1
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Tu W, Cao YW, Sun M, Liu Q, Zhao HG. mTOR signaling in hair follicle and hair diseases: recent progress. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1209439. [PMID: 37727765 PMCID: PMC10506410 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1209439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a major regulator of cell proliferation and metabolism, playing significant roles in proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and illness. More and more evidences showed that the mTOR signaling pathway affects hair follicle circulation and maintains the stability of hair follicle stem cells. mTOR signaling may be a critical cog in Vitamin D receptor (VDR) deficiency-mediated hair follicle damage and degeneration and related alopecia disorders. This review examines the function of mTOR signaling in hair follicles and hair diseases, and talks about the underlying molecular mechanisms that mTOR signaling regulates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Heng-Guang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Hall BM, Verma ND, Tran GT, Hodgkinson SJ. Transplant Tolerance, Not Only Clonal Deletion. Front Immunol 2022; 13:810798. [PMID: 35529847 PMCID: PMC9069565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest to understand how allogeneic transplanted tissue is not rejected and how tolerance is induced led to fundamental concepts in immunology. First, we review the research that led to the Clonal Deletion theory in the late 1950s that has since dominated the field of immunology and transplantation. At that time many basic mechanisms of immune response were unknown, including the role of lymphocytes and T cells in rejection. These original observations are reassessed by considering T regulatory cells that are produced by thymus of neonates to prevent autoimmunity. Second, we review "operational tolerance" induced in adult rodents and larger animals such as pigs. This can occur spontaneously especially with liver allografts, but also can develop after short courses of a variety of rejection inhibiting therapies. Over time these animals develop alloantigen specific tolerance to the graft but retain the capacity to reject third-party grafts. These animals have a "split tolerance" as peripheral lymphocytes from these animals respond to donor alloantigen in graft versus host assays and in mixed lymphocyte cultures, indicating there is no clonal deletion. Investigation of this phenomenon excludes many mechanisms, including anti-donor antibody blocking rejection as well as anti-idiotypic responses mediated by antibody or T cells. This split tolerance is transferred to a second immune-depleted host by T cells that retain the capacity to effect rejection of third-party grafts by the same host. Third, we review research on alloantigen specific inhibitory T cells that led to the first identification of the CD4+CD25+T regulatory cell. The key role of T cell derived cytokines, other than IL-2, in promoting survival and expansion of antigen specific T regulatory cells that mediate transplant tolerance is reviewed. The precise methods for inducing and diagnosing operational tolerance remain to be defined, but antigen specific T regulatory cells are key mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M. Hall
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Ingham Institute, and Renal Service and Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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3
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Dang N, Waer M, Sprangers B, Lin Y. Establishment of operational tolerance to sustain antitumor immunotherapy. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022; 41:568-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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4
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Waldmann H. Regulatory T cells and transplantation tolerance: Emerging from the darkness? Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1580-1591. [PMID: 33961297 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue transplantation has revolutionized the treatment of patients with failing organs. Its success, thus far, has depended on combinations of immunosuppressive drugs that damp host immunity, while also imposing numerous unwanted side-effects. There is a longstanding recognition that better treatment outcomes, will come from replacing these drugs, fully or in part, by taking advantage of tractable physiological mechanisms of self-tolerance. The past 50 years have seen many advances in the field of self-tolerance, but perhaps, the most tractable of these has been the more recent discovery of a subset T-cells (Treg) whose role is to regulate or damp immunity. This article is intended to first provide the reader with some historical background to explain why we have been slow to identify these cells, despite numerous clues to their existence, and also to indicate how little we know about how they achieve their regulatory function in averting transplant rejection. However, as is often the case in immunology, the therapeutic needs often dictate that our advances move to translation even before detailed explanations of the science are available. The final part of the article will briefly summarize how Treg are being harnessed as agents to interface with or perhaps, replace current drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX13RE, UK
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5
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Radens CM, Blake D, Jewell P, Barash Y, Lynch KW. Meta-analysis of transcriptomic variation in T-cell populations reveals both variable and consistent signatures of gene expression and splicing. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 26:1320-1333. [PMID: 32554554 PMCID: PMC7491319 DOI: 10.1261/rna.075929.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human CD4+ T cells are often subdivided into distinct subtypes, including Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, that are thought to carry out distinct functions in the body. Typically, these T-cell subpopulations are defined by the expression of distinct gene repertoires; however, there is variability between studies regarding the methods used for isolation and the markers used to define each T-cell subtype. Therefore, how reliably studies can be compared to one another remains an open question. Moreover, previous analysis of gene expression in CD4+ T-cell subsets has largely focused on gene expression rather than alternative splicing. Here we take a meta-analysis approach, comparing eleven independent RNA-seq studies of human Th1, Th2, Th17, and/or Treg cells to determine the consistency in gene expression and splicing within each subtype across studies. We find that known master-regulators are consistently enriched in the appropriate subtype; however, cytokines and other genes often used as markers are more variable. Importantly, we also identify previously unknown transcriptomic markers that appear to consistently differentiate between subsets, including a few Treg-specific splicing patterns. Together this work highlights the heterogeneity in gene expression between samples designated as the same subtype, but also suggests additional markers that can be used to define functional groupings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Radens
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Davia Blake
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Paul Jewell
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yoseph Barash
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Computer Science, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Immunology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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6
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Waldmann H, Graca L. Infectious tolerance. What are we missing? Cell Immunol 2020; 354:104152. [PMID: 32585469 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13RE, UK.
| | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medecina Molecular, Faculdade de medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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7
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Lu DR, Wu H, Driver I, Ingersoll S, Sohn S, Wang S, Li CM, Phee H. Dynamic changes in the regulatory T-cell heterogeneity and function by murine IL-2 mutein. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/5/e201900520. [PMID: 32269069 PMCID: PMC7156283 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals that IL-2 mutein treatment expands multiple sub-states of regulatory T cells with superior suppressive function in mice. The therapeutic expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) shows promise for treating autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Yet, how this treatment affects the heterogeneity and function of Tregs is not clear. Using single-cell RNA-seq analysis, we characterized 31,908 Tregs from the mice treated with a half-life extended mutant form of murine IL-2 (IL-2 mutein, IL-2M) that preferentially expanded Tregs, or mouse IgG Fc as a control. Cell clustering analysis revealed that IL-2M specifically expands multiple sub-states of Tregs with distinct expression profiles. TCR profiling with single-cell analysis uncovered Treg migration across tissues and transcriptional changes between clonally related Tregs after IL-2M treatment. Finally, we identified IL-2M–expanded Tnfrsf9+Il1rl1+ Tregs with superior suppressive function, highlighting the potential of IL-2M to expand highly suppressive Foxp3+ Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Lu
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Oncology and Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian Driver
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ingersoll
- Department of Oncology and Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sue Sohn
- Department of Oncology and Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Songli Wang
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chi-Ming Li
- Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hyewon Phee
- Department of Oncology and Inflammation, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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de Leve S, Wirsdörfer F, Jendrossek V. The CD73/Ado System-A New Player in RT Induced Adverse Late Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101578. [PMID: 31623231 PMCID: PMC6827091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a central component of standard treatment for many cancer patients. RT alone or in multimodal treatment strategies has a documented contribution to enhanced local control and overall survival of cancer patients, and cancer cure. Clinical RT aims at maximizing tumor control, while minimizing the risk for RT-induced adverse late effects. However, acute and late toxicities of IR in normal tissues are still important biological barriers to successful RT: While curative RT may not be tolerable, sub-optimal tolerable RT doses will lead to fatal outcomes by local recurrence or metastatic disease, even when accepting adverse normal tissue effects that decrease the quality of life of irradiated cancer patients. Technical improvements in treatment planning and the increasing use of particle therapy have allowed for a more accurate delivery of IR to the tumor volume and have thereby helped to improve the safety profile of RT for many solid tumors. With these technical and physical strategies reaching their natural limits, current research for improving the therapeutic gain of RT focuses on innovative biological concepts that either selectively limit the adverse effects of RT in normal tissues without protecting the tumor or specifically increase the radiosensitivity of the tumor tissue without enhancing the risk of normal tissue complications. The biology-based optimization of RT requires the identification of biological factors that are linked to differential radiosensitivity of normal or tumor tissues, and are amenable to therapeutic targeting. Extracellular adenosine is an endogenous mediator critical to the maintenance of homeostasis in various tissues. Adenosine is either released from stressed or injured cells or generated from extracellular adenine nucleotides by the concerted action of the ectoenzymes ectoapyrase (CD39) and 5′ ectonucleotidase (NT5E, CD73) that catabolize ATP to adenosine. Recent work revealed a role of the immunoregulatory CD73/adenosine system in radiation-induced fibrotic disease in normal tissues suggesting a potential use as novel therapeutic target for normal tissue protection. The present review summarizes relevant findings on the pathologic roles of CD73 and adenosine in radiation-induced fibrosis in different organs (lung, skin, gut, and kidney) that have been obtained in preclinical models and proposes a refined model of radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity including the disease-promoting effects of radiation-induced activation of CD73/adenosine signaling in the irradiated tissue environment. However, expression and activity of the CD73/adenosine system in the tumor environment has also been linked to increased tumor growth and tumor immune escape, at least in preclinical models. Therefore, we will discuss the use of pharmacologic inhibition of CD73/adenosine-signaling as a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic gain of RT by targeting both, malignant tumor growth and adverse late effects of RT with a focus on fibrotic disease. The consideration of the therapeutic window is particularly important in view of the increasing use of RT in combination with various molecularly targeted agents and immunotherapy to enhance the tumor radiation response, as such combinations may result in increased or novel toxicities, as well as the increasing number of cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone de Leve
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Florian Wirsdörfer
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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9
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Howie D, Ten Bokum A, Cobbold SP, Yu Z, Kessler BM, Waldmann H. A Novel Role for Triglyceride Metabolism in Foxp3 Expression. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1860. [PMID: 31456800 PMCID: PMC6701200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays a key role in many cellular processes. We show here that regulatory T cells have enhanced lipid storage within subcellular lipid droplets (LD). They also express elevated amounts of both isoforms of diacylglycerol acyl transferase (DGAT1 & 2), enzymes required for the terminal step of triacylglycerol synthesis. In regulatory T-cells (Tregs), the conversion of diacylglycerols to triacylglycerols serves two additional purposes other than lipid storage. First, we demonstrate that it protects T cells from the toxic effects of saturated long chain fatty acids. Second, we show that Triglyceride formation is essential for limiting activation of protein kinase C via free diacyl glycerol moieties. Inhibition of DGAT1 resulted in elevated active PKC and nuclear NFKB, as well as impaired Foxp3 induction in response to TGFβ. Thus, Tregs utilize a positive feedback mechanism to promote sustained expression of Foxp3 associated with control of LD formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Howie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annemieke Ten Bokum
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Paul Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhanru Yu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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10
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Gupta PK, McIntosh CM, Chong AS, Alegre ML. The pursuit of transplantation tolerance: new mechanistic insights. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:324-333. [PMID: 30760917 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-specific transplantation tolerance that enables weaning from immunosuppressive drugs but retains immune competence to non-graft antigens has been a lasting pursuit since the discovery of neonatal tolerance. More recently, efforts have been devoted not only to understanding how transplantation tolerance can be induced but also the mechanisms necessary to maintain it as well as how inflammatory exposure challenges its durability. This review focuses on recent advances regarding key peripheral mechanisms of T cell tolerance, with the underlying hypothesis that a combination of several of these mechanisms may afford a more robust and durable tolerance and that a better understanding of these individual pathways may permit longitudinal tracking of tolerance following clinical transplantation to serve as biomarkers. This review may enable a personalized assessment of the degree of tolerance in individual patients and the opportunity to strengthen the robustness of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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11
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Ma P, Yang X, Dong R, Ming L, Tang H, Liu X, Zhang S, Zheng P. The immune response is a prerequisite for the development of CD4 +Foxp3 + regulatory T cells in transplantation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:5309-5317. [PMID: 31949611 PMCID: PMC6963037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical in maintaining the peripheral tolerance and homeostasis of the immune system, yet their development and role in transplantation are poorly understood. Here we show that the levels of Tregs in neonatal transplant tolerant mice are similar to the levels in naive mice when they are kept in a state of homeostasis devoid of an immune response. An increased frequency of Tregs was observed only in recipients with allograft rejection, in naive mice that received alloantigens, or in tolerant mice adoptively transferred with alloreactive T cells. Even though an antigen-specific immune response is a prerequisite for the development of Tregs, both antigen-specific and nonspecific Tregs are generated in this process. We conclude that Tregs are induced and function in an inflammatory environment and in a negative feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panhong Ma
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, PR China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan ProvinceZhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, PR China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan ProvinceZhengzhou, PR China
| | - Rui Dong
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, PR China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan ProvinceZhengzhou, PR China
| | - Liang Ming
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, PR China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan ProvinceZhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hongwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xinjing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, PR China
| | - Peiguo Zheng
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou, PR China
- Key Clinical Laboratory of Henan ProvinceZhengzhou, PR China
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12
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Young JS, Yin D, Vannier AGL, Alegre ML, Chong AS. Equal Expansion of Endogenous Transplant-Specific Regulatory T Cell and Recruitment Into the Allograft During Rejection and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1385. [PMID: 29973932 PMCID: PMC6020780 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous advances in the definition of a role for regulatory T cells (Tregs) in facilitating experimental transplantation tolerance, and ongoing clinical trials for Treg-based therapies, critical issues related to the optimum dosage, antigen-specificity, and Treg-friendly adjunct immunosuppressants remain incompletely resolved. In this study, we used a tractable approach of MHC tetramers and flow cytometry to define the fate of conventional (Tconvs) and Tregs CD4+ T cells that recognize donor 2W antigens presented by I-Ab on donor and recipient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in a mouse cardiac allograft transplant model. Our study shows that these endogenous, donor-reactive Tregs comparably accumulate in the spleens of recipients undergoing acute rejection or exhibiting costimulation blockade-induced tolerance. Importantly, this expansion was not detected when analyzing bulk splenic Tregs. Systemically, the distinguishing feature between tolerance and rejection was the inhibition of donor-reactive conventional T cell (Tconv) expansion in tolerance, translating into increased percentages of splenic FoxP3+ Tregs within the 2W:I-Ab CD4+ T cell subset compared to rejection (~35 vs. <5% in tolerance vs. rejection). We further observed that continuous administration of rapamycin, cyclosporine A, or CTLA4-Ig did not facilitate donor-specific Treg expansion, while all three drugs inhibited Tconv expansion. Finally, donor-specific Tregs accumulated comparably in rejecting tolerant allografts, whereas tolerant grafts harbored <10% of the donor-specific Tconv numbers observed in rejecting allografts. Thus, ~80% of 2W:I-Ab CD4+ T cells in tolerant allografts expressed FoxP3+ compared to ≤10% in rejecting allografts. A similar, albeit lesser, enrichment was observed with bulk graft-infiltrating CD4+ cells, where ~30% were FoxP3+ in tolerant allografts, compared to ≤10% in rejecting allografts. Finally, we assessed that the phenotype of 2W:I-Ab Tregs and observed that the percentages of cells expressing neuropilin-1 and CD73 were significantly higher in tolerance compared to rejection, suggesting that these Tregs may be functionally distinct. Collectively, the analysis of donor-reactive, but not of bulk, Tconvs and Tregs reveal a systemic signature of tolerance that is stable and congruent with the signature within tolerant allografts. Our data also underscore the importance of limiting Tconv expansion for high donor-specific Tregs:Tconv ratios to be successfully attained in transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Young
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dengping Yin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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13
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Agua-Doce A, Caridade M, Oliveira VG, Bergman L, Lafaille MC, Lafaille JJ, Demengeot J, Graca L. Route of Antigen Presentation Can Determine the Selection of Foxp3-Dependent or Foxp3-Independent Dominant Immune Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:101-109. [PMID: 29167234 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that dominant tolerance, namely in transplantation, requires Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Although most tolerance-inducing regimens rely on regulatory T cells, we found that induction of tolerance to proteins in aluminum hydroxide can be achieved in Foxp3-deficient mice using nondepleting anti-CD4 Abs. This type of tolerance is Ag specific, and tolerant mice retain immune competence to respond to unrelated Ags. We demonstrated with chicken OVA-specific TCR-transgenic mice that the same tolerizing protocol (CD4 blockade) and the same target Ag (OVA) achieves Foxp3-dependent transplantation tolerance to OVA-expressing skin grafts, but Foxp3-independent tolerance when the Ag is provided as OVA-aluminum hydroxide. In the latter case, we found that tolerance induction triggered recessive mechanisms leading to elimination of effector cells and, simultaneously, a dominant mechanism associated with the emergence of an anergic and regulatory CTLA-4+IL-2lowFoxp3- T cell population, where the tolerance state is IL-10 dependent. Such Foxp3-independent mechanisms can improve the efficacy of tolerance-inducing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Agua-Doce
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Marta Caridade
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Vanessa G Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Lisa Bergman
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Maria C Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Juan J Lafaille
- Department of Pathology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | | - Luis Graca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; and
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14
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Abstract
A major goal of immunosuppressive therapies is to harness immune tolerance mechanisms so as to minimize unwanted side effects associated with protracted immunosuppressive therapy. Antibody blockade of lymphocyte coreceptor and costimulatory pathways in mice has demonstrated the principle that both naive and primed immune systems can be reprogrammed toward immunological tolerance. Such tolerance can involve the amplification of activity of regulatory T cells, and is maintained through continuous recruitment of such cells through processes of infectious tolerance. We propose that regulatory T cells create around them microenvironments that are anti-inflammatory and endowed with enhanced protection against destructive damage. This acquired immune privilege involves the decommissioning of cells of the innate as well as adaptive immune systems. Evidence is presented that nutrient sensing by immune cells acting through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway provides one route by which the immune system can be directed toward noninflammatory and regulatory behavior at the expense of destructive functions. Therapeutic control of immune cells so as to harness metabolic routes favoring dominant regulatory mechanisms has offered a new direction for immunosuppressive therapy, whereby short-term treatment may be sufficient for long-term benefit or even cure.
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15
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Martínez-Ramírez AS, Díaz-Muñoz M, Battastini AM, Campos-Contreras A, Olvera A, Bergamin L, Glaser T, Jacintho Moritz CE, Ulrich H, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. Cellular Migration Ability Is Modulated by Extracellular Purines in Ovarian Carcinoma SKOV-3 Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4468-4478. [PMID: 28464260 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides have emerged as important elements regulating tissue homeostasis. Acting through specific receptors, have the ability to control gene expression patterns to direct cellular fate. We observed that SKOV-3 cells express the ectonucleotidases: ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase 1 (ENPP1), ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), and liver alkaline phosphatase (ALPL). Strikingly, in pulse and chase experiments supplemented with ATP, SKOV-3 cells exhibited low catabolic efficiency in the conversion of ADP into AMP, but they were efficient in converting AMP into adenosine. Since these cells release ATP, we proposed that the conversion of ADP into AMP is a regulatory node associated with the migratory ability and the mesenchymal characteristics shown by SKOV-3 cells under basal conditions. The landscape of gene expression profiles of SKOV-3 cell cultures treated with apyrase or adenosine demonstrated similarities (e.g., decrease FGF16 transcript) and differences (e.g., the negative regulation of Wnt 2, and 10B by adenosine). Thus, in SKOV-3 we analyzed the migratory ability and the expression of epithelium to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in response to apyrase. Apyrase-treatment favored the epithelial-like phenotype, as revealed by the re-location of E-cadherin to the cell to cell junctions. Pharmacological approaches strongly suggested that the effect of Apyrase involved the accumulation of extracellular adenosine; this notion was strengthened when the incubation of the SKOV-3 cell with α,β-methylene ADP (CD73 inhibitor) or adenosine deaminase was sufficient to abolish the effect of apyrase on cell migration. Overall, adenosine signaling is a fine tune mechanism in the control of cell phenotype in cancer. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4468-4478, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Martínez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - M Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - A M Battastini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas e da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A Campos-Contreras
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - A Olvera
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México
| | - L Bergamin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Sao Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - T Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Sao Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - C E Jacintho Moritz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas e da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - H Ulrich
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, Sao Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - F G Vázquez-Cuevas
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla Querétaro, CP 76230, Querétaro, México
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16
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Howie D, Cobbold SP, Adams E, Ten Bokum A, Necula AS, Zhang W, Huang H, Roberts DJ, Thomas B, Hester SS, Vaux DJ, Betz AG, Waldmann H. Foxp3 drives oxidative phosphorylation and protection from lipotoxicity. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89160. [PMID: 28194435 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs can adopt a catabolic metabolic program with increased capacity for fatty acid oxidation-fueled oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). It is unclear why this form of metabolism is favored in Tregs and, more specifically, whether this program represents an adaptation to the environment and developmental cues or is "hardwired" by Foxp3. Here we show, using metabolic analysis and an unbiased mass spectroscopy-based proteomics approach, that Foxp3 is both necessary and sufficient to program Treg-increased respiratory capacity and Tregs' increased ability to utilize fatty acids to fuel oxidative phosphorylation. Foxp3 drives upregulation of components of all the electron transport complexes, increasing their activity and ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation. Increased fatty acid β-oxidation also results in selective protection of Foxp3+ cells from fatty acid-induced cell death. This observation may provide novel targets for modulating Treg function or selection therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Honglei Huang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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17
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Howie D, Cobbold SP, Adams E, Ten Bokum A, Necula AS, Zhang W, Huang H, Roberts DJ, Thomas B, Hester SS, Vaux DJ, Betz AG, Waldmann H. Foxp3 drives oxidative phosphorylation and protection from lipotoxicity. JCI Insight 2017. [PMID: 28194435 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89160.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs can adopt a catabolic metabolic program with increased capacity for fatty acid oxidation-fueled oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). It is unclear why this form of metabolism is favored in Tregs and, more specifically, whether this program represents an adaptation to the environment and developmental cues or is "hardwired" by Foxp3. Here we show, using metabolic analysis and an unbiased mass spectroscopy-based proteomics approach, that Foxp3 is both necessary and sufficient to program Treg-increased respiratory capacity and Tregs' increased ability to utilize fatty acids to fuel oxidative phosphorylation. Foxp3 drives upregulation of components of all the electron transport complexes, increasing their activity and ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation. Increased fatty acid β-oxidation also results in selective protection of Foxp3+ cells from fatty acid-induced cell death. This observation may provide novel targets for modulating Treg function or selection therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - Honglei Huang
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital.,National Health Service Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
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18
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19
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Mechanisms of immunological tolerance. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:324-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Hu H, Zhu X, Joshi S, Lu L, Xia CQ, Patel JM. Thioredoxin priming prolongs lung allograft survival by promoting immune tolerance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124705. [PMID: 25933390 PMCID: PMC4416780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerance to allograft antigen is the major challenge and final goal of transplant medicine. Our previous study demonstrated that thioredoxin-1 (Trx) priming of donor lung significantly protected allogeneic lung graft. To determine whether Trx priming of donor lung inhibits allograft rejection, extends allograft survival and induces immune tolerance, orthotopic left lung transplantation was performed from Lewis to Sprague-Dawley rats without immunosuppression. Donor lungs were primed with Trx at 4°C for 4 hr prior to transplantation. After up to 37 days post-transplantation, allograft lung morphology, recipient T cell and humoral alloantigen-specific immune responses were examined. We found that Trx-primed lungs exhibited much reduced acute rejection and associated lung injuries resulting in loss of graft functional area at 5-37 days post-transplant in contrast to the control groups. CD4+ T cells from the recipients with Trx-primed grafts responded to the stimulation of dendritic cells (DCs) of donor origin, in contrast to DCs from the third party, with significantly reduced proliferation. Consistent with above findings, we observed that CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in spleen cells from the recipients with Trx-primed grafts were significantly increased compared to controls, and CD4+ T cells from the recipients with Trx-primed grafts produced much higher levels of immunosuppressive cytokine, IL-10 when stimulated with allogeneic donor DCs. In addition, humoral immune tolerance was also induced as there was no significant increase levels of serum antibodies against donor antigens in Trx-lung recipients when re-challenged with allogeneic donor antigens. Our results demonstrate that one-time Trx-priming of donor lung grafts prior to transplantation significantly prolongs the survival of the grafts through inducing or promoting cellular and humoral alloantigen-specific immune tolerance, which might be associated with the induction of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States of America
| | - Sunil Joshi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States of America
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States of America
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States of America
| | - Chang-Qing Xia
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMP); (CQX)
| | - Jawaharlal M. Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States of America
- Research Service, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida 32608, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JMP); (CQX)
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21
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Lui KO, Howie D, Ng SW, Liu S, Chien KR, Waldmann H. Tolerance induction to human stem cell transplants with extension to their differentiated progeny. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5629. [PMID: 25434740 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in transplantation of human stem cells for therapeutic purposes. It would benefit future application if one could achieve their long-term acceptance and functional differentiation in allogeneic hosts using minimal immunosuppression. Allogeneic stem cell transplants differ from conventional tissue transplants insofar as not all alloantigens are revealed during tolerance induction. This risks that the immune system tolerized to antigens expressed by progenitors may still remain responsive to antigens expressed later during differentiation. Here we show that brief induction with monoclonal antibody-mediated coreceptor and costimulation blockade enables long-term engraftment and tolerance towards murine ESCs, hESCs, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and hESC-derived progenitors in outbred murine recipients. Tolerance induced to PSC-derived progenitors extends to their differentiated progenies, and sometimes even to different tissues derived from the same donor. Global gene expression profiling identifies clear features in T cells from tolerized grafts that are distinct from those involved in rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy O Lui
- 1] Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK [2] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA [3] Department of Chemical Pathology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Duncan Howie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Shu-Wing Ng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Shubai Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- 1] Department of Chemical Pathology; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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22
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Howie D, Waldmann H, Cobbold S. Nutrient Sensing via mTOR in T Cells Maintains a Tolerogenic Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2014; 5:409. [PMID: 25221554 PMCID: PMC4147234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have proposed that tolerance can be maintained through the induction, by Treg cells, of a tolerogenic microenvironment within tolerated tissues that inhibits effector cell activity but which supports the generation of further Treg cells by “infectious tolerance.” Two important components of this tolerogenic microenvironment depend on metabolism and nutrient sensing. The first is due to the up-regulation of multiple enzymes that consume essential amino acids, which are sensed in naïve T cells primarily via inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which in turn encourages their further differentiation into FOXP3+ Treg cells. The second mechanism is the metabolism of extracellular ATP to adenosine by the ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73. These two enzymes are constitutively co-expressed on Treg cells, but can also be induced on a wide variety of cell types by TGFβ and the adenosine generated can be shown to be a potent inhibitor of T cell proliferation. This review will focus on mechanisms of nutrient sensing in T cells, how these are integrated with TCR and cytokine signals via the mTOR pathway, and what impact this has on intracellular metabolism and subsequently the control of differentiation into different effector or regulatory T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Howie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Stephen Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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23
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Ebner S, Fabritius C, Ritschl P, Oberhuber R, Günther J, Kotsch K. Report of the joint ESOT and TTS basic science meeting 2013: current concepts and discoveries in translational transplantation. Transpl Int 2014; 27:987-93. [PMID: 24890468 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A joint meeting organized by the European (ESOT) and The Transplantation (TTS) Societies for basic science research was organized in Paris, France, on November 7-9, 2013. Focused on new ideas and concepts in translational transplantation, the meeting served as a venue for state-of-the-art developments in basic transplantation immunology, such as the potential for tolerance induction through regulation of T-cell signaling. This meeting report summarizes important insights which were presented in Paris. It not only offers an overview of established aspects, such as the role of Tregs in transplantation, presented by Nobel laureate Rolf Zinkernagel, but also highlights novel facets in the field of transplantation, that is cell-therapy-based immunosuppression or composite tissue transplantation as presented by the emotional story given by Vasyly Rohovyy, who received two hand transplants. The ESOT/TTS joint meeting was an overall productive and enjoyable platform for basic science research in translational transplantation and fulfilled all expectations by giving a promising outlook for the future of research in the field of immunological transplantation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Ebner
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Waldmann H, Hilbrands R, Howie D, Cobbold S. Harnessing FOXP3+ regulatory T cells for transplantation tolerance. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1439-45. [PMID: 24691478 DOI: 10.1172/jci67226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early demonstrations that mice could be tolerized to transplanted tissues with short courses of immunosuppressive therapy and that with regard to tolerance to self, CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) appeared to play a critical role, have catalyzed strategies to harness FOXP3-dependent processes to control rejection in human transplantation. This review seeks to examine the scientific underpinning for this new approach to finesse immunosuppression.
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25
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Caridade M, Oliveira VG, Agua-Doce A, Graca L, Ribeiro RM. The fate of CD4+ T cells under tolerance-inducing stimulation: a modeling perspective. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:652-60. [PMID: 24145855 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-depleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) induce long-term dominant tolerance mediated by regulatory T cells in several animal models of transplantation, allergy and autoimmunity. However, despite many studies on tolerance induction following CD4 blockade, the consequences of this intervention on T-cell kinetics are still unknown. Mathematical models have been useful to understand lymphocyte dynamics, estimating rates of proliferation and cell death following an intervention. Using the same strategy, we found that CD4(+) T cells activated in vitro in the presence of non-depleting anti-CD4 MAbs are prevented from undergoing optimal proliferation and show a higher frequency of apoptosis. Although the changes are small, during the course of a proliferative response, they lead to very distinct final levels of cell numbers. The importance of these mechanisms, predicted by the mathematical model, was validated by showing that lck-driven Bcl-x(L) transgenic mice, bearing T cells resistant to apoptosis, fail to become tolerant to skin grafts following CD4-blockade. Our data show that, in addition to induction of regulatory T cells, CD4 blockade has a marked effect in the effector T-cell pool by the combined action of hindering proliferation while favoring apoptosis. It is, therefore, the combination of all those mechanisms that leads to stable tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Caridade
- 1] Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal [2] Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
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26
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Hall BM, Tran GT, Verma ND, Plain KM, Robinson CM, Nomura M, Hodgkinson SJ. Do Natural T Regulatory Cells become Activated to Antigen Specific T Regulatory Cells in Transplantation and in Autoimmunity? Front Immunol 2013; 4:208. [PMID: 23935597 PMCID: PMC3731939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen specific T regulatory cells (Treg) are often CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells, with a phenotype similar to natural Treg (nTreg). It is assumed that nTreg cannot develop into an antigen specific Treg as repeated culture with IL-2 and a specific antigen does not increase the capacity or potency of nTreg to promote immune tolerance or suppress in vitro. This has led to an assumption that antigen specific Treg mainly develop from CD4+CD25−FoxP3− T cells, by activation with antigen and TGF-β in the absence of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-1β. Our studies on antigen specific CD4+CD25+ T cells from animals with tolerance to an allograft, identified that the antigen specific and Treg are dividing, and need continuous stimulation with specific antigen T cell derived cytokines. We identified that a variety of cytokines, especially IL-5 and IFN-γ but not IL-2 or IL-4 promoted survival of antigen specific CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg. To examine if nTreg could be activated to antigen specific Treg, we activated nTreg in culture with either IL-2 or IL-4. Within 3 days, antigen specific Treg are activated and there is induction of new cytokine receptors on these cells. Specifically nTreg activated by IL-2 and antigen express the interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) and IL-12p70 (IL-12Rβ2) receptor but not the IL-5 receptor (IL-5Rα). These cells were responsive to IFN-γ or IL-12p70. nTreg activated by IL-4 and alloantigen express IL-5Rα not IFNGR or IL-12p70Rβ2 and become responsive to IL-5. These early activated antigen specific Treg, were respectively named Ts1 and Ts2 cells, as they depend on Th1 or Th2 responses. Further culture of Ts1 cells with IL-12p70 induced Th1-like Treg, expressing IFN-γ, and T-bet as well as FoxP3. Our studies suggest that activation of nTreg with Th1 or Th2 responses induced separate lineages of antigen specific Treg, that are dependent on late Th1 and Th2 cytokines, not the early cytokines IL-2 and IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M Hall
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory, Medicine, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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27
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Carpentier M, Chappert P, Kuhn C, Lalfer M, Flament H, Burlen-Defranoux O, Lantz O, Bandeira A, Malissen B, Davoust J, Gross DA. Extrathymic induction of Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells declines with age in a T-cell intrinsic manner. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2598-604. [PMID: 23824593 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extrathymically induced Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells contribute to the pool of Treg cells and are implicated in the maintenance of immune tolerance at environmental interfaces. The impact of T-cell senescence on their generation and function is, however, poorly characterized. We report here that steady-state induction of Foxp3 is impaired in aged T cells in vivo. In vitro assays further revealed that this defective generation of Treg cells was independent from the strength of TCR stimulation and arose before T-cell proliferation. Importantly, they also revealed that this impairment of Foxp3 induction is unrelated to known age-related T-cell defects, such as IL-2 secretion impairment, accumulation of activated T-cell populations, or narrowing of the T-cell repertoire. Finally, a loss of extrathymic induction of Foxp3 and tolerance to minor-mismatched skin graft were observed in aged mice treated by nondepleting anti-CD4 antibody. The T-cell intrinsic impairment of Treg-cell generation revealed here highlights age as a key factor to be considered in immune tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Carpentier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1013, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de médecine, Paris, France
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28
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Hilbrands R, Howie D, Cobbold S, Waldmann H. Regulatory T cells and transplantation tolerance. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:717-31. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of clinical organ transplantation relies on life-long use of immunosuppressive drugs that target immune responses associated with graft rejection. Preclinical studies in mice have convincingly demonstrated that robust, long-term transplantation tolerance can be achieved after a short-term treatment with T-cell coreceptor and costimulation blockade even for a fully mismatched graft. Such therapeutically induced tolerance requires the induction of Foxp3+ Tregs, which are essential for both the development and maintenance of the tolerant state. Recent advances in understanding the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the induction and stabilization of Foxp3 expression, thus guiding Foxp3+ Treg differentiation, have revealed novel therapeutic targets in animal models that can be translated to harness Foxp3+ Tregs from within the patient. Such in vivo induced Foxp3+ Tregs can also induce the tolerant state. Pharmacological compounds are available to exploit these targets and their further development holds great promise for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hilbrands
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Duncan Howie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Stephen Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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29
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Cobbold SP, Waldmann H. Regulatory cells and transplantation tolerance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:3/6/a015545. [PMID: 23732858 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation tolerance is a continuing therapeutic goal, and it is now clear that a subpopulation of T cells with regulatory activity (Treg) that express the transcription factor foxp3 are crucial to this aspiration. Although reprogramming of the immune system to donor-specific transplantation tolerance can be readily achieved in adult mouse models, it has yet to be successfully translated in human clinical practice. This requires that we understand the fundamental mechanisms by which donor antigen-specific Treg are induced and function to maintain tolerance, so that we can target therapies to enhance rather than impede these regulatory processes. Our current understanding is that Treg act via numerous molecular mechanisms, and critical underlying components such as mTOR inhibition, are only now emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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30
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A molecular insight of CTLA-4 in food allergy. Immunol Lett 2013; 149:101-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Antczak DF, de Mestre AM, Wilsher S, Allen WR. The equine endometrial cup reaction: a fetomaternal signal of significance. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2012; 1:419-42. [PMID: 25387026 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A remarkable feature of equine pregnancy is the development of the invasive trophoblast of the chorionic girdle and its formation of the gonadotrophin-secreting endometrial cup cells in early gestation. The details of this process have been revealed only slowly over the past century, since the first description of the endometrial cups in 1912. This centennial presents an opportunity to review the characteristics of the cells and molecules involved in this early, critical phase of placentation in the mare. The invasiveness of the chorionic girdle trophoblast appears to represent an atavistic attribute more commonly associated with the hemochorial placentae of primates and rodents but not with the more recently derived epitheliochorial placentae of the odd-toed ungulates. The nature of and raison d'être for the strong fetal signals transmitted to the mare by the endometrial cup reaction, and her responses to these messages, are the subject of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Antczak
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
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