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Herbst CH, Bouteau A, Menykő EJ, Qin Z, Gyenge E, Su Q, Cooper V, Mabbott NA, Igyártó BZ. Dendritic cells overcome Cre/Lox induced gene deficiency by siphoning cytosolic material from surrounding cells. iScience 2024; 27:109119. [PMID: 38384841 PMCID: PMC10879714 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In a previous report, keratinocytes were shown to share their gene expression profile with surrounding Langerhans cells (LCs), influencing LC biology. Here, we investigated whether transferred material could substitute for lost gene products in cells subjected to Cre/Lox conditional gene deletion. We found that in human Langerin-Cre mice, epidermal LCs and CD11b+CD103+ mesenteric DCs overcome gene deletion if the deleted gene was expressed by neighboring cells. The mechanism of material transfer differed from traditional antigen uptake routes, relying on calcium and PI3K, being susceptible to polyguanylic acid inhibition, and remaining unaffected by inflammation. Termed intracellular monitoring, this process was specific to DCs, occurring in all murine DC subsets tested and human monocyte-derived DCs. The transferred material was presented on MHC-I and MHC-II, suggesting a role in regulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Herbst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Aurélie Bouteau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Evelin J Menykő
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ervin Gyenge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Qingtai Su
- OncoNano Medicine, Inc, Southlake, TX 76092, USA
| | - Vincent Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Botond Z Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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2
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Fischer LA, Bittner-Eddy PD, Costalonga M. Major Histocompatibility Complex II Expression on Oral Langerhans Cells Differentially Regulates Mucosal CD4 and CD8 T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:573-584.e1. [PMID: 37838330 PMCID: PMC10922315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.09.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
In murine periodontitis, the T helper (Th)17 response against Porphyromonas gingivalis in cervical lymph node is abrogated by diphtheria toxin-driven depletion of Langerhans cells (LCs). We determined the impact of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) presentation in LCs on Th17 cells in the oral mucosa of mice. Using an established human-Langerin promoter-Cre mouse model, we generated LC-specific deletion of the H2-Ab1 (MHC-II) gene. MHC-II expression was ablated in 81.2% of oral-resident LCs compared with >99% of skin-resident LCs. MHC-II (LCΔMHC-II) depletion did not reduce the number of CD4 T cells nor the frequency of Th17 cells compared with that in wild-type mice. However, the frequencies of Th1 cells decreased, and Helios+ T-regulatory cells increased. In ligature-induced periodontitis, the numbers of CD4 T cells and Th17 cells were similar in LCΔMHC-II and wild-type mice. Normal numbers of Th17 cells can therefore be sustained by as little as 18.8% of MHC-II-expressing LCs in oral mucosa. Unexpectedly, oral mucosa CD8 T cells increased >25-fold in LCΔMHC-II mice. Hence, these residual MHC-II-expressing LCs appear unable to suppress the local expansion of CD8 T cells while sufficient to sustain a homeostatic CD4 T-cell response. Reducing the expression of MHC-II on specific LC subpopulations may ultimately boost CD8-mediated intraepithelial surveillance at mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori A Fischer
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter D Bittner-Eddy
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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3
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Lu H, Hong T, Jiang Y, Whiteway M, Zhang S. Candidiasis: From cutaneous to systemic, new perspectives of potential targets and therapeutic strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114960. [PMID: 37307922 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Candidiasis is an infection caused by fungi from a Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. C. albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen typically residing on human skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, intestines or vagina. It can cause a wide variety of mucocutaneous barrier and systemic infections; and becomes a severe health problem in HIV/AIDS patients and in individuals who are immunocompromised following chemotherapy, treatment with immunosuppressive agents or after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. However, the immune mechanism of host resistance to C. albicans infection is not fully understood, there are a limited number of therapeutic antifungal drugs for candidiasis, and these have disadvantages that limit their clinical application. Therefore, it is urgent to uncover the immune mechanisms of the host protecting against candidiasis and to develop new antifungal strategies. This review synthesizes current knowledge of host immune defense mechanisms from cutaneous candidiasis to invasive C. albicans infection and documents promising insights for treating candidiasis through inhibitors of potential antifungal target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Shiqun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Herbst CH, Bouteau A, Menykő EJ, Qin Z, Su Q, Buelvas DM, Gyenge E, Mabbott NA, Igyártó BZ. Dendritic Cells Overcome Cre/Lox Induced Gene Deficiency by Siphoning Material From Neighboring Cells Using Intracellular Monitoring-a Novel Mechanism of Antigen Acquisition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.22.550169. [PMID: 37546718 PMCID: PMC10401943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.22.550169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in peripheral tissue interact closely with their local microenvironment by scavenging protein and nucleic acids released by neighboring cells. Material transfer between cell types is necessary for pathogen detection and antigen presentation, but thought to be relatively limited in scale. Recent reports, however, demonstrate that the quantity of transferred material can be quite large when DCs are in direct contact with live cells. This observation may be problematic for conditional gene deletion models that assume gene products will remain in the cell they are produced in. Here, we investigate whether conditional gene deletions induced by the widely used Cre/Lox system can be overcome at the protein level in DCs. Of concern, using the human Langerin Cre mouse model, we find that epidermal Langerhans cells and CD11b+CD103+ mesenteric DCs can overcome gene deletion if the deleted gene is expressed by neighboring cells. Surprisingly, we also find that the mechanism of material transfer does not resemble known mechanisms of antigen uptake, is dependent on extra- and intracellular calcium, PI3K, and scavenger receptors, and mediates a majority of material transfer to DCs. We term this novel process intracellular monitoring, and find that it is specific to DCs, but occurs in all murine DC subsets tested, as well as in human DCs. Transferred material is successfully presented and cross presented on MHC-II and MHC-I, and occurs between allogeneic donor and acceptors cells-implicating this widespread and unique process in immunosurveillance and organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H. Herbst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S
| | - Aurélie Bouteau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S
| | - Evelin J. Menykő
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S
| | - Qingtai Su
- OncoNano Medicine, Inc., Southlake, TX 76092, U.S
| | - Dunia M. Buelvas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S
| | - Ervin Gyenge
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Botond Z. Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, U.S
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5
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Lopes JP, Lionakis MS. Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans. Virulence 2022; 13:89-121. [PMID: 34964702 PMCID: PMC9728475 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2019950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast fungus of the human oral, gastrointestinal, and genital mucosal surfaces, and skin. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis, iatrogenic immunosuppression, and/or medical interventions that impair the integrity of the mucocutaneous barrier and/or perturb protective host defense mechanisms enable C. albicans to become an opportunistic pathogen and cause debilitating mucocutaneous disease and/or life-threatening systemic infections. In this review, we synthesize our current knowledge of the tissue-specific determinants of C. albicans pathogenicity and host immune defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Lopes
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Whitley SK, Li M, Kashem SW, Hirai T, Igyártó BZ, Knizner K, Ho J, Ferris LK, Weaver CT, Cua DJ, McGeachy MJ, Kaplan DH. Local IL-23 is required for proliferation and retention of skin-resident memory T H17 cells. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabq3254. [PMID: 36367947 PMCID: PMC9847353 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-23 (IL-23) is critical for development and maintenance of autoimmune inflammation in nonlymphoid tissues; however, the mechanism through which IL-23 supports tissue-specific immunity remains unclear. In mice, we found that circulating memory T cells were dispensable for anamnestic protection from Candida albicans skin infection, and tissue-resident memory (TRM) cell-mediated protection from C. albicans reinfection required IL-23. Administration of anti-IL-23 receptor antibody to mice after resolution of primary C. albicans infection resulted in loss of CD69+ CD103+ tissue-resident memory T helper 17 (TRM17) cells from skin, and clinical anti-IL-23 therapy depleted TRM17 cells from skin of patients with psoriasis. IL-23 receptor blockade impaired TRM17 cell proliferation but did not affect apoptosis susceptibility or tissue egress. IL-23 produced by CD301b+ myeloid cells was required for TRM17 maintenance in skin after C. albicans infection, and CD301b+ cells were necessary for TRM17 expansion during the development of imiquimod dermatitis. This study demonstrates that locally produced IL-23 promotes in situ proliferation of cutaneous TRM17 cells to support their longevity and function and provides mechanistic insight into the durable efficacy of IL-23 blockade in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Whitley
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Mushi Li
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Sakeen W. Kashem
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Botond Z. Igyártó
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kelley Knizner
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Jonhan Ho
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Laura K. Ferris
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Casey T. Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Mandy J. McGeachy
- Rheumatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
| | - Daniel H. Kaplan
- Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA
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7
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Loricrin at the Boundary between Inside and Outside. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050673. [PMID: 35625601 PMCID: PMC9138667 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornification is a specialized mode of the cell-death program exclusively allowed for terrestrial amniotes. Recent investigations suggest that loricrin (LOR) is an important cornification effector. As the connotation of its name (“lorica” meaning an armor in Latin) suggests, the keratin-associated protein LOR promotes the maturation of the epidermal structure through organizing covalent cross-linkages, endowing the epidermis with the protection against oxidative injuries. By reviewing cornification mechanisms, we seek to classify ichthyosiform dermatoses based on their function, rather than clinical manifestations. We also reviewed recent mechanistic insights into the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with the cap “n” collar homology-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway in skin health and diseases, as LOR and NRF2 coordinate the epidermis-intrinsic xenobiotic metabolism. Finally, we refine the theoretical framework of cross-talking between keratinocytes and epidermal resident leukocytes, dissecting an LOR immunomodulatory function.
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8
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Becerril-García MÁ, Flores-Maldonado OE, González GM, García-González G, Hernández-Bello R, Palma-Nicolás JP. Safety profile of intravenous administration of live Pichia pastoris cells in mice. FEMS Yeast Res 2022; 22:6576328. [PMID: 35488874 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pichia pastoris has been widely used to produce antigenic proteins aimed to integrate subunit vaccines. Moreover, increasing interest in large-scale vaccine production at the lowest cost is rapidly focusing in the development of yeast surface display (YSD) systems for delivery of antigens. In this scenario, the safety of live yeast administration must be warranted, however such information is very scarce. Here we assess the intravenous administration (i.v.) of live P. pastoris cells in order to trace dissemination in BALB/c mice and to evaluate the immune response raised against the yeast compared to the well-defined pathogen Candida albicans. Our results demonstrate dissemination of P. pastoris to the heart, kidney, and spleen, but it is quickly eliminated during the first 48 hours post-infection (hpi), with persistence in the liver along with mild mononuclear and polymorphonuclear (PMN) infiltrate, which was resolved at 144 hpi. In vivo delayed-type hyper-sensitivity test (DTH) or in vitro antigenic stimulation of mice splenocytes demonstrate that transient infection of P. pastoris did not induce a cell-mediated immune response nor increase the level of circulating IgG or IgM. These results demonstrate the innocuous profile of P. pastoris and support its use as a safe delivery system for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Becerril-García
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Ave. Francisoco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Col. Mitras Centro. C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Orlando Esau Flores-Maldonado
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Ave. Francisoco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Col. Mitras Centro. C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Gloria M González
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Ave. Francisoco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Col. Mitras Centro. C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Gerardo García-González
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Ave. Francisoco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Col. Mitras Centro. C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Romel Hernández-Bello
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Ave. Francisoco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Col. Mitras Centro. C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - José Prisco Palma-Nicolás
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiología. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Ave. Francisoco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño s/n, Col. Mitras Centro. C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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9
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De La Cruz Diaz JS, Hirai T, Anh-Thu Nguyen B, Zenke Y, Yang Y, Li H, Nishimura S, Kaplan DH. TNF-α and IL-1β Do Not Induce Langerhans Cell Migration by Inhibiting TGFβ Activation. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100028. [PMID: 34909727 PMCID: PMC8659779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the skin, Langerhans cells (LCs) require autocrine latent TGFβ that is transactivated by the integrins ανβ6 and ανβ8 expressed by keratinocytes (KCs) for long-term epidermal retention. Selective expression of a ligand-independent, constitutively active form of TGFβR1 inhibits LC migration during homeostasis and in response to UVB exposure. In this study, we found that LC migration in response to inflammatory stimuli was also inhibited by ligand-independent TGFβR1 signaling. Contrary to UVB stimulation, which reduced KC expression of ανβ6, in vitro and in vivo exposure to TNF-α or IL-1β increased ανβ6 transcript and protein expression by KCs. This resulted in increased KC-mediated transactivation of latent TGFβ. Expression of ανβ8 was largely unchanged. These findings show that ligand-independent TGFβR1 signaling in LCs can overcome inflammatory migration stimuli, but reduced KC-mediated transactivation of latent TGFβ by KCs may only drive LC migration during homeostasis and in response to UV stimulation.
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Key Words
- DMBA, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
- EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule
- IFE, interfollicular
- IM, infundibulum/isthmus
- KC, keratinocyte
- LAP, latency associated peptide
- LC, Langerhans cell
- LN, lymph node
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- pKC, primary keratinocyte
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinto S. De La Cruz Diaz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toshiro Hirai
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Breanna Anh-Thu Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yukari Zenke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, St. Luke’s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyue Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Stephen Nishimura
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel H. Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Zhang M, Li N, Cai R, Gu J, Xie F, Wei H, Lu C, Wu D. Rosmarinic acid protects mice from imiquimod induced psoriasis-like skin lesions by inhibiting the IL-23/Th17 axis via regulating Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4526-4537. [PMID: 34008239 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-23/Th17 (IL-17) axis plays a critical role in psoriasis. Rosmarinic acid (RA) was proved the inhibitory effect of T cell infiltration in the skin. However, whether and how RA has beneficial effects on psoriasis did not really know yet. So lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced abnormal proliferation Hacat cell line and Imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mouse dermatitis were used to assess the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of RA by Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score, histopathology, flow cytometry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. The results showed that RA inhibited LPS-induced aberrant expression of Hacat cell line, and significantly alleviated IMQ-induced skin inflammation. Although RA had no obviously effect on the ratio of epidermal Langerhans cell (LC) and LC migration from the skin to the skin draining lymph nodes, RA inhibited the expression of IL-23 in skin lesions, as well as reduced the differentiation of Th17 cells and producing of IL-17A by down regulating the transcriptor factor RORγt and JAK2/Stat3 signal pathway, comparing to IMQ treated group. The findings suggest that RA inhibits psoriasis-like skin inflammation in vivo and in vitro by reducing the expression of IL-23, inhibiting Th17 dominated inflammation and down regulating the Jak2/Stat3 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Ning Li
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Ruhang Cai
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Jiangyong Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Fuda Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Dinghong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510380, China
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11
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The Role of IL-17-Producing Cells in Cutaneous Fungal Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115794. [PMID: 34071562 PMCID: PMC8198319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost layer of the body and is exposed to many environmental stimuli, which cause various inflammatory immune responses in the skin. Among them, fungi are common microorganisms that colonize the skin and cause cutaneous fungal diseases such as candidiasis and dermatophytosis. The skin exerts inflammatory responses to eliminate these fungi through the cooperation of skin-component immune cells. IL-17 producing cells are representative immune cells that play a vital role in anti-fungal action in the skin by producing antimicrobial peptides and facilitating neutrophil infiltration. However, the actual impact of IL-17-producing cells in cutaneous fungal infections remains unclear. In this review, we focused on the role of IL-17-producing cells in a series of cutaneous fungal infections, the characteristics of skin infectious fungi, and the recognition of cell components that drive cutaneous immune cells.
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12
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Abstract
As the professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, dendritic cells (DCs) sense the microenvironment and shape the ensuing adaptive immune response. DCs can induce both immune activation and immune tolerance according to the peripheral cues. Recent work has established that DCs comprise several phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous subsets that differentially regulate T lymphocyte differentiation. This review summarizes both mouse and human DC subset phenotypes, development, diversification, and function. We focus on advances in our understanding of how different DC subsets regulate distinct CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation outcomes, including Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper, and T regulatory cells. We review DC subset intrinsic properties, local tissue microenvironments, and other immune cells that together determine Th cell differentiation during homeostasis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Shuting Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
| | - Stephanie C Eisenbarth
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA;
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13
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Polak ME, Singh H. Tolerogenic and immunogenic states of Langerhans cells are orchestrated by epidermal signals acting on a core maturation gene module. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000182. [PMID: 33645739 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs), residing in the epidermis, are able to induce potent immunogenic responses and also to mediate immune tolerance. We propose that tolerogenic and immunogenic responses of LCs are directed by signaling from the epidermis and involve counter-acting gene circuits that are coupled to a core maturation gene module. We base our analysis on recent genetic and genomic findings facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling these divergent immune functions. Comparing gene regulatory network (GRN) analyses of various types of dendritic cells (DCs) including LCs we integrate signaling-dependent (TGFβ, EpCAM, β-Catenin) and transcription factor (IRF4, IRF1, NFκB) regulated gene circuits that appear to orchestrate the distinctive LC functional states. Our model proposes, that while epidermal signaling in the steady-state promotes LC tolerogenic function, the disruption of cell-cell contacts coupled with inflammatory signaling induces LC immunogenic programing. The conceptual framework emphasizes the sensing of discrete epidermal and inflammatory cues by resident LCs in dictating their genomic programing and cell state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Gebremariam T, Zhang L, Alkhazraji S, Gu Y, Youssef EG, Tong Z, Kish-Trier E, Bajji A, de Araujo CV, Rich B, French SW, Li DY, Mueller AL, Odelberg SJ, Zhu W, Ibrahim AS. Preserving Vascular Integrity Protects Mice against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e00303-20. [PMID: 32393494 PMCID: PMC7526831 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00303-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms portends a serious global threat to the health care system with nearly untreatable infectious diseases, including pneumonia and its often fatal sequelae, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis. Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), including Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CPKP), are among the World Health Organization's and National Institutes of Health's high-priority MDR pathogens for targeted development of new therapies. Here, we show that stabilizing the host's vasculature by genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) increases survival rates of mice infected with A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and CPKP. We show that the pharmacological inhibition of ARF6-GTP phenocopies endothelium-specific Arf6 disruption in enhancing the survival of mice with A. baumannii pneumonia, suggesting that inhibition is on target. Finally, we show that the mechanism of protection elicited by these small-molecule inhibitors acts by the restoration of vascular integrity disrupted by GNB lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation of the TLR4/MyD88/ARNO/ARF6 pathway. By targeting the host's vasculature with small-molecule inhibitors of ARF6 activation, we circumvent microbial drug resistance and provide a potential alternative/adjunctive treatment for emerging and reemerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teclegiorgis Gebremariam
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Lina Zhang
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Sondus Alkhazraji
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Yiyou Gu
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Eman G Youssef
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ashok Bajji
- A6 Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Claudia V de Araujo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Bianca Rich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Samuel W French
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dean Y Li
- A6 Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Shannon J Odelberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Weiquan Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ashraf S Ibrahim
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovations at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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15
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Flores-Maldonado OE, Montoya AM, Andrade A, González GM, Aguilar-Fernández SA, Elizondo-Zertuche M, Chacón-Salinas R, Rocha-Rodríguez H, Becerril-García MA. Evaluation of the Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity Against Candida albicans in a Model of Cutaneous Infection in Newborn 0-Day-Old Mice. Mycopathologia 2019; 184:747-757. [PMID: 31637573 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-019-00398-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus of the skin and mucous membranes in humans, but it is also responsible for mucocutaneous and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients like low birth weight neonates and premature newborns. The epicutaneous application of C. albicans is widely used to study the immune response against this pathogen in adult mice models. However, the immune response of newborns against infections caused by the genus Candida is poorly understood. In order to mimic premature human infection, we developed a model of C. albicans epicutaneous infection in newborn mice. We found that yeasts were able to colonize while the pseudohyphae invaded the epidermis. Recruitment of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells at the infection zone was observed. Fungal invasion, fungal burden and cellular infiltration displayed a time- and dose-dependent response. Interestingly, newborn mice were able to control C. albicans primary infection. Finally, we showed that the epicutaneous infection of C. albicans in newborn mice at birth results in the induction of cell-mediated immunity as evinced by delayed-type hypersensitivity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Flores-Maldonado
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I Madero and Dr. Aguirre-Pequeño, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - A M Montoya
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I Madero and Dr. Aguirre-Pequeño, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - A Andrade
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I Madero and Dr. Aguirre-Pequeño, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - G M González
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I Madero and Dr. Aguirre-Pequeño, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - S A Aguilar-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I Madero and Dr. Aguirre-Pequeño, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - M Elizondo-Zertuche
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I Madero and Dr. Aguirre-Pequeño, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - R Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Rocha-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - M A Becerril-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Francisco I Madero and Dr. Aguirre-Pequeño, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.
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16
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Schulze J, Rentzsch M, Kim D, Bellmann L, Stoitzner P, Rademacher C. A Liposomal Platform for Delivery of a Protein Antigen to Langerin-Expressing Cells. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2576-2580. [PMID: 31062587 PMCID: PMC6541893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The skin is an attractive
site for vaccination and harbors a dense
network of Langerhans cells that are the prime target for antigen
delivery approaches in the epidermis. While specific targeting of
Langerhans cells has been shown to elicit the necessary T-cell response
using antibody-based delivery approaches, the targeted administration
of particulate antigens in the form of nanoparticle-based vaccine
formulations has been challenging. We previously reported on a specific
targeting ligand for human Langerin, a C-type lectin expressed on
Langerhans cells. This ligand is presented on liposomes and renders
them highly specific for the uptake by Langerhans cells. Here we show
a detailed study of the uptake and intracellular routing of the particles
in model cell lines by confocal and live cell imaging as well as flow
cytometric assays. Liposomes are internalized into early endosomal
compartments and accumulate in late endosomes and lysosomes, shortly
followed by a release of the cargo. Furthermore, we show the encapsulation
of protein antigens and their delivery to cell lines and primary human
Langerhans cells. These data further support the applicability of
the targeted liposomal particles for protein vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schulze
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Department of Biomolecular Systems , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Mareike Rentzsch
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Department of Biomolecular Systems , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Dongyoon Kim
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Department of Biomolecular Systems , 14424 Potsdam , Germany
| | - Lydia Bellmann
- Medical University of Innsbruck , Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Medical University of Innsbruck , Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology , 6020 Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Department of Biomolecular Systems , 14424 Potsdam , Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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17
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Rajesh A, Wise L, Hibma M. The role of Langerhans cells in pathologies of the skin. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:700-713. [PMID: 30989674 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermal immune cells of myeloid origin. Although these cells were primarily thought to play a defensive role in the skin, evidence now indicates a diverse range of LC-mediated effects including the relay of viral antigens in herpes simplex infection, recruitment of eosinophils in atopic dermatitis and promotion of a Th17 response in Candida infection. LCs may have a protective or suppressive function in pathologies of the skin, with differing functions being driven by the skin milieu. Understanding LC function will help guide the development of interventions that modulate these cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Rajesh
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Merilyn Hibma
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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18
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Szczepanik M, Majewska-Szczepanik M, Wong FS, Kowalczyk P, Pasare C, Wen L. Regulation of contact sensitivity in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice by innate immunity. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:197-207. [PMID: 29943459 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic background influences allergic immune responses to environmental stimuli. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice are highly susceptible to environmental stimuli. Little is known about the interaction of autoimmune genetic factors with innate immunity in allergies, especially skin hypersensitivity. OBJECTIVES To study the interplay of innate immunity and autoimmune genetic factors in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) by using various innate immunity-deficient NOD mice. METHODS Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-deficient, TLR9-deficient and MyD88-deficient NOD mice were used to investigate CHS. The cellular mechanism was determined by flow cytometry in vitro and adoptive cell transfer in vivo. To investigate the role of MyD88 in dendritic cells (DCs) in CHS, we also used CD11cMyD88+ MyD88-/- NOD mice, in which MyD88 is expressed only in CD11c+ cells. RESULTS We found that innate immunity negatively regulates CHS, as innate immunity-deficient NOD mice developed exacerbated CHS accompanied by increased numbers of skin-migrating CD11c+ DCs expressing higher levels of major histocompatibility complex II and CD80. Moreover, MyD88-/- NOD mice had increased numbers of CD11c+ CD207- CD103+ DCs and activated T effector cells in the skin-draining lymph nodes. Strikingly, re-expression of MyD88 in CD11c+ DCs (CD11cMyD88+ MyD88-/- NOD mice) restored hyper-CHS to a normal level in MyD88-/- NOD mice. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the autoimmune-prone NOD genetic background aggravates CHS regulated by innate immunity, through DCs and T effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Medical Biology, Health Science Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Majewska-Szczepanik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Medical Biology, Health Science Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Florence S Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paulina Kowalczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Health Science Faculty, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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19
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Goyal S, Castrillón-Betancur JC, Klaile E, Slevogt H. The Interaction of Human Pathogenic Fungi With C-Type Lectin Receptors. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1261. [PMID: 29915598 PMCID: PMC5994417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, usually present as commensals, are a major cause of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Such infections, if not diagnosed or treated properly, can prove fatal. However, in most cases healthy individuals are able to avert the fungal attacks by mounting proper antifungal immune responses. Among the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are the major players in antifungal immunity. CLRs can recognize carbohydrate ligands, such as β-glucans and mannans, which are mainly found on fungal cell surfaces. They induce proinflammatory immune reactions, including phagocytosis, oxidative burst, cytokine, and chemokine production from innate effector cells, as well as activation of adaptive immunity via Th17 responses. CLRs such as Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, mannose receptor (MR), and DC-SIGN can recognize many disease-causing fungi and also collaborate with each other as well as other PRRs in mounting a fungi-specific immune response. Mutations in these receptors affect the host response and have been linked to a higher risk in contracting fungal infections. This review focuses on how CLRs on various immune cells orchestrate the antifungal response and on the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms in these receptors toward the risk of developing such infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Goyal
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Juan Camilo Castrillón-Betancur
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,International Leibniz Research School for Microbial and Biomolecular Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology/Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Esther Klaile
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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20
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Langerhans Cells – The Macrophage in Dendritic Cell Clothing. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:817-828. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Ontogeny and function of murine epidermal Langerhans cells. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:1068-1075. [PMID: 28926543 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermis-resident antigen-presenting cells that share a common ontogeny with macrophages but function as dendritic cells (DCs). Their development, recruitment and retention in the epidermis is orchestrated by interactions with keratinocytes through multiple mechanisms. LC and dermal DC subsets often show functional redundancy, but LCs are required for specific types of adaptive immune responses when antigen is concentrated in the epidermis. This Review will focus on those developmental and functional properties that are unique to LCs.
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22
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Interaction of Candida Species with the Skin. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5020032. [PMID: 28590443 PMCID: PMC5488103 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is commonly colonized by diverse fungal species. Some Candida species, especially C. albicans, do not only reside on the skin surface as commensals, but also cause infections by growing into the colonized tissue. However, defense mechanisms at the skin barrier level are very efficient, involving residential non-immune and immune cells as well as immune cells specifically recruited to the site of infection. Therefore, the skin is an effective barrier against fungal infection. While most studies about commensal and pathogenic interaction of Candida species with host epithelia focus on the interaction with mucosal surfaces such as the vaginal and gastrointestinal epithelia, less is known about the mechanisms underlying Candida interaction with the skin. In this review, we focus on the ecology and molecular pathogenesis of Candida species on the skin and give an overview of defense mechanisms against C. albicans in this context. We also discuss new research avenues in dermal infection, including the involvement of neurons, fibroblasts, and commensal bacteria in both mouse and human model systems.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakeen W. Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H. Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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24
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Nirschl CJ, Anandasabapathy N. Duality at the gate: Skin dendritic cells as mediators of vaccine immunity and tolerance. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:104-16. [PMID: 26836327 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1066050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Edward Jenner's discovery that intentional exposure to cowpox could provide lifelong protection from smallpox, vaccinations have been a major focus of medical research. However, while the protective benefits of many vaccines have been successfully translated into the clinic, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that differentiate effective vaccines from sub-optimal ones are not well understood. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the gatekeepers of the immune system, and are ultimately responsible for the generation of adaptive immunity and lifelong protective memory through interactions with T cells. In addition to lymph node and spleen resident DCs, a number of tissue resident DC populations have been identified at barrier tissues, such as the skin, which migrate to the local lymph node (migDC). These populations have unique characteristics, and play a key role in the function of cutaneous vaccinations by shuttling antigen from the vaccination site to the draining lymph node, rapidly capturing freely draining antigens in the lymph node, and providing key stimuli to T cells. However, while migDCs are responsible for the generation of immunity following exposure to certain pathogens and vaccines, recent work has identified a tolerogenic role for migDCs in the steady state as well as during protein immunization. Here, we examine the roles and functions of skin DC populations in the generation of protective immunity, as well as their role as regulators of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Nirschl
- a Department of Dermatology ; Harvard Skin Disease Research Center; Brigham and Women's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- a Department of Dermatology ; Harvard Skin Disease Research Center; Brigham and Women's Hospital ; Boston , MA USA
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25
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Heinen MP, Cambier L, Fievez L, Mignon B. Are Th17 Cells Playing a Role in Immunity to Dermatophytosis? Mycopathologia 2016; 182:251-261. [PMID: 27878642 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite their superficial localization in the skin, pathogenic dermatophytes can induce a complex but still misunderstood immune response in their hosts. The cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is correlated with both clinical recovery and protection against reinfection, and CD4+ T lymphocytes have been recognized as a crucial component of the immune defense against dermatophytes. Before the discovery of the Th17 pathway, CMI was considered to be only dependent of Th1 cells, and thus most studies on the immunology of dermatophytosis have focused on the Th1 pathway. Nevertheless, the fine comparative analysis of available scientific data on immunology of dermatophytosis in one hand and on the Th17 pathway mechanisms involved in opportunistic mucosal fungal infections in the other hand reveals that some key elements of the Th17 pathway can be activated by dermatophytes. Stimulation of the Th17 pathway could occur through the activation of some C-type lectin-like receptors and inflammasome in antigen-presenting cells. The Th17 cells could go back to the affected skin and by the production of signature cytokines could induce the effector mechanisms like the recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. In conclusion, besides the Th1 pathway, which is important to the immune response against dermatophytes, there are also growing evidences for the involvement of the Th17 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Heinen
- Veterinary Mycology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, B-43a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ludivine Cambier
- Veterinary Mycology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, B-43a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Fievez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA Research, Quartier Hôpital, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 11, B-34, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Mignon
- Veterinary Mycology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem 6, B-43a, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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26
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Szczepanik M, Majewska-Szczepanik M. Transdermal immunotherapy: Past, present and future. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:773-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Bittner-Eddy PD, Fischer LA, Kaplan DH, Thieu K, Costalonga M. Mucosal Langerhans Cells Promote Differentiation of Th17 Cells in a Murine Model of Periodontitis but Are Not Required for Porphyromonas gingivalis-Driven Alveolar Bone Destruction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1435-46. [PMID: 27402698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic oral inflammatory disease affecting one in five individuals that can lead to tooth loss. CD4(+) Th cells activated by a microbial biofilm are thought to contribute to the destruction of alveolar bone surrounding teeth by influencing osteoclastogenesis through IL-17A and receptor activator for NF-κB ligand effects. The relative roles of mucosal Ag presentation cells in directing Th cell immune responses against oral pathogens and their contribution to destruction of alveolar bone remain unknown. We tested the contribution of mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs) to alveolar bone homeostasis in mice following oral colonization with a well-characterized human periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis We found that oral mucosal LCs did not protect from or exacerbate crestal alveolar bone destruction but were responsible for promoting differentiation of Th17 cells specific to P. gingivalis. In mice lacking LCs the Th17 response was suppressed and a Th1 response predominated. Bypassing LCs with systemic immunization of P. gingivalis resulted in a predominantly P. gingivalis-specific Th1 response regardless of whether LCs were present. Interestingly, we find that in vivo clonal expansion of P. gingivalis-specific Th cells and induced regulatory T cells does not depend on mucosal LCs. Furthermore, destruction of crestal alveolar bone induced by P. gingivalis colonization occurred regardless of the presence of mucosal LCs or P. gingivalis-specific Th17 cells. Our data indicate that both LCs and Th17 cells are redundant in contributing to alveolar bone destruction in a murine model of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Bittner-Eddy
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455; and
| | - Lori A Fischer
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455; and
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Kathleen Thieu
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455; and
| | - Massimo Costalonga
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Developmental and Surgical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455; and
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28
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Kashem SW, Kaplan DH. Skin Immunity to Candida albicans. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:440-450. [PMID: 27178391 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that colonizes healthy human skin, mucosa, and the reproductive tract. C. albicans is also a predominantly opportunistic fungal pathogen, leading to disease manifestations such as disseminated candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). The differing host susceptibilities for the sites of C. albicans infection have revealed tissue compartmentalization with tailoring of immune responses based on the site of infection. Furthermore, extensive studies of host genetics in rare cases of CMC have identified conserved genetic pathways involved in immune recognition and the response to the extracellular pathogen. We focus here on human and mouse skin as a site of C. albicans infection, and we review established and newly discovered insights into the cellular pathways that promote cutaneous antifungal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakeen W Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Departments of Dermatology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15216, USA.
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29
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Mohammed J, Beura LK, Bobr A, Astry B, Chicoine B, Kashem SW, Welty NE, Igyártó BZ, Wijeyesinghe S, Thompson EA, Matte C, Bartholin L, Kaplan A, Sheppard D, Bridges AG, Shlomchik WD, Masopust D, Kaplan DH. Stromal cells control the epithelial residence of DCs and memory T cells by regulated activation of TGF-β. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:414-21. [PMID: 26901152 PMCID: PMC5135085 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the immune system that reside in barrier epithelia provide a first line of defense against pathogens. Langerhans cells (LCs) and CD8(+) tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) require active transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β) for epidermal residence. Here we found that integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 were expressed in non-overlapping patterns by keratinocytes (KCs) and maintained the epidermal residence of LCs and TRM cells by activating latent TGF-β. Similarly, the residence of dendritic cells and TRM cells in the small intestine epithelium also required αvβ6. Treatment of the skin with ultraviolet irradiation decreased integrin expression on KCs and reduced the availability of active TGF-β, which resulted in LC migration. Our data demonstrated that regulated activation of TGF-β by stromal cells was able to directly control epithelial residence of cells of the immune system through a novel mechanism of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Mohammed
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Aleh Bobr
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian Astry
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Brian Chicoine
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Sakeen W Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Nathan E Welty
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Botond Z Igyártó
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Sathi Wijeyesinghe
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Catherine Matte
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Laurent Bartholin
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Lyon, France
| | - Alesia Kaplan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alina G Bridges
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Warren D Shlomchik
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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30
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Didovic S, Opitz FV, Holzmann B, Förster I, Weighardt H. Requirement of MyD88 signaling in keratinocytes for Langerhans cell migration and initiation of atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:981-92. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Didovic
- Immunology and Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Friederike V. Opitz
- Immunology and Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Bernhard Holzmann
- Department of Surgery; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Immunology and Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Immunology and Environment; Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine; Düsseldorf Germany
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31
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Kashem SW, Riedl MS, Yao C, Honda CN, Vulchanova L, Kaplan DH. Nociceptive Sensory Fibers Drive Interleukin-23 Production from CD301b+ Dermal Dendritic Cells and Drive Protective Cutaneous Immunity. Immunity 2016; 43:515-26. [PMID: 26377898 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Innate resistance to Candida albicans in mucosal tissues requires the production of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) by tissue-resident cells early during infection, but the mechanism of cytokine production has not been precisely defined. In the skin, we found that dermal γδ T cells were the dominant source of IL-17A during C. albicans infection and were required for pathogen resistance. Induction of IL-17A from dermal γδ T cells and resistance to C. albicans required IL-23 production from CD301b(+) dermal dendritic cells (dDCs). In addition, we found that sensory neurons were directly activated by C. albicans. Ablation of sensory neurons increased susceptibility to C. albicans infection, which could be rescued by exogenous addition of the neuropeptide CGRP. These data define a model in which nociceptive pathways in the skin drive production of IL-23 by CD301b(+) dDCs resulting in IL-17A production from γδ T cells and resistance to cutaneous candidiasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Candida albicans/immunology
- Candida albicans/physiology
- Candidiasis/genetics
- Candidiasis/immunology
- Candidiasis/microbiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dermis/cytology
- Flow Cytometry
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Immunity/genetics
- Immunity/immunology
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-23/genetics
- Interleukin-23/immunology
- Interleukin-23/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/immunology
- Receptors, Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sensory Receptor Cells/immunology
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/microbiology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcriptome/genetics
- Transcriptome/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakeen W Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Chen Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Christopher N Honda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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32
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Scholz F, Naik S, Sutterwala FS, Kaplan DH. Langerhans Cells Suppress CD49a+ NK Cell-Mediated Skin Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26209621 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of innate immune effector cells into sites of infection is a critical component of resistance to pathogen infection. Using a model of intradermal footpad injection of Candida albicans, we observed that inflammation as measured by footpad thickness and neutrophil recruitment occurred independent of adoptive immunity but was significantly reduced in MyD88(-/-) and IL-6(-/-) mice. Unexpectedly, huLangerin-DTA mice (ΔLC) that lack Langerhans cells (LC) developed increased skin inflammation and expressed higher amounts of IL-6, suggesting a suppressive role for LC. Increased inflammation also occurred in Rag1(-/-) ΔLC mice but was reversed by Ab-mediated ablation of NK cells. CXCR6(+)CD49a(+) NK cells are a liver-resident subset that can mediate inflammatory skin responses. We found that exaggerated skin inflammation was absent in ΔLC × CXCR6(-/-) mice. Moreover, the exaggerated response in ΔLC mice could be adoptively transferred with liver CD49a(+) NK cells. Finally, CD49a(+) NK cells in ΔLC but not control mice were recruited to the skin, and inhibition of their recruitment prevented the exaggerated response. Thus, in the absence of LC, CD49a(+) liver NK cells display an inappropriately proinflammatory phenotype that results in increased local skin inflammation. These data reveal a novel function for LC in the regulation of this recently described subset of skin tropic NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scholz
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Shruti Naik
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and Development, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52241
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455;
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33
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Flacher V, Tripp CH, Mairhofer DG, Steinman RM, Stoitzner P, Idoyaga J, Romani N. Murine Langerin+ dermal dendritic cells prime CD8+ T cells while Langerhans cells induce cross-tolerance. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:1191-204. [PMID: 25085878 PMCID: PMC4197865 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin dendritic cells (DCs) control the immunogenicity of cutaneously administered vaccines. Antigens targeted to DCs via the C-type lectin Langerin/CD207 are cross-presented to CD8+ T cells in vivo. We investigated the relative roles of Langerhans cells (LCs) and Langerin+ dermal DCs (dDCs) in different vaccination settings. Poly(I:C) and anti-CD40 agonist antibody promoted cytotoxic responses upon intradermal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA)-coupled anti-Langerin antibodies (Langerin/OVA). This correlated with CD70 upregulation in Langerin+ dDCs, but not LCs. In chimeric mice where Langerin targeting was restricted to dDCs, CD8+ T-cell memory was enhanced. Conversely, providing Langerin/OVA exclusively to LCs failed to prime cytotoxicity, despite initial antigen cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells. Langerin/OVA combined with imiquimod could not prime CD8+ T cells and resulted in poor cytotoxicity in subsequent responses. This tolerance induction required targeting and maturation of LCs. Altogether, Langerin+ dDCs prime long-lasting cytotoxic responses, while cross-presentation by LCs negatively influences CD8+ T-cell priming. Moreover, this highlights that DCs exposed to TLR agonists can still induce tolerance and supports the existence of qualitatively different DC maturation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christoph H Tripp
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David G Mairhofer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ralph M Steinman
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrizia Stoitzner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology and Chris Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria Oncotyrol Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Innsbruck, Austria
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34
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Kashem SW, Igyarto BZ, Gerami-Nejad M, Kumamoto Y, Mohammed JA, Jarrett E, Drummond RA, Zurawski SM, Zurawski G, Berman J, Iwasaki A, Brown GD, Kaplan DH. Candida albicans morphology and dendritic cell subsets determine T helper cell differentiation. Immunity 2015; 42:356-366. [PMID: 25680275 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus responsible for chronic mucocutaneous and systemic infections. Mucocutaneous immunity to C. albicans requires T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation that is thought to depend on recognition of filamentous C. albicans. Systemic immunity is considered T cell independent. Using a murine skin infection model, we compared T helper cell responses to yeast and filamentous C. albicans. We found that only yeast induced Th17 cell responses through a mechanism that required Dectin-1-mediated expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by Langerhans cells. Filamentous forms induced Th1 without Th17 cell responses due to the absence of Dectin-1 ligation. Notably, Th17 cell responses provided protection against cutaneous infection while Th1 cell responses provided protection against systemic infection. Thus, C. albicans morphology drives distinct T helper cell responses that provide tissue-specific protection. These findings provide insight into compartmentalization of Th cell responses and C. albicans pathogenesis and have critical implications for vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakeen W Kashem
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Botond Z Igyarto
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maryam Gerami-Nejad
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yosuke Kumamoto
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Javed A Mohammed
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elizabeth Jarrett
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca A Drummond
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Sandra M Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U899 - ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U899 - ANRS Center for Human Vaccines, 3434 Live Oak Street, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Judith Berman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Israel
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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35
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Eaton LH, Roberts RA, Kimber I, Dearman RJ, Metryka A. Skin sensitization induced Langerhans' cell mobilization: variable requirements for tumour necrosis factor-α. Immunology 2015; 144:139-48. [PMID: 25039377 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon antigen/allergen recognition, epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) are mobilized and migrate to the local lymph node where they play a major role in initiating or regulating immune responses. It had been proposed that all chemical allergens induce LC migration via common cytokine signals delivered by TNF-α and IL-1β. Here the dependence of LC migration on TNF-α following treatment of mice with various chemical allergens has been investigated. It was found that under standard conditions the allergens oxazolone, paraphenylene diamine, and trimellitic anhydride, in addition to the skin irritant sodium lauryl sulfate, were unable to trigger LC mobilization in the absence of TNF-α signalling. In contrast, two members of the dinitrohalobenezene family (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene [DNCB] and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene [DNFB]) promoted LC migration independently of TNF-R2 (the sole TNF-α receptor expressed by LC) and TNF-α although the presence of IL-1β was still required. However, increasing doses of oxazolone overcame the requirement of TNF-α for LC mobilization, whereas lower doses of DNCB were still able to induce LC migration in a TNF-α-independent manner. These novel findings demonstrate unexpected heterogeneity among chemical allergens and furthermore that LC can be induced to migrate from the epidermis via different mechanisms that are either dependent or independent of TNF-α. Although the exact mechanisms with regard to the signals that activate LC have yet to be elucidated, these differences may translate into functional speciation that will likely impact on the extent and quality of allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Eaton
- The Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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36
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Said A, Bock S, Müller G, Weindl G. Inflammatory conditions distinctively alter immunological functions of Langerhans-like cells and dendritic cells in vitro. Immunology 2015; 144:218-30. [PMID: 25059418 PMCID: PMC4298416 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific function of human skin-resident dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the regulation of immunity or tolerance is still a matter of debate. Langerhans cells (LC) induce anti-viral immune responses but, conversely to dermal DC, maintain tolerance to bacteria. However, the definite function of epidermal LC and cutaneous DC appears even more complex under inflammatory conditions. Here we investigated the immune responses of human immature monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) and LC-like cells (MoLC) upon stimulation with different Toll-like receptor ligands in the presence or absence of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In MoDC, bacterial antigens selectively up-regulated CD83 and CD86 expression and induced the release of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cytokines and led to a higher CCR7-dependent migratory capacity compared with a low responsiveness of MoLC. Importantly, MoLC activation with lipopolysaccharide under inflammatory conditions strongly enhanced a phenotypically mature state, increased IL-12p70, IL-23 and IL-6 production and Th1 cytokine secretion by CD4(+) T cells. Treatment with poly(I:C) specifically up-regulated surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules and increased release of IL-12p70 in MoLC and co-stimulation with TNF-α and IL-1β further elevated Th1 and Th17 cytokine production. Poly(I:C)-induced up-regulation of type I interferon mRNA levels in MoLC and MoDC was Toll-like receptor 3-dependent but not, or only weakly, modulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results indicate that inflammatory conditions greatly facilitate recognition of bacteria by MoLC. Furthermore, we suggest a critical involvement of both subsets in innate defence against viruses, whereas inflammatory skin environments additionally favour MoLC as potent inducers of Th1 and Th17 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Said
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Bock
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit Müller
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Günther Weindl
- Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
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37
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Arnold-Schrauf C, Berod L, Sparwasser T. Dendritic cell specific targeting of MyD88 signalling pathways in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:32-9. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catharina Arnold-Schrauf
- Institute for Infection Immunology; TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI); Hannover Germany
| | - Luciana Berod
- Institute for Infection Immunology; TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI); Hannover Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute for Infection Immunology; TWINCORE, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI); Hannover Germany
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38
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MyD88 expression is associated with paclitaxel resistance in lung cancer A549 cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1837-44. [PMID: 25175786 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) expression and the resistance to paclitaxel of A549 lung cancer cells. In order to achieve MyD88 gene overexpression or knockdown in the A549 cell line, the cells were infected with lentivirus carrying MyD88 gene or shRNA to MyD88. MyD88 mRNA and protein expression was measured by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting after infection for confirmation. Cell prolife-ration was detected by the WST-1 assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure the cell cycle and apoptosis. The transwell migration assay was used to observe the change of migration of transfected cells. The results showed that the overexpression of MyD88 increased the resistance of lung cancer A549 cells to paclitaxel, while the suppression of MyD88 increased the sensitivity of A549 lung cancer cells to paclitaxel. Following the paclitaxel treatment, a decreased apoptosis and G2 phase ratio, an increased cell migration ratio, and an increased production of IL-8 were found in MyD88‑overexpressed A549 cells. The western blot analysis revealed that Myd88 overexpression resulted in an increased level of Bcl-2 but a decreased level of Bax in A549 cells. These findings suggested that the expression level of MyD88 is closely associated with paclitaxel resistance in A549 lung cancer cells. Thus, the downregulation of MyD88 in A549 cells increased its sensitivity to paclitaxel treatment, whereas the upregulation of MyD88 substantiates its paclitaxel resistance.
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An ITAM-Syk-CARD9 signalling axis triggers contact hypersensitivity by stimulating IL-1 production in dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3755. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Gao Y, Nish SA, Jiang R, Hou L, Licona-Limón P, Weinstein JS, Zhao H, Medzhitov R. Control of T helper 2 responses by transcription factor IRF4-dependent dendritic cells. Immunity 2013; 39:722-32. [PMID: 24076050 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD4⁺ T cell differentiation is regulated by specialized antigen-presenting cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) produce cytokines that promote naive CD4⁺ T cell differentiation into T helper 1 (Th1), Th17, and inducible T regulatory (iTreg) cells. However, the initiation of Th2 cell responses remains poorly understood, although it is likely that more than one mechanism might be involved. Here we have defined a specific DC subset that is involved in Th2 cell differentiation in vivo in response to a protease allergen, as well as infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We have demonstrated that this subset is controlled by the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), which is required for their differentiation and Th2 cell-inducing function. IRF4 is known to control Th2 cell differentiation and Th2 cell-associated suppressing function in Treg cells. Our finding suggests that IRF4 also plays a role in DCs where it controls the initiation of Th2 cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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The skin-resident and migratory immune system in steady state and memory: innate lymphocytes, dendritic cells and T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:978-85. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Welty NE, Staley C, Ghilardi N, Sadowsky MJ, Igyártó BZ, Kaplan DH. Intestinal lamina propria dendritic cells maintain T cell homeostasis but do not affect commensalism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2011-24. [PMID: 24019552 PMCID: PMC3782055 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeted deletion of CD103+CD11b+ LP DCs results in reduced LP Th17 cells at steady state, but has no impact on Citrobacter infection or the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Dendritic cells (DCs) in the intestinal lamina propria (LP) are composed of two CD103+ subsets that differ in CD11b expression. We report here that Langerin is expressed by human LP DCs and that transgenic human langerin drives expression in CD103+CD11b+ LP DCs in mice. This subset was ablated in huLangerin-DTA mice, resulting in reduced LP Th17 cells without affecting Th1 or T reg cells. Notably, cognate DC–T cell interactions were not required for Th17 development, as this response was intact in huLangerin-Cre I-Aβfl/fl mice. In contrast, responses to intestinal infection or flagellin administration were unaffected by the absence of CD103+CD11b+ DCs. huLangerin-DTA x BatF3−/− mice lacked both CD103+ LP DC subsets, resulting in defective gut homing and fewer LP T reg cells. Despite these defects in LP DCs and resident T cells, we did not observe alterations of intestinal microbial communities. Thus, CD103+ LP DC subsets control T cell homeostasis through both nonredundant and overlapping mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Welty
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology and 2 Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Role of Th17 cells in skin inflammation of allergic contact dermatitis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:261037. [PMID: 24023564 PMCID: PMC3759281 DOI: 10.1155/2013/261037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extending the classical concept considering an imbalance exclusively of T helper(h) 1 and Th2 cells on the bottom of many inflammatory diseases, Th17 cells were recently described. Today, there is sufficient experimental evidence to classify psoriasis and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) amongst other inflammatory skin disorders as IL-17 associated diseases. In several human studies, T-cell-clones could be isolated from eczema biopsies, and high IL-17 levels were observed after challenge with allergen. In the last years, the phenotype of these IL-17 releasing T cells was in the focus of discussion. It has been suggested that Th17 could be identified by expression of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)C (humans) or RORγt (mice) and IL-17, accompanied by the absence of IFN-γ and IL-22. In cells from skin biopsies, contact allergens elevate IL-17A, IL-23, and RORC within the subset of Th cells. The indications for a participation of Th17 in the development of ACD are supported by data from IL-17 deficient mice with reduced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions that could be restored after transplantation of wild type CD4+ T cells. In addition to Th17 cells, subpopulations of CD8+ T cells and regulatory T cells are further sources of IL-17 that play important roles in ACD as well. Finally, the results from Th17 cell research allow today identification of different skin diseases by a specific profile of signature cytokines from Th cells that can be used as a future diagnostic tool.
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Parlet CP, Schlueter AJ. Mechanisms by which chronic ethanol feeding impairs the migratory capacity of cutaneous dendritic cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:2098-107. [PMID: 23895590 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic alcoholism is associated with increased incidence and severity of skin infection. Cutaneous dendritic cells (CDCs) play a pivotal role in skin immunity, and chronic ethanol (EtOH) feeding in mice has been shown to inhibit CDC migration to skin-draining lymph nodes (dLNs) following epicutaneous sensitization. Because CDC subsets differentially initiate T-cell responses, it is important to determine how EtOH feeding affects migration of each subset and identify mechanisms responsible for observed defects. METHODS Mice received EtOH in the drinking water for ≥ 16 weeks. Baseline numbers of CDC subsets and their migration to the dLNs following fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC) sensitization were assessed by flow cytometry. Epidermal cell suspension and skin explant cultures were used to measure the impact of EtOH upon molecules that influence CDC migration. Cytokine arrays performed on explant culture supernatants assessed local production of inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS Chronic EtOH feeding reduced migration of all CDC subsets to the dLNs following FITC sensitization. Reduced migration of dermal-resident CDCs did not correspond with reduced baseline numbers of these cells. For Langerhans cells (LCs), EtOH-induced migratory dysfunction corresponded with delayed down-regulation of E-cadherin, chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1), and CCR6 and impaired up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9. In skin explant assays, EtOH blunted CDC mobilization following stimulation with CCL21/CPG 1826. No alteration in CD54 or CCR7 expression was observed, but production of skin-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was reduced. Poor migratory responses in vitro could be improved by supplementing explant cultures from EtOH-fed mice with TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Chronic EtOH consumption does not alter baseline dermal-resident CDC numbers. However, like LCs, migratory responsiveness of dermal CDCs was decreased following FITC sensitization. Inefficient down-regulation of both CCRs and adhesion molecules and the inability to up-regulate MMPs indicate that EtOH impedes LC acquisition of a promigratory phenotype. These defects, combined with improvement of the migratory defect with in vitro TNF-α replacement, demonstrate intrinsic as well as environmental contributions to defective CDC migration. These findings provide novel mechanisms to explain the observed increased incidence and severity of skin infections in chronic alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey P Parlet
- Department of Pathology and Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Hancock DG, Guy TV, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St Groth B. Experimental models to investigate the function of dendritic cell subsets: challenges and implications. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 171:147-54. [PMID: 23286941 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) lineage is remarkably heterogeneous. It has been postulated that specialized DC subsets have evolved in order to select and support the multitude of possible T cell differentiation pathways. However, defining the function of individual DC subsets has proven remarkably difficult, and DC subset control of key T cell fates such as tolerance, T helper cell commitment and regulatory T cell induction is still not well understood. While the difficulty in assigning unique functions to particular DC subsets may be due to sharing of functions, it may also reflect a lack of appropriate physiological in-vivo models for studying DC function. In this paper we review the limitations associated with many of the current DC models and highlight some of the underlying difficulties involved in studying the function of murine DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Hancock
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology and the Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized sentinels responsible for coordinating adaptive immunity. This function is dependent upon coupled sensitivity to environmental signs of inflammation and infection to cellular maturation-the programmed alteration of DC phenotype and function to enhance immune cell activation. Although DCs are thus well equipped to respond to pathogens, maturation triggers are not unique to infection. Given that immune cells are exquisitely sensitive to the biological functions of DCs, we now appreciate that multiple layers of suppression are required to restrict the environmental sensitivity, cellular maturation, and even life span of DCs to prevent aberrant immune activation during the steady state. At the same time, steady-state DCs are not quiescent but rather perform key functions that support homeostasis of numerous cell types. Here we review these functions and molecular mechanisms of suppression that control steady-state DC maturation. Corruption of these steady-state operatives has diverse immunological consequences and pinpoints DCs as potent drivers of autoimmune and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Elena Hammer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143
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Igyártó BZ, Kaplan DH. Antigen presentation by Langerhans cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 25:115-9. [PMID: 23246038 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells and other skin-resident dendritic cells (DC) are required for the development of cutaneous adaptive immune responses. In vivo experiments using mice with selective DC-subset deficiencies and ex vivo experiments using isolated DC suggests that each subset makes a unique contribution to the adaptive response. This review focuses on the functional outcome of antigen presentation by Langerhans cells. Special attention is given to their ability to promote CD4 T cell differentiation in a variety of inflammatory contexts and whether this subset has the capacity to cross-prime CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botond Z Igyártó
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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Abstract
Hundred-thousands of fungal species are present in our environment, including normal colonizers that constitute part of the human microbiota. The homeostasis of host-fungus interactions encompasses efficient fungal sensing, tolerance at mucosal surfaces, as well as antifungal defenses. Decrease in host immune fitness or increase in fungal burden may favor pathologies, ranging from superficial mucocutaneous diseases to invasive life-threatening fungal infections. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential players in this balance, due to their ability to control both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes upon recognition of fungal-specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Certain members of the TLR family participate to the initial recognition of fungal PAMPs on the cell surface, as well as inside phagosomes of innate immune cells. Active signaling cascades in phagocytes ultimately enable fungus clearance and the release of cytokines that shape and instruct other innate immune cells and the adaptive immune system. Some TLRs cooperate with other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (e.g., C-type lectins and Galectins), thus allowing for a tailored immune response. The spatio-temporal and physiological contributions of individual TLRs in fungal infections remains ill-defined, although in humans, TLR gene polymorphisms have been linked to increased susceptibility to fungal infections. This review focuses entirely on the role of TLRs that control the host susceptibility to environmental fungi (e.g., Aspergillus, Cryptoccocus, and Coccidoides), as well as to the most frequent human fungal pathogens represented by the commensal Candida species. The emerging roles of TLRs in modulating host tolerance to fungi, and the strategies that evolved in some of these fungi to evade or use TLR recognition to their advantage will also be discussed, as well as their potential suitability as targets in vaccine therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bourgeois
- Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories Vienna, Austria. christelle.bourgeois@ meduniwien.ac.at
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Martin SF. Allergic contact dermatitis: xenoinflammation of the skin. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:720-9. [PMID: 22980498 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many xenobiotic chemicals cause sterile inflammation. This xenoinflammation is often induced by protein reactive contact allergens resulting in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Recent findings reveal that these chemicals mimick infection by triggering innate immune responses via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and endogenous danger signals. The emerging cellular responses in ACD are mediated by various innate effector cells. Here, an important role for mast cells has now been recognized. Eventually, chemical specific T cells such as CD8+ and CD4+ Tc1/Th1 as well as Tc17/Th17 cells are activated. Langerhans cells may serve a tolerogenic function. The mechanisms of tolerance induction by ultraviolet irradiation or by very low doses of contact allergen are now understood in much greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Martin
- Allergy Research Group, Department of Dermatology, University Freiburg Medical Center, Hauptstrasse 7, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-resident dendritic cells (DC) located in the epidermis that migrate to skin-draining lymph nodes during the steady state and in response to inflammatory stimuli. TGF-β1 is a critical immune regulator that is highly expressed by LCs. The ability to test the functional importance of LC-derived TGF-β1 is complicated by the requirement of TGF-β1 for LC development and by the absence of LCs in mice with an LC-specific ablation of TGF-β1 or its receptor. To overcome these problems, we have engineered transgenic huLangerin-CreER(T2) mice that allow for inducible LC-specific excision. Highly efficient and LC-specific expression was confirmed in mice bred onto a YFP Cre reporter strain. We next generated huLangerin-CreER(T2) × TGF-βRII(fl) and huLangerin-CreER(T2) × TGF-β1(fl) mice. Excision of the TGFβRII or TGFβ1 genes induced mass migration of LCs to the regional lymph node. Expression of costimulatory markers and inflammatory cytokines was unaffected, consistent with homeostatic migration. In addition, levels of p-SMAD2/3 were decreased in LCs from wild-type mice before inflammation-induced migration. We conclude that TGF-β1 acts directly on LCs in an autocrine/paracrine manner to inhibit steady-state and inflammation-induced migration. This is a readily targetable pathway with potential therapeutic implications for skin disease.
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