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Li X, Liu Y, Gui J, Gan L, Xue J. Cell Identity and Spatial Distribution of PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade Responders. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400702. [PMID: 39248327 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis inhibits T cell activity, impairing anti-tumor immunity. Blocking this axis with therapeutic antibodies is one of the most promising anti-tumor immunotherapies. It has long been recognized that PD-1/PD-L1 blockade reinvigorates exhausted T (TEX) cells already present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, recent advancements in high-throughput gene sequencing and bioinformatic tools have provided researchers with a more granular and dynamic insight into PD-1/PD-L1 blockade-responding cells, extending beyond the TME and TEX populations. This review provides an update on the cell identity, spatial distribution, and treatment-induced spatiotemporal dynamics of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade responders. It also provides a synopsis of preliminary reports of potential PD-1/PD-L1 blockade responders other than T cells to depict a panoramic picture. Important questions to answer in further studies and the translational and clinical potential of the evolving understandings are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanxin Liu
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jun Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Research Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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2
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Xing Q, Chang D, Xie S, Zhao X, Zhang H, Wang X, Bai X, Dong C. BCL6 is required for the thymic development of TCRαβ +CD8αα + intraepithelial lymphocyte lineage. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadk4348. [PMID: 38335269 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adk4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
TCRαβ+CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD8αα+ αβ IELs) are a specialized subset of T cells in the gut epithelium that develop from thymic agonist selected IEL precursors (IELps). The molecular mechanisms underlying the selection and differentiation of this T cell type in the thymus are largely unknown. Here, we found that Bcl6 deficiency in αβ T cells resulted in the near absence of CD8αα+ αβ IELs. BCL6 was expressed by approximately 50% of CD8αα+ αβ IELs and by the majority of thymic PD1+ IELps after agonist selection. Bcl6 deficiency blocked early IELp generation in the thymus, and its expression in IELps was induced by thymic TCR signaling in an ERK-dependent manner. As a result of Bcl6 deficiency, the precursors of IELps among CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes exhibited increased apoptosis during agonist selection and impaired IELp differentiation and maturation. Together, our results elucidate BCL6 as a crucial transcription factor during the thymic development of CD8αα+ αβ IELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xing
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dehui Chang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shiyuan Xie
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Peking University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Research Unit of Immune Regulation and Immune Diseases of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai 200127, China
- Westlake University School of Medicine-affiliated Hangzhou First Hospital, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Franco Acevedo A, Mack JJ, Valenzuela NM. The transcriptional repressor BCL6 regulates CXCR3 chemokine and HLA II expression in endothelial cells. Am J Transplant 2024:S1600-6135(24)00449-0. [PMID: 39074669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
IFNγ induces an endothelial pro-immunogenic phenotype through the JAK/STAT1 pathway, which can shape the activation of alloreactive leukocytes in transplant rejection. In immune cells, the DNA binding protein BCL6 controls transcription of inflammatory genes. This study tested if BCL6 modulates IFNγ-induced gene expression in endothelial cells (EC). In vitro, BCL6 was IFNγ-inducible in primary human endothelium, along with CXCR3 chemokines and HLA. BCL6 was also increased in human cardiac transplants during acute rejection, as were HLA II and CXCL9. Knockdown of BCL6 augmented, while overexpression and BTB domain inhibitors (BCL6-BTBi) suppressed, HLA II and CXCR3 chemokine expression but not HLA I. Further, BCL6 had a greater effect on HLA-DR and DP, but was less involved in regulating HLA-DQ expression. The effect correlated with BCL6 binding motifs in or near affected genes. The BCL6 DNA recognition sequence was highly similar to that of STAT1, and BTBi reduced STAT1's transcriptional activity in vitro. Our results show for the first time that BCL6 selectively controls IFNγ-induced endothelial gene expression, advancing our understanding of the endogenous mechanisms regulating donor immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Franco Acevedo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Julia J Mack
- Department of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicole M Valenzuela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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4
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Syeda MZ, Hong T, Huang C, Huang W, Mu Q. B cell memory: from generation to reactivation: a multipronged defense wall against pathogens. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:117. [PMID: 38453885 PMCID: PMC10920759 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Development of B cell memory is a conundrum that scientists are still exploring. Studies have been conducted in vitro and using advanced animal models to elucidate the mechanism underlying the generation of memory B cells (MBCs), the precise roles of MBCs against pathogens, and their protective functions against repeated infections throughout life. Lifelong immunity against invading diseases is mainly the result of overcoming a single infection. This protection is largely mediated by the two main components of B cell memory-MBCs and long-lived plasma cells (PCs). The chemical and cellular mechanisms that encourage fat selection for MBCs or long-lived PCs are an area of active research. Despite the fact that nearly all available vaccinations rely on the capacity to elicit B-cell memory, we have yet to develop successful vaccines that can induce broad-scale protective MBCs against some of the deadliest diseases, including malaria and AIDS. A deeper understanding of the specific cellular and molecular pathways that govern the generation, function, and reactivation of MBCs is critical for overcoming the challenges associated with vaccine development. Here, we reviewed literature on the development of MBCs and their reactivation, interaction with other cell types, strategies against invading pathogens, and function throughout life and discussed the recent advances regarding the key signals and transcription factors which regulate B cell memory and their relevance to the quest for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Zahra Syeda
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong Medical University, Maoming, 525200, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tu Hong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunming Huang
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong Medical University, Maoming, 525200, China.
| | - Wenhua Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Qingchun Mu
- The People's Hospital of Gaozhou, Guangdong Medical University, Maoming, 525200, China.
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Charley KR, Ramstead AG, Matous JG, Kumaki Y, Sircy LM, Hale JS, Williams MA. Effector-Phase IL-2 Signals Drive Th1 Effector and Memory Responses Dependently and Independently of TCF-1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:586-595. [PMID: 38149929 PMCID: PMC10872735 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Following viral infection, CD4+ T cell differentiation is tightly regulated by cytokines and TCR signals. Although most activated CD4+ T cells express IL-2Rα after lymphocytic choriomeningtis virus infection, by day 3 postinfection, only half of activated T cells maintain expression. IL-2Rα at this time point distinguishes precursors for terminally differentiated Th1 cells (IL-2Rαhi) from precursors for Tfh cells and memory T cells (IL-2Rαlo) and is linked to strong TCR signals. In this study, we test whether TCR-dependent IL-2 links the TCR to CD4+ T cell differentiation. We employ a mixture of anti-IL-2 Abs to neutralize IL-2 throughout the primary CD4+ T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice or only after the establishment of lineage-committed effector cells (day 3 postinfection). We report that IL-2 signals drive the formation of Th1 precursor cells in the early stages of the immune response and sustain Th1 responses during its later stages (after day 3). Effector-stage IL-2 also shapes the composition and function of resulting CD4+ memory T cells. Although IL-2 has been shown previously to drive Th1 differentiation by reducing the activity of the transcriptional repressor TCF-1, we found that sustained IL-2 signals were still required to drive optimal Th1 differentiation even in the absence of TCF-1. Therefore, we concluded that IL-2 plays a central role throughout the effector phase in regulating the balance between Th1 and Tfh effector and memory cells via mechanisms that are both dependent and independent of its role in modulating TCF-1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal R. Charley
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Andrew G. Ramstead
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Joseph G. Matous
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Yohichi Kumaki
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Linda M. Sircy
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - Matthew A. Williams
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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DiToro D, Murakami N, Pillai S. T-B Collaboration in Autoimmunity, Infection, and Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:386-398. [PMID: 37314442 PMCID: PMC11345790 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have attempted here to provide an up-to-date review of the collaboration between helper T cells and B cells in response to protein and glycoprotein antigens. This collaboration is essential as it not only protects from many pathogens but also contributes to a litany of autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiToro
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shiv Pillai
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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Konstantakopoulou C, Verykokakis M. Key Functions of the Transcription Factor BCL6 During T-Cell Differentiation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:79-94. [PMID: 39017840 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
T lymphocytes consist of several subtypes with distinct functions that help to coordinate an immune response. They are generated within the thymus through a sequential developmental pathway that produces subsets with diverse antigen specificities and functions. Naïve T cells populate peripheral lymphoid organs and are activated upon foreign antigen encounter. While most T cells die soon after activation, a memory population survives and is able to quickly respond to secondary challenges, thus providing long-term immunity to the host. Although cell identity is largely stable and is instructed by cell-specific transcriptional programs, cells may change their transcriptional profiles to be able to adapt to new functionalities. Central to these dynamic processes are transcription factors, which control cell fate decisions, through direct regulation of gene expression. In this book chapter, we review the functions of the transcription factor B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), which directs the fate of several lymphocyte subsets, including helper, cytotoxic, and innate-like T cells, but can also be involved in lymphomagenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chara Konstantakopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
- Department of Antibody Research Materials, Genmab B.V., Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mihalis Verykokakis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece.
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8
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Zeng S, Crichton ES, Ford ML, Badell IR. Memory T follicular helper cells drive donor-specific antibodies independent of memory B cells and primary germinal center and alloantibody formation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1511-1525. [PMID: 37302575 PMCID: PMC11228286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen antibodies are important immunologic mediators of renal allograft loss and are difficult to control. The inability to permanently eliminate donor-specific antibodies (DSA) is partly due to an incomplete understanding of the cellular mechanisms driving alloantibody formation, recurrence, and maintenance. Memory T follicular helper (mTfh) cells rapidly interact with memory B cells upon antigen re-exposure for anamnestic humoral responses, but little is known about Tfh memory in transplantation. We hypothesized that alloreactive mTfh cells form after transplantation and play a critical role in DSA formation following alloantigen re-encounter. To test this hypothesis, we utilized murine skin allograft models to identify and characterize Tfh memory and interrogate its ability to mediate alloantibody responses. We identified alloreactive Tfh memory as a mediator of accelerated humoral alloresponses independent of memory B cells and primary germinal center, or DSA, formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that mTfh-driven alloantibody formation is susceptible to CD28 costimulation blockade. These findings provide novel insight into a pathologic role for memory Tfh in alloantibody responses and strongly support shifting therapeutic focus from the singular targeting of B cell lineage cells and alloantibodies themselves to multimodal strategies that include inhibition of mTfh cells to treat DSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zeng
- Emory Transplant Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Baessler A, Fuchs B, Perkins B, Richens AW, Novis CL, Harrison-Chau M, Sircy LM, Thiede KA, Hale JS. Tet2 deletion in CD4+ T cells disrupts Th1 lineage commitment in memory cells and enhances T follicular helper cell recall responses to viral rechallenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218324120. [PMID: 37639586 PMCID: PMC10483640 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218324120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Following viral clearance, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells contract and form a pool of distinct Th1 and Tfh memory cells that possess unique epigenetic programs, allowing them to rapidly recall their specific effector functions upon rechallenge. DNA methylation programing mediated by the methylcytosine dioxygenase Tet2 contributes to balancing Th1 and Tfh cell differentiation during acute viral infection; however, the role of Tet2 in CD4+ T cell memory formation and recall is unclear. Using adoptive transfer models of antigen-specific wild type and Tet2 knockout CD4+ T cells, we find that Tet2 is required for full commitment of CD4+ T cells to the Th1 lineage and that in the absence of Tet2, memory cells preferentially recall a Tfh like phenotype with enhanced expansion upon secondary challenge. These findings demonstrate an important role for Tet2 in enforcing lineage commitment and programing proliferation potential, and highlight the potential of targeting epigenetic programing to enhance adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Baessler
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Bryce Fuchs
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Bryant Perkins
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Andrew W. Richens
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Malia Harrison-Chau
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Linda M. Sircy
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - Kendall A. Thiede
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | - J. Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT84112
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10
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Yang Y, Sun Z, Li Z, Wang Q, Yan M, Li W, Xu K, Shen T. Identification of the Immune Landscapes and Follicular Helper T Cell-Related Genes for the Diagnosis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2732. [PMID: 37685269 PMCID: PMC10486757 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13172732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive ocular ailment causing age-associated vision deterioration, characterized by dysregulated immune cell activity. Notably, follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have emerged as pivotal contributors to AMD pathogenesis. Nonetheless, investigations into Tfh-associated gene biomarkers for this disorder remain limited. METHODS Utilizing gene expression data pertinent to AMD procured from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository, we employed the "DESeq2" R software package to standardize and preprocess expression levels. Concurrently, CIBERSORT analysis was utilized to compute the infiltration proportions of 22 distinct immune cell types. Subsequent to weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), coupled with differential expression scrutiny, we pinpointed genes intricately linked with Tfh cells. These potential genes underwent further screening using the MCODE function within Cytoscape software. Ultimately, a judicious selection of pivotal genes from these identified clusters was executed through the LASSO algorithm. Subsequently, a diagnostic nomogram was devised based on these selected genes. RESULTS Evident Tfh cell disparities between AMD and control cohorts were observed. Our amalgamated analysis, amalgamating differential expression data with co-expression patterns, unveiled six genes closely associated with Tfh cells in AMD. Subsequent employment of the LASSO algo-rithm facilitated identification of the most pertinent genes conducive to predictive modeling. From these, GABRB3, MFF, and PROX1 were elected as prospective diagnostic biomarkers for AMD. CONCLUSIONS This investigation discerned three novel biomarker genes, linked to inflammatory mechanisms and pivotal in diagnosing AMD. Further exploration of these genes holds potential to foster novel therapeutic modalities and augment comprehension of AMD's disease trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhenping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Que Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mingjing Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wenlin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Kun Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, China
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11
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Boyd MAA, Carey Hoppe A, Kelleher AD, Munier CML. T follicular helper cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among healthy and immunocompromised adults. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:504-513. [PMID: 36825370 PMCID: PMC10952589 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide rollout of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccinations in the last 2 years has produced a multitude of studies investigating T-cell responses in the peripheral blood and a limited number in secondary lymphoid tissues. As a key component to an effective immune response, vaccine-specific T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are localized in the draining lymph node (LN) and assist in the selection of highly specific B-cell clones for the production of neutralizing antibodies. While these cells have been noted in the blood as circulating Tfh (cTfh) cells, they are not often taken into consideration when examining effective CD4+ T-cell responses, particularly in immunocompromised groups. Furthermore, site-specific analyses in locations such as the LN have recently become an attractive area of investigation. This is mainly a result of improved sampling methods via ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (FNB)/fine-needle aspiration (FNA), which are less invasive than LN excision and able to be performed longitudinally. While these studies have been undertaken in healthy individuals, data from immunocompromised groups are lacking. This review will focus on both Tfh and cTfh responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in healthy and immunocompromised individuals. This area of investigation could identify key characteristics of a successful LN response required for the prevention of infection and viral clearance. This furthermore may highlight responses that could be fine-tuned to improve vaccine efficacy within immunocompromised groups that are at a risk of more severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Carey Hoppe
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis ProgramThe Kirby InstituteUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis ProgramThe Kirby InstituteUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
- St Vincent's HospitalSydneyNSW2010Australia
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis ProgramThe Kirby InstituteUNSWSydneyNSW2052Australia
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12
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Nguyen QP, Takehara KK, Deng TZ, O’Shea S, Heeg M, Omilusik KD, Milner JJ, Quon S, Pipkin ME, Choi J, Crotty S, Goldrath AW. Transcriptional programming of CD4 + T RM differentiation in viral infection balances effector- and memory-associated gene expression. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eabq7486. [PMID: 37172104 PMCID: PMC10350289 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
After resolution of infection, T cells differentiate into long-lived memory cells that recirculate through secondary lymphoid organs or establish residence in tissues. In contrast to CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), the developmental origins and transcriptional regulation of CD4+ TRM remain largely undefined. Here, we investigated the phenotypic, functional, and transcriptional profiles of CD4+ TRM in the small intestine (SI) responding to acute viral infection, revealing a shared gene expression program and chromatin accessibility profile with circulating TH1 and the progressive acquisition of a mature TRM program. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified heterogeneity among established CD4+ TRM, which were predominantly located in the lamina propria, and revealed a population of cells that coexpressed both effector- and memory-associated genes, including the transcriptional regulators Blimp1, Id2, and Bcl6. TH1-associated Blimp1 and Id2 and TFH-associated Bcl6 were required for early TRM formation and development of a mature TRM population in the SI. These results demonstrate a developmental relationship between TH1 effector cells and the establishment of early TRM, as well as highlighted differences in CD4+ versus CD8+ TRM populations, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying the origins, differentiation, and persistence of CD4+ TRM in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh P Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kennidy K Takehara
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tianda Z Deng
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shannon O’Shea
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Maximilian Heeg
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kyla D Omilusik
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - J Justin Milner
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sara Quon
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- School of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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13
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Osum KC, Jenkins MK. Toward a general model of CD4 + T cell subset specification and memory cell formation. Immunity 2023; 56:475-484. [PMID: 36921574 PMCID: PMC10084496 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, a number of transformative discoveries have been made regarding memory CD8+ T cell biology; meanwhile, the CD4+ T cell field has lagged behind this progress. This perspective focuses on CD4+ helper T (Th) cell subset specification and memory cell formation. Here, we argue that the sheer number of Th effector and memory cell subsets and a focus on their differences have been a barrier to a general model of CD4+ memory T cell formation that applies to all immune responses. We highlight a bifurcation model that relies on an IL-2 signal-dependent switch as an explanation for the balanced production of diverse Th memory cells that participate in cell-mediated or humoral immunity in most contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Osum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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14
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Wakui M, Uwamino Y, Yatabe Y, Nakagawa T, Sakai A, Kurafuji T, Shibata A, Tomita Y, Noguchi M, Tanabe A, Arai T, Ohno A, Yokota H, Uno S, Yamasawa W, Sato Y, Ikeda M, Yoshimura A, Hasegawa N, Saya H, Murata M. Assessing anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity in 571 vaccines by using an IFN-γ release assay. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1961-1971. [PMID: 36250411 PMCID: PMC9874394 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cell responses have been analyzed only in small cohorts of COVID-19 vaccines. Herein, we aimed to assess anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity in a large cohort using QuantiFERON assays, which are IFN-γ release assays (IGRAs) based on short-term whole blood culture. The study included 571 individuals receiving the viral spike (S) protein-expressing BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. QuantiFERON assays revealed antigen-specific IFN-γ production in most individuals 8 weeks after the second dose. Simultaneous flow cytometric assays to detect T cells expressing activation-induced markers (AIMs) performed for 28 randomly selected individuals provided data correlating with the QuantiFERON data. Simultaneous IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot and AIM assays for another subset of 31 individuals, based on short-term peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture, also indicated a correlation between IFN-γ production and AIM positivity. These observations indicated the acquisition of T cell memory responses and supported the usability of IGRAs to assess cellular immunity. The QuantiFERON results were weakly correlated with serum IgG titers against the receptor-binding domain of the S protein and were associated with pre-vaccination infection and adverse reactions after the second dose. The present study revealed cellular immunity after COVID-19 vaccination, providing insights into the effects and adverse reactions of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Wakui
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshifumi Uwamino
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan,Department of Infectious DiseasesKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yoko Yatabe
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | | | - Akiko Sakai
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | | | - Ayako Shibata
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yukari Tomita
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Masayo Noguchi
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Akiko Tanabe
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoko Arai
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Akemi Ohno
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hiromitsu Yokota
- Clinical LaboratoryKeio University HospitalShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Shunsuke Uno
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Wakako Yamasawa
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Mari Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Naoki Hasegawa
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene RegulationInstitute for Advanced Medical ResearchKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Mitsuru Murata
- Department of Laboratory MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjuku‐kuTokyoJapan
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15
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Wang Y, Bui T, Zhang Y. The pleiotropic roles of EZH2 in T-cell immunity and immunotherapy. Int J Hematol 2022; 116:837-845. [PMID: 36271224 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
EZH2 is a histone methyltransferase. It catalyzes trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to control gene transcription critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, expansion, and function. For instance, EZH2 plays a central role in regulating T-cell immune responses. EZH2 restrains terminal differentiation of effector CD8 T cells, promotes formation of precursor and mature memory CD8 T cells, regulates appropriate lineage-specification and identity maintenance of helper CD4 T cells, and maintains survival of differentiated antigen-specific T cells. Most importantly, EZH2 is shown to be important for reinvigoration of exhausted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Dysregulated EZH2 function has been linked to many forms of cancer, including lymphomas and solid tumors. In B-cell lymphoid malignancies, EZH2 is overexpressed to drive tumorigenesis. These specific effects of EZH2, in the context of its roles in catalyzing H3K27me3 and orchestrating gene transcription programs in both normal and malignant cells, establishes EZH2 as a unique target for drug development. Here, we will discuss Ezh2 regulation of T-cell immunity, EZH2-mediated lymphomagenesis, and therapeutic benefits of EZH2 inhibitors to the treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Center for Discovery & Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Tien Bui
- Center for Discovery & Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Discovery & Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA.
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16
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Yang Y, Liu K, Liu M, Zhang H, Guo M. EZH2: Its regulation and roles in immune disturbance of SLE. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1002741. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1002741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is related to immune homeostasis imbalance. Epigenetic mechanisms have played a significant role in breaking immune tolerance. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the specific methylation transferase of lysine at position 27 of histone 3, is currently found to participate in the pathogenesis of SLE through affecting multiple components of the immune system. This review mainly expounds the mechanisms underlying EZH2-mediated disruption of immune homeostasis in SLE patients, hoping to provide new ideas in the pathogenesis of SLE and new targets for future treatment.
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17
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Yi L, Yang L. Stem-like T cells and niches: Implications in human health and disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907172. [PMID: 36059484 PMCID: PMC9428355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, accumulating evidence has elucidated the important role of T cells with stem-like characteristics in long-term maintenance of T cell responses and better patient outcomes after immunotherapy. The fate of TSL cells has been correlated with many physiological and pathological human processes. In this review, we described present advances demonstrating that stem-like T (TSL) cells are central players in human health and disease. We interpreted the evolutionary characteristics, mechanism and functions of TSL cells. Moreover, we discuss the import role of distinct niches and how they affect the stemness of TSL cells. Furthermore, we also outlined currently available strategies to generate TSL cells and associated affecting factors. Moreover, we summarized implication of TSL cells in therapies in two areas: stemness enhancement for vaccines, ICB, and adoptive T cell therapies, and stemness disruption for autoimmune disorders.
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18
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Abstract
Memory CD4+ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating long-term protective immunity, positioning them as an important target in vaccine development. However, multiple functionally distinct helper CD4+ T-cell subsets can arise in response to a single invading pathogen, complicating the identification of rare populations of memory precursor cells during the effector phase of infection and memory CD4+ T cells following pathogen clearance and the contraction phase of infection. Furthermore, current literature remains unclear regarding whether a single CD4+ memory T-cell lineage gives rise to secondary CD4+ T helper subsets or if there are unique memory precursor cells within each helper lineage. A majority of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which have established memory potential, express Id3, an inhibitor of E protein transcription factors, following acute viral infection. We show that expression of Id3 definitively identified a subset of cells within both the CD4+ Tfh and T helper 1 (Th1) lineages at memory time points that exhibited memory potential, with the capacity for significant re-expansion in response to secondary infection. Notably, we demonstrate that a subset of Th1 cells that survive into the memory phase were marked by Id3 expression and possessed the potential for enhanced expansion and generation of both Th1 and Tfh secondary effector cell populations in a secondary response to pathogen. Additionally, these cells exhibited enrichment of key molecules associated with memory potential when compared with Id3lo Th1 cells. Therefore, we propose that Id3 expression serves as an important marker to indicate multipotent potential in memory CD4+ T cells.
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19
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Wang Y, Tian Q, Ye L. The Differentiation and Maintenance of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Follicular Helper T Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:953022. [PMID: 35909969 PMCID: PMC9329515 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.953022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon acute viral infection, virus-specific CD4+ T cells differentiate into either TH1 cells or follicular helper T (TFH) cells. The molecular pathways governing such bimodal cell fate commitment remain elusive. Additionally, effector virus-specific TFH cells further differentiate into corresponding memory population, which confer long-term protection against re-infection of same viruses by providing immediate help to virus-specific memory B cells. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying the long-term maintenance of memory TFH cells are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss current understanding of early differentiation of virus-specific effector TFH cells and long-term maintenance of virus-specific memory TFH cells in mouse models of viral infection and patients of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Immunology, The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lilin Ye,
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20
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Xia Y, Sandor K, Pai JA, Daniel B, Raju S, Wu R, Hsiung S, Qi Y, Yangdon T, Okamoto M, Chou C, Hiam-Galvez KJ, Schreiber RD, Murphy KM, Satpathy AT, Egawa T. BCL6-dependent TCF-1 + progenitor cells maintain effector and helper CD4 + T cell responses to persistent antigen. Immunity 2022; 55:1200-1215.e6. [PMID: 35637103 PMCID: PMC10034764 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soon after activation, CD4+ T cells are segregated into BCL6+ follicular helper (Tfh) and BCL6- effector (Teff) T cells. Here, we explored how these subsets are maintained during chronic antigen stimulation using the mouse chronic LCMV infection model. Using single cell-transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses, we identified a population of PD-1+ TCF-1+ CD4+ T cells with memory-like features. TCR clonal tracing and adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that these cells have self-renewal capacity and continue to give rise to both Teff and Tfh cells, thus functioning as progenitor cells. Conditional deletion experiments showed Bcl6-dependent development of these progenitors, which were essential for sustaining antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses to chronic infection. An analogous CD4+ T cell population developed in draining lymph nodes in response to tumors. Our study reveals the heterogeneity and plasticity of CD4+ T cells during persistent antigen exposure and highlights their population dynamics through a stable, bipotent intermediate state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joy A Pai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Renee Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sunnie Hsiung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yanyan Qi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tenzin Yangdon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mariko Okamoto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chun Chou
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Robert D Schreiber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kenneth M Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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21
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Vaca AM, Ioannou N, Sivina M, Vlachonikola E, Clise-Dwyer K, Kim E, Li D, Ma Q, Ferrajoli A, Estrov Z, Wierda WG, Patten PEM, Ramsay AG, Burger JA. Activation and expansion of T-follicular helper cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia nurselike cell co-cultures. Leukemia 2022; 36:1324-1335. [PMID: 35149845 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and T-cell subsets in the lymph node microenvironment are thought to play a central role in disease biology. To study these interactions in a model of the CLL lymph node microenvironment, we characterized T-cell subsets in CLL nurselike cell (NLC) co-cultures. We focused on T-follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which are characterized by CXCR5 expression and localization to B-cell follicles. In co-cultures from 28 different CLL patients, we detected an expansion of Tfh cells based on PD-1, BCL6, and ICOS expression, with increased IL-21 and downmodulated CD40L surface expression. Regulatory T cells (Treg), which promote immune tolerance, also expanded in NLC co-cultures. T-cell receptor (TR) gene repertoire analyses confirmed the clonal expansion of CD4+ T cells, with an enrichment of TR clonotypes commonly expanded also in primary CLL samples. Multicolor confocal microscopy revealed that Tfh, but not Treg co-localize with proliferating CLL cells in CLL lymph node sections. Collectively, these data provide new insight into the cellular and molecular cross-talk between CLL and T-cell subsets, resulting in clonal expansion of T-helper cells and interaction of Tfh cells with proliferating CLL cells which may open new avenues for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Vaca
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nikolaos Ioannou
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mariela Sivina
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elisavet Vlachonikola
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Karen Clise-Dwyer
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematopoietic Biology & Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ekaterina Kim
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematopoietic Biology & Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Hematopoietic Biology & Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William G Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Piers E M Patten
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alan G Ramsay
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jan A Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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22
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Mayberry CL, Logan NA, Wilson JJ, Chang CH. Providing a Helping Hand: Metabolic Regulation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Their Association With Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864949. [PMID: 35493515 PMCID: PMC9047778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells provide support to B cells upon arrival in the germinal center, and thus are critical for the generation of a robust adaptive immune response. Tfh express specific transcription factors and cellular receptors including Bcl6, CXCR5, PD-1, and ICOS, which are critical for homing and overall function. Generally, the induction of an immune response is tightly regulated. However, deviation during this process can result in harmful autoimmunity or the inability to successfully clear pathogens. Recently, it has been shown that Tfh differentiation, activation, and proliferation may be linked with the cellular metabolic state. In this review we will highlight recent discoveries in Tfh differentiation and explore how these cells contribute to functional immunity in disease, including autoimmune-related disorders, cancer, and of particular emphasis, during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chih-Hao Chang
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Chih-Hao Chang,
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23
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Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells provide help to B cells, supporting the formation of germinal centres that allow affinity maturation of antibody responses. Although usually located in secondary lymphoid organs, T cells bearing features of TFH cells can also be identified in human blood, and their frequency and phenotype are often altered in people with autoimmune diseases. In this Perspective article, I discuss the increase in circulating TFH cells seen in autoimmune settings and explore potential explanations for this phenomenon. I consider the multistep regulation of TFH cell differentiation by the CTLA4 and IL-2 pathways as well as by regulatory T cells and highlight that these same pathways are crucial for regulating autoimmune diseases. The propensity of infection to serve as a cue for TFH cell differentiation and a potential trigger for autoimmune disease development is also discussed. Overall, I postulate that alterations in pathways that regulate autoimmunity are coupled to alterations in TFH cell homeostasis, suggesting that this population may serve as a core sentinel of dysregulated immunity.
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24
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STAT3 Role in T-Cell Memory Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052878. [PMID: 35270020 PMCID: PMC8910982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the clinical success of immuno-oncology drugs and cellular therapies, T-cell biology has attracted considerable attention in the immunology community. Long-term immunity, traditionally analyzed in the context of infection, is increasingly studied in cancer. Many signaling pathways, transcription factors, and metabolic regulators have been shown to participate in the formation of memory T cells. There is increasing evidence that the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling pathway is crucial for the formation of long-term T-cell immunity capable of efficient recall responses. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about STAT3 role in the context of memory T-cell formation and antitumor immunity.
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25
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Yeh CH, Finney J, Okada T, Kurosaki T, Kelsoe G. Primary germinal center-resident T follicular helper cells are a physiologically distinct subset of CXCR5 hiPD-1 hi T follicular helper cells. Immunity 2022; 55:272-289.e7. [PMID: 35081372 PMCID: PMC8842852 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are defined by a Bcl6+CXCR5hiPD-1hi phenotype, but only a minor fraction of these reside in germinal centers (GCs). Here, we examined whether GC-resident and -nonresident Tfh cells share a common physiology and function. Fluorescently labeled, GC-resident Tfh cells in different mouse models were distinguished by low expression of CD90. CD90neg/lo GCTfh cells required antigen-specific, MHCII+ B cells to develop and stopped proliferating soon after differentiation. In contrast, nonresident, CD90hi Tfh (GCTfh-like) cells developed normally in the absence of MHCII+ B cells and proliferated continuously during primary responses. The TCR repertoires of both Tfh subsets overlapped initially but later diverged in association with dendritic cell-dependent proliferation of CD90hi GCTfh-like cells, suggestive of TCR-dependency seen also in TCR-transgenic adoptive transfer experiments. Furthermore, the transcriptomes of CD90neg/lo and CD90hi GCTfh-like cells were enriched in different functional pathways. Thus, GC-resident and nonresident Tfh cells have distinct developmental requirements and activities, implying distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Yeh
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Surgery and Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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26
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Ciucci T, Vacchio MS, Chen T, Nie J, Chopp LB, McGavern DB, Kelly MC, Bosselut R. Dependence on Bcl6 and Blimp1 drive distinct differentiation of murine memory and follicular helper CD4+ T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20202343. [PMID: 34792530 PMCID: PMC8605495 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the immune response, CD4+ T cells differentiate into distinct effector subtypes, including follicular helper T (Tfh) cells that help B cells, and into memory cells. Tfh and memory cells are required for long-term immunity; both depend on the transcription factor Bcl6, raising the question whether they differentiate through similar mechanisms. Here, using single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing, we show that virus-responding CD4+ T cells lacking both Bcl6 and Blimp1 can differentiate into cells with transcriptomic, chromatin accessibility, and functional attributes of memory cells but not of Tfh cells. Thus, Bcl6 promotes memory cell differentiation primarily through its repression of Blimp1. These findings demonstrate that distinct mechanisms underpin the differentiation of memory and Tfh CD4+ cells and define the Bcl6-Blimp1 axis as a potential target for promoting long-term memory T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ciucci
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Melanie S. Vacchio
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jia Nie
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Laura B. Chopp
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dorian B. McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael C. Kelly
- Single Cell Analysis Facility, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Bethesda, MD
| | - Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Krueger PD, Osum KC, Jenkins MK. CD4 + Memory T-Cell Formation during Type 1 Immune Responses. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:a038141. [PMID: 33903156 PMCID: PMC8635001 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Naive CD4+ T cells become memory cells after proliferating in response to their cognate major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)-bound peptide and passing through an effector cell stage. The process by which CD4+ memory T cells emerge from the effector cell pool, however, is less well understood than in the case of CD8+ T cells. During certain acute infections, naive CD4+ T cells proliferate and differentiate into various forms of type 1 (Th1) and follicular helper (Tfh) effector cells. We review the evidence that about 10% of the cells in each of these subsets survive to become memory cells that resemble their effector cell precursors. The roles that asymmetric cell division, the TCF-1 transcription factor, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species, and the IL-7 receptor play in the effector to memory cell transition are discussed. We propose a speculative model in which the metabolic activity needed for rapid clonal expansion also generates toxic products that induce apoptosis in most effector cells. Memory cells then arise from the effector cells in each subset that are at the low end of the metabolic activity spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Krueger
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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28
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Huang J, Zhang J, Guo Z, Li C, Tan Z, Wang J, Yang J, Xue L. Easy or Not-The Advances of EZH2 in Regulating T Cell Development, Differentiation, and Activation in Antitumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741302. [PMID: 34737746 PMCID: PMC8560704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is the catalytic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which regulates downstream gene expression by trimethylation of lysine 27 in histone H3 (H3K27me3). EZH2 mutations or overexpressions are associated with many types of cancer. As inhibition of EZH2 activity could upregulate the expression of tumor suppressor genes, EZH2 has recently become an interesting therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Moreover, accumulating evidence has shown that EZH2 may contribute to the regulation of immune cells, especially T cells. EZH2 regulates T cell development, differentiation, and function, suggesting that EZH2 also regulates immune homeostasis in addition to tumor suppressor genes. Moreover, EZH2 can regulate T cell fate by targeting non-T cell factors such as metabolism, cytokines, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The role of EZH2 in this process has not been fully addressed. This review discusses up-to-date research on EZH2-mediated regulation of immunological function and the progress of immunological therapeutic strategies based on this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyang Guo
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianling Yang
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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29
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Louis K, Macedo C, Metes D. Targeting T Follicular Helper Cells to Control Humoral Allogeneic Immunity. Transplantation 2021; 105:e168-e180. [PMID: 33909968 PMCID: PMC8484368 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Humoral allogeneic immunity driven by anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) significantly impede prolonged survival of organ allografts after transplantation. Although the importance of T follicular helper (TFH) cells in controlling antibody responses has been long established, their role in directing donor-specific antibody generation leading to AMR was only recently appreciated in the clinical setting of organ transplantation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the biology of human TFH cells as well as their circulating counterparts and describe their pivotal role in driving humoral alloimmunity. In addition, we discuss the intrinsic effects of current induction therapies and maintenance immunosuppressive drugs as well as of biotherapies on TFH cells and provide future directions and novel opportunities of biotherapeutic targeting of TFH cells that have the potential of bringing the prophylactic and curative treatments of AMR toward personalized and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Louis
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Human Immunology and Immunopathology, Inserm UMR 976, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Kidney Transplant Department, Saint Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Camila Macedo
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diana Metes
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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30
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Critical regulation of follicular helper T cell differentiation and function by Gα 13 signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108376118. [PMID: 34663730 PMCID: PMC8639339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108376118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation and function are required for effective humoral immunity against infection, while improper Tfh cell responses are associated with autoimmunity and allergy. We demonstrate that Gα13—a Gα protein subunit known to be involved in mediating signals related to cytoskeletal integrity, chemotaxis, and migration—acts as an essential positive regulator in Tfh cell development and function. The deletion of Gα13 in T cells results in dampened germinal center reactions in immunization and viral infection models. Mechanistically, Gα13-RhoA-ROCK2 axis is responsible for the Tfh cell differentiation from naïve precursors, and Rho agonists recuperate hampered Tfh cell function in Gα13-deficient mice. Such mechanistic insight underscores the possibility of targeting Gα13-mediated signaling to maneuver Tfh cell responses. GPCR-Gα protein–mediated signal transduction contributes to spatiotemporal interactions between immune cells to fine-tune and facilitate the process of inflammation and host protection. Beyond this, however, how Gα proteins contribute to the helper T cell subset differentiation and adaptive response have been underappreciated. Here, we found that Gα13 signaling in T cells plays a crucial role in inducing follicular helper T (Tfh) cell differentiation in vivo. T cell–specific Gα13-deficient mice have diminished Tfh cell responses in a cell-intrinsic manner in response to immunization, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and allergen challenges. Moreover, Gα13-deficient Tfh cells express reduced levels of Bcl-6 and CXCR5 and are functionally impaired in their ability to adhere to and stimulate B cells. Mechanistically, Gα13-deficient Tfh cells harbor defective Rho-ROCK2 activation, and Rho agonist treatment recuperates Tfh cell differentiation and expression of Bcl-6 and CXCR5 in Tfh cells of T cell–specific Gα13-deficient mice. Conversely, ROCK inhibitor treatment hampers Tfh cell differentiation in wild-type mice. These findings unveil a crucial regulatory role of Gα13-Rho-ROCK axis in optimal Tfh cell differentiation and function, which might be a promising target for pharmacologic intervention in vaccine development as well as antibody-mediated immune disorders.
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31
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Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. NK cell-based therapies for HIV infection: Investigating current advances and future possibilities. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:921-931. [PMID: 34668588 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ru0821-412rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are well-known for their antiviral functions. Also, their role in HIV has been well established, with rapid responses elicited during early HIV infection. Most immune cells including CD4+ T cells, monocytes, Mϕs, and dendritic cells are readily infected by HIV. Recent evidence from multiple studies has suggested that similar to these cells, in chronic conditions like HIV, NK cells also undergo functional exhaustion with impaired cytotoxicity, altered cytokine production, and impaired ADCC. NK-based immunotherapy aims to successfully restore, boost, and modify their activity as has been already demonstrated in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The utilization of NK cell-based strategies for the eradication of HIV from the body provides many advantages over classical ART. The literature search consisted of manually selecting the most relevant studies from databases including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrial.gov. Some of the treatments currently under consideration are CAR-NK cell therapy, facilitating ADCC, TLR agonists, bNAbs, and BiKEs/TriKEs, blocking inhibitory NK receptors during infection, IL-15 and IL-15 superagonists (eg: ALT-803), and so on. This review aims to discuss the NK cell-based therapies currently under experimentation against HIV infection and finally highlight the challenges associated with NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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32
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Mandala WL, Harawa V, Dzinjalamala F, Tembo D. The role of different components of the immune system against Plasmodium falciparum malaria: Possible contribution towards malaria vaccine development. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 246:111425. [PMID: 34666102 PMCID: PMC8655617 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria still remains a major global public health challenge with over 220 million new cases and well over 400,000 deaths annually. Most of the deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa which bears 90 % of the malaria cases. Such high P. falciparum malaria-related morbidity and mortality rates pose a huge burden on the health and economic wellbeing of the countries affected. Lately, substantial gains have been made in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality through intense malaria control initiatives such as use of effective antimalarials, intensive distribution and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and implementation of massive indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaigns. However, these gains are being threatened by widespread resistance of the parasite to antimalarials, and the vector to insecticides. Over the years the use of vaccines has proven to be the most reliable, cost-effective and efficient method for controlling the burden and spread of many infectious diseases, especially in resource poor settings with limited public health infrastructure. Nonetheless, this had not been the case with malaria until the most promising malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S/AS01, was approved for pilot implementation programme in three African countries in 2015. This was regarded as the most important breakthrough in the fight against malaria. However, RTS,S/AS01 has been found to have some limitations, the main ones being low efficacy in certain age groups, poor immunogenicity and need for almost three boosters to attain a reasonable efficacy. Thus, the search for a more robust and effective malaria vaccine still continues and a better understanding of naturally acquired immune responses to the various stages, including the transmissible stages of the parasite, could be crucial in rational vaccine design. This review therefore compiles what is currently known about the basic biology of P. falciparum and the natural malaria immune response against malaria and progress made towards vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson L Mandala
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi; Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | | | - Fraction Dzinjalamala
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
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33
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Novak N, Tordesillas L, Cabanillas B. Diversity of T cells in the skin: Novel insights. Int Rev Immunol 2021; 42:185-198. [PMID: 34607528 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2021.1985116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells populate the skin to provide an effective immunosurveillance against external insults and to maintain tissue homeostasis. Most cutaneous T cells are αβ T cells, however, γδ T cells also exist although in much lower frequency. Different subsets of αβ T cells can be found in the skin, such as short-lived effector T cells, central memory T cells, effector memory T cells, and tissue-resident memory T cells. Their differential biology, function, and location provide an ample spectrum of immune responses in the skin. Foxp3+ memory regulatory T cells have a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis in the skin and their dysregulation has been linked with different skin pathologies. The skin also contains populations of non-classical T cells, such as γδ T cells, NK T cells, and MR1-restricted T cells. Their role in skin homeostasis and response to pathogens has been well established in the past years, however, there is also growing evidence of their role in mediating allergic skin inflammation and promoting sensitization to allergens. In this review, we provide an updated overview on the different subsets of T cells that populate the skin with a specific focus on their role in allergic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leticia Tordesillas
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Beatriz Cabanillas
- Department of Allergy, Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Zou X, Wang S, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang R, Yang W, Li Y. AIRE-overexpressing BMDCs suppress T FH cells through ICOSL to prevent and attenuate autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 99:107979. [PMID: 34293711 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The strong genetic association between autoimmune regulator (AIRE) and autoimmune diseases indicates its critical role in immune tolerance. AIRE deficiency is thought to promote the development of follicular helper T (TFH) cells, which are considered to be essential in B cell proliferation. Excessive TFH cell generation is a key step towards the development of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes. However, the potential mechanism by which AIRE contributes to the generation and function of the TFH cell population has remained elusive. We show that AIRE reduced TFH cell generation by inhibiting the expression of inducible costimulatory ligand (ICOSL), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-27 in dendritic cells (DCs). To understand the precise impact of AIRE-overexpressing bone marrow-derived DCs (AIRE-BMDCs) on type 1 diabetes progression and the associated molecular mechanisms, we transferred AIRE-BMDCs to recipient NOD mice and found that transplantation of AIRE-BMDCs can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes, attenuate diabetes after the establishment of overt hyperglycaemia, and lead to the inhibition of autoreactive pathological TFH cells and germinal centre (GC) B cells. To further determine the potential mechanism underlying this TFH cell depletion, BMDCs were cotransferred with recombinant mouse ICOSL (ICOSLG protein). We demonstrated that NOD mice were more susceptible to diabetes when they received AIRE-BMDCs and ICOSLG than when they received only mock-vehicle BMDCs (GFP-BMDCs). In addition, we did not observe the reversal of diabetes in any mice subjected to this cotransfer system. A single cycle of ICOSLG treatment temporarily promoted TFH cell proliferation and GC development. Our results reveal a mechanistic role of AIRE-BMDCs in the initiation of TFH cell differentiation, and the AIRE-mediated decrease in ICOSL expression in BMDCs plays a critical role. The effect of decreased ICOSL expression in type 1 diabetes will guide the design and evaluation of parallel studies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Zou
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Rongchao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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35
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DiToro D, Basu R. Emerging Complexity in CD4 +T Lineage Programming and Its Implications in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:694833. [PMID: 34489941 PMCID: PMC8417887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.694833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has the difficult task of protecting a large environmentally exposed single layer of epithelium from pathogens without allowing inappropriate inflammatory responses. Unmitigated inflammation drives multiple pathologies, including the development of colorectal cancer. CD4+T cells mediate both the suppression and promotion of intestinal inflammation. They comprise an array of phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets tailored to a specific inflammatory context. This diversity of form and function is relevant to a broad array of pathologic and physiologic processes. The heterogeneity underlying both effector and regulatory T helper cell responses to colorectal cancer, and its impact on disease progression, is reviewed herein. Importantly, T cell responses are dynamic; they exhibit both quantitative and qualitative changes as the inflammatory context shifts. Recent evidence outlines the role of CD4+T cells in colorectal cancer responses and suggests possible mechanisms driving qualitative alterations in anti-cancer immune responses. The heterogeneity of T cells in colorectal cancer, as well as the manner and mechanism by which they change, offer an abundance of opportunities for more specific, and likely effective, interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel DiToro
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Rajatava Basu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL, United States
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Abstract
Conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes comprise a mixture of naive and memory cells. Generation and survival of these T-cell subsets is under strict homeostatic control and reflects contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and certain cytokines. Naive T cells arise in the thymus via T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent positive selection to self-peptide/MHC complexes and are then maintained in the periphery through self-MHC interaction plus stimulation via interleukin-7 (IL-7). By contrast, memory T cells are largely MHC-independent for their survival but depend strongly on stimulation via cytokines. Whereas typical memory T cells are generated in response to foreign antigens, some arise spontaneously through contact of naive precursors with self-MHC ligands; we refer to these cells as memory-phenotype (MP) T cells. In this review, we discuss the generation and homeostasis of naive T cells and these two types of memory T cells, focusing on their relative interaction with MHC ligands and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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37
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Omilusik KD, Nadjsombati MS, Yoshida TM, Shaw LA, Goulding J, Goldrath AW. Ubiquitin Specific Protease 1 Expression and Function in T Cell Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1377-1387. [PMID: 34380645 PMCID: PMC8387442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cells are essential mediators of immune responses against infectious diseases and provide long-lived protection from reinfection. The differentiation of naive to effector T cells and the subsequent differentiation and persistence of memory T cell populations in response to infection is a highly regulated process. E protein transcription factors and their inhibitors, Id proteins, are important regulators of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses; however, their regulation at the protein level has not been explored. Recently, the deubiquitinase USP1 was shown to stabilize Id2 and modulate cellular differentiation in osteosarcomas. In this study, we investigated a role for Usp1 in posttranslational control of Id2 and Id3 in murine T cells. We show that Usp1 was upregulated in T cells following activation in vitro or following infection in vivo, and the extent of Usp1 expression correlated with the degree of T cell expansion. Usp1 directly interacted with Id2 and Id3 following T cell activation. However, Usp1 deficiency did not impact Id protein abundance in effector T cells or alter effector T cell expansion or differentiation following a primary infection. Usp1 deficiency resulted in a gradual loss of memory CD8+ T cells over time and reduced Id2 protein levels and proliferation of effector CD8+ T cell following reinfection. Together, these results identify Usp1 as a player in modulating recall responses at the protein level and highlight differences in regulation of T cell responses between primary and subsequent infection encounters. Finally, our observations reveal differential regulation of Id2/3 proteins between immune versus nonimmune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Omilusik
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marija S Nadjsombati
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tomomi M Yoshida
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura A Shaw
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - John Goulding
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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38
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Dileepan T, Malhotra D, Kotov DI, Kolawole EM, Krueger PD, Evavold BD, Jenkins MK. MHC class II tetramers engineered for enhanced binding to CD4 improve detection of antigen-specific T cells. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 39:943-948. [PMID: 33941928 PMCID: PMC10666075 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-00893-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to identify T cells that recognize specific peptide antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules has enabled enumeration and molecular characterization of the lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Fluorophore-labeled peptide:MHC class I (p:MHCI) tetramers are well-established reagents for identifying antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry, but efforts to extend the approach to CD4+ T cells have been less successful, perhaps owing to lower binding strength between CD4 and MHC class II (MHCII) molecules. Here we show that p:MHCII tetramers engineered by directed evolution for enhanced CD4 binding outperform conventional tetramers for the detection of cognate T cells. Using the engineered tetramers, we identified about twice as many antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in mice immunized against multiple peptides than when using traditional tetramers. CD4 affinity-enhanced p:MHCII tetramers, therefore, allow direct sampling of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells that cannot be accessed with conventional p:MHCII tetramer technology. These new reagents could provide a deeper understanding of the T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Deepali Malhotra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter D Krueger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Zhu T, Wang R, Miller H, Westerberg LS, Yang L, Guan F, Lee P, Gong Q, Chen Y, Liu C. The interaction between iNKT cells and B cells. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:711-723. [PMID: 34312907 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ru0221-095rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) bridge the innate immunity with the adaptive immunity and their interaction with B cells has been extensively studied. Here, we give a complete overview of these two cells, from their mechanism of interaction to clinical prospects and existing problems. In our introduction, we describe the relationship between iNKTs and B cells and explore the current research hotspots and future directions. We begin with how B cells interact and benefit from the innate and adaptive help of iNKTs. Next, we describe the multiple roles of these cells in infections, autoimmunity, and cancers. Lastly, we look into the potential immunotherapies that can be based on iNKTs and the possible treatments for infectious, autoimmune, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongli Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, GuiZhou Province, Zunyi, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Chakhtoura M, Fang M, Cubas R, O’Connor MH, Nichols CN, Richardson B, Talla A, Moir S, Cameron MJ, Tardif V, Haddad EK. Germinal Center T follicular helper (GC-Tfh) cell impairment in chronic HIV infection involves c-Maf signaling. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009732. [PMID: 34280251 PMCID: PMC8289045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that the function of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells from lymph nodes (LN) of HIV-infected individuals is impaired. We found that these cells were unable to provide proper help to germinal center (GC)-B cells, as observed by altered and inefficient anti-HIV antibody response and premature death of memory B cells. The underlying molecular mechanisms of this dysfunction remain poorly defined. Herein, we have used a unique transcriptional approach to identify these molecular defects. We consequently determined the transcriptional profiles of LN GC-Tfh cells following their interactions with LN GC-B cells from HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals, rather than analyzing resting ex-vivo GC-Tfh cells. We observed that proliferating GC-Tfh cells from HIV-infected subjects were transcriptionally different than their HIV-uninfected counterparts, and displayed a significant downregulation of immune- and GC-Tfh-associated pathways and genes. Our results strongly demonstrated that MAF (coding for the transcription factor c-Maf) and its upstream signaling pathway mediators (IL6R and STAT3) were significantly downregulated in HIV-infected subjects, which could contribute to the impaired GC-Tfh and GC-B cell functions reported during infection. We further showed that c-Maf function was associated with the adenosine pathway and that the signaling upstream c-Maf could be partially restored by adenosine deaminase -1 (ADA-1) supplementation. Overall, we identified a novel mechanism that contributes to GC-Tfh cell impairment during HIV infection. Understanding how GC-Tfh cell function is altered in HIV is crucial and could provide critical information about the mechanisms leading to the development and maintenance of effective anti-HIV antibodies. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a worldwide burden despite available treatments. The virus induces dysregulations in major immune cells and organs including lymph nodes. Germinal center T follicular helper (GC-Tfh) cells are immune cells which induce specific anti-HIV antibodies by helping GC-B cells. In chronic HIV, the interaction between these two cell types is defective, leading to modified and inefficient anti-HIV antibody responses. In this study, we examined the underlying mechanisms of this dysfunction. We observed that proliferating GC-Tfh cells from HIV-infected individuals, displayed distinctive gene expression than those from -uninfected subjects, following GC-B cell interaction. Furthermore, GC-Tfh cells from HIV patients showed a reduction in important immune-related pathway and gene expression. A number of essential GC-Tfh cell genes, such as MAF and its associated genes (IL6R and STAT3), were particularly attenuated in HIV, contributing to the impaired cells function. Moreover, we found an association between MAF function and the key enzyme adenosine deaminase-1 (ADA-1), where supplementation with ADA-1 partially restored the dysfunctional signaling in GC-Tfh cells during chronic infection. Understanding how GC-Tfh cells are altered in HIV is critical to elucidate the mechanisms leading to effective anti-HIV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Chakhtoura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mike Fang
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rafael Cubas
- Iovance Biotherapeutics, San Carlos, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret H. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carmen N. Nichols
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Services, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Virginie Tardif
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Center of Reasearch in Myology (Association Institut de Myologie) UMRS 974, AP-HP, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, DHU I2B, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (VT); (EKH)
| | - Elias K. Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VT); (EKH)
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41
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Brown IK, Dyjack N, Miller MM, Krovi H, Rios C, Woolaver R, Harmacek L, Tu TH, O’Connor BP, Danhorn T, Vestal B, Gapin L, Pinilla C, Seibold MA, Scott-Browne J, Santos RG, Reinhardt RL. Single cell analysis of host response to helminth infection reveals the clonal breadth, heterogeneity, and tissue-specific programming of the responding CD4+ T cell repertoire. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009602. [PMID: 34106992 PMCID: PMC8216541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4+ T cell response is critical to host protection against helminth infection. How this response varies across different hosts and tissues remains an important gap in our understanding. Using IL-4-reporter mice to identify responding CD4+ T cells to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, T cell receptor sequencing paired with novel clustering algorithms revealed a broadly reactive and clonally diverse CD4+ T cell response. While the most prevalent clones and clonotypes exhibited some tissue selectivity, most were observed to reside in both the lung and lung-draining lymph nodes. Antigen-reactivity of the broader repertoires was predicted to be shared across both tissues and individual mice. Transcriptome, trajectory, and chromatin accessibility analysis of lung and lymph-node repertoires revealed three unique but related populations of responding IL-4+ CD4+ T cells consistent with T follicular helper, T helper 2, and a transitional population sharing similarity with both populations. The shared antigen reactivity of lymph node and lung repertoires combined with the adoption of tissue-specific gene programs allows for the pairing of cellular and humoral responses critical to the orchestration of anti-helminth immunity. Using various “omic” approaches, the CD4+ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was explored after primary helminth infection. Infection generated a broadly reactive and clonally diverse CD4+ T cell response with the most prevalent clonotypes and predicted antigen specificities residing in both the lung and lung-draining lymph nodes. Tissue-specific programming of responding CD4+ T cells directed the establishment of committed Tfh and Th2 cells, both critical for driving distinct hallmarks of type-2 inflammation. These datasets help to explore the diverse yet tissue-specific nature of anti-helminth immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy K. Brown
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan Dyjack
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mindy M. Miller
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cydney Rios
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rachel Woolaver
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laura Harmacek
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ting-Hui Tu
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian P. O’Connor
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian Vestal
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Florida International University, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Max A. Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Radleigh G. Santos
- Department of Mathematics, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Steines L, Poth H, Schuster A, Amann K, Banas B, Bergler T. Disruption of Tfh:B Cell Interactions Prevents Antibody-Mediated Rejection in a Kidney Transplant Model in Rats: Impact of Calcineurin Inhibitor Dose. Front Immunol 2021; 12:657894. [PMID: 34135891 PMCID: PMC8201497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.657894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of humoral immune activation in ABMR using a MHC-mismatched rat kidney transplant model. We applied low dose cyclosporine A (loCNI) to allow donor-specific antibody (DSA) formation and rejection and high dose cyclosporine A (hiCNI) for non-rejection. DSA and leukocyte subsets were measured by flow cytometry. Germinal centers (GC), T follicular helper cells (Tfh), plasma cells and interleukin-21 (IL-21) expression were analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Expression of important costimulatory molecules and cytokines was measured by qRT-PCR. Allograft rejection was evaluated by a nephropathologist. We found that DSA formation correlated with GC frequency and expansion, and that GC size was linked to the number of activated Tfh. In hiCNI, GC and activated Tfh were virtually absent, resulting in fewer plasma cells and no DSA or ABMR. Expression of B cell activating T cell cytokine IL-21 was substantially inhibited in hiCNI, but not in loCNI. In addition, hiCNI showed lower expression of ICOS ligand and IL-6, which stimulate Tfh differentiation and maintenance. Overall, Tfh:B cell crosstalk was controlled only by hiCNI treatment, preventing the development of DSA and ABMR. Additional strategies targeting Tfh:B cell interactions are needed for preventing alloantibody formation and ABMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Steines
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Helen Poth
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Schuster
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Banas
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bergler
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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43
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Hart AP, Laufer TM. A review of signaling and transcriptional control in T follicular helper cell differentiation. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:173-195. [PMID: 33866600 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1ri0121-066r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a critical component of adaptive immunity and assist in optimal Ab-mediated defense. Multiple effector functions of Tfh support germinal center B cell survival, Ab class switching, and plasma cell maturation. In the past 2 decades, the phenotype and functional characteristics of GC Tfh have been clarified allowing for robust studies of the Th subset including activation signals and environmental cues controlling Tfh differentiation and migration during an immune response. A unique, 2-step differentiation process of Tfh has been proposed but the mechanisms underlying transition between unstable Tfh precursors and functional mature Tfh remain elusive. Likewise, newly identified transcriptional regulators of Tfh development have not yet been incorporated into our understanding of how these cells might function in disease. Here, we review the signals and downstream transcription factors that shape Tfh differentiation including what is known about the epigenetic processes that maintain Tfh identity. It is proposed that further evaluation of the stepwise differentiation pattern of Tfh will yield greater insights into how these cells become dysregulated in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hart
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Terri M Laufer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael C. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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44
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Baumjohann D, Fazilleau N. Antigen-dependent multistep differentiation of T follicular helper cells and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1325-1333. [PMID: 33788271 PMCID: PMC8250352 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play an essential role in regulating the GC reaction and, consequently, the generation of high‐affinity antibodies and memory B cells. Therefore, Tfh cells are critical for potent humoral immune responses against various pathogens and their dysregulation has been linked to autoimmunity and cancer. Tfh cell differentiation is a multistep process, in which cognate interactions with different APC types, costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways, as well as cytokines are involved. However, it is still not fully understood how a subset of activated CD4+ T cells begins to express the Tfh cell‐defining chemokine receptor CXCR5 during the early stage of the immune response, how some CXCR5+ pre‐Tfh cells enter the B‐cell follicles and mature further into GC Tfh cells, and how Tfh cells are maintained in the memory compartment. In this review, we discuss recent advances on how antigen and cognate interactions are important for Tfh cell differentiation and long‐term persistence of Tfh cell memory, and how this is relevant to the current understanding of COVID‐19 pathogenesis and the development of potent SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas Fazilleau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Inserm, Toulouse, U1291, France.,French Germinal Center Club, French Society for Immunology (SFI), Paris, France
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45
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Pipkin ME. Runx proteins and transcriptional mechanisms that govern memory CD8 T cell development. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:100-124. [PMID: 33682165 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity to intracellular pathogens and tumors is mediated by antigen-experienced CD8 T cells. Individual naive CD8 T cells have the potential to differentiate into a diverse array of antigen-experienced subsets that exhibit distinct effector functions, life spans, anatomic positioning, and potential for regenerating an entirely new immune response during iterative pathogenic exposures. The developmental process by which activated naive cells undergo diversification involves regulation of chromatin structure and transcription but is not entirely understood. This review examines how alterations in chromatin structure, transcription factor binding, extracellular signals, and single-cell gene expression explain the differential development of distinct effector (TEFF ) and memory (TMEM ) CD8 T cell subsets. Special emphasis is placed on how Runx proteins function with additional transcription factors to pioneer changes in chromatin accessibility and drive transcriptional programs that establish the core attributes of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, subdivide circulating and non-circulating TMEM cell subsets, and govern terminal differentiation. The discussion integrates the roles of specific cytokine signals, transcriptional circuits and how regulation of individual nucleosomes and RNA polymerase II activity can contribute to the process of differentiation. A model that integrates many of these features is discussed to conceptualize how activated CD8 T cells arrive at their fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute - FL, Jupiter, FL, USA
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46
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Choi J, Crotty S. Bcl6-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Follicular Helper T cells (T FH). Trends Immunol 2021; 42:336-349. [PMID: 33663954 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Follicular helper T cells (TFH) are essential B cell-help providers in the formation of germinal centers (GCs), affinity maturation of GC B cells, differentiation of high-affinity antibody-producing plasma cells, and production of memory B cells. The transcription factor (TF) B cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) is at the center of gene regulation in TFH biology, including differentiation and function, but how Bcl6 does this, and what additional TFs contribute, remain complex questions. This review focuses on advances in our understanding of Bcl6-mediated gene regulation of TFH functions, and the modulation of TFH by other TFs. These advances may have important implications in deciphering how repressor TFs can regulate many immunological cell types. An improved understanding of TFH biology will likely provide insights into biomedically relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Choi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA.
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47
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Gonçalves VS, Santos FDS, Dos Santos Junior AG, Piraine REA, Rodrigues PRC, Brasil CL, Conrad NL, Leite FPL. Recombinant bovine IL17A acts as an adjuvant for bovine herpesvirus vaccine. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:185-191. [PMID: 33677208 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Bovine herpes virus type 5 glycoprotein D (gD) is essential for viral penetration into host permissive cells. The Herpes virus gD glycoprotein has been used for bovine immunization, being efficient in reduction of viral replication, shedding and clinical signs, however sterilizing immunity is still not achieved. Recombinant subunit vaccines are, in general, poorly immunogenic requiring additional adjuvant components. Interleukin 17A (IL17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by T helper 17 cells that mediate mucosal immunity. IL17 production during vaccine-induced immunity is a requirement for mucosal protection to several agents. In this study, we investigated the potential of a recombinant IL17A to act as an adjuvant for a recombinant BoHV-5 glycoprotein D vaccine in cattle. Three cattle groups were divided as: group 1) rgD5 + alumen + rIL-17A; 2) rgD5 + alumen; and 3) PBS + alumen. The cattle (3 per group) received two doses of their respective vaccines at an interval of 21 days. The group that received rIL17 in its vaccine formulation at the 7th day after the prime immunization had significant higher levels of specific rgD-IgG than the alumen group. Addition of rIL17 also led to a significant fold increase in specific anti-rgD IgG and neutralizing antibodies to the virus, respectively, when compared with the alumen group. Cells stimulated with rIL17A responded with IL17 transcription, as well IL2, IL4, IL10, IL15, Bcl6 and CXCR5. Our findings suggest that the rIL17A has adjuvant potential for use in vaccines against BoHV-5 as well as potentially other pathogens of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Sequeira Gonçalves
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Francisco Denis Souza Santos
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Eugênio Araujo Piraine
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Litchina Brasil
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Neida Lucia Conrad
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia - Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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48
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Duckworth BC, Groom JR. Conversations that count: Cellular interactions that drive T cell fate. Immunol Rev 2021; 300:203-219. [PMID: 33586207 PMCID: PMC8048805 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the extrinsic environment and the internal transcriptional network is circular. Naive T cells first engage with antigen‐presenting cells to set transcriptional differentiation networks in motion. In turn, this regulates specific chemokine receptors that direct migration into distinct lymph node niches. Movement into these regions brings newly activated T cells into contact with accessory cells and cytokines that reinforce the differentiation programming to specify T cell function. We and others have observed similarities in the transcriptional networks that specify both CD4+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells and CD8+ central memory stem‐like (TSCM) cells. Here, we compare and contrast the current knowledge for these shared differentiation programs, compared to their effector counterparts, CD4+ T‐helper 1 (TH1) and CD8+ short‐lived effector (TSLEC) cells. Understanding the interplay between cellular interactions and transcriptional programming is essential to harness T cell differentiation that is fit for purpose; to stimulate potent T cell effector function for the elimination of chronic infection and cancer; or to amplify the formation of humoral immunity and longevity of cellular memory to prevent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette C Duckworth
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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49
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Lei TY, Ye YZ, Zhu XQ, Smerin D, Gu LJ, Xiong XX, Zhang HF, Jian ZH. The immune response of T cells and therapeutic targets related to regulating the levels of T helper cells after ischaemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:25. [PMID: 33461586 PMCID: PMC7814595 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Through considerable effort in research and clinical studies, the immune system has been identified as a participant in the onset and progression of brain injury after ischaemic stroke. Due to the involvement of all types of immune cells, the roles of the immune system in stroke pathology and associated effects are complicated. Past research concentrated on the functions of monocytes and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischaemic stroke and tried to demonstrate the mechanisms of tissue injury and protection involving these immune cells. Within the past several years, an increasing number of studies have elucidated the vital functions of T cells in the innate and adaptive immune responses in both the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. Recently, the phenotypes of T cells with proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory function have been demonstrated in detail. T cells with distinctive phenotypes can also influence cerebral inflammation through various pathways, such as regulating the immune response, interacting with brain-resident immune cells and modulating neurogenesis and angiogenesis during different phases following stroke. In view of the limited treatment options available following stroke other than tissue plasminogen activator therapy, understanding the function of immune responses, especially T cell responses, in the post-stroke recovery period can provide a new therapeutic direction. Here, we discuss the different functions and temporal evolution of T cells with different phenotypes during the acute and chronic phases of ischaemic stroke. We suggest that modulating the balance between the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of T cells with distinct phenotypes may become a potential therapeutic approach that reduces the mortality and improves the functional outcomes and prognosis of patients suffering from ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yu Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Qun Zhu
- Department of Head and Neck and Neurosurgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel Smerin
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Li-Juan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Fei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Hong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Enders MH, Bayarsaikhan G, Ghilas S, Chua YC, May R, de Menezes MN, Ge Z, Tan PS, Cozijnsen A, Mollard V, Yui K, McFadden GI, Lahoud MH, Caminschi I, Purcell AW, Schittenhelm RB, Beattie L, Heath WR, Fernandez-Ruiz D. Plasmodium berghei Hsp90 contains a natural immunogenic I-Ab-restricted antigen common to rodent and human Plasmodium species. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:79-92. [PMID: 35492393 PMCID: PMC9040146 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thorough understanding of the role of CD4 T cells in immunity can be greatly assisted by the study of responses to defined specificities. This requires knowledge of Plasmodium-derived immunogenic epitopes, of which only a few have been identified, especially for the mouse C57BL/6 background. We recently developed a TCR transgenic mouse line, termed PbT-II, that produces CD4+ T cells specific for an MHC class II (I-Ab)-restricted Plasmodium epitope and is responsive to both sporozoites and blood-stage P. berghei. Here, we identify a peptide within the P. berghei heat shock protein 90 as the cognate epitope recognised by PbT-II cells. We show that C57BL/6 mice infected with P. berghei blood-stage induce an endogenous CD4 T cell response specific for this epitope, indicating cells of similar specificity to PbT-II cells are present in the naïve repertoire. Adoptive transfer of in vitro activated TH1-, or particularly TH2-polarised PbT-II cells improved control of P. berghei parasitemia in C57BL/6 mice and drastically reduced the onset of experimental cerebral malaria. Our results identify a versatile, potentially protective MHC-II restricted epitope useful for exploration of CD4 T cell-mediated immunity and vaccination strategies against malaria. Identification of a novel MHC-II-restricted epitope in P. berghei Hsp90 that is the cognate antigen of PbT-II CD4+ T cells. This epitope is conserved among mouse malaria parasites and in Plasmodium falciparum, which causes human malaria. Exposure to liver or blood stage P. berghei infection expands a population of endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. Dendritic cell-targeted vaccination generates memory PbT-II cells and endogenous Hsp90-specific CD4+ T cells. TH1- and TH2-polarised PbT-II cells reduce P. berghei parasitaemia and mitigate development of experimental cerebral malaria.
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