1
|
Zhao C, Guo S, Ge S. Epigenetic regulation of cGAS and STING expression in cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112556. [PMID: 38936059 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Although cancer immunotherapy has become a successful therapeutic strategy in a certain range of solid cancer and hematological malignancies, this efficacy of immunotherapy is impeded by limited success rates due to an immunologically "cold" state. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved system which can find cytoplasmic DNA to regulate the innate immune and adaptive immune response. Beyond the host defense and autoimmune disorders, recent advances have now expanded the roles of cGAS-STING that is precise activated and tight regulated to improve anticancer immunity. Mounting evidence now has shown the crucial role of epigenetic regulation in mediating the expression of key genes associated with the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. In this review, we highlight the structure and cellular localization of cGAS and STING as well as intracellular cascade reaction of cGAS-STING signal transduction. We further summarize recent findings of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of cGAS and STING in cancer. The review aims to offer theoretical basis and reference for targeting the epigenetic mechanisms that control cGAS and STING gene expression to promote the development of more effective combination therapeutic regimens to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in clinical practice and cancer clinical and cancer research workers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiang Zhao
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Reproductive Immunity, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu College of Nursing, Huai'an, China.
| | - Shuwei Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shiyao Ge
- Reproductive Sciences Institute, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang Y, Zhang G, Li L, Chen J, Hao P, Gao Z, Hao J, Xu Z, Wang M, Li C, Jin N. A novel host restriction factor MRPS6 mediates the inhibition of PDCoV infection in HIEC-6 cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1381026. [PMID: 38919620 PMCID: PMC11196785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1381026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a zoonotic pathogen with a global distribution, capable of infecting both pigs and humans. To mitigate the risk of cross-species transmission and potential outbreaks, it is crucial to characterize novel antiviral genes, particularly those from human hosts. Methods This research used HIEC-6 to investigate PDCoV infection. HIEC-6 cells were infected with PDCoV. Samples were collected 48 h postinfection for proteomic analysis. Results We discovered differential expression of MRPS6 gene at 48 h postinfection with PDCoV in HIEC-6 cells. The gene expression initially increased but then decreased. To further explore the role of MRPS6 in PDCoV infection, we conducted experiments involving the overexpression and knockdown of this gene in HIEC-6 and Caco2 cells, respectively. Our findings revealed that overexpression of MRPS6 significantly inhibited PDCoV infection in HIEC-6 cells, while knockdown of MRPS6 in Caco2 cells led to a significant increase of virus titer. Furthermore, we investigated the correlation between PDCoV infection and the expression of MRPS6. Subsequent investigations demonstrated that MRPS6 exerted an augmentative effect on the production of IFN-β through interferon pathway activation, consequently impeding the progression of PDCoV infection in cellular systems. In conclusion, this study utilized proteomic analysis to investigate the differential protein expression in PDCoV-infected HIEC-6 cells, providing evidence for the first time that the MRPS6 gene plays a restrictive role in PDCoV virus infection. Discussion Our findings initially provide the validation of MRPS6 as an upstream component of IFN-β pathway, in the promotion of IRF3, IRF7, STAT1, STAT2 and IFN-β production of HIEC-6 via dual-activation from interferon pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Letian Li
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zihan Gao
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayi Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Maopeng Wang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Research Unit of Key Technologies for Prevention and Control of Virus Zoonoses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Changchun Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Boda AR, Liu AJ, Castro-Pando S, Whitfield BT, Molldrem JJ, Al-Atrash G, Di Francesco ME, Jones P, Ager CR, Curran MA. Identification of Nonfunctional Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of STING in Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:911-918. [PMID: 38477596 PMCID: PMC10962316 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Lack of robust activation of Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway and subsequent induction of type I IFN responses is considered a barrier to antitumor immunity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using common human AML cell lines as in vitro tools to evaluate the efficacy of novel STING agonists, we found most AML lines to be poor producers of IFNs upon exposure to extremely potent agonists, suggesting cell-intrinsic suppression of STING signaling may occur. We observed unexpected patterns of response that did not correlate with levels of STING pathway components or of known enzymes associated with resistance. To identify a genetic basis for these observations, we cloned and sequenced STING from the cDNA of human AML cell lines and found both frequent mutations and deviations from normal RNA splicing. We identified two novel spliced isoforms of STING in these lines and validated their expression in primary human AML samples. When transduced into reporter cells, these novel STING isoforms exhibited complete insensitivity to agonist stimulation. These observations identify alternative splicing as a mechanism of STING pathway suppression and suggest that most AML silences the STING pathway through direct modification rather than through engagement of external inhibitory factors. SIGNIFICANCE We find that AML acquires resistance to innate immune activation via the STING pathway through aberrant splicing of the STING transcript including two novel forms described herein that act as dominant negatives. These data broaden understanding of how cancers evolve STING resistance, and suggest that the AML tumor microenvironment, not the cancer cell, should be the target of therapeutic interventions to activate STING.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash R. Boda
- Immunology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arthur J. Liu
- Immunology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susana Castro-Pando
- Immunology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Benjamin T. Whitfield
- Immunology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gheath Al-Atrash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria Emilia Di Francesco
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Philip Jones
- Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Casey R. Ager
- Department of Immunology, The Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Michael A. Curran
- Immunology Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu Y, Ye R, Su J, Rui Y, Yu XF. cGAS-STING-mediated novel nonclassic antiviral activities. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29403. [PMID: 38293806 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Stimulatorof interferon genes (STING) is an intracellular sensor of cyclic dinucleotides involved in the innate immune response against pathogen- or self-derived DNA. For years, interferon (IFN) induction of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-STING has been considered as a canonical pattern defending the host from viral invasion. The mechanism of the cGAS-STING-IFN pathway has been well-illustrated. However, other signalling cascades driven by cGAS-STING have emerged in recent years and some of them have been found to possess antiviral ability independent of IFN. Here, we summarize the current progress on cGAS-STING-mediated nonclassic antiviral activities with an emphasis on the nuclear factor-κB and autophagy pathways, which are the most-studied pathways. In addition, we briefly present the primordial function of the cGAS-STING pathway in primitive species to show the importance of IFN-unrelated antiviral activity from an evolutionary angle. Finally, we discuss open questions that need to be solved for further exploitation of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Runxin Ye
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaming Su
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajuan Rui
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Province, China), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sathyan KR, Premraj A, Chaudhary M, Ramachandran R, Thavarool Puthiyedathu S. Alternative splicing variants of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) from Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and their immune response against red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 149:105062. [PMID: 37726038 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING, also known as MITA/ERYS/MPYS) is an adaptor molecule that plays a crucial role in the RLR pathway and responds to DNA and RNA viruses. In the present study, we have identified two novel isoforms of STING (the canonical form named as LcSTINGa and its alternative splicing isoform named as LcSTINGb) from teleost Lates calcarifer. LcSTINGa has an ORF of 1230 bp, encoding a 409 amino acid protein, while its alternative splicing variant, LcSTINGb, features an ORF of 987 bp, encoding 328 amino acids. LcSTINGa is predicted to contain four transmembrane helices, whereas LcSTINGb has only two. The Lates STING protein showed about 86.85% identity with Perca flavescens, 86.45% with Seriola and 39.51% with Homo sapiens. The tissue distribution studies revealed that the STING variants were constitutively expressed in all the tissues examined, with the highest expression in blood. In-vivo upregulation of LcSTINGa and LcSTINGb mRNA following immune challenge with poly (I:C), Red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and zymosan A suggests its significance in the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Raji Sathyan
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, 682 016, Kerala, India
| | - Avinash Premraj
- Camel Biotechnology Centre, Presidential Camels and Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box, 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli P.O, 140306, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Knowledge city, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Manauli P.O, 140306, India
| | - Sajeevan Thavarool Puthiyedathu
- National Centre for Aquatic Animal Health, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, 682 016, Kerala, India; Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi, 682 016, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Su CF, Das D, Muhammad Aslam M, Xie JQ, Li XY, Chen MX. Eukaryotic splicing machinery in the plant-virus battleground. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1793. [PMID: 37198737 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant virual infections are mainly caused by plant-virus parasitism which affects ecological communities. Some viruses are highly pathogen specific that can infect only specific plants, while some can cause widespread harm, such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). After a virus infects the host, undergoes a series of harmful effects, including the destruction of host cell membrane receptors, changes in cell membrane components, cell fusion, and the production of neoantigens on the cell surface. Therefore, competition between the host and the virus arises. The virus starts gaining control of critical cellular functions of the host cells and ultimately affects the fate of the targeted host plants. Among these critical cellular processes, alternative splicing (AS) is an essential posttranscriptional regulation process in RNA maturation, which amplify host protein diversity and manipulates transcript abundance in response to plant pathogens. AS is widespread in nearly all human genes and critical in regulating animal-virus interactions. In particular, an animal virus can hijack the host splicing machinery to re-organize its compartments for propagation. Changes in AS are known to cause human disease, and various AS events have been reported to regulate tissue specificity, development, tumour proliferation, and multi-functionality. However, the mechanisms underlying plant-virus interactions are poorly understood. Here, we summarize the current understanding of how viruses interact with their plant hosts compared with humans, analyze currently used and putative candidate agrochemicals to treat plant-viral infections, and finally discussed the potential research hotspots in the future. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Feng Su
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Debatosh Das
- College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources (CAFNR), Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Mehtab Muhammad Aslam
- College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources (CAFNR), Division of Plant Sciences & Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Ji-Qin Xie
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maebele LT, Mulaudzi TV, Yasasve M, Dlamini Z, Damane BP. Immunomodulatory Gene-Splicing Dysregulation in Tumorigenesis: Unmasking the Complexity. Molecules 2023; 28:5984. [PMID: 37630236 PMCID: PMC10458946 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health concern with rising incidence, morbidity, and mortality. The interaction between the tumor and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment is facilitated by signaling pathways driven by immunomodulatory proteins. Alternative splicing regulates the production of multiple immunomodulatory proteins with diverse functionality from a single mRNA transcript. Splicing factors are pivotal in modulating alternative splicing processes but are also subject to regulation. The dysregulation of alternative splicing may result from splicing factor (SF) abnormal expression levels and mutations in the cis and trans-acting elements and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules. Aberrant splicing may generate abnormal mRNA transcripts encoding isoforms with altered functions that contribute to tumorigenesis or cancer progression. This review uncovers the complexity of immunomodulatory genes splicing dysregulation in oncogenesis. Identifying specific immunomodulatory splicing isoforms that contribute to cancer could be utilized to improve current immunotherapeutic drugs or develop novel therapeutic interventions for cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thanyani Victor Mulaudzi
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Madhavan Yasasve
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600116, India
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), DSI/NRF SARChI Chair in Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Botle Precious Damane
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li R, Gao S, Chen H, Zhang X, Yang X, Zhao J, Wang Z. Virus usurps alternative splicing to clear the decks for infection. Virol J 2023; 20:131. [PMID: 37340420 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since invasion, there will be a tug-of-war between host and virus to scramble cellular resources, for either restraining or facilitating infection. Alternative splicing (AS) is a conserved and critical mechanism of processing pre-mRNA into mRNAs to increase protein diversity in eukaryotes. Notably, this kind of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism has gained appreciation since it is widely involved in virus infection. Here, we highlight the important roles of AS in regulating viral protein expression and how virus in turn hijacks AS to antagonize host immune response. This review will widen the understandings of host-virus interactions, be meaningful to innovatively elucidate viral pathogenesis, and provide novel targets for developing antiviral drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenyan Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pan J, Fei CJ, Hu Y, Wu XY, Nie L, Chen J. Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases. Zool Res 2023; 44:183-218. [PMID: 36579404 PMCID: PMC9841179 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway, comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and downstream signaling adaptors, plays an essential role in protective immune defense against microbial DNA and internal damaged-associated DNA and is responsible for various immune-related diseases. After binding with DNA, cytosolic cGAS undergoes conformational change and DNA-linked liquid-liquid phase separation to produce 2'3'-cGAMP for the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized STING. However, further studies revealed that cGAS is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and strictly tethered to chromatin to prevent binding with nuclear DNA, and functions differently from cytosolic-localized cGAS. Detailed delineation of this pathway, including its structure, signaling, and regulatory mechanisms, is of great significance to fully understand the diversity of cGAS-STING activation and signaling and will be of benefit for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review recent progress on the above-mentioned perspectives of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and discuss new avenues for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Chen-Jie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
| | - Li Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Bioengineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315832, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lv X, Xin S, Zheng W, Xu T, Sun Y. microRNA-27c negatively regulates NF-κB and IRF3 signaling pathway via targeting MITA in miiuy croaker. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 137:104522. [PMID: 36049570 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As a non-coding RNA with regulatory functions, microRNAs(miRNAs) can regulate gene expression and participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, although there have been many studies on miRNA, the regulation mechanisms of miRNA in teleost fish have not been fully elucidated. In this study, it was first predicted that MITA is the target of miR-27c through bioinformatics, and it was confirmed by dual fluorescence experiments. Then we found that miR-27c can inhibit the expression of MITA at the mRNA and protein levels, thereby promoting the NF-κB or IRF3 pathway. It is speculated that miR-27c plays an important role in the innate immunity of teleost fish. This study will help to further understand miRNAs regulatory mechanism in teleost fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lv
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shiying Xin
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, 201306, China; National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, China.
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, 201306, China; National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vila IK, Guha S, Kalucka J, Olagnier D, Laguette N. Alternative pathways driven by STING: From innate immunity to lipid metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 68:54-68. [PMID: 36085258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is a major adaptor protein that is central to the initiation of type I interferon responses and proinflammatory signalling. STING-dependent signalling is triggered by the presence of cytosolic nucleic acids that are generated following pathogen infection or cellular stress. Beyond this central role in controlling immune responses through the production of cytokines and chemokines, recent reports have uncovered inflammation-independent STING functions. Amongst these, a rapidly growing body of evidence demonstrates a key role of STING in controlling metabolic pathways at several levels. Since immunity and metabolic homeostasis are tightly interconnected, these findings deepen our understanding of the involvement of STING in human pathologies. Here, we discuss these findings and reflect on their impact on our current understanding of how nucleic acid immunity controls homeostasis and promotes pathological outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle K Vila
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| | - Soumyabrata Guha
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Olagnier
- Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nadine Laguette
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hao H, Liu W, Miao Y, Ma L, Yu B, Liu L, Yang C, Zhang K, Chen Z, Yang J, Zheng Z, Zhang B, Deng F, Gong P, Yuan J, Hu Z, Guan W. N4-acetylcytidine regulates the replication and pathogenicity of enterovirus 71. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:9339-9354. [PMID: 35971620 PMCID: PMC9458434 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical modifications are important for RNA function and metabolism. N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) is critical for the translation and stability of mRNA. Although ac4C is found in RNA viruses, the detailed mechanisms through which ac4C affects viral replication are unclear. Here, we reported that the 5' untranslated region of the enterovirus 71 (EV71) genome was ac4C modified by the host acetyltransferase NAT10. Inhibition of NAT10 and mutation of the ac4C sites within the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) suppressed EV71 replication. ac4C enhanced viral RNA translation via selective recruitment of PCBP2 to the IRES and boosted RNA stability. Additionally, ac4C increased the binding of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D) to viral RNA. Notably, ac4C-deficient mutant EV71 showed reduced pathogenicity in vivo. Our findings highlighted the essential role of ac4C in EV71 infection and provided insights into potential antiviral treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Hao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China,Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, China,Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Weichi Liu
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yuanjiu Miao
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Ma
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baocheng Yu
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lishi Liu
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunjie Yang
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Zhenhua Zheng
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Jianhui Yuan.
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Zhangli Hu.
| | - Wuxiang Guan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 27 87197258; Fax: +86 27 87197258;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun J, Li L, Hu J, Gao Y, Song J, Zhang X, Hu H. Time-course RNA-Seq profiling reveals isoform-level gene expression dynamics of the cGAS-STING pathway. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:6490-6500. [PMCID: PMC9686058 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway, orchestrating complicated transcriptome-wide immune responses, is essential for host antiviral defense but can also drive immunopathology in severe COVID-19. Here, we performed time-course RNA-Seq experiments to dissect the transcriptome expression dynamics at the gene-isoform level after cGAS-STING pathway activation. The in-depth time-course transcriptome after cGAS-STING pathway activation within 12 h enabled quantification of 48,685 gene isoforms. By employing regression models, we obtained 13,232 gene isoforms with expression patterns significantly associated with the process of cGAS-STING pathway activation, which were named activation-associated isoforms. The combination of hierarchical and k-means clustering algorithms revealed four major expression patterns of activation-associated isoforms, including two clusters with increased expression patterns enriched in cell cycle, autophagy, antiviral innate-immune functions, and COVID-19 coronavirus disease pathway, and two clusters showing decreased expression pattern that mainly involved in ncRNA metabolism, translation process, and mRNA processing. Importantly, by merging four clusters of activation-associated isoforms, we identified three types of genes that underwent isoform usage alteration during the cGAS-STING pathway activation. We further found that genes exhibiting protein-coding and non-protein-coding gene isoform usage alteration were strongly enriched for the factors involved in innate immunity and RNA splicing. Notably, overexpression of an enriched splicing factor, EFTUD2, shifted transcriptome towards the cGAS-STING pathway activated status and promoted protein-coding isoform abundance of several key regulators of the cGAS-STING pathway. Taken together, our results revealed the isoform-level gene expression dynamics of the cGAS-STING pathway and uncovered novel roles of splicing factors in regulating cGAS-STING pathway mediated immune responses.
Collapse
|
14
|
The cGAS-STING signaling in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: Future novel target option for pharmacotherapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:50-75. [PMID: 35127372 PMCID: PMC8799861 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling exert essential regulatory function in microbial-and onco-immunology through the induction of cytokines, primarily type I interferons. Recently, the aberrant and deranged signaling of the cGAS-STING axis is closely implicated in multiple sterile inflammatory diseases, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, aortic aneurysm and dissection, obesity, etc. This is because of the massive loads of damage-associated molecular patterns (mitochondrial DNA, DNA in extracellular vesicles) liberated from recurrent injury to metabolic cellular organelles and tissues, which are sensed by the pathway. Also, the cGAS-STING pathway crosstalk with essential intracellular homeostasis processes like apoptosis, autophagy, and regulate cellular metabolism. Targeting derailed STING signaling has become necessary for chronic inflammatory diseases. Meanwhile, excessive type I interferons signaling impact on cardiovascular and metabolic health remain entirely elusive. In this review, we summarize the intimate connection between the cGAS-STING pathway and cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. We also discuss some potential small molecule inhibitors for the pathway. This review provides insight to stimulate interest in and support future research into understanding this signaling axis in cardiovascular and metabolic tissues and diseases.
Collapse
Key Words
- AA, amino acids
- AAD, aortic aneurysm and dissection
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Ang II, angiotensin II
- CBD, C-binding domain
- CDG, c-di-GMP
- CDNs, cyclic dinucleotides
- CTD, C-terminal domain
- CTT, C-terminal tail
- CVDs, cardiovascular diseases
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Cys, cysteine
- DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns
- Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DsbA-L, disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GTP, guanosine triphosphate
- HAQ, R71H-G230A-R293Q
- HFD, high-fat diet
- ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule 1
- IFN, interferon
- IFN-I, type 1 interferon
- IFNAR, interferon receptors
- IFNIC, interferon-inducible cells
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IL, interleukin
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- ISGs, IRF-3-dependent interferon-stimulated genes
- Inflammation
- LBD, ligand-binding pocket
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- MI, myocardial infarction
- MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein
- MST1, mammalian Ste20-like kinases 1
- Metabolic diseases
- Mitochondria
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3
- NO2-FA, nitro-fatty acids
- NTase, nucleotidyltransferase
- PDE3B/4, phosphodiesterase-3B/4
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PPI, protein–protein interface
- Poly: I.C, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SAVI, STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy
- SNPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms
- STIM1, stromal interaction molecule 1
- STING
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- Ser, serine
- TAK1, transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1
- TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1
- TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A
- TLR, Toll-like receptors
- TM, transmembrane
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6
- TREX1, three prime repair exonuclease 1
- YAP1, Yes-associated protein 1
- cGAMP, 2′,3′-cyclic GMP–AMP
- cGAS
- cGAS, cyclic GMP–AMP synthase
- dsDNA, double-stranded DNA
- hSTING, human stimulator of interferon genes
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
Collapse
|
15
|
Liang J, Hong Z, Sun B, Guo Z, Wang C, Zhu J. The Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of Key Molecules in the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771744. [PMID: 34868032 PMCID: PMC8636596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA increases transcriptome and proteome diversity by generating distinct isoforms that encode functionally diverse proteins, thus affecting many biological processes, including innate immunity. cGAS-STING signaling pathway, whose key molecules also undergo alternative splicing, plays a crucial role in regulating innate immunity. Protein isoforms of key components in the cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3 axis have been detected in a variety of species. A chain of evidence showed that these protein isoforms exhibit distinct functions compared to their normal counterparts. The mentioned isoforms act as positive or negative modulators in interferon response via distinct mechanisms. Particularly, we highlight that alternative splicing serves a vital function for the host to avoid the overactivation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and that viruses can utilize alternative splicing to resist antiviral response by the host. These findings could provide insights for potential alternative splicing-targeting therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Boyue Sun
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zhaoxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chathuranga K, Weerawardhana A, Dodantenna N, Lee JS. Regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling and viral evasion following viral genome sensing. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1647-1668. [PMID: 34782737 PMCID: PMC8592830 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable outcome for the host. This balance is crucial because it must not only ensure activation of the first line of defense against viral infection but also prevent inappropriate immune activation, which results in autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown how signal transduction pathways initiated by PRRs are positively and negatively regulated by diverse modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have developed strategies to subvert the host antiviral response and establish infection. Viruses have evolved numerous genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins that antagonize the host immune system. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding key host factors that regulate innate immune signaling molecules upon viral infection and discusses evidence showing how specific viral proteins counteract antiviral responses via immunomodulatory strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
STING protects breast cancer cells from intrinsic and genotoxic-induced DNA instability via a non-canonical, cell-autonomous pathway. Oncogene 2021; 40:6627-6640. [PMID: 34625708 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) is an endoplasmic reticulum-anchored adaptor of the innate immunity best known to trigger pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in response to pathogen infection. In cancer, this canonical pathway can be activated by intrinsic or drug-induced genomic instability, potentiating antitumor immune responses. Here we report that STING downregulation decreases cell survival and increases sensitivity to genotoxic treatment in a panel of breast cancer cell lines in a cell-autonomous manner. STING silencing impaired DNA Damage Response (53BP1) foci formation and increased DNA break accumulation. These newly identified properties were found to be independent of STING partner cGAS and of its canonical pro-inflammatory pathway. STING was shown to partially localize at the inner nuclear membrane in a variety of breast cancer cell models and clinical tumor samples. Interactomics analysis of nuclear STING identified several proteins of the DNA Damage Response, including the three proteins of the DNA-PK complex, further supporting a role of STING in the regulation of genomic stability. In breast and ovarian cancer patients that received adjuvant chemotherapy, high STING expression is associated with increased risk of relapse. In summary, this study highlights an alternative, non-canonical tumor-promoting role of STING that opposes its well-documented function in tumor immunosurveillance.
Collapse
|
18
|
Liao KC, Garcia-Blanco MA. Role of Alternative Splicing in Regulating Host Response to Viral Infection. Cells 2021; 10:1720. [PMID: 34359890 PMCID: PMC8306335 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of transcriptional regulation of host genes in innate immunity against viral infection has been widely recognized. More recently, post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms have gained appreciation as an additional and important layer of regulation to fine-tune host immune responses. Here, we review the functional significance of alternative splicing in innate immune responses to viral infection. We describe how several central components of the Type I and III interferon pathways encode spliced isoforms to regulate IFN activation and function. Additionally, the functional roles of splicing factors and modulators in antiviral immunity are discussed. Lastly, we discuss how cell death pathways are regulated by alternative splicing as well as the potential role of this regulation on host immunity and viral infection. Altogether, these studies highlight the importance of RNA splicing in regulating host-virus interactions and suggest a role in downregulating antiviral innate immunity; this may be critical to prevent pathological inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chieh Liao
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Institute of Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Methyltransferase-like 3 Modulates Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 RNA N6-Methyladenosine Modification and Replication. mBio 2021; 12:e0106721. [PMID: 34225491 PMCID: PMC8437041 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01067-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing global public crisis. Although viral RNA modification has been reported based on the transcriptome architecture, the types and functions of RNA modification are still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the roles of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in SARS-CoV-2. Our methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-Seq) and Nanopore direct RNA sequencing (DRS) analysis showed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA contained m6A modification. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 infection not only increased the expression of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) but also altered its distribution. Modification of METTL3 expression by short hairpin RNA or plasmid transfection for knockdown or overexpression, respectively, affected viral replication. Furthermore, the viral key protein RdRp interacted with METTL3, and METTL3 was distributed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm in the presence of RdRp. RdRp appeared to modulate the sumoylation and ubiquitination of METTL3 via an unknown mechanism. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the host m6A modification complex interacted with viral proteins to modulate SARS-CoV-2 replication.
Collapse
|
20
|
Andreou AZ. DDX41: a multifunctional DEAD-box protein involved in pre-mRNA splicing and innate immunity. Biol Chem 2021; 402:645-651. [PMID: 33711218 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DEAD-box helicases participate in nearly all steps of an RNA's life. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that several family members are multitasking enzymes. They are often involved in different processes, which may be typical for RNA helicases, such as RNA export and translation, or atypical, e.g., acting as nucleic acid sensors that activate downstream innate immune signaling. This review focuses on the DEAD-box protein DDX41 and summarizes our current understanding of its roles as an innate immunity sensor in the cytosol and in pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus and discusses DDX41's involvement in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Z Andreou
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 30, D-48149Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smith JA. STING, the Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Mitochondria: Is Three a Crowd or a Conversation? Front Immunol 2021; 11:611347. [PMID: 33552072 PMCID: PMC7858662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-viral pattern recognition receptor STING and its partnering cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS have been increasingly recognized to respond to self DNA in multiple pathologic settings including cancer and autoimmune disease. Endogenous DNA sources that trigger STING include damaged nuclear DNA in micronuclei and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). STING resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and particularly in the ER-mitochondria associated membranes. This unique location renders STING well poised to respond to intracellular organelle stress. Whereas the pathways linking mtDNA and STING have been addressed recently, the mechanisms governing ER stress and STING interaction remain more opaque. The ER and mitochondria share a close anatomic and functional relationship, with mutual production of, and inter-organelle communication via calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This interdependent relationship has potential to both generate the essential ligands for STING activation and to regulate its activity. Herein, we review the interactions between STING and mitochondria, STING and ER, ER and mitochondria (vis-à-vis calcium and ROS), and the evidence for 3-way communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Balka KR, De Nardo D. Molecular and spatial mechanisms governing STING signalling. FEBS J 2020; 288:5504-5529. [PMID: 33237620 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Detection of microbial nucleic acids via innate immune receptors is critical for establishing host defence against pathogens. The DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway has gained increasing attention in the last decade as a key pathway for combating viral and bacterial infections. cGAS-STING activation primarily promotes the secretion of antiviral type I IFNs via the key transcription factor, IRF3. In addition, cGAS-STING signalling also elicits proinflammatory cytokines through NF-κB activity. Activation of IRF3 and NF-κB is mediated by the chief signalling receptor protein STING. Interestingly, STING undergoes significant trafficking events across multiple subcellular locations, which regulates both the activation of downstream signalling pathways, as well as appropriate termination of the responses. Studies to date have provided a comprehensive view of the regulation and role of the IRF3-IFN pathway downstream of STING. However, many aspects of STING signalling remain relatively poorly defined. This review will explore the current understanding of the mechanisms through which STING elicits inflammatory and antimicrobial responses, focusing on the precise signalling and intracellular trafficking events that occur. We will also discuss exciting and emerging concepts in the field, including the importance of IFN-independent STING responses for host defence and during STING-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Balka
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Z, Cai S, Sun Y, Li L, Ding S, Wang X. When STING Meets Viruses: Sensing, Trafficking and Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2064. [PMID: 33133062 PMCID: PMC7550420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To effectively defend against microbial pathogens, the host cells mount antiviral innate immune responses by producing interferons (IFNs), and hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Upon recognition of cytoplasmic viral or bacterial DNAs and abnormal endogenous DNAs, the DNA sensor cGAS synthesizes 2',3'-cGAMP that induces STING (stimulator of interferon genes) undergoing conformational changes, cellular trafficking, and the activation of downstream factors. Therefore, STING plays a pivotal role in preventing microbial pathogen infection by sensing DNAs during pathogen invasion. This review is dedicated to the recent advances in the dynamic regulations of STING activation, intracellular trafficking, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) by the host and microbial proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Long J, Yang C, Zheng Y, Loughran P, Guang F, Li Y, Liao H, Scott MJ, Tang D, Billiar TR, Deng M. Notch signaling protects CD4 T cells from STING-mediated apoptosis during acute systemic inflammation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/39/eabc5447. [PMID: 32967837 PMCID: PMC7531880 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of T cell apoptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of acute systemic inflammation-induced immunosuppression, as seen in sepsis and trauma. However, the regulatory mechanisms of T cell apoptosis are unclear. Activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) has been shown to induce T cell apoptosis. Notch was previously identified as the top negative regulator of STING in macrophages through a kinase inhibitor library screening. However, how Notch signaling regulates STING activation in T cells is unknown. Here, using a γ-secretase inhibitor to block Notch signaling, we found that Notch protected CD4 T cells from STING-mediated apoptosis during endotoxemia. Mechanistically, Notch intracellular domain (NICD) interacted with STING at the cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) binding domain and competed with CDN to inhibit STING activation. In conclusion, our data reveal a previously unidentified role of Notch in negative regulation of STING-mediated apoptosis in CD4 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junke Long
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
- Department of Surgery current visiting research scholar, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chenxuan Yang
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Surgery former visiting research scholar; 10/24/2016 to 7/27/2018, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yawen Zheng
- Department of Surgery current visiting research scholar, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Patricia Loughran
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fu Guang
- Department of Surgery current visiting research scholar, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, China
- Department of Surgery former visiting research scholar; 9/1/2018 to 1/31/2020, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hong Liao
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie J Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Meihong Deng
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang Q, Tang J, Xu C, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Yang M, Chen X, Chen J. Histone deacetylase 4 inhibits NF-κB activation by facilitating IκBα sumoylation. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:933-945. [PMID: 32770227 PMCID: PMC7948076 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is an important regulatory mechanism for multiple cellular processes. Although the canonical pathway involving the ubiquitylation or phosphorylation of IκBα has been well characterized, little is known about the sumoylation of IκBα in the control of NF-κB activity. Here, we find that histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) negatively regulates tumor necrosis factor-alpha- or lipopolysaccharide-triggered NF-κB activation. HDAC4 belongs to the SUMO E3 ligase family and can directly sumoylate IκBα. The cytoplasm location of HDAC4 is essential for IκBα sumoylation. The Cys292 of HDAC4 is a key site for its SUMO E3 ligase activity. The sumoylation of IκBα prevents its polyubiquitination and degradation because these two modifications occur both at the Lys21. Our findings reveal a previously undiscovered role for HDAC4 in the inflammatory response as a SUMO E3 ligase for IκBα sumoylation. Our work provides insight into mechanisms ensuring optimal mediation of the NF-κB pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jielin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yang Q, Tang J, Pei R, Gao X, Guo J, Xu C, Wang Y, Wang Q, Wu C, Zhou Y, Hu X, Zhao H, Wang Y, Chen X, Chen J. Host HDAC4 regulates the antiviral response by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IRF3. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:158-169. [PMID: 29800227 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Class II HDACs, such as HDAC4, are critical regulators of the immune response in various immune cells; however, its role in innate immunity remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the overexpression of HDAC4 suppresses the production of type I interferons triggered by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). HDAC4 repressed the translocation of transcription factor IRF3 to the nucleus, thereby decreasing IRF3-mediated IFN-β expression. In particular, we also determined that HDAC4 can be phosphorylated and simultaneously block the phosphorylation of IRF3 at Ser386 and Ser396 by TBK1 and IKKε, respectively, by interacting with the kinase domain of TBK1 and IKKε. Furthermore, IFN-β may stimulate the expression of HDAC4. Our findings suggest that HDAC4 acts as a regulator of PRR signaling and is a novel mechanism of negative feedback regulation for preventing an over-reactive innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jielin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - XiaoXiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Landman SL, Ressing ME, van der Veen AG. Balancing STING in antimicrobial defense and autoinflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:1-14. [PMID: 32563552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of microbes is crucial for eliciting an effective immune response. Innate immune receptors survey the intracellular and extracellular environment for signs of a microbial infection. When they detect a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), such as viral DNA, they alarm the cell about the ongoing infection. The central signaling hub in sensing of viral DNA is the stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Upon activation, STING induces downstream signaling events that ultimately result in the production of type I interferons (IFN I), important cytokines in antimicrobial defense, in particular towards viruses. In this review, we describe the molecular features of STING, including its upstream sensors and ligands, its sequence and structural conservation, common polymorphisms, and its localization. We further highlight how STING activation requires a careful balance: its activity is essential for antiviral defense, but unwanted activation through mutations or accidental recognition of self-derived DNA causes autoinflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms, such as post-translational modifications, ensure this balance by fine-tuning STING activation. Finally, we discuss how viruses evade detection of their genomes by either exploiting cells that lack a functional DNA sensing pathway as a niche or by interfering with STING activation through viral evasion molecules. Insight into STING's exact mechanisms in health and disease will guide the development of novel clinical interventions for microbial infections, autoinflammatory diseases, and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne L Landman
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Ressing
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Annemarthe G van der Veen
- Department of Immunohematology & Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xu L, Yu D, Peng L, Wu Y, Fan Y, Gu T, Yao YL, Zhong J, Chen X, Yao YG. An Alternative Splicing of Tupaia STING Modulated Anti-RNA Virus Responses by Targeting MDA5-LGP2 and IRF3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3191-3204. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
29
|
Balka KR, Louis C, Saunders TL, Smith AM, Calleja DJ, D'Silva DB, Moghaddas F, Tailler M, Lawlor KE, Zhan Y, Burns CJ, Wicks IP, Miner JJ, Kile BT, Masters SL, De Nardo D. TBK1 and IKKε Act Redundantly to Mediate STING-Induced NF-κB Responses in Myeloid Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107492. [PMID: 32268090 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is a critical component of host innate immune defense but can contribute to chronic autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease. Once activated, the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-STING pathway induces both type I interferon (IFN) expression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-mediated cytokine production. Currently, these two signaling arms are thought to be mediated by a single upstream kinase, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Here, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that TBK1 alone is dispensable for STING-induced NF-κB responses in human and mouse immune cells, as well as in vivo. We further demonstrate that TBK1 acts redundantly with IκB kinase ε (IKKε) to drive NF-κB upon STING activation. Interestingly, we show that activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is highly dependent on TBK1 kinase activity, whereas NF-κB is significantly less sensitive to TBK1/IKKε kinase inhibition. Our work redefines signaling events downstream of cGAS-STING. Our findings further suggest that cGAS-STING will need to be targeted directly to effectively ameliorate the inflammation underpinning disorders associated with STING hyperactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Balka
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Cynthia Louis
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tahnee L Saunders
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Amber M Smith
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dale J Calleja
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Damian B D'Silva
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Maximilien Tailler
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhan
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Burns
- Chemical Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Rheumatology Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Miner
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, and Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Health and Medical Sciences Faculty Office, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Dominic De Nardo
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Flood BA, Higgs EF, Li S, Luke JJ, Gajewski TF. STING pathway agonism as a cancer therapeutic. Immunol Rev 2020; 290:24-38. [PMID: 31355488 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fact that a subset of human cancers showed evidence for a spontaneous adaptive immune response as reflected by the T cell-inflamed tumor microenvironment phenotype led to the search for candidate innate immune pathways that might be driving such endogenous responses. Preclinical studies indicated a major role for the host STING pathway, a cytosolic DNA sensing pathway, as a proximal event required for optimal type I interferon production, dendritic cell activation, and priming of CD8+ T cells against tumor-associated antigens. STING agonists are therefore being developed as a novel cancer therapeutic, and a greater understanding of STING pathway regulation is leading to a broadened list of candidate immune regulatory targets. Early phase clinical trials of intratumoral STING agonists are already showing promise, alone and in combination with checkpoint blockade. Further advancement will derive from a deeper understanding of STING pathway biology as well as mechanisms of response vs resistance in individual cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Flood
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily F Higgs
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shuyin Li
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jason J Luke
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang PH, Fung SY, Gao WW, Deng JJ, Cheng Y, Chaudhary V, Yuen KS, Ho TH, Chan CP, Zhang Y, Kok KH, Yang W, Chan CP, Jin DY. A novel transcript isoform of STING that sequesters cGAMP and dominantly inhibits innate nucleic acid sensing. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:4054-4071. [PMID: 29547894 PMCID: PMC5934658 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STING is a core adaptor in innate nucleic acid sensing in mammalian cells, on which different sensing pathways converge to induce type I interferon (IFN) production. Particularly, STING is activated by 2'3'-cGAMP, a cyclic dinucleotide containing mixed phosphodiester linkages and produced by cytoplasmic DNA sensor cGAS. Here, we reported on a novel transcript isoform of STING designated STING-β that dominantly inhibits innate nucleic acid sensing. STING-β without transmembrane domains was widely expressed at low levels in various human tissues and viral induction of STING-β correlated inversely with IFN-β production. The expression of STING-β declined in patients with lupus, in which type I IFNs are commonly overproduced. STING-β suppressed the induction of IFNs, IFN-stimulated genes and other cytokines by various immunostimulatory agents including cyclic dinucleotides, DNA, RNA and viruses, whereas depletion of STING-β showed the opposite effect. STING-β interacted with STING-α and antagonized its antiviral function. STING-β also interacted with TBK1 and prevented it from binding with STING-α, TRIF or other transducers. In addition, STING-β bound to 2'3'-cGAMP and impeded its binding with and activation of STING-α, leading to suppression of IFN-β production. Taken together, STING-β sequesters 2'3'-cGAMP second messenger and other transducer molecules to inhibit innate nucleic acid sensing dominantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hui Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Sin-Yee Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wei-Wei Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Jun Deng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Vidyanath Chaudhary
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kit-San Yuen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ting-Hin Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wanling Yang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhao C, Zhao W. TANK-binding kinase 1 as a novel therapeutic target for viral diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:437-446. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1601702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
A network of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is responsible for the detection of invading viruses and acts as the trigger for the host antiviral response. Central to this apparatus is stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which functions as a node and integrator of detection signals. Owing to its role in both intrinsic and adaptive immunity, STING has become a focus for researchers in the field of oncolytic virotherapy. In this review, we consider the function of the cGAS-STING axis and its regulation, both by cellular mechanisms and as a result of viral interference.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hao H, Hao S, Chen H, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang H, Zhang B, Qiu J, Deng F, Guan W. N6-methyladenosine modification and METTL3 modulate enterovirus 71 replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:362-374. [PMID: 30364964 PMCID: PMC6326802 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) constitutes one of the most abundant internal RNA modifications and is critical for RNA metabolism and function. It has been previously reported that viral RNA contains internal m6A modifications; however, only recently the function of m6A modification in viral RNAs has been elucidated during infections of HIV, hepatitis C virus and Zika virus. In the present study, we found that enterovirus 71 (EV71) RNA undergoes m6A modification during viral infection, which alters the expression and localization of the methyltransferase and demethylase of m6A, and its binding proteins. Moreover, knockdown of m6A methyltransferase resulted in decreased EV71 replication, whereas knockdown of the demethylase had the opposite effect. Further study showed that the m6A binding proteins also participate in the regulation of viral replication. In particular, two m6A modification sites were identified in the viral genome, of which mutations resulted in decreased virus replication, suggesting that m6A modification plays an important role in EV71 replication. Notably, we found that METTL3 interacted with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 3D and induced enhanced sumoylation and ubiquitination of the 3D polymerase that boosted viral replication. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the host m6A modification complex interacts with viral proteins to modulate EV71 replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Hao
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sujuan Hao
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Honghe Chen
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jianming Qiu
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Fei Deng
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Wuxiang Guan
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gao X, Chen D, Hu X, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wu C, Chen J, Wang Y, Pei R, Chen X. PLA1A Participates in the Antiviral Innate Immune Response by Facilitating the Recruitment of TANK-Binding Kinase 1 to Mitochondria. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:315-327. [PMID: 30016790 DOI: 10.1159/000489832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key molecule in the antiviral innate immune response, the activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is under tight regulation. In this report, we identified phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase PLA1A as a host factor that modulates the TBK1 activation. Knockdown of PLA1A expression suppressed the innate immune signaling induced by RNA viruses, while PLA1A overexpression enhanced the signaling. PLA1A functioned at the TBK1 level of the signaling pathway, as PLA1A silencing blocked TBK1, but not interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) induced interferon-β (IFN-β) promoter activity. The phosphorylation and kinase activity of TBK1 was reduced in PLA1A knockdown cells. Mechanistically, PLA1A was required in TBK1-mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) interactions but not the interactions of TBK1 with other adaptor proteins. Furthermore, PLA1A knockdown reduced the recruitment of TBK1 and IRF3 to mitochondria, concomitant with altered mitochondria morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yao Y, Yang B, Cao H, Zhao K, Yuan Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Pei R, Chen J, Hu X, Zhou Y, Lu M, Wu C, Chen X. RBM24 stabilizes hepatitis B virus pregenomic RNA but inhibits core protein translation by targeting the terminal redundancy sequence. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:86. [PMID: 29760415 PMCID: PMC5951808 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The terminal redundancy (TR) sequence of the 3.5-kb hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA contains sites that govern many crucial functions in the viral life cycle, including polyadenylation, translation, RNA packaging, and DNA synthesis. In the present study, RNA-binding motif protein 24 (RBM24) is shown to be involved in the modulation of HBV replication by targeting the TR of HBV RNA. In HBV-transfected hepatoma cell lines, both knockdown and overexpression of RBM24 led to decreased HBV replication and transcription. Ectopic expression of RBM24 inhibited HBV replication, which was partly restored by knockdown of RBM24, indicating that a proper level of RBM24 was required for HBV replication. The regulation of RBM24 of HBV replication and translation was achieved by the interaction between the RNA-binding domains of RBM24 and both the 5' and 3' TR of 3.5-kb RNA. RBM24 interacted with the 5' TR of HBV pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) to block 80S ribosome assembly on HBV pgRNA and thus inhibited core protein translation, whereas the interaction between RBM24 and the 3' TR enhanced the stability of HBV RNA. Finally, the regulatory function of RBM24 on HBV replication was further confirmed in a HBV infection model. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the dual functions of RBM24 by interacting with different TRs of viral RNA and reveals that RBM24 is an important host gene for HBV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaitao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gaston J, Cheradame L, Yvonnet V, Deas O, Poupon MF, Judde JG, Cairo S, Goffin V. Intracellular STING inactivation sensitizes breast cancer cells to genotoxic agents. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77205-77224. [PMID: 27791205 PMCID: PMC5363581 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the IFN/STAT1 pathway is closely associated with drug response and recurrence of breast cancer treated by chemotherapy. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved upstream and downstream of this pathway in order to identify distinct entities that might be manipulated to improve treatment efficacy. Four breast cancer cell lines (T-47D, MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and HBCx-19 established from the eponymous PDX) were treated in vitro with mafosfamide, a DNA damage inducer. In two of these cell lines (MCF7 and HBCx-19), genotoxic treatment upregulated type I IFN expression leading to paracrine activation of IFN/STAT1 signaling pathway after 6–8 days. We show that STING, a well-characterized inducer of IFN in immune cells, is rapidly triggered in MCF7 cells under genotoxic stress and forms nuclear foci that co-localize with phosphorylated IRF-3 and γH2AX. STING silencing abrogated chemotherapy-induced type I IFN production and signaling and potentiated genotoxic treatment efficacy as it promoted cell death extent and delayed cell colony regrowth. Similar results were obtained after silencing PARP12, one selected gene of the IFN/STAT1 pathway fingerprint. In summary, this study provides the first demonstration of STING activation in breast cancer cells. Our data suggest that genotoxic-induced, STING-mediated type I IFN signaling is a cell-intrinsic mechanism of breast cancer cell survival and regrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Gaston
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France.,XenTech, 91000 Evry, France
| | - Laura Cheradame
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France.,XenTech, 91000 Evry, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Cairo
- XenTech, 91000 Evry, France.,LTTA Center, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hu YW, Zhang J, Wu XM, Cao L, Nie P, Chang MX. TANK-Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) Isoforms Negatively Regulate Type I Interferon Induction by Inhibiting TBK1-IRF3 Interaction and IRF3 Phosphorylation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:84. [PMID: 29441066 PMCID: PMC5797597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is an important serine/threonine-protein kinase that mediates phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3, which contributes to induction of type I interferons (IFNs) in the innate antiviral response. In mammals, TBK1 spliced isoform negatively regulates the virus-triggered IFN-β signaling pathway by disrupting the interaction between retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and mitochondria antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS). However, it is still unclear whether alternative splicing patterns and the function of TBK1 isoform(s) exist in teleost fish. In this study, we identify two alternatively spliced isoforms of TBK1 from zebrafish, termed TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2. Both TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 contain an incomplete STKc_TBK1 domain. Moreover, the UBL_TBK1_like domain is also missing for TBK1_tv2. TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 are expressed in zebrafish larvae. Overexpression of TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 inhibits RIG-I-, MAVS-, TBK1-, and IRF3-mediated activation of IFN promoters in response to spring viremia of carp virus infection. Also, TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 inhibit expression of IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes induced by MAVS and TBK1. Mechanistically, TBK1_tv1 and TBK1_tv2 competitively associate with TBK1 and IRF3 to disrupt the formation of a functional TBK1-IRF3 complex, impeding the phosphorylation of IRF3 mediated by TBK1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TBK1 spliced isoforms are dominant negative regulators in the RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1/IRF3 antiviral pathway by targeting the functional TBK1-IRF3 complex formation. Identification and functional characterization of piscine TBK1 spliced isoforms may contribute to understanding the role of TBK1 expression in innate antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Man Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sokolowska O, Nowis D. STING Signaling in Cancer Cells: Important or Not? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 66:125-132. [PMID: 28748479 PMCID: PMC5851689 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein that plays an important role in the activation of type I interferons in response to cytosolic nucleic acid ligands. Recent evidence indicates involvement of the STING pathway in the induction of antitumor immune response. Therefore, STING agonists are now being extensively developed as a new class of cancer therapeutics. However, little is known about the consequences of activated STING-mediated signaling in cancer cells on the efficacy of the antitumor treatment. It has been shown that activation of the STING-dependent pathway in cancer cells can result in tumor infiltration with immune cells and modulation of the anticancer immune response. Understanding the function of STING pathway in cancer cells might provide important insights into the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the role of STING pathway in cancer cells, the largely unknown topic that has recently emerged to be important in the context of STING-mediated antitumor responses.
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao K, Wu C, Yao Y, Cao L, Zhang Z, Yuan Y, Wang Y, Pei R, Chen J, Hu X, Zhou Y, Lu M, Chen X. Ceruloplasmin inhibits the production of extracellular hepatitis B virions by targeting its middle surface protein. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1410-1421. [PMID: 28678687 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceruloplasmin (CP) is mainly synthesized by hepatocytes and plays an essential role in iron metabolism. Previous reports have shown that CP levels correlate negatively with disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B. However, the function of CP in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle and the mechanism underlying the above correlation remain unclear. Here, we report that CP can selectively inhibit the production of extracellular HBV virions without altering intracellular viral replication. HBV expression can also downregulate the expression of CP. Knockdown of CP using small interfering RNA significantly increased the level of extracellular HBV virions in both Huh7 and HepG2.2.15 cells, while overexpression of CP decreased this level. Mechanistically, CP could specifically interact with the HBV middle surface protein (MHB). Using an HBV replication-competent clone unable to express MHBs, we demonstrated that the overexpression of CP did not affect the production of extracellular HBV virions in the absence of MHBs. Furthermore, introduction of an MHB expression construct could rescue the impairment in virion production caused by CP. Taken together, our results suggest that CP may be an important host factor that targets MHBs during the envelopment and/or release of virions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitao Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yongxuan Yao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Liang Cao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, PR China
| | - Yifei Yuan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Rongjuan Pei
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xue Hu
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.,State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China.,State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mammals and Teleost Fish: A Effective Strategy for the Regulation of Immune Responses Against Pathogen Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071530. [PMID: 28714877 PMCID: PMC5536018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is the process by which introns are removed and the protein coding elements assembled into mature mRNAs. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing provides an important source of transcriptome and proteome complexity through selectively joining different coding elements to form mRNAs, which encode proteins with similar or distinct functions. In mammals, previous studies have shown the role of alternative splicing in regulating the function of the immune system, especially in the regulation of T-cell activation and function. As lower vertebrates, teleost fish mainly rely on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from various invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of alternative splicing of piscine PRRs including peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and their downstream signaling molecules, compared to splicing in mammals. We also discuss what is known and unknown about the function of splicing isoforms in the innate immune responses against pathogens infection in mammals and teleost fish. Finally, we highlight the consequences of alternative splicing in the innate immune system and give our view of important directions for future studies.
Collapse
|
42
|
Li Y, Wilson HL, Kiss-Toth E. Regulating STING in health and disease. J Inflamm (Lond) 2017; 14:11. [PMID: 28596706 PMCID: PMC5463399 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-017-0159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of cytosolic double-stranded DNA molecules can trigger multiple innate immune signalling pathways which converge on the activation of an ER-resident innate immune adaptor named "STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING)". STING has been found to mediate type I interferon response downstream of cyclic dinucleotides and a number of DNA and RNA inducing signalling pathway. In addition to its physiological function, a rapidly increasing body of literature highlights the role for STING in human disease where variants of the STING proteins, as well as dysregulated STING signalling, have been implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases. This review will summarise the recent structural and functional findings of STING, and discuss how STING research has promoted the development of novel therapeutic approaches and experimental tools to improve treatment of tumour and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Infection; Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX UK
| | - Heather L. Wilson
- Department of Infection; Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX UK
| | - Endre Kiss-Toth
- Department of Infection; Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
MITA/STING and Its Alternative Splicing Isoform MRP Restrict Hepatitis B Virus Replication. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169701. [PMID: 28056087 PMCID: PMC5215812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) requires the coordinated work of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. MITA/STING, an adapter protein of the innate immune signaling pathways, plays a key role in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses to DNA virus infection. Previously, we identified an alternatively spliced isoform of MITA/STING, called MITA-related protein (MRP), and found that MRP could specifically block MITA-mediated interferon (IFN) induction while retaining the ability to activate NF-κB. Here, we asked whether MITA/STING and MRP were able to control the HBV replication. Both MITA/STING and MRP significantly inhibited HBV replication in vitro. MITA overexpression stimulated IRF3-IFN pathway; while MRP overexpression activated NF-κB pathway, suggesting these two isoforms may inhibit HBV replication through different ways. Using a hydrodynamic injection (HI) mouse model, we found that HBV replication was reduced following MITA/STING and MRP expression vectors in mice and was enhanced by the knockout of MITA/STING (MITA/STING-/-). The HBV specific humoral and CD8+ T cell responses were impaired in MITA/STING deficient mice, suggesting the participation of MITA/STING in the initiation of host adaptive immune responses. In summary, our data suggest that MITA/STING and MRP contribute to HBV control via modulation of the innate and adaptive responses.
Collapse
|
44
|
Kaiser A, Willer T, Sid H, Petersen H, Baumgärtner W, Steinberg P, Rautenschlein S. Susceptibility of primary chicken intestinal epithelial cells for low pathogenic avian influenza virus and velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus. Virus Res 2016; 225:50-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
45
|
Poltorak A, Kurmyshkina O, Volkova T. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING): A “new chapter” in virus-associated cancer research. Lessons from wild-derived mouse models of innate immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 29:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
46
|
Altered microRNA expression and pre-mRNA splicing events reveal new mechanisms associated with early stage Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24964. [PMID: 27102525 PMCID: PMC4840452 DOI: 10.1038/srep24964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular regulatory mechanisms of host responses to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection during the early subclinical stage are still not clear. In this study, surgically isolated ileal segments in newborn calves (n = 5) were used to establish in vivo MAP infection adjacent to an uninfected control intestinal compartment. RNA-Seq was used to profile the whole transcriptome (mRNAs) and the microRNAome (miRNAs) of ileal tissues collected at one-month post-infection. The most related function of the differentially expressed mRNAs between infected and uninfected tissues was “proliferation of endothelial cells”, indicating that MAP infection may lead to the over-proliferation of endothelial cells. In addition, 46.2% of detected mRNAs displayed alternative splicing events. The pre-mRNA of two genes related to macrophage maturation (monocyte to macrophage differentiation-associated) and lysosome function (adenosine deaminase) showed differential alternative splicing events, suggesting that specific changes in the pre-mRNA splicing sites may be a mechanism by which MAP escapes host immune responses. Moreover, 9 miRNAs were differentially expressed after MAP infection. The integrated analysis of microRNAome and transcriptome revealed that these miRNAs might regulate host responses to MAP infection, such as “proliferation of endothelial cells” (bta-miR-196 b), “bacteria recognition” (bta-miR-146 b), and “regulation of the inflammatory response” (bta-miR-146 b).
Collapse
|
47
|
Ran Y, Shu HB, Wang YY. MITA/STING: a central and multifaceted mediator in innate immune response. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:631-9. [PMID: 24929887 PMCID: PMC7108248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The recognition of nucleic acids is a general strategy used by the host to detect invading pathogens. Many studies have established that MITA/STING is a central component in the innate immune response to cytosolic DNA and RNA derived from pathogens. MITA can act both as a direct sensor of cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) and as an adaptor for the recruitment of downstream signaling components. In both roles, MITA is part of signaling cascades that orchestrate innate immune defenses against various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. Here, we highlight recent studies that have uncovered the molecular mechanisms of MITA-mediated signal transduction and regulation, and discuss some notable issues that remain elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ran
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|