1
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Vozza EG, Kelly AM, Daly CM, O'Rourke SA, Carlile SR, Morris B, Dunne A, McLoughlin RM. Type 1 interferons promote Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization by inducing phagocyte apoptosis. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:403. [PMID: 39271670 PMCID: PMC11399434 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human commensal which persistently colonizes up to 30% of the human population, predominantly within the nasal cavity. The commensal lifestyle of S. aureus is complex, and the mechanisms underpinning colonization are not fully understood. S. aureus can induce an immunosuppressive environment in the nasal tissue (NT) by driving IL-10 and IL-27 to facilitate nasal colonization, indicating that S. aureus has the capacity to modulate the local immune environment for its commensal habitation. Mounting evidence suggests commensal bacteria drive type 1 interferons (IFN-I) to establish an immunosuppressive environment and whilst S. aureus can induce IFN-I during infection, its role in colonization has not yet been examined. Here, we show that S. aureus preferentially induces IFN signaling in macrophages. This IFN-I in turn upregulates expression of proapoptotic genes within macrophages culminating in caspase-3 cleavage. Importantly, S. aureus was found to drive phagocytic cell apoptosis in the nasal tissue during nasal colonization in an IFN-I dependent manner with colonization significantly reduced under caspase-3 inhibition. Overall, loss of IFN-I signaling significantly diminished S. aureus nasal colonization implicating a pivotal role for IFN-I in controlling S. aureus persistence during colonization through its ability to induce phagocyte apoptosis. Together, this study reveals a novel strategy utilized by S. aureus to circumvent host immunity in the nasal mucosa to facilitate nasal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio G Vozza
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alanna M Kelly
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clíodhna M Daly
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead A O'Rourke
- Molecular Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon R Carlile
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenda Morris
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aisling Dunne
- Molecular Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Seebach E, Sonnenmoser G, Kubatzky KF. Staphylococcus aureus planktonic but not biofilm environment induces an IFN-β macrophage immune response via the STING/IRF3 pathway. Virulence 2023; 14:2254599. [PMID: 37655977 PMCID: PMC10496530 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2254599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic implant-related bone infections are a severe complication in orthopaedic surgery. Biofilm formation on the implant impairs the immune response, leading to bacterial persistence. In a previous study, we found that Staphylococcus aureus (SA) induced interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) activation and Ifnb expression only in its planktonic form but not in the biofilm. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in this process. We treated RAW 264.7 macrophages with conditioned media (CM) generated from planktonic or biofilm cultured SA in combination with agonists or inhibitors of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/STING pathway. We further evaluated bacterial gene expression of planktonic and biofilm SA to identify potential mediators. STING inhibition resulted in the loss of IRF3 activation and Ifnb induction in SA planktonic CM, whereas STING activation induced an IRF3 dependent IFN-β response in SA biofilm CM. The expression levels of virulence-associated genes decreased during biofilm formation, but genes associated with cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) synthesis did not correlate with Ifnb induction. We further observed that cGAS contributed to Ifnb induction by SA planktonic CM, although cGAS activation was not sufficient to induce Ifnb expression in SA biofilm CM. Our data indicate that the different degrees of virulence associated with SA planktonic and biofilm environments result in an altered induction of the IRF3 mediated IFN-β response via the STING pathway. This finding suggests that the STING/IRF3/IFN-β axis is a potential candidate as an immunotherapeutic target for implant-related bone infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Seebach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sonnenmoser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina F. Kubatzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Rahim MI, Waqas SFUH, Lienenklaus S, Willbold E, Eisenburger M, Stiesch M. Effect of titanium implants along with silver ions and tetracycline on type I interferon-beta expression during implant-related infections in co-culture and mouse model. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1227148. [PMID: 37929187 PMCID: PMC10621036 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1227148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon-beta (IFN-β) is a crucial component of innate and adaptive immune systems inside the host. The formation of bacterial biofilms on medical implants can lead to inflammatory diseases and implant failure. Biofilms elicit IFN-β production inside the host that, in turn, restrict bacterial growth. Biofilms pose strong antibiotic resistance, whereas surface modification of medical implants with antibacterial agents may demonstrate strong antimicrobial effects. Most of the previous investigations were focused on determining the antibacterial activities of implant surfaces modified with antibacterial agents. The present study, for the first time, measured antibacterial activities and IFN-β expression of titanium surfaces along with silver or tetracycline inside co-culture and mouse models. A periodontal pathogen: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans reported to induce strong inflammation, was used for infection. Silver and tetracycline were added to the titanium surface using the heat evaporation method. Macrophages showed reduced compatibility on titanium surfaces with silver, and IFN-β expression inside cultured cells significantly decreased. Macrophages showed compatibility on implant surfaces with tetracycline, but IFN-β production significantly decreased inside seeded cells. The decrease in IFN-β production inside macrophages cultured on implant surfaces with silver and tetracycline was not related to the downregulation of Ifn-β gene. Bacterial infection significantly upregulated mRNA expression levels of Isg15, Mx1, Mx2, Irf-3, Irf-7, Tlr-2, Tnf-α, Cxcl-1, and Il-6 genes. Notably, mRNA expression levels of Mx1, Irf7, Tlr2, Tnf-α, Cxcl1, and Il-6 genes inside macrophages significantly downregulated on implant surfaces with silver or tetracycline. Titanium with tetracycline showed higher antibacterial activities than silver. The in vivo evaluation of IFN-β expression around implants was measured inside transgenic mice constitutive for IFN-β expression. Of note, the non-invasive in vivo imaging revealed a significant decrease in IFN-β expression around subcutaneous implants with silver compared to titanium and titanium with tetracycline in sterile or infected situations. The histology of peri-implant tissue interfaces around infected implants with silver showed a thick interface with a significantly higher accumulation of inflammatory cells. Titanium implants with silver and tetracycline remained antibacterial in mice. Findings from this study unequivocally indicate that implant surfaces with silver decrease IFN-β expression, a crucial component of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Rahim
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Syed Fakhar-ul-Hassnain Waqas
- Biomarkers for Infectious Diseases, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Willbold
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Eisenburger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Lower Saxony Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Implant Research and Development (NIFE), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Wolf AJ. Peptidoglycan-induced modulation of metabolic and inflammatory responses. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2023; 5:e00024. [PMID: 37128291 PMCID: PMC10144284 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan is composed of innate immune ligands and, due to its important structural role, also regulates access to many other innate immune ligands contained within the bacteria. There is a growing body of literature demonstrating how innate immune recognition impacts the metabolic functions of immune cells and how metabolic changes are not only important to inflammatory responses but are often essential. Peptidoglycan is primarily sensed in the context of the whole bacteria during lysosomal degradation; consequently, the innate immune receptors for peptidoglycan are primarily intracellular cytosolic innate immune sensors. However, during bacterial growth, peptidoglycan fragments are shed and can be found in the bloodstream of humans and mice, not only during infection but also derived from the abundant bacterial component of the gut microbiota. These peptidoglycan fragments influence cells throughout the body and are important for regulating inflammation and whole-body metabolic function. Therefore, it is important to understand how peptidoglycan-induced signals in innate immune cells and cells throughout the body interact to regulate how the body responds to both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. This mini-review will highlight key research regarding how cellular metabolism shifts in response to peptidoglycan and how systemic peptidoglycan sensing impacts whole-body metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J. Wolf
- The Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel Disease Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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The Influence of Antibiotic Resistance on Innate Immune Responses to Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050542. [PMID: 35625186 PMCID: PMC9138074 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes a broad range of infections and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus produces a diverse range of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to resist immune attack. In recent years, increasing resistance to last-line anti-staphylococcal antibiotics daptomycin and vancomycin has been observed. Resistant strains of S. aureus are highly efficient in invading a variety of professional and nonprofessional phagocytes and are able to survive inside host cells. Eliciting immune protection against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus infection is a global challenge, requiring both innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DC), which sit at the interface between innate and adaptive immune responses, are central to the induction of immune protection against S. aureus. However, it has been observed that S. aureus has the capacity to develop further antibiotic resistance and acquire increased resistance to immunological recognition by the innate immune system. In this article, we review the strategies utilised by S. aureus to circumvent antibiotic and innate immune responses, especially the interaction between S. aureus and DC, focusing on how this relationship is perturbed with the development of antibiotic resistance.
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6
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Eld HMS, Johnsen PR, Nielsen EM, Jørgensen FZ, Lindstrøm-Svendsen M, Baldry M, Ingmer H, Frøkiær H. Soluble C-Type Lectin-Receptor Ligands Stimulate ROS Production in Dendritic Cells and Potentiate Killing of MRSA as Well as the MRSA Induced IL-12 Production. Front Immunol 2022; 13:845881. [PMID: 35386713 PMCID: PMC8977849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.845881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has developed resistance to most β-lactam antibiotics leaving few treatment options against infections with MRSA. Through mannose receptors, mannan potentiates IL-12 production induced by Gram-positive bacteria, a cytokine crucial in the clearance of S. aureus infection. We investigated the IL-12 potentiating effect of mannan pre-treatment of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells prior to stimulation with clinical MRSA strains. Mannan almost doubled IL-12 as well as IFN-β production in response to USA300, also when USA300 was treated with the β-lactam cefoxitin. The MRSA-induced IL-12 production was dependent on bacterial uptake and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mannan alone induced ROS production, and in combination with USA300, the ROS produced corresponded to the sum induced by mannan and USA300. Addition of a monoclonal antibody against the mannose receptor likewise enhanced USA300-induced IL-12 and induced ROS production. Mannan addition further increased the endocytosis as well as the rate of endosomal killing of bacteria. Pre-treatment with soluble β-glucans also induced ROS and potentiated the USA300-induced IL-12 indicating that other C-type receptors may play a similar role. In the presence of the pro-inflammatory mediators, GM-CSF or IFN-γ, the mannan-enhanced IL-12 production increased further. The USA300-induced and the mannan-facilitated enhanced IFN-β and IL-12 showed same dependency on MAPK c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling, suggesting that mannan enhances the signals already induced by the bacteria, rather than changing them. We suggest that the C-type lectin-induced ROS production is a key factor in the IFN-β and IL-12 potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M S Eld
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter R Johnsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Emilie M Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Frederikke Z Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Mara Baldry
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hanne Ingmer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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7
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Ragland SA, Kagan JC. Cytosolic detection of phagosomal bacteria-Mechanisms underlying PAMP exodus from the phagosome into the cytosol. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1420-1432. [PMID: 34738270 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metazoan innate immune system senses bacterial infections by detecting highly conserved bacterial molecules, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are detected by a variety of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), whose function is to coordinate downstream immune responses. PRR activities are, in part, regulated by their subcellular localizations. Accordingly, professional phagocytes can detect extracellular bacteria and their PAMPs via plasma membrane-oriented PRRs. Conversely, phagocytosed bacteria and their PAMPs are detected by transmembrane PRRs oriented toward the phagosomal lumen. Even though PAMPs are unable to passively diffuse across membranes, phagocytosed bacteria are also detected by PRRs localized within the host cell cytosol. This phenomenon is explained by phagocytosis of bacteria that specialize in phagosomal escape and cytosolic residence. Contrary to this cytosolic lifestyle, most bacteria studied to date spend their entire intracellular lifestyle contained within phagosomes, yet they also stimulate cytosolic PRRs. Herein, we will review our current understanding of how phagosomal PAMPs become accessible to cytosolic PRRs, as well as highlight knowledge gaps that should inspire future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ragland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Lentini G, Famà A, De Gaetano GV, Galbo R, Coppolino F, Venza M, Teti G, Beninati C. Role of Endosomal TLRs in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1448-1455. [PMID: 34362834 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the receptors involved in innate immune recognition of Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans, is essential to develop alternative strategies to treat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. In the current study, we examine the role of endosomal TLRs, which sense the presence of prokaryotic-type nucleic acids, in anti-staphylococcal host defenses using infection models involving genetically defective mice. Single deficiencies in TLR7, 9, or 13 resulted in mild or no decrease in host defenses. However, the simultaneous absence of TLR7, 9, and 13 resulted in markedly increased susceptibility to cutaneous and systemic S. aureus infection concomitantly with decreased production of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, neutrophil recruitment to infection sites, and reduced production of reactive oxygen species. This phenotype was significantly more severe than that of mice lacking TLR2, which senses the presence of staphylococcal lipoproteins. Notably, the combined absence of TLR7, 9, and 13 resulted in complete abrogation of IL-12 p70 and IFN-β responses to staphylococcal stimulation in macrophages. Taken together, our data highlight the presence of a highly integrated endosomal detection system, whereby TLR7, 9, and 13 cooperate in sensing the presence of staphylococcal nucleic acids. We demonstrate that the combined absence of these receptors cannot be compensated for by cell surface-associated TLRs, such as TLR2, or cytosolic receptors. These data may be useful to devise strategies aimed at stimulating innate immune receptors to treat S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Agata Famà
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Mario Venza
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; and
| | | | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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9
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Eld HMS, Nielsen EM, Johnsen PR, Marengo M, Kamper IW, Frederiksen L, Bonomi F, Frees D, Iametti S, Frøkiær H. Cefoxitin treatment of MRSA leads to a shift in the IL-12/IL-23 production pattern in dendritic cells by a mechanism involving changes in the MAPK signaling. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:1-12. [PMID: 33676343 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitute a serious health care problem worldwide. This study addresses the effect of β-lactam treatment on the ability of clinically relevant MRSA strains to induce IL-12 and IL-23. MRSA strains induced a dose-dependent IL-12 response in murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells that was dependent on endocytosis and acidic degradation. Facilitated induction of IL-12 (but not of IL-23) called for activation of the MAP kinase JNK, and was suppressed by p38. Compromised peptidoglycan structure in cefoxitin-treated bacteria - as denoted by increased sensitivity to mutanolysin -caused a shift from IL-12 towards IL-23. Moreover, cefoxitin treatment of MRSA led to a p38 MAPK-dependent early up-regulation of Dual Specificity Phosphatase (DUSP)-1. Compared to common MRSA, characteristics associated with a persister phenotype increased intracellular survival and upon cefoxitin treatment, the peptidoglycan was not equally compromised and the cytokine induction still required phagosomal acidification. Together, these data demonstrate that β-lactam treatment changes the MRSA-induced IL-12/IL-23 pattern determined by the activation of JNK and p38. We suggest that accelerated endosomal degradation of the peptidoglycan in cefoxitin-treated MRSA leads to an early expression of DUSP-1 and accordingly, a reduction in the IL-12/IL-23 ratio in dendritic cells. This may influence the clearance of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M S Eld
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emilie M Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter R Johnsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mauro Marengo
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ida W Kamper
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Frederiksen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francesco Bonomi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorte Frees
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefania Iametti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Klopfenstein N, Brandt SL, Castellanos S, Gunzer M, Blackman A, Serezani CH. SOCS-1 inhibition of type I interferon restrains Staphylococcus aureus skin host defense. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009387. [PMID: 33690673 PMCID: PMC7984627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin innate immune response to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) culminates in the formation of an abscess to prevent bacterial spread and tissue damage. Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) dictate the balance between microbial control and injury. Therefore, intracellular brakes are of fundamental importance to tune the appropriate host defense while inducing resolution. The intracellular inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1), a known JAK/STAT inhibitor, prevents the expression and actions of PRR adaptors and downstream effectors. Whether SOCS-1 is a molecular component of skin host defense remains to be determined. We hypothesized that SOCS-1 decreases type I interferon production and IFNAR-mediated antimicrobial effector functions, limiting the inflammatory response during skin infection. Our data show that MRSA skin infection enhances SOCS-1 expression, and both SOCS-1 inhibitor peptide-treated and myeloid-specific SOCS-1 deficient mice display decreased lesion size, bacterial loads, and increased abscess thickness when compared to wild-type mice treated with the scrambled peptide control. SOCS-1 deletion/inhibition increases phagocytosis and bacterial killing, dependent on nitric oxide release. SOCS-1 inhibition also increases the levels of type I and type II interferon levels in vivo. IFNAR deletion and antibody blockage abolished the beneficial effects of SOCS-1 inhibition in vivo. Notably, we unveiled that hyperglycemia triggers aberrant SOCS-1 expression that correlates with decreased overall IFN signatures in the infected skin. SOCS-1 inhibition restores skin host defense in the highly susceptible hyperglycemic mice. Overall, these data demonstrate a role for SOCS-1-mediated type I interferon actions in host defense and inflammation during MRSA skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L Brandt
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sydney Castellanos
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse Essen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS -e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Amondrea Blackman
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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11
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Pidwill GR, Gibson JF, Cole J, Renshaw SA, Foster SJ. The Role of Macrophages in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620339. [PMID: 33542723 PMCID: PMC7850989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a member of the human commensal microflora that exists, apparently benignly, at multiple sites on the host. However, as an opportunist pathogen it can also cause a range of serious diseases. This requires an ability to circumvent the innate immune system to establish an infection. Professional phagocytes, primarily macrophages and neutrophils, are key innate immune cells which interact with S. aureus, acting as gatekeepers to contain and resolve infection. Recent studies have highlighted the important roles of macrophages during S. aureus infections, using a wide array of killing mechanisms. In defense, S. aureus has evolved multiple strategies to survive within, manipulate and escape from macrophages, allowing them to not only subvert but also exploit this key element of our immune system. Macrophage-S. aureus interactions are multifaceted and have direct roles in infection outcome. In depth understanding of these host-pathogen interactions may be useful for future therapeutic developments. This review examines macrophage interactions with S. aureus throughout all stages of infection, with special emphasis on mechanisms that determine infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace R. Pidwill
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Josie F. Gibson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joby Cole
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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12
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Differential Induction of Type I and III Interferons by Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00352-20. [PMID: 32690637 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00352-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, and we have shown previously that type I interferon (IFN) contributes to the pathogenesis of this disease. In this study, we screened 75 S. aureus strains for their ability to induce type I and III IFN. Both cytokine pathways were differentially stimulated by various S. aureus strains independently of their isolation sites or methicillin resistance profiles. These induction patterns persisted over time, and type I and III IFN generation differentially correlated with tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Investigation of one isolate, strain 126, showed a significant defect in type I IFN induction that persisted over several time points. The lack of induction was not due to differential phagocytosis, subcellular location, or changes in endosomal acidification. A correlation between reduced type I IFN induction levels and decreased autolysis and lysostaphin sensitivity was found between strains. Strain 126 had a decreased rate of autolysis and increased resistance to lysostaphin degradation and host cell-mediated killing. This strain displayed decreased virulence in a murine model of acute pneumonia compared to USA300 (current epidemic strain and commonly used in research) and had reduced capacity to induce multiple cytokines. We observed this isolate to be a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) strain, and reduced Ifnb was observed with a defined mutation in walK that induces a VISA phenotype. Overall, this study demonstrates the heterogeneity of IFN induction by S. aureus and uncovered an interesting property of a VISA strain in its inability to induce type I IFN production.
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Musilova J, Mulcahy ME, Kuijk MM, McLoughlin RM, Bowie AG. Toll-like receptor 2-dependent endosomal signaling by Staphylococcus aureus in monocytes induces type I interferon and promotes intracellular survival. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17031-17042. [PMID: 31558608 PMCID: PMC6851302 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen activation of innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulates cellular signaling pathways. This often leads to outcomes that contribute to pathogen clearance. Alternatively, activation of specific PRR pathways can aid pathogen survival. The human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is a case in point, employing strategies to escape innate immune recognition and killing by the host. As for other bacteria, PRR-stimulated type I interferon (IFN-I) induction has been proposed as one such immune escape pathway that may favor S. aureus. Cell wall components of S. aureus elicit TLR2-dependent cellular responses, but the exact signaling pathways activated by S. aureus–TLR2 engagement and the consequences of their activation for the host and bacterium are not fully known. We previously showed that TLR2 activates both a cytoplasmic and an endosome-dependent signaling pathway, the latter leading to IFN-I production. Here, we demonstrate that S. aureus infection of human monocytes activates a TLR2-dependent endosomal signaling pathway, leading to IFN-I induction. We mapped the signaling components of this pathway and identified roles in IFN-I stimulation for the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) adaptor Myd88 adaptor-like (Mal), TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), and IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinases, but not for TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) and TRAF3. Importantly, monocyte TLR2-dependent endosomal signaling enabled immune escape for S. aureus, because this pathway, but not IFN-I per se, contributed to intracellular bacterial survival. These results reveal a TLR2-dependent mechanism in human monocytes whereby S. aureus manipulates innate immune signaling for its survival in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Musilova
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michelle E Mulcahy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marieke M Kuijk
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Andrew G Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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14
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Hu C, Ashok D, Nisbet DR, Gautam V. Bioinspired surface modification of orthopedic implants for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2019; 219:119366. [PMID: 31374482 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical implants have been widely used in various orthopedic treatments, including total hip arthroplasty, joint arthrodesis, fracture fixation, non-union, dental repair, etc. The modern research and development of orthopedic implants have gradually shifted from traditional mechanical support to a bioactive graft in order to endow them with better osteoinduction and osteoconduction. Inspired by structural and mechanical properties of natural bone, this review provides a panorama of current biological surface modifications for facilitating the interaction between medical implants and bone tissue and gives a future outlook for fabricating the next-generation multifunctional and smart implants by systematically biomimicking the physiological processes involved in formation and functioning of bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Research School of Engineering, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Deepu Ashok
- Research School of Engineering, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- Research School of Engineering, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Vini Gautam
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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15
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Yang S, Yin Y, Xu W, Zhang X, Gao Y, Liao H, Hu X, Wang J, Wang H. Type I interferon induced by DNA of nontypeable Haemophilus influenza modulates inflammatory cytokine profile to promote susceptibility to this bacterium. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105710. [PMID: 31255879 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) is indispensable for antiviral immunity, but its role in bacterial infections is controversial and not fully described. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is one of the most common bacterial pathogens in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). NTHi-DNA activates type I IFN production in macrophages, but the function of type I IFN in host-pathogen interactions, in the context of NTHi infection, is still unclear. Here, we showed that type I IFN, induced by NTHi-DNA, restrained bacterial killing in vitro and promoted COPD development in vivo in response to NTHi. Mice deficient for type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) exhibited improved resistance to NTHi infection. Moreover, similar to exogenous IFN-β, NTHi-DNA-induced type I IFN increased the production of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-12 and CXCL10 via p38 MAPK activation. Our findings demonstrated that NTHi-DNA-induced type I IFN signaling played a negative role in host defense against NTHi infection and identified potential targets for future therapeutic management of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuexue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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16
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Chen W, Yu SX, Zhou FH, Zhang XJ, Gao WY, Li KY, Liu ZZ, Han WY, Yang YJ. DNA Sensor IFI204 Contributes to Host Defense Against Staphylococcus aureus Infection in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:474. [PMID: 30936875 PMCID: PMC6431627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible protein (IFI204) (p204, the murine homolog of human IFI16) is known as a cytosolic DNA sensor to recognize DNA viruses and intracellular bacteria. However, little is known about its role during extracellular bacterial infection. Here we show that IFI204 is required for host defense against the infection of Staphylococcus aureus, an extracellular bacterial pathogen. IFI204 deficiency results in decreased survival, increased bacterial loads, severe organs damage, and decreased recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. Production of several inflammatory cytokines/chemokines including IFN-β and KC is markedly decreased, as well as the related STING-IRF3 and NF-κB pathways are impaired. However, exogenous administration of recombinant KC or IFN-β is unable to rescue the susceptibility of IFI204-deficient mice, suggesting that other mechanisms rather than KC and IFN-β account for IFI204-mediated host defense. IFI204 deficiency leads to a defect in extracellular bacterial killing in macrophages and neutrophils, although bacterial engulf, and intracellular killing activity are normal. Moreover, the defect of bactericidal activity is mediated by decreased extracellular trap formation in the absence of IFI204. Adoptively transferred WT bone marrow cells significantly protect WT and IFI204-deficient recipients against Staphylococcus infection compared with transferred IFI204-deficient bone marrow cells. Hence, this study suggests that IFI204 is essential for the host defense against Staphylococcus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shui-Xing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Feng-Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Ying Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun-Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Yu Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Shepardson K, Larson K, Cho H, Johns LL, Malkoc Z, Stanek K, Wellhman J, Zaiser S, Daggs-Olson J, Moodie T, Klonoski JM, Huber VC, Rynda-Apple A. A Novel Role for PDZ-Binding Motif of Influenza A Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 in Regulation of Host Susceptibility to Postinfluenza Bacterial Superinfections. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:131-143. [PMID: 30822217 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have multiple mechanisms for altering the host immune response to aid in virus survival and propagation. While both type I and II interferons (IFNs) have been associated with increased bacterial superinfection (BSI) susceptibility, we found that in some cases type I IFNs can be beneficial for BSI outcome. Specifically, we have shown that antagonism of the type I IFN response during infection by some IAVs can lead to the development of deadly BSI. The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) from IAV is well known for manipulating host type I IFN responses, but the viral proteins mediating BSI severity remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the PDZ-binding motif (PDZ-bm) of the NS1 C-terminal region from mouse-adapted A/Puerto Rico/8/34-H1N1 (PR8) IAV dictates BSI susceptibility through regulation of IFN-α/β production. Deletion of the NS1 PDZ-bm from PR8 IAV (PR8-TRUNC) resulted in 100% survival and decreased bacterial burden in superinfected mice compared with 0% survival in mice superinfected after PR8 infection. This reduction in BSI susceptibility after infection with PR8-TRUNC was due to the presence of IFN-β, as protection from BSI was lost in Ifn-β-/- mice, resembling BSI during PR8 infection. PDZ-bm in PR8-infected mice inhibited the production of IFN-β posttranscriptionally, and both delayed and reduced expression of the tunable interferon-stimulated genes. Finally, a similar lack of BSI susceptibility, due to the presence of IFN-β on day 7 post-IAV infection, was also observed after infection of mice with A/TX98-H3N2 virus that naturally lacks a PDZ-bm in NS1, indicating that this mechanism of BSI regulation by NS1 PDZ-bm may not be restricted to PR8 IAV. These results demonstrate that the NS1 C-terminal PDZ-bm, like the one present in PR8 IAV, is involved in controlling susceptibility to BSI through the regulation of IFN-β, providing new mechanisms for NS1-mediated manipulation of host immunity and BSI severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Shepardson
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Kyle Larson
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Hanbyul Cho
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Laura Logan Johns
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Zeynep Malkoc
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Kayla Stanek
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Julia Wellhman
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Sarah Zaiser
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Jaelyn Daggs-Olson
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Travis Moodie
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Joshua M Klonoski
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Victor C Huber
- 2 Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
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18
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Askarian F, Wagner T, Johannessen M, Nizet V. Staphylococcus aureus modulation of innate immune responses through Toll-like (TLR), (NOD)-like (NLR) and C-type lectin (CLR) receptors. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:656-671. [PMID: 29893825 PMCID: PMC6098222 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is crucial for bacterial clearance. Many pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like (TLRs) and (NOD)-like (NLRs) receptors have been implicated in initial sensing of bacterial components. The intracellular signaling cascades triggered by these receptors result in transcriptional upregulation of inflammatory pathways. Although this step is crucial for bacterial elimination, it is also associated with the potential for substantial immunopathology, which underscores the need for tight control of inflammatory responses. The leading human bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus expresses over 100 virulence factors that exert numerous effects upon host cells. In this manner, the pathogen seeks to avoid host recognition or perturb PRR-induced innate immune responses to allow optimal survival in the host. These immune system interactions may result in enhanced bacterial proliferation but also provoke systemic cytokine responses associated with sepsis. This review summarizes recent findings on the various mechanisms applied by S. aureus to modulate or interfere with inflammatory responses through PRRs. Detailed understanding of these complex interactions can provide new insights toward future immune-stimulatory therapeutics against infection or immunomodulatory therapeutics to suppress or correct dysregulated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Askarian
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Theresa Wagner
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mona Johannessen
- Research Group of Host Microbe Interaction, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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19
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Strehlitz A, Goldmann O, Pils MC, Pessler F, Medina E. An Interferon Signature Discriminates Pneumococcal From Staphylococcal Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1424. [PMID: 29988532 PMCID: PMC6026679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Despite the low prevalence of CAP caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), CAP patients often receive empirical antibiotic therapy providing coverage for MRSA such as vancomycin or linezolid. An early differentiation between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus pneumonia can help to reduce the use of unnecessary antibiotics. The objective of this study was to identify candidate biomarkers that can discriminate pneumococcal from staphylococcal pneumonia. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis of lung and peripheral blood performed in murine models of S. pneumoniae and S. aureus lung infection identified an interferon signature specifically associated with S. pneumoniae infection. Prediction models built using a support vector machine and Monte Carlo cross-validation, identified the combination of the interferon-induced chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 serum concentrations as the set of biomarkers with best sensitivity, specificity, and predictive power that enabled an accurate discrimination between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus pneumonia. The predictive performance of these biomarkers was further validated in an independent cohort of mice. This study highlights the potential of serum CXCL9 and CXCL10 biomarkers as an adjunctive diagnostic tool that could facilitate prompt and correct pathogen-targeted therapy in CAP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Strehlitz
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marina C Pils
- Mouse Pathology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frank Pessler
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Ehrnström B, Beckwith KS, Yurchenko M, Moen SH, Kojen JF, Lentini G, Teti G, Damås JK, Espevik T, Stenvik J. Toll-Like Receptor 8 Is a Major Sensor of Group B Streptococcus But Not Escherichia coli in Human Primary Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1243. [PMID: 29042860 PMCID: PMC5632357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR8 is the major endosomal sensor of degraded RNA in human monocytes and macrophages. It has been implicated in the sensing of viruses and more recently also bacteria. We previously identified a TLR8-IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) signaling pathway that mediates IFNβ and interleukin-12 (IL-12) induction by Staphylococcus aureus and is antagonized by TLR2. The relative importance of TLR8 for the sensing of various bacterial species is however still unclear. We here compared the role of TLR8 and IRF5 for the sensing of Group B Streptococcus (GBS), S. aureus, and Escherichia coli in human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). GBS induced stronger IFNβ and TNF production as well as IRF5 nuclear translocation compared to S. aureus grown to the stationary phase, while S. aureus in exponential growth appeared similarly potent to GBS. Cytokine induction in primary human monocytes by GBS was not dependent on hemolysins, and induction of IFNβ and IL-12 as well as IRF5 activation were reduced with TLR2 ligand costimulation. Heat inactivation of GBS reduced IRF5 and NF-kB translocation, while only the viable E. coli activated IRF5. The attenuated stimulation correlated with loss of bacterial RNA integrity. The E. coli-induced IRF5 translocation was not inhibited by TLR2 costimulation, suggesting that IRF5 was activated via a TLR8-independent mechanism. Gene silencing of MDM using siRNA revealed that GBS-induced IFNβ, IL-12-p35, and TNF production was dependent on TLR8 and IRF5. In contrast, cytokine induction by E. coli was TLR8 independent but still partly dependent on IRF5. We conclude that TLR8-IRF5 signaling is more important for the sensing of GBS than for stationary grown S. aureus in human primary monocytes and MDM, likely due to reduced resistance of GBS to phagosomal degradation and to a lower production of TLR2 activating lipoproteins. TLR8 does not sense viable E. coli, while IRF5 still contributes to E. coli-induced cytokine production, possibly via a cytosolic nucleic acid sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Ehrnström
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kai Sandvold Beckwith
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mariia Yurchenko
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siv Helen Moen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - June Frengen Kojen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Germana Lentini
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Teti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Scumpia PO, Botten GA, Norman JS, Kelly-Scumpia KM, Spreafico R, Ruccia AR, Purbey PK, Thomas BJ, Modlin RL, Smale ST. Opposing roles of Toll-like receptor and cytosolic DNA-STING signaling pathways for Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous host defense. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006496. [PMID: 28704551 PMCID: PMC5526579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful host defense against pathogens requires innate immune recognition of the correct pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) to trigger the appropriate gene program tailored to the pathogen. While many PRR pathways contribute to the innate immune response to specific pathogens, the relative importance of each pathway for the complete transcriptional program elicited has not been examined in detail. Herein, we used RNA-sequencing with wildtype and mutant macrophages to delineate the innate immune pathways contributing to the early transcriptional response to Staphylococcus aureus, a ubiquitous microorganism that can activate a wide variety of PRRs. Unexpectedly, two PRR pathways—the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Stimulator of Interferon Gene (STING) pathways—were identified as dominant regulators of approximately 95% of the genes that were potently induced within the first four hours of macrophage infection with live S. aureus. TLR signaling predominantly activated a pro-inflammatory program while STING signaling activated an antiviral/type I interferon response with live but not killed S. aureus. This STING response was largely dependent on the cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic guanosine-adenosine synthase (cGAS). Using a cutaneous infection model, we found that the TLR and STING pathways played opposite roles in host defense to S. aureus. TLR signaling was required for host defense, with its absence reducing interleukin (IL)-1β production and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in increased bacterial growth. In contrast, absence of STING signaling had the opposite effect, enhancing the ability to restrict the infection. These results provide novel insights into the complex interplay of innate immune signaling pathways triggered by S. aureus and uncover opposing roles of TLR and STING in cutaneous host defense to S. aureus. Individual pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induce gene expression in immune cells through distinct signaling pathways to protect cells from infection. However, pathogens typically possess many PAMPs, and the precise contribution of each PAMP to the gene expression program elicited by a live pathogen has not been clearly defined. Herein, we used gene expression profiling to examine the full early response of macrophages to Staphylococcus aureus, a major human opportunistic pathogen. Surprisingly, we found that two pathogen-sensing pathways, Toll-like receptor (TLR) and Stimulator of Interferon Signaling Gene (STING) pathways, contribute to the activation of ~95% of the genes induced by S. aureus infection. The remaining genes may be induced by hypoxia pathways. When the bacterium is dead, 98% of the gene induction occurs through TLR signaling, and neither STING nor hypoxia contributes greatly to the response. STING activation requires sensing of S. aureus DNA by the cytosolic DNA sensor, cGAS. During S. aureus skin infection, the TLR and STING pathways compete with each other to induce or suppress host defense, respectively, by counter regulating interleukin 1β production and neutrophil recruitment. A similar approach may allow delineation of the relative contributions of immune pathways in the response to various live pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Giovanni A Botten
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua S Norman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kindra M Kelly-Scumpia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roberto Spreafico
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.,Institute for Quantitative and Computational Biosciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amber R Ruccia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Prabhat K Purbey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon J Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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22
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Kaplan A, Lee MW, Wolf AJ, Limon JJ, Becker CA, Ding M, Murali R, Lee EY, Liu GY, Wong GCL, Underhill DM. Direct Antimicrobial Activity of IFN-β. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:4036-4045. [PMID: 28411186 PMCID: PMC5469413 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFNs are a cytokine family essential for antiviral defense. More recently, type I IFNs were shown to be important during bacterial infections. In this article, we show that, in addition to known cytokine functions, IFN-β is antimicrobial. Parts of the IFN-β molecular surface (especially helix 4) are cationic and amphipathic, both classic characteristics of antimicrobial peptides, and we observed that IFN-β can directly kill Staphylococcus aureus Further, a mutant S. aureus that is more sensitive to antimicrobial peptides was killed more efficiently by IFN-β than was the wild-type S. aureus, and immunoblotting showed that IFN-β interacts with the bacterial cell surface. To determine whether specific parts of IFN-β are antimicrobial, we synthesized IFN-β helix 4 and found that it is sufficient to permeate model prokaryotic membranes using synchrotron x-ray diffraction and that it is sufficient to kill S. aureus These results suggest that, in addition to its well-known signaling activity, IFN-β may be directly antimicrobial and be part of a growing family of cytokines and chemokines, called kinocidins, that also have antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Michelle W Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Andrea J Wolf
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Jose J Limon
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Courtney A Becker
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Minna Ding
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | - Ernest Y Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - George Y Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048;
- Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
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23
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Intact Pneumococci Trigger Transcription of Interferon-Related Genes in Human Monocytes, while Fragmented, Autolyzed Bacteria Subvert This Response. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00960-16. [PMID: 28223347 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00960-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A peculiar trait of pneumococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae) is their propensity to undergo spontaneous lysis during stationary growth due to activation of the enzyme autolysin (LytA), which fragments the peptidoglycan cell wall. The fragments that are generated upon autolysis impair phagocytosis and reduce production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) by human leukocytes in response to intact pneumococci, thereby impeding crucial host defenses. The objective was to identify additional monocyte genes whose transcription is induced by intact pneumococci and subverted by autolyzed bacteria. Monocytes were isolated from healthy blood donors and stimulated for 3 h with UV-inactivated S. pneumoniae (Rx1PLY- LytA+ strain), which is capable of autolyzing, its LytA- isogenic autolysin-deficient mutant, or a mixture of the two (containing twice the initial bacterial concentration). Gene expression was assessed by Illumina microarray, and selected findings were confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and flow cytometry. In all, we identified 121 genes that were upregulated to a significantly higher degree by intact than autolyzed pneumococci. These included IFNB1 and a large set of interferon-induced genes, such as IFIT3, RSAD2, CFCL1, and CXCL10 genes, as well as IL12B and CD40 genes. RT-qPCR revealed that transcription of these genes in response to intact pneumococci diminished when autolyzed pneumococci were admixed and that this pattern was independent of pneumolysin. Thus, transcription of interferon-related genes is triggered by intact pneumococci and subverted by fragments generated by spontaneous bacterial autolysis. We suggest that interferon-related pathways are important for elimination of pneumococci and that autolysis contributes to virulence by extinguishing these pathways.
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24
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Munguia J, Nizet V. Pharmacological Targeting of the Host-Pathogen Interaction: Alternatives to Classical Antibiotics to Combat Drug-Resistant Superbugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:473-488. [PMID: 28283200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the dearth of new antibiotic development place an existential strain on successful infectious disease therapy. Breakthrough strategies that go beyond classical antibiotic mechanisms are needed to combat this looming public health catastrophe. Reconceptualizing antibiotic therapy in the richer context of the host-pathogen interaction is required for innovative solutions. By defining specific virulence factors, the essence of a pathogen, and pharmacologically neutralizing their activities, one can block disease progression and sensitize microbes to immune clearance. Likewise, host-directed strategies to boost phagocyte bactericidal activity, enhance leukocyte recruitment, or reverse pathogen-induced immunosuppression seek to replicate the success of cancer immunotherapy in the field of infectious diseases. The answer to the threat of multidrug-resistant pathogens lies 'outside the box' of current antibiotic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Munguia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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25
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West EE, Spolski R, Kazemian M, Yu ZX, Kemper C, Leonard WJ. A TSLP-complement axis mediates neutrophil killing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:eaaf8471. [PMID: 28783679 PMCID: PMC8530006 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf8471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections often present as serious skin infections in otherwise healthy individuals and have become a worldwide epidemic problem fueled by the emergence of strains with antibiotic resistance, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is highly expressed in the skin and in other barrier surfaces and plays a deleterious role by promoting T helper cell type 2 (TH2) responses during allergic diseases; however, its role in host defense against bacterial infections has not been well elucidated. We describe a previously unrecognized non-TH2 role for TSLP in enhancing neutrophil killing of MRSA during an in vivo skin infection. Specifically, we demonstrate that TSLP acts directly on both mouse and human neutrophils to augment control of MRSA. Additionally, we show that TSLP also enhances killing of Streptococcus pyogenes, another clinically important cause of human skin infections. Unexpectedly, TSLP mechanistically mediates its antibacterial effect by directly engaging the complement C5 system to modulate production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils. Thus, TSLP increases MRSA killing in a neutrophil- and complement-dependent manner, revealing a key connection between TSLP and the innate complement system, with potentially important therapeutic implications for control of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E West
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA.
| | - Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA
| | - Zu Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, U.K
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA.
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26
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Wolf AJ, Liu GY, Underhill DM. Inflammatory properties of antibiotic-treated bacteria. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 101:127-134. [PMID: 27576461 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4mr0316-153rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have proven to be enormously effective tools in combating infectious diseases. A common roadblock to the effective use of antibiotics is the development of antibiotic resistance. We have recently observed that the very mechanism by which methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) becomes antibiotic resistant causes the organism to be more inflammatory to innate immune cells. In this review, we offer some thoughts on the ways in which antibiotics have been observed to influence immune responses to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Wolf
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and
| | - George Y Liu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; .,Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and
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27
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Stephenson HN, Herzig A, Zychlinsky A. Beyond the grave: When is cell death critical for immunity to infection? Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 38:59-66. [PMID: 26682763 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell death is often observed in response to infection. There are three potential beneficial outcomes after host cell death: (1) the removal of an intracellular niche for microbes, (2) direct microbicidal activity of released components and (3) the propagation of an inflammatory response. Recent findings suggest that three forms of non-apoptotic regulated cell death, pyroptosis, necroptosis and NETosis, can impact on immunity to bacterial infection. However, it is challenging to design experiments that unequivocally prove the advantageous effects of regulated cell death on immunity. Recent advances in the genetic manipulation of regulated cell death and danger-associated molecular patterns and 'alarmins', such as HMGB1 and the IL-1 family, may hold the key to delineating the consequences of cell death in immunity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Stephenson
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - A Herzig
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - A Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
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28
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Bergstrøm B, Aune MH, Awuh JA, Kojen JF, Blix KJ, Ryan L, Flo TH, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Stenvik J. TLR8 Senses Staphylococcus aureus RNA in Human Primary Monocytes and Macrophages and Induces IFN-β Production via a TAK1–IKKβ–IRF5 Signaling Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1100-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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The herbal-derived honokiol and magnolol enhances immune response to infection with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4387-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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30
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31
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Sheikh F, Dickensheets H, Gamero AM, Vogel SN, Donnelly RP. An essential role for IFN-β in the induction of IFN-stimulated gene expression by LPS in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:591-600. [PMID: 25024400 PMCID: PMC4163629 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0414-191r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR agonists such as LPS and poly(I:C) induce expression of type I IFNs, such as IFN-α and -β, by macrophages. To examine the role of IFN-β in the induction of ISGs by LPS, we compared the ability of LPS to induce ISGF3 activity and ISG expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages from WT and Ifnb1(-/-) mice. We found that LPS treatment activated ISGF3 and induced expression of ISGs such as Oas1, Mx1, Ddx58 (RIG-I), and Ifih1 (MDA5) in WT macrophages, but not in macrophages derived from Ifnb1(-/-) mice or Ifnar1(-/-) mice. The inability of LPS to induce activation of ISGF3 and ISG expression in Ifnb1(-/-) macrophages correlated with the failure of LPS to induce activation of STAT1 and -2 in these cells. Consistent with these findings, LPS treatment also failed to induce ISG expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages from Stat2 KO mice. Although activation of ISGF3 and induction of ISG expression by LPS was abrogated in Ifnb1(-/-) and Ifnar1(-/-) macrophages, activation of NF-κB and induction of NF-κB-responsive genes, such as Tnf (TNF-α) and Il1b (IL-1β), were not affected by deletion of either the IFN-β or IFN-αR1 genes. These findings demonstrate that induction of ISGF3 activity and ISG expression by LPS is critically dependent on intermediate production of IFN-β and autocrine signaling through type I IFN receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Sheikh
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harold Dickensheets
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ana M Gamero
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; and
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raymond P Donnelly
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA;
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32
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Okumura CYM, Nizet V. Subterfuge and sabotage: evasion of host innate defenses by invasive gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Annu Rev Microbiol 2014; 68:439-58. [PMID: 25002085 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of a severe invasive bacterial infection in an otherwise healthy individual is one of the most striking and fascinating aspects of human medicine. A small cadre of gram-positive pathogens of the genera Streptococcus and Staphylococcus stand out for their unique invasive disease potential and sophisticated ability to counteract the multifaceted components of human innate defense. This review illustrates how these leading human disease agents evade host complement deposition and activation, impede phagocyte recruitment and activation, resist the microbicidal activities of host antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species, escape neutrophil extracellular traps, and promote and accelerate phagocyte cell death through the action of pore-forming cytolysins. Understanding the molecular basis of bacterial innate immune resistance can open new avenues for therapeutic intervention geared to disabling specific virulence factors and resensitizing the pathogen to host innate immune clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Y M Okumura
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, California 90041;
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33
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Bekeredjian-Ding I, Greil J, Ammann S, Parcina M. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells: Neglected Regulators of the Immune Response to Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2014; 5:238. [PMID: 24904586 PMCID: PMC4033153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are a rare subset of leukocytes equipped with Fcγ and Fcε receptors, which exert contrary effects on sensing of microbial nucleic acids by endosomal Toll-like receptors. In this article, we explain how pDC contribute to the immune response to Staphylococcus aureus. Under normal circumstances the pDC participates in the memory response to the pathogen: pDC activation is initiated by uptake of staphylococcal immune complexes with IgG or IgE. However, protein A-expressing S. aureus strains additionally trigger pDC activation in the absence of immunoglobulin. In this context, staphylococci exploit the pDC to induce antigen-independent differentiation of IL-10 producing plasmablasts, an elegant means to propagate immune evasion. We further discuss the role of type I interferons in infection with S. aureus and the implications of these findings for the development of immune based therapies and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johann Greil
- Institute for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn , Germany ; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Sandra Ammann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute for Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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34
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Malireddi RKS, Kanneganti TD. Role of type I interferons in inflammasome activation, cell death, and disease during microbial infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:77. [PMID: 24273750 PMCID: PMC3824101 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) were discovered over a half-century ago as antiviral factors. The role of type I IFNs has been studied in the pathogenesis of both acute and chronic microbial infections. Deregulated type I IFN production results in a damaging cascade of cell death, inflammation, and immunological host responses that can lead to tissue injury and disease progression. Here, we summarize the role of type I IFNs in the regulation of cell death and disease during different microbial infections, ranging from viruses and bacteria to fungal pathogens. Understanding the specific mechanisms driving type I IFN-mediated cell death and disease could aid in the development of targeted therapies.
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35
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Müller S, Faulhaber A, Sieber C, Pfeifer D, Hochberg T, Gansz M, Deshmukh SD, Dauth S, Brix K, Saftig P, Peters C, Henneke P, Reinheckel T. The endolysosomal cysteine cathepsins L and K are involved in macrophage-mediated clearance of Staphylococcus aureus and the concomitant cytokine induction. FASEB J 2013; 28:162-75. [PMID: 24036885 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-232272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are endolysosomal cysteine proteases highly expressed in macrophages; however, their individual contributions to the elimination of bacteria and bacteria-induced cytokine production by macrophages are unknown. We assessed the contribution of cysteine cathepsins to macrophage defense pathways against Staphylococcus aureus by using chemical inhibitors and by infecting primary bone marrow-derived macrophages deficient in 1 of 7 major macrophage-expressed endolysosomal cysteine proteases. We show that cysteine cathepsins are involved in the phagocytosis and killing of S. aureus. Cathepsin L was identified as an executor of nonoxidative killing. Moreover, microarray data revealed cysteine cathepsins to be important for the maximal induction of certain proinflammatory genes, such as IL6, in response to S. aureus. Cysteine cathepsin's contribution to IL6 production was dependent on phagocytosis, and cathepsin K was identified to be a critical protease in this process. Analysis of macrophages with impaired trafficking of endolysosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to the acidic compartment revealed that they were not involved in cathepsin-dependent IL6 induction. Because IL6 production was completely dependent on the TLR-adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), it appears that other TLRs are involved. In summary, lysosomal cysteine proteases are functionally linked to the complex bactericidal and inflammatory activities of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Müller
- 1Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Stefan-Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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36
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Biofilm switch and immune response determinants at early stages of infection. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:364-71. [PMID: 23816497 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm development is recognized as a major virulence factor underlying most chronic bacterial infections. When a biofilm community is established, planktonic cells growing in the surroundings of a tissue switch to a sessile lifestyle and start producing a biofilm matrix. The initial steps of in vivo biofilm development are poorly characterized and difficult to assess experimentally. A great amount of in vitro evidence has shown that accumulation of high levels of cyclic dinucleotides (c-di-NMPs) is the most prevalent hallmark governing the initiation of biofilm development by bacteria. As mentioned above, recent studies also link detection of c-di-NMPs by host cells with the activation of a type I interferon immune response against bacterial infections. We discuss here c-di-NMP signaling and the host immune response in the context of the initial steps of in vivo biofilm development.
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