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Li Y, Han M, Wei H, Huang W, Chen Z, Zhang T, Qian M, Jing L, Nan G, Sun X, Dai S, Wang K, Jiang J, Zhu P, Chen L. Id2 epigenetically controls CD8 + T-cell exhaustion by disrupting the assembly of the Tcf3-LSD1 complex. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:292-308. [PMID: 38287103 PMCID: PMC10902300 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell exhaustion is a state of dysfunction that promotes tumor progression and is marked by the generation of Slamf6+ progenitor exhausted (Texprog) and Tim-3+ terminally exhausted (Texterm) subpopulations. Inhibitor of DNA binding protein 2 (Id2) has been shown to play important roles in T-cell development and CD8+ T-cell immunity. However, the role of Id2 in CD8+ T-cell exhaustion is unclear. Here, we found that Id2 transcriptionally and epigenetically regulates the generation of Texprog cells and their conversion to Texterm cells. Genetic deletion of Id2 dampens CD8+ T-cell-mediated immune responses and the maintenance of stem-like CD8+ T-cell subpopulations, suppresses PD-1 blockade and increases tumor susceptibility. Mechanistically, through its HLH domain, Id2 binds and disrupts the assembly of the Tcf3-Tal1 transcriptional regulatory complex, and thus modulates chromatin accessibility at the Slamf6 promoter by preventing the interaction of Tcf3 with the histone lysine demethylase LSD1. Therefore, Id2 increases the abundance of the permissive H3K4me2 mark on the Tcf3-occupied E-boxes in the Slamf6 promoter, modulates chromatin accessibility at the Slamf6 promoter and epigenetically regulates the generation of Slamf6+ Texprog cells. An LSD1 inhibitor GSK2879552 can rescue the Id2 knockout phenotype in tumor-bearing mice. Inhibition of LSD1 increases the abundance of Slamf6+Tim-3- Texprog cells in tumors and the expression level of Tcf1 in Id2-deleted CD8+ T cells. This study demonstrates that Id2-mediated transcriptional and epigenetic modification drives hierarchical CD8+ T-cell exhaustion, and the mechanistic insights gained may have implications for therapeutic intervention with tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Li
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Mingwei Han
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Haolin Wei
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Wan Huang
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Zhinan Chen
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Meirui Qian
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Lin Jing
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Gang Nan
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xiuxuan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shuhui Dai
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jianli Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Targets Discovery and Drug Development for Major Diseases, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 341000, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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2
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Radhakrishnan K, Truong L, Carmichael CL. An "unexpected" role for EMT transcription factors in hematological development and malignancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1207360. [PMID: 37600794 PMCID: PMC10435889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1207360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental developmental process essential for normal embryonic development. It is also important during various pathogenic processes including fibrosis, wound healing and epithelial cancer cell metastasis and invasion. EMT is regulated by a variety of cell signalling pathways, cell-cell interactions and microenvironmental cues, however the key drivers of EMT are transcription factors of the ZEB, TWIST and SNAIL families. Recently, novel and unexpected roles for these EMT transcription factors (EMT-TFs) during normal blood cell development have emerged, which appear to be largely independent of classical EMT processes. Furthermore, EMT-TFs have also begun to be implicated in the development and pathogenesis of malignant hematological diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma, and now present themselves or the pathways they regulate as possible new therapeutic targets within these malignancies. In this review, we discuss the ZEB, TWIST and SNAIL families of EMT-TFs, focusing on what is known about their normal roles during hematopoiesis as well as the emerging and "unexpected" contribution they play during development and progression of blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Radhakrishnan
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lynda Truong
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine L. Carmichael
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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3
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Jung IY, Noguera-Ortega E, Bartoszek R, Collins SM, Williams E, Davis M, Jadlowsky JK, Plesa G, Siegel DL, Chew A, Levine BL, Berger SL, Moon EK, Albelda SM, Fraietta JA. Tissue-resident memory CAR T cells with stem-like characteristics display enhanced efficacy against solid and liquid tumors. Cell Rep Med 2023:101053. [PMID: 37224816 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells demonstrate remarkable success in treating hematological malignancies, but their effectiveness in non-hematopoietic cancers remains limited. This study proposes enhancing CAR T cell function and localization in solid tumors by modifying the epigenome governing tissue-residency adaptation and early memory differentiation. We identify that a key factor in human tissue-resident memory CAR T cell (CAR-TRM) formation is activation in the presence of the pleotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which enforces a core program of both "stemness" and sustained tissue residency by mediating chromatin remodeling and concurrent transcriptional changes. This approach leads to a practical and clinically actionable in vitro production method for engineering peripheral blood T cells into a large number of "stem-like" CAR-TRM cells resistant to tumor-associated dysfunction, possessing an enhanced ability to accumulate in situ and rapidly eliminate cancer cells for more effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Estela Noguera-Ortega
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert Bartoszek
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sierra M Collins
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erik Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie K Jadlowsky
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gabriela Plesa
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donald L Siegel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anne Chew
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edmund K Moon
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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4
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Mutascio S, Mota T, Franchitti L, Sharma AA, Willemse A, Bergstresser SN, Wang H, Statzu M, Tharp GK, Weiler J, Sékaly RP, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Jones RB, Kulpa DA. CD8 + T cells promote HIV latency by remodeling CD4 + T cell metabolism to enhance their survival, quiescence, and stemness. Immunity 2023; 56:1132-1147.e6. [PMID: 37030290 PMCID: PMC10880039 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection persists during antiretroviral therapy (ART) due to a reservoir of latently infected cells that harbor replication-competent virus and evade immunity. Previous ex vivo studies suggested that CD8+ T cells from people with HIV may suppress HIV expression via non-cytolytic mechanisms, but the mechanisms responsible for this effect remain unclear. Here, we used a primary cell-based in vitro latency model and demonstrated that co-culture of autologous activated CD8+ T cells with HIV-infected memory CD4+ T cells promoted specific changes in metabolic and/or signaling pathways resulting in increased CD4+ T cell survival, quiescence, and stemness. Collectively, these pathways negatively regulated HIV expression and ultimately promoted the establishment of latency. As shown previously, we observed that macrophages, but not B cells, promoted latency in CD4+ T cells. The identification of CD8-specific mechanisms of pro-latency activity may favor the development of approaches to eliminate the viral reservoir in people with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Mutascio
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Talia Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lavinia Franchitti
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ashish A Sharma
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Abigail Willemse
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Hong Wang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Maura Statzu
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Gregory K Tharp
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sékaly
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Deanna A Kulpa
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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5
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Chronic lymphocytic leukemia presence impairs antigen-specific CD8 + T-cell responses through epigenetic reprogramming towards short-lived effectors. Leukemia 2023; 37:606-616. [PMID: 36658390 PMCID: PMC9851097 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01817-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
T-cell dysregulation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) associates with low response rates to autologous T cell-based therapies. How CLL affects antigen-specific T-cell responses remains largely unknown. We investigated (epi)genetic and functional consequences of antigen-specific T-cell responses in presence of CLL in vitro and in an adoptive-transfer murine model. Already at steady-state, antigen-experienced patient-derived T cells were skewed towards short-lived effector cells (SLEC) at the expense of memory-precursor effector cells (MPEC). Stimulation of these T cells in vitro showed rapid induction of effector genes and suppression of key memory transcription factors only in presence of CLL cells, indicating epigenetic regulation. This was investigated in vivo by following antigen-specific responses of naïve OT-I CD8+ cells to mCMV-OVA in presence/absence of TCL1 B-cell leukemia. Presence of leukemia resulted in increased SLEC formation, with disturbed inflammatory cytokine production. Chromatin and transcriptome profiling revealed strong epigenetic modifications, leading to activation of an effector and silencing of a memory profile through presence of CLL cells. Secondary challenge in vivo confirmed dysfunctional memory responses by antigen-experienced OT-I cells generated in presence of CLL. Altogether, we show that presence of CLL induces a short-lived effector phenotype and impaired memory responses by epigenetic reprogramming during primary responses.
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6
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Zhong G, Wang Q, Wang Y, Guo Y, Xu M, Guan Y, Zhang X, Wu M, Xu Z, Zhao W, Lian H, Wang H, Ye J. scRNA-seq reveals ATPIF1 activity in control of T cell antitumor activity. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2114740. [PMID: 36016697 PMCID: PMC9397437 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2114740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Genshen Zhong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Meiqi Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yaya Guan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinxiang Medical University Affiliated Third Hospital, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Minna Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhishan Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Hongkai Lian
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Therapy, Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Jianping Ye
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou University Affiliated Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Center for Advanced Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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7
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Hwang SM, Im SH, Rudra D. Signaling networks controlling ID and E protein activity in T cell differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2022; 13:964581. [PMID: 35983065 PMCID: PMC9379924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.964581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
E and inhibitor of DNA binding (ID) proteins are involved in various cellular developmental processes and effector activities in T cells. Recent findings indicate that E and ID proteins are not only responsible for regulating thymic T cell development but also modulate the differentiation, function, and fate of peripheral T cells in multiple immune compartments. Based on the well-established E and ID protein axis (E-ID axis), it has been recognized that ID proteins interfere with the dimerization of E proteins, thus restricting their transcriptional activities. Given this close molecular relationship, the extent of expression or stability of these two protein families can dynamically affect the expression of specific target genes involved in multiple aspects of T cell biology. Therefore, it is essential to understand the endogenous proteins or extrinsic signaling pathways that can influence the dynamics of the E-ID axis in a cell-specific and context-dependent manner. Here, we provide an overview of E and ID proteins and the functional outcomes of the E-ID axis in the activation and function of multiple peripheral T cell subsets, including effector and memory T cell populations. Further, we review the mechanisms by which endogenous proteins and signaling pathways alter the E-ID axis in various T cell subsets influencing T cell function and fate at steady-state and in pathological settings. A comprehensive understanding of the functions of E and ID proteins in T cell biology can be instrumental in T cell-specific targeting of the E-ID axis to develop novel therapeutic modalities in the context of autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Bio Open Innovation Center, Pohang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sin-Hyeog Im, ; Dipayan Rudra,
| | - Dipayan Rudra
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Sin-Hyeog Im, ; Dipayan Rudra,
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8
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Abstract
Memory CD4+ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating long-term protective immunity, positioning them as an important target in vaccine development. However, multiple functionally distinct helper CD4+ T-cell subsets can arise in response to a single invading pathogen, complicating the identification of rare populations of memory precursor cells during the effector phase of infection and memory CD4+ T cells following pathogen clearance and the contraction phase of infection. Furthermore, current literature remains unclear regarding whether a single CD4+ memory T-cell lineage gives rise to secondary CD4+ T helper subsets or if there are unique memory precursor cells within each helper lineage. A majority of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, which have established memory potential, express Id3, an inhibitor of E protein transcription factors, following acute viral infection. We show that expression of Id3 definitively identified a subset of cells within both the CD4+ Tfh and T helper 1 (Th1) lineages at memory time points that exhibited memory potential, with the capacity for significant re-expansion in response to secondary infection. Notably, we demonstrate that a subset of Th1 cells that survive into the memory phase were marked by Id3 expression and possessed the potential for enhanced expansion and generation of both Th1 and Tfh secondary effector cell populations in a secondary response to pathogen. Additionally, these cells exhibited enrichment of key molecules associated with memory potential when compared with Id3lo Th1 cells. Therefore, we propose that Id3 expression serves as an important marker to indicate multipotent potential in memory CD4+ T cells.
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9
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Morgan RC, Kee BL. Genomic and Transcriptional Mechanisms Governing Innate-like T Lymphocyte Development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:208-216. [PMID: 35821098 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Innate-like lymphocytes are a subset of lymphoid cells that function as a first line of defense against microbial infection. These cells are activated by proinflammatory cytokines or broadly expressed receptors and are able to rapidly perform their effector functions owing to a uniquely primed chromatin state that is acquired as a part of their developmental program. These cells function in many organs to protect against disease, but they release cytokines and cytotoxic mediators that can also lead to severe tissue pathologies. Therefore, harnessing the capabilities of these cells for therapeutic interventions will require a deep understanding of how these cells develop and regulate their effector functions. In this review we discuss recent advances in the identification of the transcription factors and the genomic regions that guide the development and function of invariant NKT cells and we highlight related mechanisms in other innate-like lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxroy C Morgan
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Barbara L Kee
- Cancer Biology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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10
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Aubrey M, Warburg ZJ, Murre C. Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins in Adaptive Immune Development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881656. [PMID: 35634342 PMCID: PMC9134016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The E/ID protein axis is instrumental for defining the developmental progression and functions of hematopoietic cells. The E proteins are dimeric transcription factors that activate gene expression programs and coordinate changes in chromatin organization. Id proteins are antagonists of E protein activity. Relative levels of E/Id proteins are modulated throughout hematopoietic development to enable the progression of hematopoietic stem cells into multiple adaptive and innate immune lineages including natural killer cells, B cells and T cells. In early progenitors, the E proteins promote commitment to the T and B cell lineages by orchestrating lineage specific programs of gene expression and regulating VDJ recombination of antigen receptor loci. In mature B cells, the E/Id protein axis functions to promote class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation. E protein activity further regulates differentiation into distinct CD4+ and CD8+ T cells subsets and instructs mature T cell immune responses. In this review, we discuss how the E/Id proteins define the adaptive immune system lineages, focusing on their role in directing developmental gene programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Aubrey
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Zachary J Warburg
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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11
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Expression of Id3 represses exhaustion of anti-tumor CD8 T cells in liver cancer. Mol Immunol 2022; 144:117-126. [PMID: 35219016 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Id3, an inhibitor of DNA binding protein, plays important roles in the function and homeostasis of effector and memory T cells. Recent evidence has shown that Id3 is also implicated in CD8 T cell exhaustion. However, whether and how Id3 might regulate effector function or exhaustion of CD8 T cells, especially in the tumor setting, is still unknown. Here, we first showed that Id3 expression was impaired in tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells as liver cancer progressed, especially in PD-1 +Tim-3 + exhausted CD8 T cells. Enforced expression of Id3 in CD8 T cells resulted in repressed development of anti-tumor CTLs exhaustion, which offered better tumor control. And partially depletion of Id3 in CD8 T cells promoted the development of exhausted CD8 T cells. Furthermore, Id3hi CD8 T cells could respond to PD-1 blockade. Collectively, Id3 exerts protective functions in CD8 T cells for liver cancer.
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12
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Li W, Zhou Y, Wu Z, Shi Y, Tian E, Zhu Y, Wang T, Dou W, Meng X, Chen M, Zhai B, Zhu D. Targeting Wnt Signaling in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Enhancing EpCAM CAR T-Cell therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:724306. [PMID: 34790117 PMCID: PMC8591126 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.724306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are still lacking viable treatments. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown promise in hematologic malignancies, but their efficacy in solid tumors has been limited due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We found that cancer antigen- EpCAM expression increased in the metastatic stage compared with the primary stage in cancers and the activation of Wnt and TGFβ pathways was positively correlated with EpCAM expression in multiple cancers, including colorectal cancer. We constructed CAR T cells targeting EpCAM that successfully showed selective cytotoxicity in highly EpCAM-expressing cancer cell lines. The combination of EpCAM CAR-T with the Wnt inhibitor-hsBCL9CT-24 displayed synergetic effect against EpCAM-positive colon cells in vitro and also in vivo. A mechanistic study showed that hsBCL9CT-24 treatment could modulate the tumor environment and improve infiltration of T cells, while possibly promoting the effector T cells at the early stages and postponing the exhaustion of CAR T cells at advanced stages. Overall, these results demonstrated that the combination of EpCAM CAR T-cell therapy with the Wnt inhibitor can overcome the limitations of CAR T cells in treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Taixing Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Taizhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongen Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoping Shi
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Enming Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Dou
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Taizhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Taixing Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Taizhou, China
| | - Bo Zhai
- Department of Interventional Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of ImmunoTherapeutics, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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DNA Methylation and Immune Memory Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112943. [PMID: 34831166 PMCID: PMC8616503 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of memory is a cardinal feature of the adaptive immune response, involving different factors in a complex process of cellular differentiation. This process is essential for protecting the second encounter with pathogens and is the mechanism by which vaccines work. Epigenetic changes play important roles in the regulation of cell differentiation events. There are three types of epigenetic regulation: DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression. One of these epigenetic changes, DNA methylation, occurs in cytosine residues, mainly in CpG dinucleotides. This brief review aimed to analyse the literature to verify the involvement of DNA methylation during memory T and B cell development. Several studies have highlighted the importance of the DNA methyltransferases, enzymes that catalyse the methylation of DNA, during memory differentiation, maintenance, and function. The methylation profile within different subsets of naïve activated and memory cells could be an interesting tool to help monitor immune memory response.
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14
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Cannons JL, Villarino AV, Kapnick SM, Preite S, Shih HY, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Kaul Z, Shibata H, Reilley JM, Huang B, Handon R, McBain IT, Gossa S, Wu T, Su HC, McGavern DB, O'Shea JJ, McGuire PJ, Uzel G, Schwartzberg PL. PI3Kδ coordinates transcriptional, chromatin, and metabolic changes to promote effector CD8 + T cells at the expense of central memory. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109804. [PMID: 34644563 PMCID: PMC8582080 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) syndrome (APDS) present with sinopulmonary infections, lymphadenopathy, and cytomegalvirus (CMV) and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viremia, yet why patients fail to clear certain chronic viral infections remains incompletely understood. Using patient samples and a mouse model (Pik3cdE1020K/+ mice), we demonstrate that, upon activation, Pik3cdE1020K/+ CD8+ T cells exhibit exaggerated features of effector populations both in vitro and after viral infection that are associated with increased Fas-mediated apoptosis due to sustained FoxO1 phosphorylation and Fasl derepression, enhanced mTORC1 and c-Myc signatures, metabolic perturbations, and an altered chromatin landscape. Conversely, Pik3cdE1020K/+ CD8+ cells fail to sustain expression of proteins critical for central memory, including TCF1. Strikingly, activated Pik3cdE1020K/+ CD8+ cells exhibit altered transcriptional and epigenetic circuits characterized by pronounced interleukin-2 (IL-2)/STAT5 signatures and heightened IL-2 responses that prevent differentiation to memory-like cells in IL-15. Our data position PI3Kδ as integrating multiple signaling nodes that promote CD8+ T cell effector differentiation, providing insight into phenotypes of patients with APDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Alejandro V Villarino
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Senta M Kapnick
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Silvia Preite
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Han-Yu Shih
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julio Gomez-Rodriguez
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; TCR2 Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zenia Kaul
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hirofumi Shibata
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie M Reilley
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bonnie Huang
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robin Handon
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian T McBain
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Selamawit Gossa
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tuoqi Wu
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; University of Colorado, Department of Immunology, Denver, CO 80204, USA; Department of Immunology and Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Helen C Su
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter J McGuire
- National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Immunological memory and exhaustion are fundamental features of adaptive immunity. Recent advances reveal increasing heterogeneity and diversity among CD8 T-cell subsets, resulting in new subsets to annotate and understand. Here, we review our current knowledge of differentiation and maintenance of memory and exhausted CD8 T cells, including phenotypic classification, developmental paths, transcriptional and epigenetic features, and cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Additionally, we use this outline to discuss the nomenclature of effector, memory, and exhausted CD8 T cells. Finally, we discuss how new findings about these cell types may impact the therapeutic efficacy and development of immunotherapies targeting effector, memory, and/or exhausted CD8 T cells in chronic infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Muroyama
- Institute for Immunology
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics
- Abramson Cancer Center
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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16
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Chen Y, Shen J, Kasmani MY, Topchyan P, Cui W. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Core Regulatory Programs That Determine the Heterogeneity of Circulating and Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Cells 2021; 10:2143. [PMID: 34440912 PMCID: PMC8392357 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During acute infections, CD8+ T cells form various memory subpopulations to provide long-lasting protection against reinfection. T central memory (TCM), T effector memory (TEM), and long-lived effector (LLE) cells are circulating memory populations with distinct plasticity, migration patterns, and effector functions. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells permanently reside in the frontline sites of pathogen entry and provide tissue-specific protection upon reinfection. Here, using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-seq, we examined the different and shared transcriptomes and regulators of TRM cells with other circulating memory populations. Furthermore, we identified heterogeneity within the TRM pool from small intestine and novel transcriptional regulators that may control the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of TRM cells during acute infection. Our findings provide a resource for future studies to identify novel pathways for enhancing vaccination and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
| | - Jian Shen
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Moujtaba Y. Kasmani
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (P.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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17
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Omilusik KD, Nadjsombati MS, Yoshida TM, Shaw LA, Goulding J, Goldrath AW. Ubiquitin Specific Protease 1 Expression and Function in T Cell Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1377-1387. [PMID: 34380645 PMCID: PMC8387442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
T cells are essential mediators of immune responses against infectious diseases and provide long-lived protection from reinfection. The differentiation of naive to effector T cells and the subsequent differentiation and persistence of memory T cell populations in response to infection is a highly regulated process. E protein transcription factors and their inhibitors, Id proteins, are important regulators of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses; however, their regulation at the protein level has not been explored. Recently, the deubiquitinase USP1 was shown to stabilize Id2 and modulate cellular differentiation in osteosarcomas. In this study, we investigated a role for Usp1 in posttranslational control of Id2 and Id3 in murine T cells. We show that Usp1 was upregulated in T cells following activation in vitro or following infection in vivo, and the extent of Usp1 expression correlated with the degree of T cell expansion. Usp1 directly interacted with Id2 and Id3 following T cell activation. However, Usp1 deficiency did not impact Id protein abundance in effector T cells or alter effector T cell expansion or differentiation following a primary infection. Usp1 deficiency resulted in a gradual loss of memory CD8+ T cells over time and reduced Id2 protein levels and proliferation of effector CD8+ T cell following reinfection. Together, these results identify Usp1 as a player in modulating recall responses at the protein level and highlight differences in regulation of T cell responses between primary and subsequent infection encounters. Finally, our observations reveal differential regulation of Id2/3 proteins between immune versus nonimmune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Omilusik
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marija S Nadjsombati
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tomomi M Yoshida
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura A Shaw
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - John Goulding
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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18
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Milner JJ, Toma C, Quon S, Omilusik K, Scharping NE, Dey A, Reina-Campos M, Nguyen H, Getzler AJ, Diao H, Yu B, Delpoux A, Yoshida TM, Li D, Qi J, Vincek A, Hedrick SM, Egawa T, Zhou MM, Crotty S, Ozato K, Pipkin ME, Goldrath AW. Bromodomain protein BRD4 directs and sustains CD8 T cell differentiation during infection. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20202512. [PMID: 34037670 PMCID: PMC8160575 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to infection, pathogen-specific CD8 T cells differentiate into functionally diverse effector and memory T cell populations critical for resolving disease and providing durable immunity. Through small-molecule inhibition, RNAi studies, and induced genetic deletion, we reveal an essential role for the chromatin modifier and BET family member BRD4 in supporting the differentiation and maintenance of terminally fated effector CD8 T cells during infection. BRD4 bound diverse regulatory regions critical to effector T cell differentiation and controlled transcriptional activity of terminal effector-specific super-enhancers in vivo. Consequentially, induced deletion of Brd4 or small molecule-mediated BET inhibition impaired maintenance of a terminal effector T cell phenotype. BRD4 was also required for terminal differentiation of CD8 T cells in the tumor microenvironment in murine models, which we show has implications for immunotherapies. Taken together, these data reveal an unappreciated requirement for BRD4 in coordinating activity of cis regulatory elements to control CD8 T cell fate and lineage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Justin Milner
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Clara Toma
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Sara Quon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Kyla Omilusik
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nicole E. Scharping
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Anup Dey
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Miguel Reina-Campos
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hongtuyet Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Adam J. Getzler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Bingfei Yu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Arnaud Delpoux
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tomomi M. Yoshida
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Deyao Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jun Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adam Vincek
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Stephen M. Hedrick
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ming-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthew E. Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL
| | - Ananda W. Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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19
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He Y, Fu L, Li Y, Wang W, Gong M, Zhang J, Dong X, Huang J, Wang Q, Mackay CR, Fu YX, Chen Y, Guo X. Gut microbial metabolites facilitate anticancer therapy efficacy by modulating cytotoxic CD8 + T cell immunity. Cell Metab 2021; 33:988-1000.e7. [PMID: 33761313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in both mice and humans have suggested that gut microbiota could modulate tumor responsiveness to chemo- or immunotherapies. However, the underlying mechanism is not clear yet. Here, we found that gut microbial metabolites, especially butyrate, could promote the efficacy of oxaliplatin by modulating CD8+ T cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Butyrate treatment directly boosted the antitumor cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses both in vitro and in vivo in an ID2-dependent manner by promoting the IL-12 signaling pathway. In humans, the oxaliplatin responder cancer patients exhibited a higher amount of serum butyrate than did non-responders, which could also increase ID2 expression and function of human CD8+ T cells. Together, our findings suggest that the gut microbial metabolite butyrate could promote antitumor therapeutic efficacy through the ID2-dependent regulation of CD8+ T cell immunity, indicating that gut microbial metabolites could be effective as a part of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao He
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liuhui Fu
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingli Gong
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaoyan Huang
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Quanbo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Charles R Mackay
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; Department of Microbiology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Research center for clinical oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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20
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Li ZY, Morman RE, Hegermiller E, Sun M, Bartom ET, Maienschein-Cline M, Sigvardsson M, Kee BL. The transcriptional repressor ID2 supports natural killer cell maturation by controlling TCF1 amplitude. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211997. [PMID: 33857289 PMCID: PMC8056751 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaining a mechanistic understanding of the expansion and maturation program of natural killer (NK) cells will provide opportunities for harnessing their inflammation-inducing and oncolytic capacity for therapeutic purposes. Here, we demonstrated that ID2, a transcriptional regulatory protein constitutively expressed in NK cells, supports NK cell effector maturation by controlling the amplitude and temporal dynamics of the transcription factor TCF1. TCF1 promotes immature NK cell expansion and restrains differentiation. The increased TCF1 expression in ID2-deficient NK cells arrests their maturation and alters cell surface receptor expression. Moreover, TCF1 limits NK cell functions, such as cytokine-induced IFN-γ production and the ability to clear metastatic melanoma in ID2-deficient NK cells. Our data demonstrate that ID2 sets a threshold for TCF1 during NK cell development, thus controlling the balance of immature and terminally differentiated cells that support future NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yin Li
- Department of Pathology, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Rosemary E Morman
- Department of Pathology, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Emma Hegermiller
- Department of Pathology, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mengxi Sun
- Department of Pathology, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Elizabeth T Bartom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark Maienschein-Cline
- Core for Research Informatics, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Mikael Sigvardsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty for Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Division of Molecular Hematology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Barbara L Kee
- Department of Pathology, Committees on Immunology and Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL.,University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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21
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E2A-regulated epigenetic landscape promotes memory CD8 T cell differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2013452118. [PMID: 33859041 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013452118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During an acute viral infection, CD8 T cells encounter a myriad of antigenic and inflammatory signals of variable strength, which sets off individual T cells on their own differentiation trajectories. However, the developmental path for each of these cells will ultimately lead to one of only two potential outcomes after clearance of the infection-death or survival and development into memory CD8 T cells. How this cell fate decision is made remains incompletely understood. In this study, we explore the transcriptional changes during effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation at the single-cell level. Using single-cell, transcriptome-derived gene regulatory network analysis, we identified two main groups of regulons that govern this differentiation process. These regulons function in concert with changes in the enhancer landscape to confer the establishment of the regulatory modules underlying the cell fate decision of CD8 T cells. Furthermore, we found that memory precursor effector cells maintain chromatin accessibility at enhancers for key memory-related genes and that these enhancers are highly enriched for E2A binding sites. Finally, we show that E2A directly regulates accessibility of enhancers of many memory-related genes and that its overexpression increases the frequency of memory precursor effector cells and accelerates memory cell formation while decreasing the frequency of short-lived effector cells. Overall, our results suggest that effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation is largely regulated by two transcriptional circuits, with E2A serving as an important epigenetic regulator of the memory circuit.
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22
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Cheng H, Ma K, Zhang L, Li G. The tumor microenvironment shapes the molecular characteristics of exhausted CD8 + T cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 506:55-66. [PMID: 33662493 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The persistent antigen stimulation during chronic infections and cancer results in CD8+ T cell exhaustion. The exhausted T (Tex) cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are characterized by increased expression of multiple co-inhibitory receptors simultaneously, progressive loss of effector function, poor proliferation and self-renewal capacity, and dysregulated metabolic activity. Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion have proposed potential approaches to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy via restoring the effector function of Tex cells. In this review, we summarize the fundamental characteristics (e.g., inhibitory receptors and transcriptional factors) regarding Tex cell differentiation and discuss in particular how those exhaustion features are acquired and shaped by key factors within the TME. Additionally, we discuss the progress and limitations of current cancer immunotherapeutic strategies targeting Tex cells in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
| | - Guideng Li
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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23
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The E protein-TCF1 axis controls γδ T cell development and effector fate. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108716. [PMID: 33535043 PMCID: PMC7919611 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TCF1 plays a critical role in T lineage commitment and the development of αβ lineage T cells, but its role in γδ T cell development remains poorly understood. Here, we reveal a regulatory axis where T cell receptor (TCR) signaling controls TCF1 expression through an E-protein-bound regulatory element in the Tcf7 locus, and this axis regulates both γδ T lineage commitment and effector fate. Indeed, the level of TCF1 expression plays an important role in setting the threshold for γδ T lineage commitment and modulates the ability of TCR signaling to influence effector fate adoption by γδ T lineage progenitors. This finding provides mechanistic insight into how TCR-mediated repression of E proteins promotes the development of γδ T cells and their adoption of the interleukin (IL)-17-producing effector fate. IL-17-producing γδ T cells have been implicated in cancer progression and in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis.
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24
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Verdon DJ, Mulazzani M, Jenkins MR. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of CD8 + T Cell Differentiation, Dysfunction and Exhaustion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197357. [PMID: 33027962 PMCID: PMC7582856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells follow a triphasic distinct pathway of activation, proliferation and differentiation before becoming functionally and phenotypically “exhausted” in settings of chronic infection, autoimmunity and in cancer. Exhausted T cells progressively lose canonical effector functions, exhibit altered transcriptional networks and epigenetic signatures and gain constitutive expression of a broad coinhibitory receptor suite. This review outlines recent advances in our understanding of exhausted T cell biology and examines cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a state of dysfunction or exhaustion is established, and mechanisms by which exhausted T cells may still contribute to pathogen or tumour control. Further, this review describes our understanding of exhausted T cell heterogeneity and outlines the mechanisms by which checkpoint blockade differentially engages exhausted T cell subsets to overcome exhaustion and recover T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Verdon
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Matthias Mulazzani
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.V.); (M.M.)
| | - Misty R. Jenkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (D.J.V.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
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25
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Katzenelenbogen Y, Sheban F, Yalin A, Yofe I, Svetlichnyy D, Jaitin DA, Bornstein C, Moshe A, Keren-Shaul H, Cohen M, Wang SY, Li B, David E, Salame TM, Weiner A, Amit I. Coupled scRNA-Seq and Intracellular Protein Activity Reveal an Immunosuppressive Role of TREM2 in Cancer. Cell 2020; 182:872-885.e19. [PMID: 32783915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell function and activity are regulated through integration of signaling, epigenetic, transcriptional, and metabolic pathways. Here, we introduce INs-seq, an integrated technology for massively parallel recording of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and intracellular protein activity. We demonstrate the broad utility of INs-seq for discovering new immune subsets by profiling different intracellular signatures of immune signaling, transcription factor combinations, and metabolic activity. Comprehensive mapping of Arginase 1-expressing cells within tumor models, a metabolic immune signature of suppressive activity, discovers novel Arg1+ Trem2+ regulatory myeloid (Mreg) cells and identifies markers, metabolic activity, and pathways associated with these cells. Genetic ablation of Trem2 in mice inhibits accumulation of intra-tumoral Mreg cells, leading to a marked decrease in dysfunctional CD8+ T cells and reduced tumor growth. This study establishes INs-seq as a broadly applicable technology for elucidating integrated transcriptional and intra-cellular maps and identifies the molecular signature of myeloid suppressive cells in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fadi Sheban
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Adam Yalin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ido Yofe
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Adi Moshe
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Merav Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shuang-Yin Wang
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Baoguo Li
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tomer-Meir Salame
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Ido Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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26
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Choi J, Diao H, Faliti CE, Truong J, Rossi M, Bélanger S, Yu B, Goldrath AW, Pipkin ME, Crotty S. Bcl-6 is the nexus transcription factor of T follicular helper cells via repressor-of-repressor circuits. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:777-789. [PMID: 32572238 PMCID: PMC7449381 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (TFH) cells are a distinct type of CD4+ T cells that are essential for most antibody and B lymphocyte responses. TFH cell regulation and dysregulation is involved in a range of diseases. Bcl-6 is the lineage defining transcription factor of TFH cells and its activity is essential for TFH cell differentiation and function. However, how Bcl-6 controls TFH biology has largely remained unclear, at least in part due to intrinsic challenges of connecting repressors to gene upregulation in complex cell types with multiple possible differentiation fates. Multiple competing models were tested here by a series of experimental approaches to determine that Bcl-6 exhibited negative autoregulation and controlled pleiotropic attributes of TFH differentiation and function, including migration, costimulation, inhibitory receptors, and cytokines, via multiple repressor-of-repressor gene circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Choi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Huitian Diao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Caterina E Faliti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Truong
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meghan Rossi
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simon Bélanger
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bingfei Yu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Pipkin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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27
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Milner JJ, Toma C, He Z, Kurd NS, Nguyen QP, McDonald B, Quezada L, Widjaja CE, Witherden DA, Crowl JT, Shaw LA, Yeo GW, Chang JT, Omilusik KD, Goldrath AW. Heterogenous Populations of Tissue-Resident CD8 + T Cells Are Generated in Response to Infection and Malignancy. Immunity 2020; 52:808-824.e7. [PMID: 32433949 PMCID: PMC7784612 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (Trm) provide host protection through continuous surveillance of non-lymphoid tissues. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) and genetic reporter mice, we identified discrete lineages of intestinal antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, including a Blimp1hiId3lo tissue-resident effector cell population most prominent in the early phase of acute viral and bacterial infections and a molecularly distinct Blimp1loId3hi tissue-resident memory population that subsequently accumulated at later infection time points. These Trm populations exhibited distinct cytokine production, secondary memory potential, and transcriptional programs including differential roles for transcriptional regulators Blimp1, T-bet, Id2, and Id3 in supporting and maintaining intestinal Trm. Extending our analysis to malignant tissue, we also identified discrete populations of effector-like and memory-like CD8+ T cell populations with tissue-resident gene-expression signatures that shared features of terminally exhausted and progenitor-exhausted T cells, respectively. Our findings provide insight into the development and functional heterogeneity of Trm cells, which has implications for enhancing vaccination and immunotherapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Justin Milner
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Clara Toma
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoren He
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nadia S Kurd
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Quynh P Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryan McDonald
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Quezada
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Deborah A Witherden
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John T Crowl
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura A Shaw
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kyla D Omilusik
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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28
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Fousteri G, Kuka M. The elusive identity of CXCR5 + CD8 T cells in viral infection and autoimmunity: Cytotoxic, regulatory, or helper cells? Mol Immunol 2020; 119:101-105. [PMID: 32007752 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge on the development and functions of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells is rudimentary when confronted to other extensively studied CD8 T cell subsets. A decade ago, it became apparent that CD8 T cells possess two additional and rather unexpected functional properties other than cytotoxicity, one involving what is known as B cell helper activity and the other involving suppression of self-reactive responses generally known as T cell regulation. Although these adaptive responses are well-known functions of CD4 T cells, they remain poorly understood in CD8 T cells. Thus far, three subsets of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells have been identified. The first subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells is present in chronic viral infections and is referred to as progenitors of exhausted T cells showing heightened proliferative and cytotoxic properties as compared to CXCR5- CD8 T cells. The second subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells functions as regulatory T cells that inhibit CD4 T follicular helper (Tfh) humoral responses and the development of autoantibodies. The third subset of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells was identified in mice with mutations in immunoregulatory genes (i.e. FOXP3 and IL-2-deficient mice) and involves CD8 T cells with Tfh-like properties that promote humoral autoimmunity through interaction with B cells. This review summarizes the phenotype, function, and differentiation of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Fousteri
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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29
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Raghu D, Xue HH, Mielke LA. Control of Lymphocyte Fate, Infection, and Tumor Immunity by TCF-1. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:1149-1162. [PMID: 31734149 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
T cell factor-1 (TCF-1), encoded by Tcf7, is a transcription factor and histone deacetylase (HDAC) essential for commitment to both the T cell and the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) lineages in mammals. In this review, we discuss the multifunctional role of TCF-1 in establishing these lineages and the requirement for TCF-1 throughout lineage differentiation and maintenance of lineage stability. We highlight recent reports showing promise for TCF-1 as a novel biomarker to identify recently characterized subsets of exhausted CD8+ T cells that may help to predict patient responses to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Raghu
- School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; Cancer Immunobiology Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Molecular Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lisa A Mielke
- School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; Cancer Immunobiology Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Molecular Sciences, College of Science, Health and Engineering, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
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30
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Kallies A, Zehn D, Utzschneider DT. Precursor exhausted T cells: key to successful immunotherapy? Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:128-136. [PMID: 31591533 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cell immunity in response to chronic infections and tumours is maintained by a specialized population of CD8+ T cells that exhibit hallmarks of both exhausted and memory cells and give rise to terminally differentiated exhausted effector cells that contribute to viral or tumour control. Importantly, recent work suggests these cells, which we refer to as 'precursor exhausted' T (TPEX) cells, are responsible for the proliferative burst that generates effector T cells in response to immune checkpoint blockade targeting programmed cell death 1 (PD1), and increased TPEX cell frequencies have recently been linked to increased patient survival. We believe the recent discovery of TPEX cells not only represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain CD8+ T cell responses in chronic infections and tumours but also opens up unexpected avenues for the development of new and innovative therapeutic approaches. In this Opinion article, we discuss the differentiation and function of TPEX cells and suggest that targeting these cells may be key for successful immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Kallies
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Daniel T Utzschneider
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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31
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Omilusik KD, Goldrath AW. Remembering to remember: T cell memory maintenance and plasticity. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 58:89-97. [PMID: 31170601 PMCID: PMC6612439 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation, naive T cells give rise to a heterogeneous cell population of effector and memory T cells that mediate antigen clearance and provide long-lived protection from rechallenge. Many of the transcriptional regulators that direct the differentiation of naive T cells to acquire the range of phenotypic and functional characteristics of effector and memory T cells have been described. However, the active programs that maintain the specific subsets of memory T cells are less clear. Here, we discuss recent studies that suggest effector and memory CD8+ T cells exist in cellular 'states' with inherent plasticity. Further, we consider the newly identified role of active transcriptional and epigenetic programming in maintaining the identity of the distinct subsets within the memory population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Omilusik
- University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, United States
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- University of California San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Molecular Biology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, United States.
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32
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ZEBs: Novel Players in Immune Cell Development and Function. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:431-446. [PMID: 30956067 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ZEB1 and ZEB2 are zinc-finger E homeobox-binding transcription factors best known for their role in driving epithelial to mesenchymal transition. However, in recent years our understanding of these two transcription factors has broadened, and it is now clear that they are expressed by a variety of immune cells of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages, including dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, B, T, and NK cells. In these cells, ZEBs function to regulate important transcriptional networks necessary for cell differentiation, maintenance, and function. Here, we review the current understanding of ZEB regulation across immune cell lineages, particularly in mice, highlighting present gaps in our knowledge. We also speculate on important questions for the future.
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33
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Wang Y, Hu J, Li Y, Xiao M, Wang H, Tian Q, Li Z, Tang J, Hu L, Tan Y, Zhou X, He R, Wu Y, Ye L, Yin Z, Huang Q, Xu L. The Transcription Factor TCF1 Preserves the Effector Function of Exhausted CD8 T Cells During Chronic Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:169. [PMID: 30814995 PMCID: PMC6381939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term persistence of viral antigens drives virus-specific CD8 T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection. Yet exhausted, CD8 T cells are still endowed with certain levels of effector function, by which they can keep viral replication in check in chronic infection. However, the regulatory factors involved in regulating the effector function of exhausted CD8 T cell are largely unknown. Using mouse model of chronic LCMV infection, we found that the deletion of transcription factor TCF-1 in LCMV-specific exhausted CD8 T cells led to the profound reduction in cytokine production and degranulation. Conversely, ectopic expression of TCF-1 or using agonist to activate TCF-1 activities promotes the effector function of exhausted CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, TCF-1 fuels the functionalities of exhausted CD8 T cells by promoting the expression of an array of key effector function-associated transcription regulators, including Foxo1, Zeb2, Id3, and Eomes. These results collectively indicate that targeting TCF-1 mediated transcriptional pathway may represent a promising immunotherapy strategy against chronic viral infections by reinvigorating the effector function of exhausted virus-specific CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiding Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Minglu Xiao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoqiang Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute and School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy Research, National Center for International Research of Biological Targeting Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qizhao Huang
- Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Gutierrez-Arcelus M, Teslovich N, Mola AR, Polidoro RB, Nathan A, Kim H, Hannes S, Slowikowski K, Watts GFM, Korsunsky I, Brenner MB, Raychaudhuri S, Brennan PJ. Lymphocyte innateness defined by transcriptional states reflects a balance between proliferation and effector functions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:687. [PMID: 30737409 PMCID: PMC6368609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
How innate T cells (ITC), including invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and γδ T cells, maintain a poised effector state has been unclear. Here we address this question using low-input and single-cell RNA-seq of human lymphocyte populations. Unbiased transcriptomic analyses uncover a continuous ‘innateness gradient’, with adaptive T cells at one end, followed by MAIT, iNKT, γδ T and natural killer cells at the other end. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals four broad states of innateness, and heterogeneity within canonical innate and adaptive populations. Transcriptional and functional data show that innateness is characterized by pre-formed mRNA encoding effector functions, but impaired proliferation marked by decreased baseline expression of ribosomal genes. Together, our data shed new light on the poised state of ITC, in which innateness is defined by a transcriptionally-orchestrated trade-off between rapid cell growth and rapid effector function. Innate T cells (ITC) contain many subsets and are poised to promptly respond to antigens and pathogens, but how this poised state is maintained is still unclear. Here the authors perform single-cell RNA-seq to align the various ITC subsets along an ‘innateness gradient’ that is associated with changes in proliferation and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gutierrez-Arcelus
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nikola Teslovich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alex R Mola
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Rafael B Polidoro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aparna Nathan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Susan Hannes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kamil Slowikowski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gerald F M Watts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ilya Korsunsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115. .,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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35
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Page N, Klimek B, De Roo M, Steinbach K, Soldati H, Lemeille S, Wagner I, Kreutzfeldt M, Di Liberto G, Vincenti I, Lingner T, Salinas G, Brück W, Simons M, Murr R, Kaye J, Zehn D, Pinschewer DD, Merkler D. Expression of the DNA-Binding Factor TOX Promotes the Encephalitogenic Potential of Microbe-Induced Autoreactive CD8 + T Cells. Immunity 2019; 48:937-950.e8. [PMID: 29768177 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Infections are thought to trigger CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses during autoimmunity. However, the transcriptional programs governing the tissue-destructive potential of CTLs remain poorly defined. In a model of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, we found that infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), but not Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), drove autoimmunity. The DNA-binding factor TOX was induced in CTLs during LCMV infection and was essential for their encephalitogenic properties, and its expression was inhibited by interleukin-12 during Lm infection. TOX repressed the activity of several transcription factors (including Id2, TCF-1, and Notch) that are known to drive CTL differentiation. TOX also reduced immune checkpoint sensitivity by restraining the expression of the inhibitory checkpoint receptor CD244 on the surface of CTLs, leading to increased CTL-mediated damage in the CNS. Our results identify TOX as a transcriptional regulator of tissue-destructive CTLs in autoimmunity, offering a potential mechanistic link to microbial triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Page
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bogna Klimek
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathias De Roo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karin Steinbach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hadrien Soldati
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Microarray and Deep-Sequencing Core Facility, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, 6250 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rabih Murr
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Kaye
- Research Division of Immunology, Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dietmar Zehn
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, Haus Petersplatz, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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36
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Kartikasari AER, Prakash MD, Cox M, Wilson K, Boer JC, Cauchi JA, Plebanski M. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines-T Cell Responses and Epigenetic Modulation. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3109. [PMID: 30740111 PMCID: PMC6357987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in developing efficient therapeutic cancer vaccines, as this type of therapy allows targeted killing of tumor cells as well as long-lasting immune protection. High levels of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells are associated with better prognosis in many cancers, and it is expected that new generation vaccines will induce effective production of these cells. Epigenetic mechanisms can promote changes in host immune responses, as well as mediate immune evasion by cancer cells. Here, we focus on epigenetic modifications involved in both vaccine-adjuvant-generated T cell immunity and cancer immune escape mechanisms. We propose that vaccine-adjuvant systems may be utilized to induce beneficial epigenetic modifications and discuss how epigenetic interventions could improve vaccine-based therapies. Additionally, we speculate on how, given the unique nature of individual epigenetic landscapes, epigenetic mapping of cancer progression and specific subsequent immune responses, could be harnessed to tailor therapeutic vaccines to each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apriliana E R Kartikasari
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Monica D Prakash
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Momodou Cox
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsty Wilson
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Boer
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Cauchi
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Translational Immunology and Nanotechnology Unit, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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37
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Zook EC, Li ZY, Xu Y, de Pooter RF, Verykokakis M, Beaulieu A, Lasorella A, Maienschein-Cline M, Sun JC, Sigvardsson M, Kee BL. Transcription factor ID2 prevents E proteins from enforcing a naïve T lymphocyte gene program during NK cell development. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/22/eaao2139. [PMID: 29703840 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aao2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) require the small helix-loop-helix transcription factor ID2, but the functions of ID2 are not well understood in these cells. We show that mature natural killer (NK) cells, the prototypic ILCs, developed in mice lacking ID2 but remained as precursor CD27+CD11b- cells that failed to differentiate into CD27-CD11b+ cytotoxic effectors. We show that ID2 limited chromatin accessibility at E protein binding sites near naïve T lymphocyte-associated genes including multiple chemokine receptors, cytokine receptors, and signaling molecules and altered the NK cell response to inflammatory cytokines. In the absence of ID2, CD27+CD11b- NK cells expressed ID3, a helix-loop-helix protein associated with naïve T cells, and they transitioned from a CD8 memory precursor-like to a naïve-like chromatin accessibility state. We demonstrate that ID3 was required for the development of ID2-deficient NK cells, indicating that completely unfettered E protein function is incompatible with NK cell development. These data solidify the roles of ID2 and ID3 as mediators of effector and naïve gene programs, respectively, and revealed a critical role for ID2 in promoting a chromatin state and transcriptional program in CD27+CD11b- NK cells that supports cytotoxic effector differentiation and cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Zook
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Li
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Yiying Xu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Renée F de Pooter
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Mihalis Verykokakis
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA
| | - Aimee Beaulieu
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Lasorella
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mark Maienschein-Cline
- Core for Research Informatics, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Barbara L Kee
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60657, USA.
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38
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Wu H, Shao Q. The role of inhibitor of binding or differentiation 2 in the development and differentiation of immune cells. Immunobiology 2018; 224:142-146. [PMID: 30340915 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of binding or differentiation 2 (Id2), a member of helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcriptional factors, is recently reported as an important regulator of the development or differentiation of immune cells. It has been demonstrated that Id2 plays a critical role in the early lymphopoiesis. However, it has been discovered recently that Id2 displays new functions in different immune cells. In the adaptive immune cells, Id2 is required for determining T-cell subsets and B cells. In addition, Id2 is also involved in the development of innate immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and other innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Here, we review the current reports about the role of Id2 in the development or differentiation of main immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Wu
- Reproductive Sciences Institute of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Reproductive Sciences Institute of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, P.R. China; Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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39
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Held W, Jeevan-Raj B, Charmoy M. Transcriptional regulation of murine natural killer cell development, differentiation and maturation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3371-3379. [PMID: 29959459 PMCID: PMC11105435 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic effector cells that play important protective roles against certain pathogens as well as against pathogen-infected and transformed host cells. NK cells continuously arise from adult bone marrow-resident haematopoietic progenitors. Their generation can be sub-divided into three phases. The early NK cell development phase from multipotent common lymphoid progenitors occurs at least in part in common with that of additional members of a family of innate lymphoid cells, for which NK cells are the founding member. An intermediate phase of NK cell differentiation is characterized by the acquisition of IL-15 responsiveness and lineage-defining properties such as the transcription of genes coding for cytotoxic effector molecules. This is followed by a late maturation phase during which NK cells lose homeostatic expansion and increase effector capacity. These three phases are regulated by multiple stage-specific but not NK cell-specific transcription factors. This review summarizes the NK cell developmental and maturation processes and their transcriptional regulation with an emphasis on data derived from genetically modified mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Held
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
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40
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Zhu H, Lu S, Wei M, Cai X, Wang G. Identification of novel genes involved in gingival epithelial cells responding to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis infections. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 96:113-121. [PMID: 30223242 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in gingiva epithelial cells responding to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis infections using bioinformatics method. STUDY DESIGN GSE9723 dataset was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, and DEGs between the infected cells and controls were identified using unpaired t-test. Overlapping DEGs in responding to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis infections were extracted. Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed and functional modules were isolated using Molecular Complex Detection algorithm. Key genes in protein-protein interaction network and Molecular Complex Detection modules were subjected to functional enrichment analyses. In addition, the transcriptional factors were predicted. RESULTS A total of 533 co-up-regulated and 202 co-down-regulated genes were identified. The up-regulated genes, including IL6, CCL19, EDN1, ADCY9, and BCL2 and the down-regulated genes, including CCNB1, PLK1, and CCNA2 were the key genes in the protein-protein interaction network and modules. They were intensively enriched in chemokine signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway and cell cycle. Finally, two transcriptional factors, E12 and NRSF, targeting to the up-regulated genes and one transcriptional factor, NRP1, targeting the down-regulated genes, were predicted. CONCLUSIONS CCNB1, PLK1, and CCNA2 might play important roles in the response of host epithelial cells to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Zhu
- School of Stomatology of Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, 250012, China; Department of Dental Medicine, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang 261041, China
| | - Shouyi Lu
- Department of Dentistry, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Meirong Wei
- Department of Dentistry, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261041, China
| | - Xiaoshan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Second People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261041, China
| | - Guoyou Wang
- Department of Dentistry, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261041, China.
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41
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Polonsky M, Rimer J, Kern-Perets A, Zaretsky I, Miller S, Bornstein C, David E, Kopelman NM, Stelzer G, Porat Z, Chain B, Friedman N. Induction of CD4 T cell memory by local cellular collectivity. Science 2018; 360:360/6394/eaaj1853. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell differentiation is directed by signals driving progenitors into specialized cell types. This process can involve collective decision-making, when differentiating cells determine their lineage choice by interacting with each other. We used live-cell imaging in microwell arrays to study collective processes affecting differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into memory precursors. We found that differentiation of precursor memory T cells sharply increases above a threshold number of locally interacting cells. These homotypic interactions involve the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6, which affect memory differentiation orthogonal to their effect on proliferation and survival. Mathematical modeling suggests that the differentiation rate is continuously modulated by the instantaneous number of locally interacting cells. This cellular collectivity can prioritize allocation of immune memory to stronger responses.
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42
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Abstract
The immune system is characterized by the generation of structurally and functionally heterogeneous immune cells that constitute complex innate and adaptive immunity. This heterogeneity of immune cells results from changes in the expression of genes without altering DNA sequence. To achieve this heterogeneity, immune cells orchestrate the expression and functional status of transcription factor (TF) networks, which can be broadly categorized into 3 classes: pioneer TFs that facilitate initial commitment and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, subset-specific TFs that promote the generation of selected cell lineages, and immune-signaling TFs that regulate specialized function in differentiated cells. Epigenetic mechanisms are known to be critical for organizing the TF networks, thereby controlling immune cell lineage-fate decisions, plasticity, and function. The effects of epigenetic regulators can be heritable during cell mitosis, primarily through the modification of DNA and histone methylation patterns at gene loci. By doing so, the immune system is enabled to mount a selective but robust response to stimuli, such as pathogens, tumor cells, autoantigens, or allogeneic antigens in the setting of transplantation, while preserving the immune cell reservoir necessary for protecting the host against numerous other unexpected stimuli and limit detrimental effect of systemic inflammatory reactions.
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43
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Omilusik KD, Nadjsombati MS, Shaw LA, Yu B, Milner JJ, Goldrath AW. Sustained Id2 regulation of E proteins is required for terminal differentiation of effector CD8 + T cells. J Exp Med 2018; 215:773-783. [PMID: 29440362 PMCID: PMC5839762 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells responding to infection differentiate into short-lived effector cells destined to die or memory cells that provide long-lived protection. Omilusik et al. demonstrate that commitment to an effector cell fate is not necessarily terminal and that sustained transcriptional regulation is required to maintain subset-specific properties. CD8+ T cells responding to infection differentiate into a heterogeneous population composed of progeny that are short-lived and participate in the immediate, acute response and those that provide long-lasting host protection. Although it is appreciated that distinct functional and phenotypic CD8+ T cell subsets persist, it is unclear whether there is plasticity among subsets and what mechanisms maintain subset-specific differences. Here, we show that continued Id2 regulation of E-protein activity is required to maintain the KLRG1hi CD8+ T cell population after lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Induced deletion of Id2 phenotypically and transcriptionally transformed the KLRG1hi “terminal” effector/effector-memory CD8+ T cell population into a KLRG1lo memory-like population, promoting a gene-expression program that resembled that of central memory T cells. Our results question the idea that KLRG1hi CD8+ T cells are necessarily terminally programmed and suggest that sustained regulation is required to maintain distinct CD8+ T cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Omilusik
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Marija S Nadjsombati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura A Shaw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bingfei Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - J Justin Milner
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ananda W Goldrath
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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44
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Danilo M, Chennupati V, Silva JG, Siegert S, Held W. Suppression of Tcf1 by Inflammatory Cytokines Facilitates Effector CD8 T Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2018; 22:2107-2117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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45
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Backer RA, Hombrink P, Helbig C, Amsen D. The Fate Choice Between Effector and Memory T Cell Lineages: Asymmetry, Signal Integration, and Feedback to Create Bistability. Adv Immunol 2018; 137:43-82. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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He S, Liu Y, Meng L, Sun H, Wang Y, Ji Y, Purushe J, Chen P, Li C, Madzo J, Issa JP, Soboloff J, Reshef R, Moore B, Gattinoni L, Zhang Y. Ezh2 phosphorylation state determines its capacity to maintain CD8 + T memory precursors for antitumor immunity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:2125. [PMID: 29242551 PMCID: PMC5730609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells sustain effector T-cell production while self-renewing in reaction to persistent antigen; yet, excessive expansion reduces memory potential and impairs antitumor immunity. Epigenetic mechanisms are thought to be important for balancing effector and memory differentiation; however, the epigenetic regulator(s) underpinning this process remains unknown. Herein, we show that the histone methyltransferase Ezh2 controls CD8+ T memory precursor formation and antitumor activity. Ezh2 activates Id3 while silencing Id2, Prdm1 and Eomes, promoting the expansion of memory precursor cells and their differentiation into functional memory cells. Akt activation phosphorylates Ezh2 and decreases its control of these transcriptional programs, causing enhanced effector differentiation at the expense of T memory precursors. Engineering T cells with an Akt-insensitive Ezh2 mutant markedly improves their memory potential and capability of controlling tumor growth compared to transiently inhibiting Akt. These findings establish Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Ezh2 as a critical target to potentiate antitumor immunotherapeutic strategies. During an immune response naive CD8+ T cells can differentiate into either effector or memory T cells. Here the authors show that Akt-mediated phosphorylation of the epigenetic regulator Ezh2 is critical for the generation of an anti-tumor CD8 T cell response and promotes the expansion of memory-precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Yongnian Liu
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Lijun Meng
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hongxing Sun
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yun Ji
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Janaki Purushe
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pan Chen
- The Division of Endocrinology and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Changhong Li
- The Division of Endocrinology and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jonathan Soboloff
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ran Reshef
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bethany Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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47
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Seillet C, Mielke LA, Amann-Zalcenstein DB, Su S, Gao J, Almeida FF, Shi W, Ritchie ME, Naik SH, Huntington ND, Carotta S, Belz GT. Deciphering the Innate Lymphoid Cell Transcriptional Program. Cell Rep 2017; 17:436-447. [PMID: 27705792 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are enriched at mucosal surfaces, where they provide immune surveillance. All ILC subsets develop from a common progenitor that gives rise to pre-committed progenitors for each of the ILC lineages. Currently, the temporal control of gene expression that guides the emergence of these progenitors is poorly understood. We used global transcriptional mapping to analyze gene expression in different ILC progenitors. We identified PD-1 to be specifically expressed in PLZF+ ILCp and revealed that the timing and order of expression of the transcription factors NFIL3, ID2, and TCF-1 was critical. Importantly, induction of ILC lineage commitment required only transient expression of NFIL3 prior to ID2 and TCF-1 expression. These findings highlight the importance of the temporal program that permits commitment of progenitors to the ILC lineage, and they expand our understanding of the core transcriptional program by identifying potential regulators of ILC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Seillet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Lisa A Mielke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Daniela B Amann-Zalcenstein
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shian Su
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jerry Gao
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Francisca F Almeida
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew E Ritchie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Shalin H Naik
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sebastian Carotta
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV, Doktor-Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, 1120 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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48
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Mowel WK, McCright SJ, Kotzin JJ, Collet MA, Uyar A, Chen X, DeLaney A, Spencer SP, Virtue AT, Yang E, Villarino A, Kurachi M, Dunagin MC, Pritchard GH, Stein J, Hughes C, Fonseca-Pereira D, Veiga-Fernandes H, Raj A, Kambayashi T, Brodsky IE, O'Shea JJ, Wherry EJ, Goff LA, Rinn JL, Williams A, Flavell RA, Henao-Mejia J. Group 1 Innate Lymphoid Cell Lineage Identity Is Determined by a cis-Regulatory Element Marked by a Long Non-coding RNA. Immunity 2017; 47:435-449.e8. [PMID: 28930659 PMCID: PMC5761663 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Commitment to the innate lymphoid cell (ILC) lineage is determined by Id2, a transcriptional regulator that antagonizes T and B cell-specific gene expression programs. Yet how Id2 expression is regulated in each ILC subset remains poorly understood. We identified a cis-regulatory element demarcated by a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that controls the function and lineage identity of group 1 ILCs, while being dispensable for early ILC development and homeostasis of ILC2s and ILC3s. The locus encoding this lncRNA, which we termed Rroid, directly interacted with the promoter of its neighboring gene, Id2, in group 1 ILCs. Moreover, the Rroid locus, but not the lncRNA itself, controlled the identity and function of ILC1s by promoting chromatin accessibility and deposition of STAT5 at the promoter of Id2 in response to interleukin (IL)-15. Thus, non-coding elements responsive to extracellular cues unique to each ILC subset represent a key regulatory layer for controlling the identity and function of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter K Mowel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sam J McCright
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan J Kotzin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Magalie A Collet
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Asli Uyar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Alexandra DeLaney
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sean P Spencer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anthony T Virtue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - EnJun Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alejandro Villarino
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Makoto Kurachi
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Margaret C Dunagin
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gretchen Harms Pritchard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Judith Stein
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Cynthia Hughes
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Diogo Fonseca-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henrique Veiga-Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal; Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, 1400-038 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Arjun Raj
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Igor E Brodsky
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Loyal A Goff
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John L Rinn
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Adam Williams
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
| | - Richard A Flavell
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Jorge Henao-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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49
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Pulmonary immunity to viruses. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:1737-1762. [PMID: 28667071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the respiratory epithelium, are directly exposed to the external environment and therefore, are highly susceptible to viral infection. As a result, the respiratory tract has evolved a variety of innate and adaptive immune defenses in order to prevent viral infection or promote the rapid destruction of infected cells and facilitate the clearance of the infecting virus. Successful adaptive immune responses often lead to a functional state of immune memory, in which memory lymphocytes and circulating antibodies entirely prevent or lessen the severity of subsequent infections with the same virus. This is also the goal of vaccination, although it is difficult to vaccinate in a way that mimics respiratory infection. Consequently, some vaccines lead to robust systemic immune responses, but relatively poor mucosal immune responses that protect the respiratory tract. In addition, adaptive immunity is not without its drawbacks, as overly robust inflammatory responses may lead to lung damage and impair gas exchange or exacerbate other conditions, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, immune responses to respiratory viral infections must be strong enough to eliminate infection, but also have mechanisms to limit damage and promote tissue repair in order to maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Here, we will discuss the components of the adaptive immune system that defend the host against respiratory viral infections.
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50
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Rodriguez RM, Suarez-Alvarez B, Lavín JL, Mosén-Ansorena D, Baragaño Raneros A, Márquez-Kisinousky L, Aransay AM, Lopez-Larrea C. Epigenetic Networks Regulate the Transcriptional Program in Memory and Terminally Differentiated CD8+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:937-949. [PMID: 27974453 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms play a critical role during differentiation of T cells by contributing to the formation of stable and heritable transcriptional patterns. To better understand the mechanisms of memory maintenance in CD8+ T cells, we performed genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation, histone marking (acetylated lysine 9 in histone H3 and trimethylated lysine 9 in histone), and gene-expression profiles in naive, effector memory (EM), and terminally differentiated EM (TEMRA) cells. Our results indicate that DNA demethylation and histone acetylation are coordinated to generate the transcriptional program associated with memory cells. Conversely, EM and TEMRA cells share a very similar epigenetic landscape. Nonetheless, the TEMRA transcriptional program predicts an innate immunity phenotype associated with genes never reported in these cells, including several mediators of NK cell activation (VAV3 and LYN) and a large array of NK receptors (e.g., KIR2DL3, KIR2DL4, KIR2DL1, KIR3DL1, KIR2DS5). In addition, we identified up to 161 genes that encode transcriptional regulators, some of unknown function in CD8+ T cells, and that were differentially expressed in the course of differentiation. Overall, these results provide new insights into the regulatory networks involved in memory CD8+ T cell maintenance and T cell terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon M Rodriguez
- Department of Immunology, Central University Hospital of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - José L Lavín
- Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE and CIBERehd, Technological Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - David Mosén-Ansorena
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215; and
| | - Aroa Baragaño Raneros
- Department of Immunology, Central University Hospital of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Ana M Aransay
- Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE and CIBERehd, Technological Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Carlos Lopez-Larrea
- Department of Immunology, Central University Hospital of Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain; .,Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo, 28003 Madrid, Spain
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