secreted by non-malignant neural cells have important physiological roles in the healthy brain, which can be altered or co-opted to promote tumor progression and metastasis, acting in combination with glioma-secreted EVs. The cell-type specificity of EV content means that 'vesiculome' data can potentially be used to trace the cell of origin. EVs may also serve as biomarkers to be exploited for disease diagnosis and to assess therapeutic progress. In this review, we discuss how EVs mediate intercellular communication in glioma, and their potential role as biomarkers and readouts of a therapeutic response.
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25
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Choi YM, Kim H, Lee SA, Lee SY, Kim BJ. A Telomerase-Derived Peptide Exerts an Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Effect via Mitochondrial DNA Stress-Dependent Type I Interferon Production. Front Immunol 2020; 11:652. [PMID: 32508804 PMCID: PMC7253625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, a telomerase-derived 16-mer peptide, GV1001, developed as an anticancer vaccine, was reported to exert antiviral effects on human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis C virus in a heat shock protein-dependent manner. Here we investigated whether GV1001 exerts antiviral effects on hepatitis B virus (HBV) and elucidated its underlying mechanisms. GV1001 inhibited HBV replication and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) secretion in a dose-dependent manner, showing synergistic antiviral effects with nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) including entecavir and lamivudine. This peptide also inhibited viral cccDNA and pgRNA. The intravenous GV1001 treatment of transgenic mice had anti-HBV effects. Our mechanistic studies revealed that GV1001 suppresses HBV replication by inhibiting capsid formation via type I interferon-mediated induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). GV1001 promoted the mitochondrial DNA stress-mediated release of oxidized DNA into the cytosol, resulting in IFN-I-dependent anti-HBV effects via the STING-IRF3 axis. We found that the anti-HBV effect of GV1001 was due to its ability to penetrate into the cytosol via extracellular heat shock protein, leading to phagosomal escape-mediated mtDNA stress. We demonstrated that the cell-penetrating and cytosolic localization capacity of GV1001 results in antiviral effects on HBV infections via mtDNA stress-mediated IFN-I production. Thus, GV1001, a peptide proven to be safe for human use, may be an anti-HBV drug that can be synergistically used with nucleot(s)ide analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seoung-Ae Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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26
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Battistelli M, Falcieri E. Apoptotic Bodies: Particular Extracellular Vesicles Involved in Intercellular Communication. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E21. [PMID: 31968627 PMCID: PMC7168913 DOI: 10.3390/biology9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, a new method of cell-cell communication mediated by membranous extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged. EVs, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs), represent a new and important topic, because they are a means of communication between cells and they can also be involved in removing cellular contents. EVs are characterized by differences in size, origin, and content and different types have different functions. They appear as membranous sacs released by a variety of cells, in different physiological and patho-physiological conditions. Intringuingly, exosomes and microvesicles are a potent source of genetic information carriers between different cell types both within a species and even across a species barrier. New, and therefore still relatively poorly known vesicles are apoptotic bodies, on which numerous in-depth studies are needed in order to understand their role and possible function. In this review we would like to analyze their morpho-functional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Battistelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DiSB), Urbino University Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy;
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27
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Apoptotic cell-derived exosomes: messages from dying cells. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1-6. [PMID: 31915368 PMCID: PMC7000698 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death that plays a key role in both healthy and pathological conditions, releases extracellular vesicles such as apoptotic bodies and microvesicles, but exosome release due to apoptosis is not yet commonly accepted. Here, the reports demonstrating the presence of apoptotic exosomes and their roles in inflammation and immune responses are summarized, together with a general summary of apoptosis and extracellular vesicles. In conclusion, apoptosis is not just a 'silent' type of cell death but an active form of communication from dying cells to live cells through exosomes.
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28
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The contribution of macrophages to systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2019; 207:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Jeon H, Lee J, Lee S, Kang SK, Park SJ, Yoo SM, Lee MS. Extracellular Vesicles From KSHV-Infected Cells Stimulate Antiviral Immune Response Through Mitochondrial DNA. Front Immunol 2019; 10:876. [PMID: 31068945 PMCID: PMC6491682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, which is the most common cancer in acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients. KSHV contains a variety of immunoregulatory proteins. There have been many studies on the modulation of antiviral response by these immunoregulatory proteins of KSHV. However, the antiviral effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) during de novo KSHV infection have not been investigated to our best knowledge. In this study, we showed that KSHV-infected cells induce interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) response but not type I interferon in uninfected bystander cells using EVs. mRNA microarray analysis showed that ISGs and IRF-activating genes were prominently activated in EVs from KSHV-infected cells (KSHV EVs)-treated human endothelial cells, which were validated by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. We also found that this response was not associated with cell death or apoptosis by virus infection. Mechanistically, the cGAS-STING pathway was linked with these KSHV EVs-mediated ISGs expressions, and mitochondrial DNA on the surface of KSHV EVs was one of the causative factors. Besides, KSHV EVs-treated cells showed lower infectivity for KSHV and viral replication activity than mock EVs-treated cells. Our results indicate that EVs from KSHV-infected cells could be an initiating factor for the innate immune response against viral infection, which may be critical to understanding the microenvironment of virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungtaek Jeon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Suhyuk Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang June Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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30
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Apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles: structure–function relationships. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:509-516. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20180080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential process for normal physiology and plays a key role in the resolution of inflammation. Clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) involves complex signalling between phagocytic cells, ACs, and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) they produce. Here, we discuss apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles (ACdEVs) and how their structure relates to their function in AC clearance and the control of inflammation, focussing on the ACdEV proteome. We review the current knowledge, ongoing work and future directions for research in this field.
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31
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Caruso S, Poon IKH. Apoptotic Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: More Than Just Debris. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1486. [PMID: 30002658 PMCID: PMC6031707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The many functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs) like exosomes and microvesicles released from healthy cells have been well characterized, particularly in relation to their roles in immune modulation. Apoptotic bodies, a major class of EV released as a product of apoptotic cell disassembly, and other types of EVs released from dying cells are also becoming recognized as key players in this emerging field. There is now increasing evidence to suggest that EVs produced during apoptosis have important immune regulatory roles, a concept relevant across different disease settings including autoimmunity, cancer, and infection. Therefore, this review focuses on how the formation of EVs during apoptosis could be a key mechanism of immune modulation by dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan K. H. Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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32
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Kato Y, Park J, Takamatsu H, Konaka H, Aoki W, Aburaya S, Ueda M, Nishide M, Koyama S, Hayama Y, Kinehara Y, Hirano T, Shima Y, Narazaki M, Kumanogoh A. Apoptosis-derived membrane vesicles drive the cGAS-STING pathway and enhance type I IFN production in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:1507-1515. [PMID: 29945921 PMCID: PMC6161667 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-212988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the importance of type I interferon (IFN-I) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis, the mechanisms of IFN-I production have not been fully elucidated. Recognition of nucleic acids by DNA sensors induces IFN-I and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), but the involvement of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in SLE remains unclear. We studied the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in the IFN-I-producing cascade driven by SLE serum. METHODS We collected sera from patients with SLE (n=64), patients with other autoimmune diseases (n=31) and healthy controls (n=35), and assayed them using a cell-based reporter system that enables highly sensitive detection of IFN-I and ISG-inducing activity. We used Toll-like receptor-specific reporter cells and reporter cells harbouring knockouts of cGAS, STING and IFNAR2 to evaluate signalling pathway-dependent ISG induction. RESULTS IFN-I bioactivity and ISG-inducing activities of serum were higher in patients with SLE than in patients with other autoimmune diseases or healthy controls. ISG-inducing activity of SLE sera was significantly reduced in STING-knockout reporter cells, and STING-dependent ISG-inducing activity correlated with disease activity. Double-stranded DNA levels were elevated in SLE. Apoptosis-derived membrane vesicles (AdMVs) from SLE sera had high ISG-inducing activity, which was diminished in cGAS-knockout or STING-knockout reporter cells. CONCLUSIONS AdMVs in SLE serum induce IFN-I production through activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Thus, blockade of the cGAS-STING axis represents a promising therapeutic target for SLE. Moreover, our cell-based reporter system may be useful for stratifying patients with SLE with high ISG-inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - JeongHoon Park
- Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hyota Takamatsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (JST-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hachirou Konaka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoki
- Japan Science and Technology-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (JST-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Aburaya
- Japan Science and Technology-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (JST-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ueda
- Japan Science and Technology-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (JST-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nishide
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Koyama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (JST-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Hayama
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuhei Kinehara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Hirano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shima
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Narazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kumanogoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development - Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (JST-CREST), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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33
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Danesh A, Inglis HC, Abdel-Mohsen M, Deng X, Adelman A, Schechtman KB, Heitman JW, Vilardi R, Shah A, Keating SM, Cohen MJ, Jacobs ES, Pillai SK, Lacroix J, Spinella PC, Norris PJ. Granulocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate Monocytes and Are Associated With Mortality in Intensive Care Unit Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:956. [PMID: 29867942 PMCID: PMC5951932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how extracellular vesicle (EV) subtypes differentially activate monocytes, a series of in vitro studies were performed. We found that plasma-EVs biased monocytes toward an M1 profile. Culturing monocytes with granulocyte-, monocyte-, and endothelial-EVs induced several pro-inflammatory cytokines. By contrast, platelet-EVs induced TGF-β and GM-CSF, and red blood cell (RBC)-EVs did not activate monocytes in vitro. The scavenger receptor CD36 was important for binding of RBC-EVs to monocytes, while blockade of CD36, CD163, CD206, TLR1, TLR2, and TLR4 did not affect binding of plasma-EVs to monocytes in vitro. To identify mortality risk factors, multiple soluble factors and EV subtypes were measured in patients' plasma at intensive care unit admission. Of 43 coagulation factors and cytokines measured, two were significantly associated with mortality, tissue plasminogen activator and cystatin C. Of 14 cellular markers quantified on EVs, 4 were early predictors of mortality, including the granulocyte marker CD66b. In conclusion, granulocyte-EVs have potent pro-inflammatory effects on monocytes in vitro. Furthermore, correlation of early granulocyte-EV levels with mortality in critically ill patients provides a potential target for intervention in management of the pro-inflammatory cascade associated with critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Danesh
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Heather C Inglis
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Avril Adelman
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kenneth B Schechtman
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - John W Heitman
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Vilardi
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Avani Shah
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sheila M Keating
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mitchell J Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Evan S Jacobs
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jacques Lacroix
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Philip C Spinella
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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34
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Tucher C, Bode K, Schiller P, Claßen L, Birr C, Souto-Carneiro MM, Blank N, Lorenz HM, Schiller M. Extracellular Vesicle Subtypes Released From Activated or Apoptotic T-Lymphocytes Carry a Specific and Stimulus-Dependent Protein Cargo. Front Immunol 2018; 9:534. [PMID: 29599781 PMCID: PMC5862858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from nearly all mammalian cells and different EV populations have been described. Microvesicles represent large EVs (LEVs) released from the cellular surface, while exosomes are small EVs (SEVs) released from an intracellular compartment. As it is likely that different stimuli promote the release of distinct EV populations, we analyzed EVs from human lymphocytes considering the respective release stimuli (activation Vs. apoptosis induction). We could clearly separate two EV populations, namely SEVs (average diameter <200 nm) and LEVs (diameter range between 200 and 1000 nm). Morphology and size were analyzed by electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Apoptosis induction caused a massive release of LEVs, while activated T-cells released SEVs and LEVs in considerably lower amounts. The release of SEVs from apoptotic T-cells was comparable with LEV release from activated ones. LEVs contained signaling proteins and proteins of the actin-myosin cytoskeleton. SEVs carried cytoplasmic/endosomal proteins like the 70-kDa heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) or tumor susceptibility 101 (TSG101), microtubule-associated proteins, and ubiquitinated proteins. The protein expression profile of SEVs and LEVs changed substantially after the induction of apoptosis. After apoptosis induction, HSP70 and TSG101 (often used as exosome markers) were highly expressed within LEVs. Interestingly, in contrast to HSP70 and TSG101, gelsolin and eps15 homology domain-containing protein 3 (EHD3) turned out to be specific for SEVs irrespective of the stimulus causing the EV release. Finally, we detected several subunits of the proteasome (PSMB9, PSMB10) as well as the danger signal HMGB1 exclusively within apoptotic cell-released LEVs. Thus, we were able to identify new marker proteins that can be useful to discriminate between distinct LEV subpopulations. The mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tucher
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Bode
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Laboratory Dr. Limbach and Colleagues, Medical Care Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petra Schiller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura Claßen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Birr
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Blank
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,ACURA Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Baden-Baden, Germany
| | - Martin Schiller
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:363-375. [PMID: 28393922 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) - which is well known for its role in oxidative phosphorylation and maternally inherited mitochondrial diseases - is increasingly recognized as an agonist of the innate immune system that influences antimicrobial responses and inflammatory pathology. On entering the cytoplasm, extracellular space or circulation, mtDNA can engage multiple pattern-recognition receptors in cell-type- and context-dependent manners to trigger pro-inflammatory and type I interferon responses. Here, we review the expanding research field of mtDNA in innate immune responses to highlight new mechanistic insights and discuss the physiological and pathological relevance of this exciting area of mitochondrial biology.
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36
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Simpson J, Miles K, Trüb M, MacMahon R, Gray M. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Respond Directly to Apoptotic Cells by Secreting Immune Regulatory IL-10 or IFN-α. Front Immunol 2016; 7:590. [PMID: 28018356 PMCID: PMC5155015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a pivotal role in driving the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus, via the secretion of IFN-α in response to nuclear self-antigens complexed with autoantibodies. Apoptotic cells, generated at sites of inflammation or secondary lymphoid organs, are exposed to activated pDCs and also express the same nuclear antigens on their cell surface. Here, we show that in the absence of autoantibodies, activated pDCs directly respond to apoptotic cell-expressed chromatin complexes by secreting IL-10 and IL-6, which also induces T cells to secrete IL-10. Conversely, when activated by the viral mimetic CpG-A, apoptotic cells enhance their secretion of IFN-α. This study demonstrates that activated pDCs respond directly to apoptotic cells and may maintain tolerance via IL-10, or promote inflammation through secretion of IFN-α, depending on the inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Simpson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katherine Miles
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marta Trüb
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roisin MacMahon
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mohini Gray
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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37
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McGaha TL, Karlsson MCI. Apoptotic cell responses in the splenic marginal zone: a paradigm for immunologic reactions to apoptotic antigens with implications for autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:26-43. [PMID: 26683143 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells drive innate regulatory responses that result in tolerogenic immunity. This is a critical aspect of cell physiology as apoptotic cells expose potentially dangerous nuclear antigens on the surface in apoptotic blebs, and failure in their recognition, phagocytosis, or destruction can cause dramatic autoimmunity in experimental models and is linked to development and progression of systemic pathology in human. The marginal zone is a specialized splenic environment that serves as a transitional site from circulation to peripheral lymphoid structures. The marginal zone serves a key role in trapping of particulates and initiation of innate responses against systemic microbial pathogens. However in recent years, it has become clear the marginal zone is also important for initiation of immune tolerance to apoptotic cells, driving a coordinated response involving multiple phagocyte and lymphocyte subsets. Recent reports linking defects in splenic macrophage function to systemic lupus erythematosus in a manner analogous to marginal zone macrophages in lupus-prone mice provide an impetus to better understand the mechanistic basis of the apoptotic cell response in the marginal zone and its general applicability to apoptotic cell-driven tolerance at other tissue sites. In this review, we discuss immune responses to apoptotic cells in the spleen in general and the marginal zone in particular, the relationship of these responses to autoimmune disease, and comparisons to apoptotic cell immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
During apoptosis or activation, cells can release a subcellular structure, called a membrane microvesicle (also known as microparticle) into the extracellular environment. Microvesicles bud-off as a portion of cell membrane with its associated proteins and lipids surrounding a cytosolic core that contains intracellular proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, siRNA, microRNA, lncRNA). Biologically active molecules on the microvesicle surface and encapsulated within can act on recipient cells as a novel mode of intercellular communication. Apoptosis has long been known to be involved in the development of diseases of autoimmunity. Abnormally persistent microvesicles, particularly apoptotic microvesicles, can accelerate autoimmune responses locally in specific organs and tissues as well as systemically. In this review, we focus on studies implicating microvesicles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and their complications.
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Olland A, Reeb J, Leclerq A, Renaud-Picard B, Falcoz PE, Kessler R, Schini-Kerth V, Kessler L, Toti F, Massard G. Microparticles: A new insight into lung primary graft dysfunction? Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1101-1107. [PMID: 27381358 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lung transplantation is the only life-saving treatment for end stage respiratory disease. The immediate outcome is still hampered by primary graft dysfunction. The latter is a form of acute lung injury occurring within the 30min following the unclamping of the pulmonary artery that prompts ischemia reperfusion injury. Severe forms may need prolonged mechanical ventilation and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. Overall, primary graft dysfunction accounts for at least one third of the deaths during the first post-operative month. Despite increasing experience and knowledge on the underlying cellular events, there is still a lack of an early marker of ischemia reperfusion graft injuries. Microparticles are plasma membrane vesicles that are released from damaged or stressed cells in biological fluids and remodeling tissues, among which the lung parenchyma during acute or chronic injury. We recently evidenced alveolar microparticles as surrogate markers of strong ischemia injury in ex-vivo reperfusion experimental models. We propose herein new insights on how microparticles may be helpful to evaluate the extent of lung ischemia reperfusion injuries and predict the occurrence of primary graft dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Olland
- Lung Transplantation Group, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg France; EA 7293 SVTT 'Stress Vasculaire et Tissulaire en Transplantation', Translational Medecine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Jérémie Reeb
- Lung Transplantation Group, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg France; EA 7293 SVTT 'Stress Vasculaire et Tissulaire en Transplantation', Translational Medecine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Leclerq
- Lung Transplantation Group, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg France; EA 7293 SVTT 'Stress Vasculaire et Tissulaire en Transplantation', Translational Medecine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Renaud-Picard
- Lung Transplantation Group, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg France; EA 7293 SVTT 'Stress Vasculaire et Tissulaire en Transplantation', Translational Medecine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Falcoz
- Lung Transplantation Group, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg France; EA 7293 SVTT 'Stress Vasculaire et Tissulaire en Transplantation', Translational Medecine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Romain Kessler
- Lung Transplantation Group, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg France; EA 7293 SVTT 'Stress Vasculaire et Tissulaire en Transplantation', Translational Medecine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Schini-Kerth
- UMR CNRS 7213, Biophotonique and Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology School, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Kessler
- Lung Transplantation Group, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg France; EA 7293 SVTT 'Stress Vasculaire et Tissulaire en Transplantation', Translational Medecine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Florence Toti
- UMR CNRS 7213, Biophotonique and Pharmacology Laboratory, Pharmacology School, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilbert Massard
- Labex Transplantex, Translational Medecine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Lung Transplantation Group, University Hospital Strasbourg, Strasbourg France; EA 7293 SVTT 'Stress Vasculaire et Tissulaire en Transplantation', Translational Medecine Federation, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Nielsen CT, Rasmussen NS, Heegaard NHH, Jacobsen S. "Kill" the messenger: Targeting of cell-derived microparticles in lupus nephritis. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:719-25. [PMID: 26970484 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune complex (IC) deposition in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is a key early pathogenic event in lupus nephritis (LN). The clarification of the mechanisms behind IC deposition will enable targeted therapy in the future. Circulating cell-derived microparticles (MPs) have been proposed as major sources of extracellular autoantigens and ICs and triggers of autoimmunity in LN. The overabundance of galectin-3-binding protein (G3BP) along with immunoglobulins and a few other proteins specifically distinguish circulating MPs in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and this is most pronounced in patients with active LN. G3BP co-localizes with deposited ICs in renal biopsies from LN patients supporting a significant presence of MPs in the IC deposits. G3BP binds strongly to glomerular basement membrane proteins and integrins. Accordingly, MP surface proteins, especially G3BP, may be essential for the deposition of ICs in kidneys and thus for the ensuing formation of MP-derived electron dense structures in the GBM, and immune activation in LN. This review focuses on the notion of targeting surface molecules on MPs as an entirely novel treatment strategy in LN. By targeting MPs, a double hit may be achieved by attenuating both the autoantigenic fueling of immune complexes and the triggering of the adaptive immune system. Thereby, early pathogenic events may be blocked in contrast to current treatment strategies that primarily target and modulate later events in the cellular and humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer T Nielsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Centre for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Niclas S Rasmussen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Centre for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Niels H H Heegaard
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Søren Jacobsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Centre for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark.
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Dieker J, Tel J, Pieterse E, Thielen A, Rother N, Bakker M, Fransen J, Dijkman HBPM, Berden JH, de Vries JM, Hilbrands LB, van der Vlag J. Circulating Apoptotic Microparticles in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Drive the Activation of Dendritic Cell Subsets and Prime Neutrophils for NETosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2016; 68:462-72. [PMID: 26360137 DOI: 10.1002/art.39417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating chromatin-containing apoptotic material and/or neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been proposed to be an important driving force for the antichromatin autoimmune response in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to determine the exact nature of microparticles in the circulation of SLE patients and to assess the effects of the microparticles on the immune system. METHODS We analyzed microparticles isolated from the plasma of patients with SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and systemic sclerosis (SSc), as well as from healthy subjects. The effects of the microparticles on blood-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils were assessed by flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS In SLE patients, we identified microparticles that were highly positive for annexin V and apoptosis-modified chromatin that were not present in healthy subjects or in RA or SSc patients. These microparticles were mostly CD31+/CD45- (endothelial), partly CD45+/CD66b+ (granulocyte), and negative for B and T cell markers. Microparticles isolated from the plasma of SLE patients increased the expression of the costimulatory surface molecules CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86 and the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon-α by blood-derived plasmacytoid DCs (PDCs) and myeloid DCs (MDCs). SLE microparticles also primed blood-derived neutrophils for NETosis. Microparticles from healthy subjects and from RA or SSc patients exhibited no significant effects on MDCs, PDCs, and NETosis. CONCLUSION Circulating microparticles in SLE patients include a population of apoptotic cell-derived microparticles that has proinflammatory effects on PDCs and MDCs and enhances NETosis. These results underline the important role of apoptotic microparticles in driving the autoimmune response in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dieker
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jurjen Tel
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elmar Pieterse
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Thielen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Rother
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marinka Bakker
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Fransen
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jo H Berden
- Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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42
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Xu F, Kang Y, Zhuang N, Lu Z, Zhang H, Xu D, Ding Y, Yin H, Shi L. Bcl6 Sets a Threshold for Antiviral Signaling by Restraining IRF7 Transcriptional Program. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18778. [PMID: 26728228 PMCID: PMC4700451 DOI: 10.1038/srep18778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordination of restraining and priming of antiviral signaling constitute a fundamental aspect of immunological functions. However, we currently know little about the molecular events that can translate the pathogenic cues into the appropriate code for antiviral defense. Our present study reports a specific role of B cell lymphoma (Bcl)6 as a checkpoint in the initiation of the host response to cytosolic RNA viruses. Remarkably, Bcl6 specifically binds to the interferon-regulatory factor (IRF)7 loci and restrains its transcription, thereby functioning as a negative regulator for interferon (IFN)-β production and antiviral responses. The signal-controlled turnover of the Bcl6, most likely mediated by microRNA-127, coordinates the antiviral response and inflammatory sequelae. Accordingly, de-repression of Bcl6 resulted in a phenotypic conversion of macrophages into highly potent IFN-producing cells and rendered mice more resistant to pathogenic RNA virus infection. The failure to remove the Bcl6 regulator, however, impedes the antiviral signaling and exaggerates viral pneumonia in mice. We thus reveal a novel key molecular checkpoint to orchestrate antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Yanhua Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Ningtong Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Dakang Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China.,MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Yina Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Hongping Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
| | - Liyun Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Key Lab of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
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43
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44
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Niessen A, Heyder P, Krienke S, Blank N, Tykocinski LO, Lorenz HM, Schiller M. Apoptotic-cell-derived membrane microparticles and IFN-α induce an inflammatory immune response. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2443-53. [PMID: 26034070 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.162735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysregulation in the clearance of apoptotic material is considered a major pathogenetic factor for the emergence of autoimmune diseases. Apoptotic-cell-derived membrane microparticles (AdMPs), which are released from the cell surface during apoptosis, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Also of importance are cytokines, such as interferon-α (IFN-α), which is known to be a major player in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study investigates the combined effect of AdMPs and IFN-α on professional phagocytes. In the presence of IFN-α, phagocytosis of AdMPs by human monocytes was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of AdMPs and raised IFN-α concentrations resulted in an increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and an upregulation of surface molecule expression involved in antigen uptake. In addition, macrophage polarisation was shifted towards a more inflammatory type of cell. The synergism between IFN-α and AdMPs seemed to be mediated by an upregulation of phosphorylated STAT1. Our results indicate that IFN-α, together with AdMPs, amplify the initiation and maintenance of inflammation. This mechanism might especially play a crucial role in disorders with a defective clearance of apoptotic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niessen
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Petra Heyder
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stefan Krienke
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Norbert Blank
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Tykocinski
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Hanns-Martin Lorenz
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Martin Schiller
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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45
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Crosstalk between red blood cells and the immune system and its impact on atherosclerosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:616834. [PMID: 25722984 PMCID: PMC4334626 DOI: 10.1155/2015/616834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic multifactorial disease of the arterial wall characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system activation. Evidence exists on a pathogenic role of oxidized red blood cells (RBCs) accumulated in the lesion after intraplaque hemorrhage. This review reports current knowledge on the impact of oxidative stress in RBC modifications with the surface appearance of senescent signals characterized by reduced expression of CD47 and glycophorin A and higher externalization of phosphatidylserine. The review summarizes findings indicating that oxidized, senescent, or stored RBCs, due to surface antigen modification and release of prooxidant and proinflammatory molecules, exert an impaired modulatory activity on innate and adaptive immune cells and how this activity contributes to atherosclerotic disease. In particular RBCs from patients with atherosclerosis, unlike those from healthy subjects, fail to control lipopolysaccharide-induced DC maturation and T lymphocyte apoptosis. Stored RBCs, accompanied by shedding of extracellular vesicles, stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to release proinflammatory cytokines, augment mitogen-driven T cell proliferation, and polarize macrophages toward the proinflammatory M1 activation pathway. Collectively, literature data suggest that the crosstalk between RBCs with immune cells represents a novel mechanism by which oxidative stress can contribute to atherosclerotic disease progression and may be exploited for therapeutic interventions.
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46
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Zirngibl M, Fürnrohr BG, Janko C, Munoz LE, Voll RE, Gregory CD, Schett G, Herrmann M. Loading of nuclear autoantigens prototypically recognized by systemic lupus erythematosus sera into late apoptotic vesicles requires intact microtubules and myosin light chain kinase activity. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:39-49. [PMID: 24673456 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are characterized by an impaired clearance of apoptotic cells in various tissues. Non-cleared apoptotic waste is considered an immunogen driving the autoimmune response in patients with SLE. During the execution of apoptosis, membrane blebs are formed and filled with cellular components. Here, we evaluate the cytoskeletal pathway(s) responsible for the loading of SLE prototypic nuclear autoantigens into the apoptotic cell-derived membranous vesicles (ACMV) generated during late phases of apoptosis. HeLa cells expressing a fusion protein of histone H2B with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were irradiated with ultraviolet (UV)-B to induce apoptosis. The appearance and trafficking of chromatin-derived material was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. Specific inhibitors of cytoskeletal pathways were employed to identify the motile elements involved in translocation and trafficking of the nuclear components. We observed that immediately after their appearance the ACMV did not contain histone H2B(GFP) ; in this phase the fluorescence was contained in the nuclear remnants and the cytoplasm. Within consecutive minutes the ACMV were loaded with chromatin-derived material, whereas the loading of simultaneously created ACMV with histone H2B(GFP) was not uniform. Some ACMV were preferentially filled and, consequently, showed a remarkably higher histone H2B(GFP) accumulation. Inhibitors of the cytoskeleton revealed that functional microtubules and myosin light chain kinase are required for nuclear shrinkage and loading of nuclear material into the ACMV, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zirngibl
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Department for General Pediatrics, Haematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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47
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Zhang H, Tang K, Zhang Y, Ma R, Ma J, Li Y, Luo S, Liang X, Ji T, Gu Z, Lu J, He W, Cao X, Wan Y, Huang B. Cell-free tumor microparticle vaccines stimulate dendritic cells via cGAS/STING signaling. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 3:196-205. [PMID: 25477253 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor antigens and innate signals are vital considerations in developing new therapeutic or prophylactic antitumor vaccines. The role or requirement of intact tumor cells in the development of an effective tumor vaccine remains incompletely understood. This study reveals the mechanism by which tumor cell-derived microparticles (T-MP) can act as a cell-free tumor vaccine. Vaccinations with T-MPs give rise to prophylactic effects against the challenge of various tumor cell types, while T-MP-loaded dendritic cells (DC) also exhibit therapeutic effects in various tumor models. Such antitumor effects of T-MPs are perhaps attributable to their ability to generate immune signaling and to represent tumor antigens. Mechanically, T-MPs effectively transfer DNA fragments to DCs, leading to type I IFN production through the cGAS/STING-mediated DNA-sensing pathway. In turn, type I IFN promotes DC maturation and presentation of tumor antigens to T cells for antitumor immunity. These findings highlight a novel tumor cell-free vaccine strategy with potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihua Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shunqun Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhichao Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinzhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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48
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Saas P, Kaminski S, Perruche S. Prospects of apoptotic cell-based therapies for transplantation and inflammatory diseases. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1055-73. [PMID: 24088076 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cell removal or interactions of early-stage apoptotic cells with immune cells are associated with an immunomodulatory microenvironment that can be harnessed to exert therapeutic effects. While the involved immune mechanisms are still being deciphered, apoptotic cell infusion has been tested in different experimental models where inflammation is deregulated. This includes chronic and acute inflammatory disorders such as arthritis, contact hypersensitivity and acute myocardial infarction. Apoptotic cell infusion has also been used in transplantation settings to prevent or treat acute and chronic rejection, as well as to limit acute graft-versus-host disease associated with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in apoptotic cell-induced immunomodulation and data obtained in preclinical models of transplantation and inflammatory diseases.
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49
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Bekeredjian-Ding I, Greil J, Ammann S, Parcina M. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Neglected Regulators of the Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:238. [PMID: 24904586 PMCID: PMC4033153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are a rare subset of leukocytes equipped with Fcγ and Fcε receptors, which exert contrary effects on sensing of microbial nucleic acids by endosomal Toll-like receptors. In this article, we explain how pDC contribute to the immune response to Staphylococcus aureus. Under normal circumstances the pDC participates in the memory response to the pathogen: pDC activation is initiated by uptake of staphylococcal immune complexes with IgG or IgE. However, protein A-expressing S. aureus strains additionally trigger pDC activation in the absence of immunoglobulin. In this context, staphylococci exploit the pDC to induce antigen-independent differentiation of IL-10 producing plasmablasts, an elegant means to propagate immune evasion. We further discuss the role of type I interferons in infection with S. aureus and the implications of these findings for the development of immune based therapies and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johann Greil
- Institute for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn , Germany ; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sandra Ammann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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50
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Exosomes from red blood cell units bind to monocytes and induce proinflammatory cytokines, boosting T-cell responses in vitro. Blood 2013; 123:687-96. [PMID: 24335232 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-10-530469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, double membrane vesicles derived from leukocytes, platelets, and cells of other tissues under physiological or pathological conditions. Generation of EVs in stored blood is thought to be associated with adverse effects and potentially immunosuppression in blood transfusion recipients. We measured the quantity and cells of origin for EVs isolated from stored red blood cell (RBC) units and tested whether they had any effects on T-cell-mediated immune responses. Mixing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with EVs resulted in secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and increased survival of unstimulated PBMCs. EVs augmented mitogen-induced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell proliferation in an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-dependent manner. We demonstrated that EVs interacted primarily with monocytes and induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion. We also showed that the exosome fraction of EVs and not larger microvesicles was responsible for induction of TNF-α production by monocytes. Furthermore, blockade of CD40 or CD40L accessory molecules largely neutralized the EV augmentation of T-cell responses, implying a role for cell-cell interaction between T cells and EV-activated monocytes. Contrary to our hypothesis, the data demonstrate that EVs isolated from RBC units increase the potency of APCs and boost mitogen-driven T-cell proliferative responses.
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