1
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Pan W, Tsokos MG, Scherlinger M, Li W, Tsokos GC. The PP2A regulatory subunit PPP2R2A controls NAD + biosynthesis to regulate T cell subset differentiation in systemic autoimmunity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114379. [PMID: 38889006 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit PPP2R2A is involved in the regulation of immune response. We report that lupus-prone mice with T cells deficient in PPP2R2A display less autoimmunity and nephritis. PPP2R2A deficiency promotes NAD+ biosynthesis through the nicotinamide riboside (NR)-directed salvage pathway in T cells. NR inhibits murine Th17 and promotes Treg cell differentiation, in vitro, by PΑRylating histone H1.2 and causing its reduced occupancy in the Foxp3 loci and increased occupancy in the Il17a loci, leading to increased Foxp3 and decreased Il17a transcription. NR treatment suppresses disease in MRL.lpr mice and restores NAD+-dependent poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) activity in CD4 T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), while reducing interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 production. We conclude that PPP2R2A controls the level of NAD+ through the NR-directed salvage pathway and promotes systemic autoimmunity. Translationally, NR suppresses lupus nephritis in mice and limits the production of proinflammatory cytokines by SLE T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Pan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Maria G Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Scherlinger
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Rheumatology Department, Strasbourg University Hospital of Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Yang H, Luo X, Wang X, Peng Y, Li Z, He Y, Cong J, Xie T, Zhang W. The PP2A inhibitor LB-100 mitigates lupus nephritis by suppressing tertiary lymphoid structure formation. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 977:176703. [PMID: 38839028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multi-organ involvement and autoantibody production. Patients with SLE face a substantial risk of developing lupus nephritis (LN), which imposes a substantial burden on both patients and their families. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a widely distributed serine/threonine phosphatase that participates in regulating multiple signaling pathways. Inhibition of PP2A has been implicated in the treatment of various diseases. LB-100, a small molecule inhibitor of PP2A, has demonstrated anti-tumor therapeutic effects and high safety profile in preclinical experiments. However, the role of PP2A and its inhibitor has been insufficiently studied in LN. In this study, we assessed the potential effects of LB-100 in both MRL/lpr mice and R848-induced BALB/c mice. Our findings indicated that LB-100 administration led to reduced spleen enlargement, decreased deposition of immune complexes, ameliorated renal damage, and improved kidney function in both spontaneous and R848-induced lupus mouse models. Importantly, we observed the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) in the kidneys of two distinct lupus mouse models. The levels of signature genes of TLS were elevated in the kidneys of lupus mice, whereas LB-100 mitigated chemokine production and inhibited TLS formation. In addition, we confirmed that inhibition or knockdown of PP2A reduced the production of T cell-related chemokines by renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC). In summary, our study highlighted the renal protective potential of the PP2A inhibitor LB-100 in two distinct lupus mouse models, suggesting its potential as a novel strategy for treating LN and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Zhilan Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yifei He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jing Cong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
| | - Weiru Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; Department of General Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China; National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.
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3
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Rosetti F, Madera-Salcedo IK, Crispín JC. Relevance of acquired T cell molecular defects in the immunopathogenesis of SLE. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110225. [PMID: 38642784 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases are thought to develop in genetically predisposed individuals when triggered by environmental factors. This paradigm does not fully explain disease development, as it fails to consider the delay between birth and disease expression. In this review, we discuss observations described in T cells from patients with SLE that are not related to hereditary factors and have therefore been considered secondary to the disease process itself. Here, we contextualize some of those observations and argue that they may represent a pathogenic layer between genetic factors and disease development. Acquired changes in T cell phenotype and function in the setting of SLE may affect the immune system, creating a predisposition towards a more inflammatory and pathogenic system that amplifies autoimmunity and facilitates disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Rosetti
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Iris K Madera-Salcedo
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - José C Crispín
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico.
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4
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Zhou X, Li M, Ai M, Li Y, Zhu X, Hansen MJ, Zhong J, Johnson KL, Zenka R, Pandey A, Pease LR, Zeng H. PP2A catalytic subunit alpha is critically required for CD8 + T cell homeostasis and anti-bacterial responses. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.578745. [PMID: 38370780 PMCID: PMC10871277 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.578745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
While the functions of tyrosine phosphatases in T cell biology have been extensively studied, our knowledge on the contribution of serine/threonine phosphatases in T cells remains poor. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is one of the most abundantly expressed serine/threonine phosphatases. It is important in thymocyte development and CD4+ T cell differentiation. Utilizing a genetic model in which its catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PP2A Cα) is deleted in T cells, we investigated its contribution to CD8+ T cell homeostasis and effector functions. Our results demonstrate that T cell intrinsic PP2A Cα is critically required for CD8+ T cell homeostasis in secondary lymphoid organs and intestinal mucosal site. Importantly, PP2A Cα deficient CD8+ T cells exhibit reduced proliferation and survival. CD8+ T cell anti-bacterial response is strictly dependent on PP2A Cα. Expression of Bcl2 transgene rescues CD8+ T cell homeostasis in spleens, but not in intestinal mucosal site, nor does it restore the defective anti-bacterial responses. Finally, proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses reveal potential targets dependent on PP2A Cα, including mTORC1 and AKT. Thus, PP2A Cα is a key modulator of CD8+ T cell homeostasis and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Meilu Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Minji Ai
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael J Hansen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Roman Zenka
- Proteomics Core, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Larry R Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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5
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Roy S, Batra L. Protein Phosphatase 2A: Role in T Cells and Diseases. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:4522053. [PMID: 37234102 PMCID: PMC10208765 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4522053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine-threonine phosphatase that plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and signal transduction. The catalytic activity of PP2A is integral in the maintenance of physiological functions which gets severely impaired in its absence. PP2A plays an essential role in the activation, differentiation, and functions of T cells. PP2A suppresses Th1 cell differentiation while promoting Th2 cell differentiation. PP2A fosters Th17 cell differentiation which contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by enhancing the transactivation of the Il17 gene. Genetic deletion of PP2A in Tregs disrupts Foxp3 expression due to hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling which impairs the development and immunosuppressive functions of Tregs. PP2A is important in the induction of Th9 cells and promotes their antitumor functions. PP2A activation has shown to reduce neuroinflammation in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and is now used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) clinically. In this review, we will discuss the structure and functions of PP2A in T cell differentiation and diseases and therapeutic applications of PP2A-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyasha Roy
- Immuno-Biology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lalit Batra
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Yang Y, Yan C, Yu L, Zhang X, Shang J, Fan J, Zhang R, Ren J, Duan X. The star target in SLE: IL-17. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:313-328. [PMID: 36538077 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to discuss the significance of IL-17 in SLE and the potential of IL-17-targeted therapy. BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can affect many organs and tissues throughout the body. It is characterized by overactive B and T cells and loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a cytokine that promotes inflammation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases as well as inflammatory diseases. In in vitro cellular experiments in lupus susceptible mice or SLE patients, there is substantial evidence that IL-17 is a highly promising therapeutic target. METHODS We searched papers from PubMed database using the search terms, such as interleukin-17, systemic lupus erythematosus, treatment targets, T cells, lupus nephritis, and other relevant terms. RESULTS We discuss in this paper the molecular mechanisms of IL-17 expression, Th17 cell proliferation, and the relationship between IL-17 and Th17. The significance of IL-17 in SLE and the potential of IL-17-targeted therapy are further discussed in detail. CONCLUSION IL-17 has a very high potential for the development as a star target in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chen Yan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiuling Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingjing Shang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rongwei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinwang Duan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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7
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Targeting protein phosphatases in cancer immunotherapy and autoimmune disorders. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:273-294. [PMID: 36693907 PMCID: PMC9872771 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases act as key regulators of multiple important cellular processes and are attractive therapeutic targets for various diseases. Although extensive effort has been dedicated to phosphatase-targeted drug discovery, early expeditions for competitive phosphatase inhibitors were plagued by druggability issues, leading to the stigmatization of phosphatases as difficult targets. Despite challenges, persistent efforts have led to the identification of several drug-like, non-competitive modulators of some of these enzymes - including SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, vascular endothelial protein tyrosine phosphatase and protein phosphatase 1 - reigniting interest in therapeutic targeting of phosphatases. Here, we discuss recent progress in phosphatase drug discovery, with emphasis on the development of selective modulators that exhibit biological activity. The roles and regulation of protein phosphatases in immune cells and their potential as powerful targets for immuno-oncology and autoimmunity indications are assessed.
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8
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Deng Y, Wang Y, Li L, Miao EA, Liu P. Post-Translational Modifications of Proteins in Cytosolic Nucleic Acid Sensing Signaling Pathways. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898724. [PMID: 35795661 PMCID: PMC9250978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is the first-line host defense against pathogens. Cytosolic nucleic acids, including both DNA and RNA, represent a special type of danger signal to initiate an innate immune response. Activation of cytosolic nucleic acid sensors is tightly controlled in order to achieve the high sensitivity needed to combat infection while simultaneously preventing false activation that leads to pathologic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we focus on post-translational modifications of key cytosolic nucleic acid sensors that can reversibly or irreversibly control these sensor functions. We will describe phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, neddylation, acetylation, methylation, succinylation, glutamylation, amidation, palmitoylation, and oxidation modifications events (including modified residues, modifying enzymes, and modification function). Together, these post-translational regulatory modifications on key cytosolic DNA/RNA sensing pathway members reveal a complicated yet elegantly controlled multilayer regulator network to govern innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lupeng Li
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Edward A. Miao
- Department of Immunology and Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Pengda Liu,
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9
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Pan J, Zhou L, Zhang C, Xu Q, Sun Y. Targeting protein phosphatases for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases: From signaling to therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:177. [PMID: 35665742 PMCID: PMC9166240 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the common pathological basis of autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, malignant tumors, and other major chronic diseases. Inflammation plays an important role in tissue homeostasis. On one hand, inflammation can sense changes in the tissue environment, induce imbalance of tissue homeostasis, and cause tissue damage. On the other hand, inflammation can also initiate tissue damage repair and maintain normal tissue function by resolving injury and restoring homeostasis. These opposing functions emphasize the significance of accurate regulation of inflammatory homeostasis to ameliorate inflammation-related diseases. Potential mechanisms involve protein phosphorylation modifications by kinases and phosphatases, which have a crucial role in inflammatory homeostasis. The mechanisms by which many kinases resolve inflammation have been well reviewed, whereas a systematic summary of the functions of protein phosphatases in regulating inflammatory homeostasis is lacking. The molecular knowledge of protein phosphatases, and especially the unique biochemical traits of each family member, will be of critical importance for developing drugs that target phosphatases. Here, we provide a comprehensive summary of the structure, the "double-edged sword" function, and the extensive signaling pathways of all protein phosphatases in inflammation-related diseases, as well as their potential inhibitors or activators that can be used in therapeutic interventions in preclinical or clinical trials. We provide an integrated perspective on the current understanding of all the protein phosphatases associated with inflammation-related diseases, with the aim of facilitating the development of drugs that target protein phosphatases for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lisha Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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T cell dysregulation in SLE. Clin Immunol 2022; 239:109031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Shao L, Ma Y, Fang Q, Huang Z, Wan S, Wang J, Yang L. Role of protein phosphatase 2A in kidney disease (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1236. [PMID: 34539832 PMCID: PMC8438693 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease affects millions of people worldwide and is a financial burden on the healthcare system. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), which is involved in renal development and the function of ion-transport proteins, aquaporin-2 and podocytes, is likely to serve an important role in renal processes. PP2A is associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of different kidney diseases including podocyte injury, inflammation, tumors and chronic kidney disease. The current review aimed to discuss the structure and function of PP2A subunits in the context of kidney diseases. How dysregulation of PP2A in the kidneys causes podocyte death and the inactivation of PP2A in renal carcinoma tissues is discussed. Inhibition of PP2A activity prevents epithelial-mesenchymal transition and attenuates renal fibrosis, creating a favorable inflammatory microenvironment and promoting the initiation and progression of tumor pathogenesis. The current review also indicates that PP2A serves an important role in protection against renal inflammation. Understanding the detailed mechanisms of PP2A provides information that can be utilized in the design and application of novel therapeutics for the treatment and prevention of renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishi Shao
- Department of Radiology, Kunming Medical University and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yiqun Ma
- Department of Radiology, Kunming Medical University and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Qixiang Fang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P.R. China
| | - Ziye Huang
- Department of Urology, Kunming Medical University and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Wan
- Department of Radiology, Yunnan Kun-Gang Hospital, Anning, Yunnan 650300, P.R. China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Department of Radiology, Kunming Medical University and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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12
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Pan W, Nagpal K, Suárez-Fueyo A, Ferretti A, Yoshida N, Tsokos MG, Tsokos GC. The Regulatory Subunit PPP2R2A of PP2A Enhances Th1 and Th17 Differentiation through Activation of the GEF-H1/RhoA/ROCK Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1719-1728. [PMID: 33762326 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) composed of a scaffold subunit, a catalytic subunit, and multiple regulatory subunits is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase. We have previously shown that the PP2A catalytic subunit is increased in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and promotes IL-17 production by enhancing the activity of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) in T cells. However, the molecular mechanism whereby PP2A regulates ROCK activity is unknown. In this study, we show that the PP2A regulatory subunit PPP2R2A is increased in T cells from people with systemic lupus erythematosus and binds to, dephosphorylates, and activates the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GEF-H1 at Ser885, which in turn increases the levels of RhoA-GTP and the activity of ROCK in T cells. Genetic PPP2R2A deficiency in murine T cells reduced Th1 and Th17, but not regulatory T cell differentiation and mice with T cell-specific PPP2R2A deficiency displayed less autoimmunity when immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide. Our studies indicate that PPP2R2A is the regulatory subunit that dictates the PP2A-directed enhanced Th1 and Th17 differentiation, and therefore, it represents a therapeutic target for pathologies linked to Th1 and Th17 cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Pan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Kamalpreet Nagpal
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Abel Suárez-Fueyo
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Andrew Ferretti
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Nobuya Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Maria G Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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13
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez N, Madera-Salcedo IK, Cisneros-Segura JA, García-González HB, Apostolidis SA, Saint-Martin A, Esquivel-Velázquez M, Nguyen T, Romero-Rodríguez DP, Tsokos GC, Alcocer-Varela J, Rosetti F, Crispín JC. Protein phosphatase 2A B55β limits CD8+ T cell lifespan following cytokine withdrawal. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5989-6004. [PMID: 32750040 DOI: 10.1172/jci129479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How T cells integrate environmental cues into signals that limit the magnitude and length of immune responses is poorly understood. Here, we provide data that demonstrate that B55β, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, represents a molecular link between cytokine concentration and apoptosis in activated CD8+ T cells. Through the modulation of AKT, B55β induced the expression of the proapoptotic molecule Hrk in response to cytokine withdrawal. Accordingly, B55β and Hrk were both required for in vivo and in vitro contraction of activated CD8+ lymphocytes. We show that this process plays a role during clonal contraction, establishment of immune memory, and preservation of peripheral tolerance. This regulatory pathway may represent an unexplored opportunity to end unwanted immune responses or to promote immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.,Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iris K Madera-Salcedo
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Alejandro Cisneros-Segura
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - H Benjamín García-González
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abril Saint-Martin
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Esquivel-Velázquez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tran Nguyen
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dámaris P Romero-Rodríguez
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jorge Alcocer-Varela
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Florencia Rosetti
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José C Crispín
- Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus ((j)SLE) is an autoimmune/inflammatory disease that results in significant damage and disability. When compared to patients with disease onset in adulthood, jSLE patients exhibit increased disease activity, damage and require more aggressive treatments. This manuscript summarises age-specific pathogenic mechanisms and underscores the need for age group-specific research, classification and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic factors play a significant role in the pathophysiology of jSLE, as > 7% of patients develop disease as a result of single gene mutations. Remaining patients carry genetic variants that are necessary for disease development, but require additional factors. Increased 'genetic impact' likely contributes to earlier disease onset and more severe phenotypes. Epigenetic events have only recently started to be addressed in jSLE, and add to the list of pathogenic mechanisms that may serve as biomarkers and/or treatment targets. To allow meaningful and patient-oriented paediatric research, age-specific classification criteria and treatment targets require to be defined as currently available tools established for adult-onset SLE have limitations in the paediatric cohort. Significant progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of jSLE. Meaningful laboratory and clinical research can only be performed using age group-specific tools, classification criteria and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Charras
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E Smith
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - C M Hedrich
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK.
- Institute in the Park, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, East Prescot Road, Liverpool, L14 5AB, UK.
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15
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Koga T, Ichinose K, Kawakami A, Tsokos GC. Current Insights and Future Prospects for Targeting IL-17 to Treat Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624971. [PMID: 33597953 PMCID: PMC7882681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune cell abnormalities which lead to the production of autoantibodies and the deposition of immune complexes. Interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease, making them an attractive therapeutic target. Studies in lupus-prone mice and of ex vivo cells from patients with SLE humans have shown that IL-17 represents a promising therapeutic target. Here we review molecular mechanisms involved in IL-17 production and Th17 cell differentiation and function and an update on the role of IL-17 in autoimmune diseases and the expected usefulness for targeting IL-17 therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Koga
- Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ichinose
- Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Pan W, Sharabi A, Ferretti A, Zhang Y, Burbano C, Yoshida N, Tsokos MG, Tsokos GC. PPP2R2D suppresses IL-2 production and Treg function. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138215. [PMID: 32897879 PMCID: PMC7566706 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase that comprises a scaffold, a catalytic, and multiple regulatory subunits and has been shown to be important in the expression of autoimmunity. We considered that a distinct subunit may account for the decreased production of IL-2 in people and mice with systemic autoimmunity. We show that the regulatory subunit PPP2R2D is increased in T cells from people with systemic lupus erythematosus and regulates IL-2 production. Mice lacking PPP2R2D only in T cells produce more IL-2 because the IL-2 gene and genes coding for IL-2–enhancing transcription factors remain open, while the levels of the enhancer phosphorylated CREB are high. Mice with T cell–specific PPP2R2D deficiency display less systemic autoimmunity when exposed to a TLR7 stimulator. While genes related to Treg function do not change in the absence of PPP2R2D, Tregs exhibit high suppressive function in vitro and in vivo. Because the ubiquitous expression of protein phosphatase 2A cannot permit systemic therapeutic manipulation, the identification of regulatory subunits able to control specific T cell functions opens the way for the development of novel, function-specific drugs. PPP2R2D restrains the chromatin opening of IL-2 and its related transcription factors loci to suppress IL-2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Pan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Amir Sharabi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Ferretti
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Yinfeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Catalina Burbano
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Nobuya Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Maria G Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Masschusetts, USA
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17
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Kwon OC, Lee EJ, Oh JS, Hong S, Lee CK, Yoo B, Park MC, Kim YG. Plasma immunoglobulin binding protein 1 as a predictor of development of lupus nephritis. Lupus 2020; 29:547-553. [PMID: 32183589 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320912336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Urine levels of immunoglobulin binding protein 1 (IGBP1) are increased in patients with lupus nephritis (LN)
compared with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients without nephritis. However, the clinical significance of IGBP1 level in plasma is unclear. We aimed to evaluate whether the plasma level of IGBP1 can predict future development of LN in SLE patients without nephritis. Methods Forty-three SLE patients without nephritis were followed for 5 years. Plasma IGBP1 levels were measured
using ELISA, and clinical and laboratory data were obtained at study entry. Development of LN was confirmed by renal biopsy. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with development of LN, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the predictive value of each factor. Results Of the total 43 patients, eight (18.6%) developed LN during the follow-up period. Compared with patients who
did not develop LN, those who developed LN had higher levels of plasma IGBP1 (6.3 ng/ml (range 4.3–9.6 ng/mL) vs. 13.3 ng/ml (range 7.2–31.3 ng/ml); p=0.023). In the Cox regression analysis, higher CRP (hazard ratio (HR)=1.325, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.073–1.637, p=0.009), anti-dsDNA antibody (Ab; HR=1.066, 95% CI 1.012–1.124, p=0.017) and plasma IGBP1 (HR=1.091, 95% CI 1.034–1.152, p=0.002) were associated with future development of LN. Among these factors, anti-dsDNA Ab (area under the curve (AUC)=0.893) had the highest predictive value followed by plasma IGBP1 (AUC=0.761) and CRP (AUC=0.634). A combination of anti-dsDNA Ab and plasma IGBP1 as a composite predictor was highly specific (97%) for predicting the development of LN. Conclusions Plasma IGBP1 can be used complementarily with anti-dsDNA Ab for detecting SLE patients at a higher
risk of developing LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh Chan Kwon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Seon Oh
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seokchan Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bin Yoo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Chan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Gil Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Meidan E, Li H, Pan W, Kono M, Yu S, Kyttaris VC, Ioannidis C, Rodriguez Rodriguez N, Crispin JC, Apostolidis SA, Lee P, Manis J, Sharabi A, Tsokos MG, Tsokos GC. Serine/threonine phosphatase PP2A is essential for optimal B cell function. JCI Insight 2020; 5:130655. [PMID: 32161189 PMCID: PMC7141385 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a serine/threonine phosphatase, has been shown to control T cell function. We found that in vitro-activated B cells and B cells from various lupus-prone mice and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus display increased PP2A activity. To understand the contribution of PP2A to B cell function, we generated a Cd19CrePpp2r1afl/fl (flox/flox) mouse which lacks functional PP2A only in B cells. Flox/flox mice displayed reduced spontaneous germinal center formation and decreased responses to T cell-dependent and T-independent antigens, while their B cells responded poorly in vitro to stimulation with an anti-CD40 antibody or CpG in the presence of IL-4. Transcriptome and metabolome studies revealed altered nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and purine/pyrimidine metabolism and increased expression of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in PP2A-deficient B cells. Our results demonstrate that PP2A is required for optimal B cell function and may contribute to increased B cell activity in systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Meidan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenliang Pan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michihito Kono
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuilian Yu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vasileios C. Kyttaris
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christina Ioannidis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noe Rodriguez Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose C. Crispin
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sokratis A. Apostolidis
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pui Lee
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John Manis
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amir Sharabi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria G. Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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19
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Koriyama H, Ikeda Y, Nakagami H, Shimamura M, Yoshida S, Rakugi H, Morishita R. Development of an IL-17A DNA Vaccine to Treat Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010083. [PMID: 32059488 PMCID: PMC7157613 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family, especially IL-17A, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study developed an IL-17A epitope vaccine to treat SLE in NZBWF1 and MRL/lpr mouse models. A plasmid vector encoding a hepatitis B core (HBc)-IL-17A epitope fusion protein was injected using electroporation into the skeletal muscle of NZBWF1(New Zealand Black mice x New Zealand White mice F1 hybrid strain) or MRL/lpr mice three times at 2-week intervals. As a result, anti-IL-17A antibodies were successfully produced in the HBc-IL-17A group. Accordingly, serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentrations were significantly reduced in the HBc-IL-17A group. According to pathological analysis, the IL-17A DNA vaccine significantly suppressed renal tissue damage and macrophage infiltration. Consequently, the survival rate was significantly improved in the HBc-IL-17A group. In addition, we evaluated the antigen reactivity of splenocytes from IL-17A-immunized mice using an enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISPot) assay for safety evaluation. Splenocytes from IL-17A-immunized mice were significantly stimulated by the HBc epitope peptide, but not by the IL-17A epitope or recombinant IL-17A. These results indicate that the IL-17A vaccine did not induce autoreactive T cells against endogenous IL-17A. This study demonstrates for the first time that an IL-17A DNA vaccine significantly reduced organ damage and extended survival time in lupus-prone mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koriyama
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hironori Nakagami
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (R.M.)
| | - Munehisa Shimamura
- Department of Health Development and Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shota Yoshida
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- Department of Geriatric and General Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Morishita
- Department of Clinical Gene Therapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.N.); (R.M.)
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20
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Zhong Y, Lee K, Deng Y, Ma Y, Chen Y, Li X, Wei C, Yang S, Wang T, Wong NJ, Muwonge AN, Azeloglu EU, Zhang W, Das B, He JC, Liu R. Arctigenin attenuates diabetic kidney disease through the activation of PP2A in podocytes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4523. [PMID: 31586053 PMCID: PMC6778111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctigenin (ATG) is a major component of Fructus Arctii, a traditional herbal remedy that reduced proteinuria in diabetic patients. However, whether ATG specifically provides renoprotection in DKD is not known. Here we report that ATG administration is sufficient to attenuate proteinuria and podocyte injury in mouse models of diabetes. Transcriptomic analysis of diabetic mouse glomeruli showed that cell adhesion and inflammation are two key pathways affected by ATG treatment, and mass spectrometry analysis identified protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) as one of the top ATG-interacting proteins in renal cells. Enhanced PP2A activity by ATG reduces p65 NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response and high glucose-induced migration in cultured podocytes via interaction with Drebrin-1. Importantly, podocyte-specific Pp2a deletion in mice exacerbates DKD injury and abrogates the ATG-mediated renoprotection. Collectively, our results demonstrate a renoprotective mechanism of ATG via PP2A activation and establish PP2A as a potential target for DKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kyung Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yueyi Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueling Li
- Department of Nephrology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengguo Wei
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shumin Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Nicholas J Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alecia N Muwonge
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bhaskar Das
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Cijiang He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Renal Section, James J Peters Veterans Affair Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Nziza N, Duroux-Richard I, Apparailly F. MicroRNAs in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Can we learn more about pathophysiological mechanisms? Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:796-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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22
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Crispin JC, Hedrich CM, Suárez-Fueyo A, Comte D, Tsokos GC. SLE-Associated Defects Promote Altered T Cell Function. Crit Rev Immunol 2019; 37:39-58. [PMID: 29431078 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018025213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease linked to profound defects in the function and phenotype of T lymphocytes. Here, we describe abnormal signaling pathways that have been documented in T cells from patients with SLE and discuss how they impact gene expression and immune function, in order to understand how they contribute to disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Crispin
- Departamento de Inmunologia y Reumatologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Abel Suárez-Fueyo
- Department of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Denis Comte
- Divisions of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Koga T, Ichinose K, Kawakami A, Tsokos GC. The role of IL-17 in systemic lupus erythematosus and its potential as a therapeutic target. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:629-637. [PMID: 30874446 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1593141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies production and immune complex deposition with systemic clinical manifestations. Interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells play a crucial role in disease pathogenesis and represent an attractive therapeutic target. Areas covered: This review provides an update on the possibility of targeting IL-17 in SLE. The rational for this approach as well as currently available and future targets are discussed. Expert opinion: Although human expression studies and animal models indicate that IL-17 blocking may be a promising therapeutic strategy for SLE, direct evidence for IL-17 inhibition in SLE patients is unavailable. Biologic therapies and small-molecule drugs that target IL-17 production are required for the achievement of a favorable clinical effect in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Koga
- a Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan.,b Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ichinose
- a Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- a Unit of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences , Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - George C Tsokos
- c Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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Sun L, Hult EM, Cornell TT, Kim KK, Shanley TP, Wilke CA, Agarwal M, Gurczynski SJ, Moore BB, Dahmer MK. Loss of myeloid-specific protein phosphatase 2A enhances lung injury and fibrosis and results in IL-10-dependent sensitization of epithelial cell apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L1035-L1048. [PMID: 30838865 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00299.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a ubiquitously expressed Ser/Thr phosphatase is an important regulator of cytokine signaling and cell function. We previously showed that myeloid-specific deletion of PP2A (LysMcrePP2A-/-) increased mortality in a murine peritoneal sepsis model. In the current study, we assessed the role of myeloid PP2A in regulation of lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or bleomycin delivered intratracheally. LysMcrePP2A-/- mice experienced increased lung injury in response to both LPS and bleomycin. LysMcrePP2A-/- mice developed more exuberant fibrosis in response to bleomycin, elevated cytokine responses, and chronic myeloid inflammation. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from LysMcrePP2A-/- mice showed exaggerated inflammatory cytokine release under conditions of both M1 and M2 activation. Notably, secretion of IL-10 was elevated under all stimulation conditions, including activation of BMDMs by multiple Toll-like receptor ligands. Supernatants collected from LPS-stimulated LysMcrePP2A-/- BMDMs induced epithelial cell apoptosis in vitro but this effect was mitigated when IL-10 was also depleted from the BMDMs by crossing LysMcrePP2A-/- mice with systemic IL-10-/- mice (LysMcrePP2A-/- × IL-10-/-) or when IL-10 was neutralized. Despite these findings, IL-10 did not directly induce epithelial cell apoptosis but sensitized epithelial cells to other mediators from the BMDMs. Taken together our results demonstrate that myeloid PP2A regulates production of multiple cytokines but that its effect is most pronounced on IL-10 production. Furthermore, IL-10 sensitizes epithelial cells to apoptosis in response to myeloid-derived mediators, which likely contributes to the pathogenesis of lung injury and fibrosis in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Elissa M Hult
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Timothy T Cornell
- Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas P Shanley
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute at Lurie Children's Hospital , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carol A Wilke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen J Gurczynski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mary K Dahmer
- Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Physiologic functions of PP2A: Lessons from genetically modified mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:31-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Phosphatase PP2A expression levels are positively correlated to the clinical severity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and IL17A cytokine overproduction, indicating a potential role of PP2A in controlling TH17 differentiation and inflammation. By generating a mouse strain with ablation of the catalytic subunit α of PP2A in peripheral mature T cells (PP2A cKO), we demonstrate that the PP2A complex is essential for TH17 differentiation. These PP2A cKO mice had reduced TH17 cell numbers and less severe disease in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. PP2A deficiency also ablated C-terminal phosphorylation of SMAD2 but increased C-terminal phosphorylation of SMAD3. By regulating the activity of RORγt via binding, the changes in the phosphorylation status of these R-SMADs reduced Il17a gene transcription. Finally, PP2A inhibitors showed similar effects on TH17 cells as were observed in PP2A cKO mice, i.e., decreased TH17 differentiation and relative protection of mice from EAE. Taken together, these data demonstrate that phosphatase PP2A is essential for TH17 differentiation and that inhibition of PP2A could be a possible therapeutic approach to controlling TH17-driven autoimmune diseases.
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Zhang J, Meng Y, Wu H, Wu Y, Yang B, Wang L. Association between PPP2CA polymorphisms and clinical features in southwest Chinese systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e11451. [PMID: 29979448 PMCID: PMC6076051 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000011451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of a catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in the mechanisms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study was conducted to explore the association single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PPP2CA with SLE susceptibility, serum cytokines levels, and clinical features in a Chinese Han population. A case-control association study was carried out in 1509 Chinese Han subjects (730 SLE patients and 779 healthy individuals). Genotyping for genetic variants of PPP2CA (rs10491322 and rs7704116) was performed using a polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melting (PCR-HRM) assay. In the cohort of SLE patients, we observed that rs10491322 and rs7704116 were positively increased SLE susceptibility (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.13-2.31, P = .009; OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.17-2.15, P = .003, respectively). Interestingly, the AG genotype of rs10491322 carriers presented higher IL-6 (P < .001) and IL-17 (P < .001) than those with AA genotype carriers. Specifically, carriage of the rs10491322 G* allele led to a higher prevalence of arthritis in SLE patients (P = .01). This study demonstrated an association of PPP2CA (rs10491322 and rs7704116) with SLE susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. Furthermore, the minor allele of PPP2CA rs10491322 as a risk factor was correlated with immunologic disorders for SLE.
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Katsuyama T, Tsokos GC, Moulton VR. Aberrant T Cell Signaling and Subsets in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 29868033 PMCID: PMC5967272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multi-organ debilitating autoimmune disease, which mainly afflicts women in the reproductive years. A complex interaction of genetics, environmental factors and hormones result in the breakdown of immune tolerance to "self" leading to damage and destruction of multiple organs, such as the skin, joints, kidneys, heart and brain. Both innate and adaptive immune systems are critically involved in the misguided immune response against self-antigens. Dendritic cells, neutrophils, and innate lymphoid cells are important in initiating antigen presentation and propagating inflammation at lymphoid and peripheral tissue sites. Autoantibodies produced by B lymphocytes and immune complex deposition in vital organs contribute to tissue damage. T lymphocytes are increasingly being recognized as key contributors to disease pathogenesis. CD4 T follicular helper cells enable autoantibody production, inflammatory Th17 subsets promote inflammation, while defects in regulatory T cells lead to unchecked immune responses. A better understanding of the molecular defects including signaling events and gene regulation underlying the dysfunctional T cells in SLE is necessary to pave the path for better management, therapy, and perhaps prevention of this complex disease. In this review, we focus on the aberrations in T cell signaling in SLE and highlight therapeutic advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vaishali R. Moulton
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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29
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Koga T, Otomo K, Mizui M, Yoshida N, Umeda M, Ichinose K, Kawakami A, Tsokos GC. Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase IV Facilitates the Recruitment of Interleukin-17-Producing Cells to Target Organs Through the CCR6/CCL20 Axis in Th17 Cell-Driven Inflammatory Diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 68:1981-8. [PMID: 26945541 DOI: 10.1002/art.39665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recruitment of interleukin-17 (IL-17)-producing T helper (Th17) cells to inflammatory sites has been implicated in the development of organ damage in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To define the mechanism of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase IV (CaMKIV) activation of Th17 cell recruitment to target tissues, we performed anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody-induced glomerulonephritis (AIGN) experiments in mice and studied samples from patients with SLE. METHODS We induced experimental AIGN in CaMKIV-sufficient or CaMKIV-deficient mice and compared histology, Th17 cell-related chemokine expression, and numbers of IL-17-producing cells in kidneys. We also evaluated the efficacy of the CaMKIV inhibitor KN-93 in AIGN-induced kidney disease. The expression of CCR6 in memory CD4+ T cells before AIGN induction was analyzed by flow cytometry. We investigated the correlation between CCR6 expression in peripheral blood and the severity of glomerulonephritis in patients with SLE. RESULTS CaMKIV-deficient mice displayed less glomerular injury after induction of AIGN. Kidney infiltration by IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells along with CCR6 and CCL20 expression were significantly decreased in CaMKIV-deficient mice. Similarly, treatment of mice with KN-93 improved clinical and pathologic outcomes. Expression and function of CCR6 in peripheral blood memory CD4+ T cells was decreased in CaMKIV-deficient mice. Expression of CCR6 correlated positively with severity of organ damage in SLE patients. CONCLUSION CaMKIV inhibition represents a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of Th17 cell-mediated tissue damage in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Koga
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kotaro Otomo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Masayuki Mizui
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nobuya Yoshida
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Masataka Umeda
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Ichinose
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - George C Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Suárez-Fueyo A, Bradley SJ, Klatzmann D, Tsokos GC. T cells and autoimmune kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:329-343. [PMID: 28287110 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glomerulonephritis is traditionally considered to result from the invasion of the kidney by autoantibodies and immune complexes from the circulation or following their formation in situ, and by cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system. The inflammatory response leads to the proliferation and dysfunction of cells of the glomerulus, and invasion of the interstitial space with immune cells, resulting in tubular cell malfunction and fibrosis. T cells are critical drivers of autoimmunity and related organ damage, by supporting B-cell differentiation and antibody production or by directly promoting inflammation and cytotoxicity against kidney resident cells. T cells might become activated by autoantigens in the periphery and become polarized to secrete inflammatory cytokines before entering the kidney where they have the opportunity to expand owing to the presence of costimulatory molecules and activating cytokines. Alternatively, naive T cells could enter the kidney where they become activated after encountering autoantigen and expand locally. As not all individuals with a peripheral autoimmune response to kidney antigens develop glomerulonephritis, the contribution of local kidney factors expressed or produced by kidney cells is probably of crucial importance. Improved understanding of the biochemistry and molecular biology of T cells in patients with glomerulonephritis offers unique opportunities for the recognition of treatment targets for autoimmune kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Suárez-Fueyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, CLS-937, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Sean J Bradley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, CLS-937, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David Klatzmann
- Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University, INSERM UMR_S 959, 83 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy and Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, CLS-937, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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31
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Okamura H, Yoshida K, Morimoto H, Teramachi J, Ochiai K, Haneji T, Yamamoto A. Role of Protein Phosphatase 2A in Osteoblast Differentiation and Function. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6030023. [PMID: 28241467 PMCID: PMC5372992 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible phosphorylation of proteins plays hugely important roles in a variety of cellular processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. These processes are strictly controlled by protein kinases (phosphorylation) and phosphatases (de-phosphorylation). Here we provide a brief history of the study of protein phosphorylation, including a summary of different types of protein kinases and phosphatases. One of the most physiologically important serine/threonine phosphatases is PP2A. This review provides a description of the phenotypes of various PP2A transgenic mice and further focuses on the known functions of PP2A in bone formation, including its role in osteoblast differentiation and function. A reduction in PP2A promotes bone formation and osteoblast differentiation through the regulation of bone-related transcription factors such as Osterix. Interestingly, downregulation of PP2A also stimulates adipocyte differentiation from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells under the appropriate adipogenic differentiation conditions. In osteoblasts, PP2A is also involved in the ability to control osteoclastogenesis as well as in the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells. Thus, PP2A is considered to be a comprehensive factor in controlling the differentiation and function of cells derived from mesenchymal cells such as osteoblasts and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Kaya Yoshida
- Department of Oral healthcare educations, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Morimoto
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Teramachi
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, School of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary Nursing and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.
| | - Tatsuji Haneji
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
| | - Akihito Yamamoto
- Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.
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32
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Yoshida N, Comte D, Mizui M, Otomo K, Rosetti F, Mayadas TN, Crispín JC, Bradley SJ, Koga T, Kono M, Karampetsou MP, Kyttaris VC, Tenbrock K, Tsokos GC. ICER is requisite for Th17 differentiation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12993. [PMID: 27680869 PMCID: PMC5056420 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) has been described as a transcriptional repressor isoform of the cAMP response element modulator (CREM). Here we report that ICER is predominantly expressed in Th17 cells through the IL-6–STAT3 pathway and binds to the Il17a promoter, where it facilitates the accumulation of the canonical enhancer RORγt. In vitro differentiation from naive ICER/CREM-deficient CD4+ T cells to Th17 cells is impaired but can be rescued by forced overexpression of ICER. Consistent with a role of Th17 cells in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, ICER/CREM-deficient B6.lpr mice are protected from developing autoimmunity. Similarly, both anti-glomerular basement membrane-induced glomerulonephritis and experimental encephalomyelitis are attenuated in ICER/CREM-deficient mice compared with their ICER/CREM-sufficient littermates. Importantly, we find ICER overexpressed in CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Collectively, our findings identify a unique role for ICER, which affects both organ-specific and systemic autoimmunity in a Th17-dependent manner. ICER is a CREM splice variant that represses CREM/CREB signalling. Here the authors use human cells and mouse models of various autoimmune diseases to show that ICER is central to pathogenic Th17 cell differentiation in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuya Yoshida
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Denis Comte
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Masayuki Mizui
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kotaro Otomo
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Florencia Rosetti
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Tanya N Mayadas
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - José C Crispín
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Sean J Bradley
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Tomohiro Koga
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Michihito Kono
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Maria P Karampetsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Klaus Tenbrock
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergology and Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Wang J, Mizui M, Zeng LF, Bronson R, Finnell M, Terhorst C, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC, Zhang ZY, Kontaridis MI. Inhibition of SHP2 ameliorates the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2077-92. [PMID: 27183387 DOI: 10.1172/jci87037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a devastating multisystemic autoimmune disorder. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis remain elusive. Some patients with Noonan syndrome, a congenital disorder predominantly caused by gain-of-function mutations in the protein tyrosine phosphatase SH2 domain-containing PTP (SHP2), have been shown to develop SLE, suggesting a functional correlation between phosphatase activity and systemic autoimmunity. To test this directly, we measured SHP2 activity in spleen lysates isolated from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice and found it was markedly increased compared with that in control mice. Similar increases in SHP2 activity were seen in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from lupus patients relative to healthy patients. To determine whether SHP2 alters autoimmunity and related immunopathology, we treated MRL/lpr mice with an SHP2 inhibitor and found increased life span, suppressed crescentic glomerulonephritis, reduced spleen size, and diminished skin lesions. SHP2 inhibition also reduced numbers of double-negative T cells, normalized ERK/MAPK signaling, and decreased production of IFN-γ and IL-17A/F, 2 cytokines involved in SLE-associated organ damage. Moreover, in cultured human lupus T cells, SHP2 inhibition reduced proliferation and decreased production of IFN-γ and IL-17A/F, further implicating SHP2 in lupus-associated immunopathology. Taken together, these data identify SHP2 as a critical regulator of SLE pathogenesis and suggest targeting of its activity as a potent treatment for lupus patients.
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Koga T, Ichinose K, Tsokos GC. T cells and IL-17 in lupus nephritis. Clin Immunol 2016; 185:95-99. [PMID: 27109641 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complicated autoimmune disorder characterized by autoantibodies production, immune complex formation, and immune dysregulation, resulting in damage of multiple organs including the kidney. Lupus nephritis (LN) is the most common severe manifestation of SLE involving the majority of patients. Even though there are a number of reports indicating that interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Th17 cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of LN, the precise molecular mechanisms underline the development of LN have not been totally elucidated. In this review, we briefly summarize general characteristics of T and IL-17 cells in SLE. In addition, we discuss in detail T cell signaling pathways which control IL-17 production in patients with LN and in glomerulonephritis in lupus-prone mice. A better understanding of signaling and gene regulation defects in LN will lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets and predictive biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Koga
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Kunihiro Ichinose
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - George C Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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35
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Côme C, Cvrljevic A, Khan MM, Treise I, Adler T, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Au-Yeung B, Sittig E, Laajala TD, Chen Y, Oeder S, Calzada-Wack J, Horsch M, Aittokallio T, Busch DH, Ollert MW, Neff F, Beckers J, Gailus-Durner V, Fuchs H, de Angelis MH, Chen Z, Lahesmaa R, Westermarck J. CIP2A Promotes T-Cell Activation and Immune Response to Listeria monocytogenes Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152996. [PMID: 27100879 PMCID: PMC4839633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncoprotein Cancerous Inhibitor of Protein Phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is overexpressed in most malignancies and is an obvious candidate target protein for future cancer therapies. However, the physiological importance of CIP2A-mediated PP2A inhibition is largely unknown. As PP2A regulates immune responses, we investigated the role of CIP2A in normal immune system development and during immune response in vivo. We show that CIP2A-deficient mice (CIP2AHOZ) present a normal immune system development and function in unchallenged conditions. However when challenged with Listeria monocytogenes, CIP2AHOZ mice display an impaired adaptive immune response that is combined with decreased frequency of both CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ effector T-cells. Importantly, the cell autonomous effect of CIP2A deficiency for T-cell activation was confirmed. Induction of CIP2A expression during T-cell activation was dependent on Zap70 activity. Thus, we reveal CIP2A as a hitherto unrecognized mediator of T-cell activation during adaptive immune response. These results also reveal CIP2AHOZ as a possible novel mouse model for studying the role of PP2A activity in immune regulation. On the other hand, the results also indicate that CIP2A targeting cancer therapies would not cause serious immunological side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Côme
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Cvrljevic
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Mohd Moin Khan
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine (TuDMM), Medical Faculty, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Irina Treise
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thure Adler
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Biederstein, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Byron Au-Yeung
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Eleonora Sittig
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Teemu Daniel Laajala
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Yiling Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Center of Allergy and Environment Munich (ZAUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), and Institute for Allergy Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
- Kühne Foundation, Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marion Horsch
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus W. Ollert
- Clinical Research Group Molecular Allergology, Center of Allergy and Environment Munich (ZAUM), Technische Universität München (TUM), and Institute for Allergy Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center for Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zhi Chen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. Autoimmune disease in the epigenetic era: how has epigenetics changed our understanding of disease and how can we expect the field to evolve? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:45-58. [PMID: 25534978 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.994507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are complex and enigmatic, and have presented particular challenges to researchers seeking to define their etiology and explain progression. Previous studies have implicated epigenetic influences in the development of autoimmunity. Epigenetics describes changes in gene expression related to environmental influences without alterations in the underlying genomic sequence, generally classified into three main groups: cytosine genomic DNA methylation, modification of various sidechain positions of histone proteins and noncoding RNAs feedback. The purpose of this article is to review the most relevant literature describing alterations of epigenetic marks in the development and progression of four common autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and Sjögren's syndrome. The contribution of DNA methylation, histone modification and noncoding RNA for each of these disorders is discussed, including examples both of candidate gene studies and larger epigenomics surveys, and in various tissue types important for the pathogenesis of each. The future of the field is speculated briefly, as is the possibility of therapeutic interventions targeting the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matlock A Jeffries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Study of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) Activity in LPS-Induced Tolerance Using Fluorescence-Based and Immunoprecipitation-Aided Methodology. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1284-301. [PMID: 26131975 PMCID: PMC4598752 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is one of the most abundant intracellular serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) phosphatases accounting for 1% of the total cellular protein content. PP2A is comprised of a heterodimeric core enzyme and a substrate-specific regulatory subunit. Potentially, at least seventy different compositions of PP2A exist because of variable regulatory subunit binding that accounts for various activity modulating numerous cell functions. Due to the constitutive phosphatase activity present inside cells, a sensitive assay is required to detect the changes of PP2A activity under various experimental conditions. We optimized a fluorescence assay (DIFMU assay) by combining it with prior anti-PP2A immunoprecipitation to quantify PP2A-specific phosphatase activity. It is also known that prior exposure to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induces “immune tolerance” of the cells to subsequent stimulation. Herein we report that PP2A activity is upregulated in tolerized peritoneal macrophages, corresponding to decreased TNF-α secretion upon second LPS stimulation. We further examined the role of PP2A in the tolerance effect by using PP2ACαlox/lox;lyM-Cre conditional knockout macrophages. We found that PP2A phosphatase activity cannot be further increased by tolerance. TNF-α secretion from tolerized PP2ACαlox/lox;lyM-Cre macrophages is higher than tolerized control macrophages. Furthermore, we showed that the increased TNF-α secretion may be due to an epigenetic transcriptionally active signature on the promoter of TNF-α gene rather than regulation of the NFκB/IκB signaling pathway. These results suggest a role for increased PP2A activity in the regulation of immune tolerance.
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Zeng Q, Zhang H, Qin J, Xu Z, Gui L, Liu B, Liu C, Xu C, Liu W, Zhang S, Huang S, Chen L. Rapamycin inhibits BAFF-stimulated cell proliferation and survival by suppressing mTOR-mediated PP2A-Erk1/2 signaling pathway in normal and neoplastic B-lymphoid cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4867-84. [PMID: 26118661 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1976-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is involved in not only physiology of normal B cells, but also pathophysiology of aggressive B cells related to malignant and autoimmune diseases. Rapamycin, a lipophilic macrolide antibiotic, has recently shown to be effective in the treatment of human lupus erythematosus. However, how rapamycin inhibits BAFF-stimulated B-cell proliferation and survival has not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that rapamycin inhibited human soluble BAFF (hsBAFF)-induced cell proliferation and survival in normal and B-lymphoid (Raji and Daudi) cells by activation of PP2A and inactivation of Erk1/2. Pretreatment with PD98059, down-regulation of Erk1/2, expression of dominant negative MKK1, or overexpression of wild-type PP2A potentiated rapamycin's suppression of hsBAFF-activated Erk1/2 and B-cell proliferation/viability, whereas expression of constitutively active MKK1, inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid, or expression of dominant negative PP2A attenuated the inhibitory effects of rapamycin. Furthermore, expression of a rapamycin-resistant and kinase-active mTOR (mTOR-T), but not a rapamycin-resistant and kinase-dead mTOR-T (mTOR-TE), conferred resistance to rapamycin's effects on PP2A, Erk1/2 and B-cell proliferation/viability, implying mTOR-dependent mechanism involved. The findings indicate that rapamycin inhibits BAFF-stimulated cell proliferation/survival by targeting mTOR-mediated PP2A-Erk1/2 signaling pathway in normal and neoplastic B-lymphoid cells. Our data highlight that rapamycin may be exploited for preventing excessive BAFF-induced aggressive B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiamin Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Gui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA. .,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA.
| | - Long Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Chixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that has a broad spectrum of effects on the majority of organs, including the kidneys. Approximately 40-70% of patients with SLE will develop lupus nephritis. Renal assault during SLE is initiated by genes that breach immune tolerance and promote autoantibody production. These genes might act in concert with other genetic factors that augment innate immune signalling and IFN-I production, which in turn can generate an influx of effector leucocytes, inflammatory mediators and autoantibodies into end organs, such as the kidneys. The presence of cognate antigens in the glomerular matrix, together with intrinsic molecular abnormalities in resident renal cells, might further accentuate disease progression. This Review discusses the genetic insights and molecular mechanisms for key pathogenic contributors in SLE and lupus nephritis. We have categorized the genes identified in human studies of SLE into one of four pathogenic events that lead to lupus nephritis. We selected these categories on the basis of the cell types in which these genes are expressed, and the emerging paradigms of SLE pathogenesis arising from murine models. Deciphering the molecular basis of SLE and/or lupus nephritis in each patient will help physicians to tailor specific therapies.
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Pathogenesis of lupus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Chang HK, Hou WS. Retinoic acid modulates interferon-γ production by hepatic natural killer T cells via phosphatase 2A and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:200-12. [PMID: 25343668 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite converted from vitamin A, plays an active role in immune function, such as defending against infections and immune regulation. Although RA affects various types of immune cells, including antigen-presenting cells, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes, whether it affects natural killer T (NKT) cells remain unknown. In this study, we found that RA decreased interferon (IFN)-γ production by activated NKT cells through T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD28. We also found that RA reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, but increased phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity in TCR/CD28-stimulated NKT cells. The increased PP2A activity, at least partly, contributed to the reduction of ERK phosphorylation. Since inhibition of ERK activation decreases IFN-γ production by TCR/CD28-stimulated NKT cells, RA may downregulate IFN-γ production by TCR/CD28-stimulated NKT cells through the PP2A-ERK pathway. Our results demonstrated a novel function of RA in modulating the IFN-γ expression by activated NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Kwei Chang
- 1 Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lashine YA, Salah S, Aboelenein HR, Abdelaziz AI. Correcting the expression of miRNA-155 represses PP2Ac and enhances the release of IL-2 in PBMCs of juvenile SLE patients. Lupus 2014; 24:240-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203314552117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-155 is involved in immune cell, differentiation, maturation and function. MiR-155 showed variable dysregulated expression in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. MiR-155 was previously confirmed to directly target CAMP response element binding protein (CREB), which was previously identified as a positive regulator of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). PP2A is a key negative regulator of interleukin-2, which is an important immune modulator and was previously shown to be decreased in SLE. In this study we aimed at investigating the regulation of PP2A by miR-155 and hence its role in juvenile SLE disease pathogenesis. MiR-155 showed significant downregulation in PBMCs from juvenile SLE and juvenile familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and significant upregulation in PBMCs from juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients. In SLE, miR-155 expression was negatively correlated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score and proteinuria and was positively correlated with white blood cell (WBC) count. The mRNA of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) showed significant upregulation in PBMCs from SLE and FMF but not in JIA patients. Additionally, the relative expression of PP2Ac mRNA was positively correlated with SLEDAI score. Forced expression of miR-155 led to decreased relative expression of PP2Ac mRNA and increased IL-2 release in cultured-stimulated PBMCs. This study suggests for the first time the possible role of an miR-155-PP2Ac loop in regulating IL-2 release and identifies miR-155 as a potential therapeutic target in juvenile SLE disease through relieving IL-2 from the inhibitory role of PP2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y A Lashine
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, the German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S Salah
- Abou el Reesh Pediatric Hospital, Kasr Al Aini, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H R Aboelenein
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, the German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A I Abdelaziz
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, the German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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Hatchwell L, Girkin J, Dun MD, Morten M, Verrills N, Toop HD, Morris JC, Johnston SL, Foster PS, Collison A, Mattes J. Salmeterol attenuates chemotactic responses in rhinovirus-induced exacerbation of allergic airways disease by modulating protein phosphatase 2A. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1720-7. [PMID: 24388637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Agonists are used for relief and control of asthma symptoms by reversing bronchoconstriction. They might also have anti-inflammatory properties, but the underpinning mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recently, a direct interaction between formoterol and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has been described in vitro. OBJECTIVE We sought to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which β-agonists exert anti-inflammatory effects in allergen-driven and rhinovirus 1B-exacerbated allergic airways disease (AAD). METHODS Mice were sensitized and then challenged with house dust mite to induce AAD while receiving treatment with salmeterol, formoterol, or salbutamol. Mice were also infected with rhinovirus 1B to exacerbate lung inflammation and therapeutically administered salmeterol, dexamethasone, or the PP2A-activating drug (S)-2-amino-4-(4-[heptyloxy]phenyl)-2-methylbutan-1-ol (AAL[S]). RESULTS Systemic or intranasal administration of salmeterol protected against the development of allergen- and rhinovirus-induced airway hyperreactivity and decreased eosinophil recruitment to the lungs as effectively as dexamethasone. Formoterol and salbutamol also showed anti-inflammatory properties. Salmeterol, but not dexamethasone, increased PP2A activity, which reduced CCL11, CCL20, and CXCL2 expression and reduced levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and active nuclear factor κB subunits in the lungs. The anti-inflammatory effect of salmeterol was blocked by targeting the catalytic subunit of PP2A with small RNA interference. Conversely, increasing PP2A activity with AAL(S) abolished rhinovirus-induced airway hyperreactivity, eosinophil influx, and CCL11, CCL20, and CXCL2 expression. Salmeterol also directly activated immunoprecipitated PP2A in vitro isolated from human airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Salmeterol exerts anti-inflammatory effects by increasing PP2A activity in AAD and rhinovirus-induced lung inflammation, which might potentially account for some of its clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hatchwell
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jason Girkin
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Matthew D Dun
- Medical Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Cancer Research Program and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Matthew Morten
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Nicole Verrills
- Medical Biochemistry Department, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Cancer Research Program and Hunter Cancer Research Alliance, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Hamish D Toop
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Morris
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adam Collison
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- Experimental & Translational Respiratory Medicine Group, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia; Paediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Unit, Newcastle Children's Hospital, Kaleidoscope, Newcastle, Australia.
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Geraghty P, Hardigan AA, Wallace AM, Mirochnitchenko O, Thankachen J, Arellanos L, Thompson V, D'Armiento JM, Foronjy RF. The glutathione peroxidase 1-protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B-protein phosphatase 2A axis. A key determinant of airway inflammation and alveolar destruction. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:721-30. [PMID: 23590304 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0026oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) is a primary serine-threonine phosphatase that modulates inflammatory responses in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite its importance, the mechanisms that regulate lung PP2A activity remain to be determined. The redox-sensitive enzyme protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) activates PP2A by dephosphorylating the catalytic subunit of the protein at tyrosine 307. This study aimed to identify how the interaction between the intracellular antioxidant glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) and PTP1B affected lung PP2A activity and airway inflammation. Experiments using gene silencing techniques in mouse lung or human small airway epithelial cells determined that knocking down PTP1B expression blocked GPx-1's activation of PP2A and negated the anti-inflammatory effects of GPx-1 protein in the lung. Similarly, the expression of human GPx-1 in transgenic mice significantly increased PP2A and PTP1B activities and prevented chronic cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation and alveolar destruction. GPx-1 knockout mice, however, exhibited an exaggerated emphysema phenotype, correlating with a nonresponsive PP2A pathway. Importantly, GPx-1-PTP1B-PP2A signaling becomes inactivated in advanced lung disease. Indeed, PTP1B protein was oxidized in the lungs of subjects with advanced emphysema, and cigarette smoke did not increase GPx-1 or PTP1B activity within epithelial cells isolated from subjects with COPD, unlike samples of healthy lung epithelial cells. In conclusion, these findings establish that the GPx-1-PTP1B-PP2A axis plays a critical role in countering the inflammatory and proteolytic responses that result in lung-tissue destruction in response to cigarette smoke exposure.
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Liang D, Zeng Q, Xu Z, Zhang H, Gui L, Xu C, Chen S, Zhang S, Huang S, Chen L. BAFF activates Erk1/2 promoting cell proliferation and survival by Ca2+-CaMKII-dependent inhibition of PP2A in normal and neoplastic B-lymphoid cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 87:332-43. [PMID: 24269630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is involved in not only the physiology of normal B cells, but also the pathophysiology of aggressive B cells related to malignant and autoimmune diseases. However, how excessive BAFF promotes aggressive B-cell proliferation and survival is not well understood. Here we show that excessive human soluble BAFF (hsBAFF) enhanced cell proliferation and survival in normal and B-lymphoid (Raji) cells, which was associated with suppression of PP2A, resulting in activation of Erk1/2. This is supported by the findings that pretreatment with U0126 or PD98059, expression of dominant negative MKK1, or overexpression of PP2A prevented hsBAFF-induced activation of Erk1/2 and cell proliferation/viability in the cells. It appears that hsBAFF-mediated PP2A-Erk1/2 pathway and B-cell proliferation/viability was Ca(2+)-dependent, as pretreatment with BAPTA/AM, EGTA or 2-APB significantly attenuated these events. Furthermore, we found that inhibiting CaMKII with KN93 or silencing CaMKII also attenuated hsBAFF-mediated PP2A-Erk1/2 signaling and B-cell proliferation/viability. The results indicate that BAFF activates Erk1/2, in part through Ca(2+)-CaMKII-dependent inhibition of PP2A, increasing cell proliferation/viability in normal and neoplastic B-lymphoid cells. Our data suggest that inhibitors of CaMKII and Erk1/2, activator of PP2A or manipulation of intracellular Ca(2+) may be exploited for prevention of excessive BAFF-induced aggressive B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingfang Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Qingyu Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Lin Gui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shuangquan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA.
| | - Long Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Grammatikos AP, Ghosh D, Devlin A, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) regulates systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cell signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74550. [PMID: 24013589 PMCID: PMC3754955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Engagement of the CD3/T cell receptor complex in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cells involves Syk rather than the zeta-associated protein. Because Syk is being considered as a therapeutic target we asked whether Syk is central to the multiple aberrantly modulated molecules in SLE T cells. Using a gene expression array, we demonstrate that forced expression of Syk in normal T cells reproduces most of the aberrantly expressed molecules whereas silencing of Syk in SLE T cells normalizes the expression of most abnormally expressed molecules. Protein along with gene expression modulation for select molecules was confirmed. Specifically, levels of cytokine IL-21, cell surface receptor CD44, and intracellular molecules PP2A and OAS2 increased following Syk overexpression in normal T cells and decreased after Syk silencing in SLE T cells. Our results demonstrate that levels of Syk affect the expression of a number of enzymes, cytokines and receptors that play a key role in the development of disease pathogenesis in SLE and provide support for therapeutic targeting in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros P Grammatikos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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47
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Apostolidis SA, Rauen T, Hedrich CM, Tsokos GC, Crispín JC. Protein phosphatase 2A enables expression of interleukin 17 (IL-17) through chromatin remodeling. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26775-84. [PMID: 23918926 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.483743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric serine/threonine phosphatase involved in essential cellular functions. T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) express high levels of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac). A mouse overexpressing PP2Ac in T cells develops glomerulonephritis in an IL-17-dependent manner. Here, using microarray analyses, we demonstrate that increased expression of PP2Ac grants T cells the capacity to produce an array of proinflammatory effector molecules. Because IL-17 is important in the expression of glomerulonephritis, we studied the mechanism through which PP2Ac dysregulation facilitates its production. We report that PP2Ac is involved in the regulation of the Il17 locus by enhancing histone 3 acetylation through a mechanism that involves activation of interferon regulatory factor 4. Increased histone 3 acetylation of the Il17 locus is shared between T cells of PP2Ac transgenic mice and patients with SLE. We propose that, by promoting the inflammatory capacity of T cells, PP2Ac dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis A Apostolidis
- From the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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48
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Abstract
The aetiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex and is known to involve both genetic and environmental factors. In a small number of patients, single-gene defects can lead to the development of SLE. Such genes include those encoding early components of the complement cascade and the 3'-5' DNA exonuclease TREX1. In addition, genome-wide association studies have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms that confer some susceptibility to SLE. In this Review, we discuss selected examples of genes whose products have distinctly altered function in SLE and contribute to the pathogenic process. Specifically, we focus on the genes encoding integrin αM (ITGAM), IgG Fc receptors, sialic acid O-acetyl esterase (SIAE), the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase PP2A (PPP2CA) and signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family members. Moreover, we highlight the changes in epigenetic signatures that occur in SLE. Such epigenetic modifications, which are abundantly present and might alter gene expression in the presence or absence of susceptibility variants, should be carefully considered when deconstructing the contribution of individual genes to the complex pathogenesis of SLE.
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Tsokos GC, Thai TH. Interleukin-2 in systemic autoimmunity hits the micro way. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3494-7. [PMID: 22736339 DOI: 10.1002/art.34597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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