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He C, Hua G, Liu Y, Li S. Unveiling the hidden role of the interaction between CD36 and FcγRIIb: implications for autoimmune disorders. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:76. [PMID: 38762740 PMCID: PMC11102138 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00593-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the scavenger receptor CD36 in cell metabolism and the immune response has been investigated mainly in macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells. However, its involvement in B cells has not been comprehensively examined. METHODS To investigate the function of CD36 in B cells, we exposed Cd36fl/flMB1cre mice, which lack CD36 specifically in B cells, to apoptotic cells to trigger an autoimmune response. To validate the proteins that interact with CD36 in primary B cells, we conducted mass spectrometry analysis following anti-CD36 immunoprecipitation. Immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation were used to confirm the protein interactions. RESULTS The data revealed that mice lacking CD36 in B cells exhibited a reduction in germinal center B cells and anti-DNA antibodies in vivo. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 30 potential candidates that potentially interact with CD36. Furthermore, the interaction between CD36 and the inhibitory Fc receptor FcγRIIb was first discovered by mass spectrometry and confirmed through immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation techniques. Finally, deletion of FcγRIIb in mice led to decreased expression of CD36 in marginal zone B cells, germinal center B cells, and plasma cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that CD36 in B cells is a critical regulator of autoimmunity. The interaction of CD36-FcγRIIb has the potential to serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfei He
- Center for Research in Animal Genomics, Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Guoying Hua
- Center for Research in Animal Genomics, Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna Campus, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shuijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Diseases (SKLFZCD), Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Research On Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drugs, Harbin, China.
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2
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Simpson AP, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim HJ, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, Cox KL, Bogdanov YD, James S, Tutt AL, Rycroft D, Morley P, Dahal LN, Teige I, Frendeus B, Beers SA, Cragg MS. FcγRIIB controls antibody-mediated target cell depletion by ITIM-independent mechanisms. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111099. [PMID: 35858562 PMCID: PMC9638011 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic antibodies deplete target cells and elicit immunotherapy by engaging activating Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) on host effector cells. These antibodies are negatively regulated by the inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B). Dogma suggests inhibition is mediated through the FcγRIIB immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), negatively regulating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling from activating FcγR. To assess this, we generated experimental models expressing human (h)FcγRIIB on targets or effectors, lacking or retaining ITIM signaling capacity. We demonstrate that signaling through the hFcγRIIB ITIM is dispensable for impairing monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated depletion of normal and malignant murine target cells through three therapeutically relevant surface receptors (CD20, CD25, and OX40) affecting immunotherapy. We demonstrate that hFcγRIIB competition with activating FcγRs for antibody Fc, rather than ITIM signaling, is sufficient to impair activating FcγR engagement, inhibiting effector function and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Simpson
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yury D Bogdanov
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Daniel Rycroft
- Biopharm Discovery, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter Morley
- Biopharm Discovery, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ingrid Teige
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Frendeus
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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3
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Lindorfer MA, Taylor RP. FcγR-Mediated Trogocytosis 2.0: Revisiting History Gives Rise to a Unifying Hypothesis. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11030045. [PMID: 35892705 PMCID: PMC9326535 DOI: 10.3390/antib11030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the clinical implications and immunology of trogocytosis, a process in which the receptors on acceptor cells remove and internalize cognate ligands from donor cells. We have reported that this phenomenon occurs in cancer immunotherapy, in which cells that express FcγR remove and internalize CD20 and bound mAbs from malignant B cells. This process can be generalized to include other reactions including the immune adherence phenomenon and antibody-induced immunosuppression. We discuss in detail FcγR-mediated trogocytosis and the evidence supporting a proposed predominant role for liver sinusoidal endothelial cells via the action of the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb2. We describe experiments to test the validity of this hypothesis. The elucidation of the details of FcγR-mediated trogocytosis has the potential to allow for the development of novel therapies that can potentially block or enhance this reaction, depending upon whether the process leads to unfavorable or positive biological effects.
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4
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Hussain K, Liu R, Smith RCG, Müller KTJ, Ghorbani M, Macari S, Cleary KLS, Oldham RJ, Foxall RB, James S, Booth SG, Murray T, Dahal LN, Hargreaves CE, Kemp RS, Longley J, Douglas J, Markham H, Chee SJ, Stopforth RJ, Roghanian A, Carter MJ, Ottensmeier CH, Frendéus B, Cutress RI, French RR, Glennie MJ, Strefford JC, Thirdborough SM, Beers SA, Cragg MS. HIF activation enhances FcγRIIb expression on mononuclear phagocytes impeding tumor targeting antibody immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:131. [PMID: 35392965 PMCID: PMC8988350 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and in addition to altering metabolism in cancer cells, it transforms tumor-associated stromal cells. Within the tumor stromal cell compartment, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) provide potent pro-tumoral support. However, TAMs can also be harnessed to destroy tumor cells by monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy, through antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). This is mediated via antibody-binding activating Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) and impaired by the single inhibitory FcγR, FcγRIIb. METHODS We applied a multi-OMIC approach coupled with in vitro functional assays and murine tumor models to assess the effects of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activation on mAb mediated depletion of human and murine cancer cells. For mechanistic assessments, siRNA-mediated gene silencing, Western blotting and chromatin immune precipitation were utilized to assess the impact of identified regulators on FCGR2B gene transcription. RESULTS We report that TAMs are FcγRIIbbright relative to healthy tissue counterparts and under hypoxic conditions, mononuclear phagocytes markedly upregulate FcγRIIb. This enhanced FcγRIIb expression is transcriptionally driven through HIFs and Activator protein 1 (AP-1). Importantly, this phenotype reduces the ability of macrophages to eliminate anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) opsonized human chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro and EL4 lymphoma cells in vivo in human FcγRIIb+/+ transgenic mice. Furthermore, post-HIF activation, mAb mediated blockade of FcγRIIb can partially restore phagocytic function in human monocytes. CONCLUSION Our findings provide a detailed molecular and cellular basis for hypoxia driven resistance to antitumor mAb immunotherapy, unveiling a hitherto unexplored aspect of the TME. These findings provide a mechanistic rationale for the modulation of FcγRIIb expression or its blockade as a promising strategy to enhance approved and novel mAb immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Rena Liu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Rosanna C G Smith
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kri T J Müller
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mohammadmersad Ghorbani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Cancer Genomics Group, Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sofia Macari
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kirstie L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Russell B Foxall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Steven G Booth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tom Murray
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Chantal E Hargreaves
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert S Kemp
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jemma Longley
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James Douglas
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, Hampshire, UK
| | - Hannah Markham
- University Hospital Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, Hampshire, UK
| | - Serena J Chee
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christian H Ottensmeier
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Bjorn Frendéus
- Preclinical Research, BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramsey I Cutress
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Genomics Group, Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- CRUK Southampton Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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5
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James BH, Papakyriacou P, Gardener MJ, Gliddon L, Weston CJ, Lalor PF. The Contribution of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells to Clearance of Therapeutic Antibody. Front Physiol 2022; 12:753833. [PMID: 35095549 PMCID: PMC8795706 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.753833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chronic inflammatory diseases are treated by administration of “biological” therapies in terms of fully human and humanized monoclonal antibodies or Fc fusion proteins. These tools have widespread efficacy and are favored because they generally exhibit high specificity for target with a low toxicity. However, the design of clinically applicable humanized antibodies is complicated by the need to circumvent normal antibody clearance mechanisms to maintain therapeutic dosing, whilst avoiding development of off target antibody dependent cellular toxicity. Classically, professional phagocytic immune cells are responsible for scavenging and clearance of antibody via interactions with the Fc portion. Immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils express Fc receptor subsets, such as the FcγR that can then clear immune complexes. Another, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is key to clearance of IgG in vivo and serum half-life of antibody is explicitly linked to function of this receptor. The liver is a site of significant expression of FcRn and indeed several hepatic cell populations including Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), play key roles in antibody clearance. This combined with the fact that the liver is a highly perfused organ with a relatively permissive microcirculation means that hepatic binding of antibody has a significant effect on pharmacokinetics of clearance. Liver disease can alter systemic distribution or pharmacokinetics of antibody-based therapies and impact on clinical effectiveness, however, few studies document the changes in key membrane receptors involved in antibody clearance across the spectrum of liver disease. Similarly, the individual contribution of LSEC scavenger receptors to antibody clearance in a healthy or chronically diseased organ is not well characterized. This is an important omission since pharmacokinetic studies of antibody distribution are often based on studies in healthy individuals and thus may not reflect the picture in an aging or chronically diseased population. Therefore, in this review we consider the expression and function of key antibody-binding receptors on LSEC, and the features of therapeutic antibodies which may accentuate clearance by the liver. We then discuss the implications of this for the design and utility of monoclonal antibody-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany H. James
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelitsa Papakyriacou
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Gardener
- Antibody Pharmacology, Biopharm Discovery, Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Gliddon
- Antibody Pharmacology, Biopharm Discovery, Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Weston
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia F. Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patricia F. Lalor,
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6
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Hussain K, Cragg MS, Beers SA. Remodeling the Tumor Myeloid Landscape to Enhance Antitumor Antibody Immunotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4904. [PMID: 34638388 PMCID: PMC8507767 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the diverse tumor resident immune cell types, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often the most abundant, possess an anti-inflammatory phenotype, orchestrate tumor immune evasion and are frequently associated with poor prognosis. However, TAMs can also be harnessed to destroy antibody-opsonized tumor cells through the process of antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). Clinically important tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAb) such as Rituximab, Herceptin and Cetuximab, function, at least in part, by inducing macrophages to eliminate tumor cells via ADCP. For IgG mAb, this is mediated by antibody-binding activating Fc gamma receptors (FcγR), with resultant phagocytic activity impacted by the level of co-engagement with the single inhibitory FcγRIIb. Approaches to enhance ADCP in the tumor microenvironment include the repolarization of TAMs to proinflammatory phenotypes or the direct augmentation of ADCP by targeting so-called 'phagocytosis checkpoints'. Here we review the most promising new strategies targeting the cell surface molecules present on TAMs, which include the inhibition of 'don't eat me signals' or targeting immunostimulatory pathways with agonistic mAb and small molecules to augment tumor-targeting mAb immunotherapies and overcome therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen A. Beers
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.H.); (M.S.C.)
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7
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Lu H, Molony RD, Chen D, Jang S, Wolf B, Ewert S, Flaherty M, Xu F, Isim S, Shim Y, Dornelas C, Balke N, Leber XC, Scharenberg M, Koelln J, Choi E, Ward R, Johnson J, Calzascia T, Isnardi I, Williams JA, Lindenbergh PL, van de Donk NWCJ, Mutis T, Huet H, Lees E, Meyer MJ. Development of Anti-CD32b Antibodies with Enhanced Fc Function for the Treatment of B and Plasma Cell Malignancies. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:2089-2104. [PMID: 32847974 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sole inhibitory Fcγ receptor CD32b (FcγRIIb) is expressed throughout B and plasma cell development and on their malignant counterparts. CD32b expression on malignant B cells is known to provide a mechanism of resistance to rituximab that can be ameliorated with a CD32b-blocking antibody. CD32b, therefore, represents an attractive tumor antigen for targeting with a monoclonal antibody (mAb). To this end, two anti-CD32b mAbs, NVS32b1 and NVS32b2, were developed. Their complementarity-determining regions (CDR) bind the CD32b Fc binding domain with high specificity and affinity while the Fc region is afucosylated to enhance activation of FcγRIIIa on immune effector cells. The NVS32b mAbs selectively target CD32b+ malignant cells and healthy B cells but not myeloid cells. They mediate potent killing of opsonized CD32b+ cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis (ADCC and ADCP) as well as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In addition, NVS32b CDRs block the CD32b Fc-binding domain, thereby minimizing CD32b-mediated resistance to therapeutic mAbs including rituximab, obinutuzumab, and daratumumab. NVS32b mAbs demonstrate robust antitumor activity against CD32b+ xenografts in vivo and immunomodulatory activity including recruitment of macrophages to the tumor and enhancement of dendritic cell maturation in response to immune complexes. Finally, the activity of NVS32b mAbs on CD32b+ primary malignant B and plasma cells was confirmed using samples from patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma. The findings indicate the promising potential of NVS32b mAbs as a single agent or in combination with other mAb therapeutics for patients with CD32b+ malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Lu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
| | - Ryan D Molony
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dongshu Chen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sunyoung Jang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Babette Wolf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Ewert
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Meghan Flaherty
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Fangmin Xu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sinan Isim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yeonju Shim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Nicole Balke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Johanna Koelln
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eugene Choi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Ward
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Juliet A Williams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Pieter L Lindenbergh
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heather Huet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emma Lees
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew J Meyer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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8
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Kasahara Y, Shirota H, Umegaki S, Ishioka C. Contribution of Fcγ receptor IIB to creating a suppressive tumor microenvironment in a mouse model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1769-1778. [PMID: 31616964 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02413-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Various immune cells are recruited in the tumor microenvironment. It is well established that cellular immune responses, such as cytotoxic or suppressive activities, play an important role in regulating tumor growth and metastasis. However, the contribution of humoral immune responses against tumors is poorly understood. Fc receptors constitute critical elements for the up- or downregulation of immune responses through immune complexes. Here, we examined the potential role of the inhibitory Fc receptor, Fcγ receptor IIB (FcγRIIB), in tumor immunity using a mouse model. Our findings indicated that tumor-specific antibodies are induced in tumor-bearing mice and control tumor immunity. FcγRIIB deletion significantly improved both cellular and humoral immunity against tumors and delayed tumor growth. These findings indicated that spontaneous antibodies against tumors create a suppressive tumor microenvironment through FcγRIIB signaling, thus suggesting an attractive therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kasahara
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Shirota
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Sho Umegaki
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Chikashi Ishioka
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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9
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Remer M, White A, Glennie M, Al-Shamkhani A, Johnson P. The Use of Anti-CD40 mAb in Cancer. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 405:165-207. [PMID: 25651948 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is at the forefront of developing cancer therapeutics with numerous targeted agents proving highly effective in selective patients at stimulating protective host immunity, capable of eradicating established tumours and leading to long-term disease-free states. The cell surface marker CD40 is expressed on a range of immune cells and transformed cells in malignant states whose signalling plays a critical role in modulating adaptive immune responses. Anti-CD40 mAb therapy acts via multiple mechanisms to stimulate anti-tumour immunity across a broad range of lymphoid and solid malignancies. A wealth of preclinical research in this field has led to the successful development of multiple anti-CD40 mAb agents that have shown promise in early-phase clinical trials. Significant progress has been made to enhance the engagement of antibodies with immune effectors through their interactions with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) by the process of Fc engineering. As more is understood about how to best optimise these agents, principally through the fine-tuning of mAb structure and choice of synergistic partnerships, our ability to generate robust, clinically beneficial anti-tumour activity will form the foundation for the next generation of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Remer
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Ann White
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin Glennie
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter Johnson
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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10
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Carter MJ, Dahal LN, Cleary KLS, Marshall MJE, French RR, Beers SA, Cragg MS. Immunological Methods to Study Monoclonal Antibody Activity in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1881:173-184. [PMID: 30350206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8876-1_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Over recent decades it has become increasingly apparent that malignant cells, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, do not exist in isolation. Rather they coalesce with numerous "normal" cells of the body and, in the case of CLL, inhabit key immunological niches within secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), where a plethora of stromal and immune cells mediate their growth and survival. With the advent and approval of targeted immune therapies such as monoclonal antibodies (mAb), which elicit their efficacy by engaging immune-mediated effector mechanisms, it is important to develop accurate methods to measure their activities. Here, we describe a series of reliable assays capable of measuring important antibody-mediated effector functions: antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) that measure these immune activities.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Cell Line
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/instrumentation
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic/methods
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/instrumentation
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Macrophages
- Mice
- Monocytes
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- Primary Cell Culture/instrumentation
- Primary Cell Culture/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - L N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - K L S Cleary
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - M J E Marshall
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - R R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - S A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - M S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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11
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Zha L, Leoratti FMS, He L, Mohsen MO, Cragg M, Storni F, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. An unexpected protective role of low-affinity allergen-specific IgG through the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1529-1536.e6. [PMID: 29391255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of allergen-specific IgG antibodies is a critical parameter for successful allergen-specific immunotherapy. IgG antibodies can inhibit IgE-mediated mast cell activation through direct allergen neutralization or through the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb. The affinity of IgE antibodies to the allergen has been shown to be critical for cellular activation. OBJECTIVE Here we addressed the question of affinity thresholds of allergen-specific IgG antibodies for inhibition of mast cell activation using 2 different mAbs against the major cat allergen Fel d 1 both in vitro and in vivo in mice. METHODS Sequences of the 2 high-affinity mAbs were back-mutated to germline, resulting in low-affinity (10-7 mol/L) antibodies of the exact same specificity. RESULTS Using these newly generated recombinant antibodies, we demonstrate that low-affinity antibodies are still able to inhibit mast cell activation through FcγRIIb but do not neutralize the allergen. CONCLUSION Antibody affinity dictates the mechanism of mast cell inhibition, and IgG antibodies triggering the inhibitory FcγRIIb pathway can show a broader cross-reactivity pattern than previously thought. This indicates that allergen-specific immunotherapy generates a larger protective umbrella of inhibitory IgG antibodies than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zha
- Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lichun He
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mona O Mohsen
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Storni
- Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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12
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Babiker HM, Glode AE, Cooke LS, Mahadevan D. Ublituximab for the treatment of CD20 positive B-cell malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 27:407-412. [PMID: 29609506 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1459560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most common adult hematologic malignancy. Conventional methods of treatment are chemotherapy and radiation, which were associated with toxicities and lack of specificity. Potential cell surface targets for treatment of B-cell NHL (B-NHL) include CD19, CD20, and CD22 which are highly expressed on malignant B-cells. The development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy directed against CD20 had the most clinical impact in the treatment of B-NHL. Early clinical trials with rituximab (RTX), the first chimeric mAb against CD20, showed efficacy and minimal toxicities. RTX was later approved as first line in combination with CHOP chemotherapy for Diffuse Large B-NHL (DLBCL). The emergence of resistance to RTX prompted the development of the next-generation of mAbs targeting CD20 (e.g. obinituzumab, ofatumumab), and includes ublituximab (Ub), with higher complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against malignant B-cells. Areas covered: Herein, we discuss clinical trials of Ub, highlighting efficacy, tolerability and an expert opinion on drug development in B-NHL. A pubmed search was conducted to evaluate all Ub clinical trials. Expert opinion: Ub demonstrated efficacy in patients with high-risk CLL and B-NHL in both first line, subsequent lines, and in rituximab refractory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani M Babiker
- a Early Phase Clinical Trials Program , University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Ashley E Glode
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Laurence S Cooke
- a Early Phase Clinical Trials Program , University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson , AZ , USA
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- a Early Phase Clinical Trials Program , University of Arizona Cancer Center , Tucson , AZ , USA
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13
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Roghanian A, Stopforth RJ, Dahal LN, Cragg MS. New revelations from an old receptor: Immunoregulatory functions of the inhibitory Fc gamma receptor, FcγRIIB (CD32B). J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1077-1088. [PMID: 29406570 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0917-354r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fc gamma receptor IIB (FcγRIIB/CD32B) was generated million years ago during evolution. It is the sole inhibitory receptor for IgG, and has long been associated with the regulation of humoral immunity and innate immune homeostasis. However, new and surprising functions of FcγRIIB are emerging. In particular, FcγRIIB has been shown to perform unexpected activatory roles in both immune-signaling and monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy. Furthermore, although ITIM signaling is an integral part of FcγRIIB regulatory activity, it is now clear that inhibition/activation of immune responses can occur independently of the ITIM. In light of these new findings, we present an overview of the established and noncanonical functions of FcγRIIB and discuss how this knowledge might be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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14
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Turaj AH, Cox KL, Penfold CA, French RR, Mockridge CI, Willoughby JE, Tutt AL, Griffiths J, Johnson PWM, Glennie MJ, Levy R, Cragg MS, Lim SH. Augmentation of CD134 (OX40)-dependent NK anti-tumour activity is dependent on antibody cross-linking. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2278. [PMID: 29396470 PMCID: PMC5797108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD134 (OX40) is a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). It acts as a costimulatory receptor on T cells, but its role on NK cells is poorly understood. CD137, another TNFRSF member has been shown to enhance the anti-tumour activity of NK cells in various malignancies. Here, we examine the expression and function of CD134 on human and mouse NK cells in B-cell lymphoma. CD134 was transiently upregulated upon activation of NK cells in both species. In contrast to CD137, induction of CD134 on human NK cells was dependent on close proximity to, or cell-to-cell contact with, monocytes or T cells. Stimulation with an agonistic anti-CD134 mAb but not CD134 ligand, increased IFNγ production and cytotoxicity of human NK cells, but this was dependent on simultaneous antibody:Fcγ receptor binding. In complementary murine studies, intravenous inoculation with BCL1 lymphoma into immunocompetent syngeneic mice resulted in transient upregulation of CD134 on NK cells. Combination treatment with anti-CD20 and anti-CD134 mAb produced a synergistic effect with durable remissions. This therapeutic benefit was abrogated by NK cell depletion and in Fcγ chain -/- mice. Hence, anti-CD134 agonists may enhance NK-mediated anti-tumour activity in an Fcγ receptor dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jane E Willoughby
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jordana Griffiths
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ronald Levy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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15
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Turaj AH, Hussain K, Cox KL, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Testa J, Dahal LN, Chan HTC, James S, Field VL, Carter MJ, Kim HJ, West JJ, Thomas LJ, He LZ, Keler T, Johnson PWM, Al-Shamkhani A, Thirdborough SM, Beers SA, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Lim SH. Antibody Tumor Targeting Is Enhanced by CD27 Agonists through Myeloid Recruitment. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:777-791.e6. [PMID: 29198913 PMCID: PMC5734932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can destroy tumors by recruiting effectors such as myeloid cells, or targeting immunomodulatory receptors to promote cytotoxic T cell responses. Here, we examined the therapeutic potential of combining a direct tumor-targeting mAb, anti-CD20, with an extended panel of immunomodulatory mAbs. Only the anti-CD27/CD20 combination provided cures. This was apparent in multiple lymphoma models, including huCD27 transgenic mice using the anti-huCD27, varlilumab. Detailed mechanistic analysis using single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that anti-CD27 stimulated CD8+ T and natural killer cells to release myeloid chemo-attractants and interferon gamma, to elicit myeloid infiltration and macrophage activation. This study demonstrates the therapeutic advantage of using an immunomodulatory mAb to regulate lymphoid cells, which then recruit and activate myeloid cells for enhanced killing of mAb-opsonized tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H Turaj
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James Testa
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Vikki L Field
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J Carter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jonathan J West
- Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Li-Zhen He
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen M Thirdborough
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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16
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Alaterre E, Raimbault S, Goldschmidt H, Bouhya S, Requirand G, Robert N, Boireau S, Seckinger A, Hose D, Klein B, Moreaux J. CD24, CD27, CD36 and CD302 gene expression for outcome prediction in patients with multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98931-98944. [PMID: 29228738 PMCID: PMC5716778 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B cell neoplasia characterized by clonal plasma cell (PC) proliferation. Minimal residual disease monitoring by multi-parameter flow cytometry is a powerful tool for predicting treatment efficacy and MM outcome. In this study, we compared CD antigens expression between normal and malignant plasma cells to identify new potential markers to discriminate normal from malignant plasma cells, new potential therapeutic targets for monoclonal-based treatments and new prognostic factors. Nine genes were significantly overexpressed and 16 were significantly downregulated in MMC compared with BMPC (ratio ≥2; FDR CD24, CD27, CD36 and CD302) was associated with a prognostic value in two independent cohorts of patients with MM (HM cohort and TT2 cohort, n=345). The expression level of these four genes was then used to develop a CD gene risk score that classified patients in two groups with different survival (P = 2.06E-6) in the HM training cohort. The prognostic value of the CD gene risk score was validated in two independent cohorts of patients with MM (TT2 cohort and HOVON65/GMMGHD4 cohort, n=282 patients). The CD gene risk score remained a prognostic factor that separated patients in two groups with significantly different overall survival also when using publicly available data from a cohort of relapsing patients treated with bortezomib (n=188). In conclusion, the CD gene risk score allows identifying high risk patients with MM based on CD24, CD27, CD36 and CD302 expression and could represent a powerful tool for simple outcome prediction in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Alaterre
- HORIBA Medical, Parc Euromédecine, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UM UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Salahedine Bouhya
- CHU Montpellier, Department of Clinical Hematology, Montpellier, France
| | - Guilhem Requirand
- Department of Biological Haematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UM UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Robert
- Department of Biological Haematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UM UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie Boireau
- Department of Biological Haematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UM UMR9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Anja Seckinger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hose
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Nationales Centrum für Tumorerkrankungen, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernard Klein
- Department of Biological Haematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UM UMR9002, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, UFR Medecine, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Department of Biological Haematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS-UM UMR9002, Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, UFR Medecine, Montpellier, France
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17
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Waight JD, Gombos RB, Wilson NS. Harnessing co-stimulatory TNF receptors for cancer immunotherapy: Current approaches and future opportunities. Hum Antibodies 2017; 25:87-109. [PMID: 28085016 DOI: 10.3233/hab-160308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-stimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) can sculpt the responsiveness of T cells recognizing tumor-associated antigens. For this reason, agonist antibodies targeting CD137, CD357, CD134 and CD27 have received considerable attention for their therapeutic utility in enhancing anti-tumor immune responses, particularly in combination with other immuno-modulatory antibodies targeting co-inhibitory pathways in T cells. The design of therapeutic antibodies that optimally engage and activate co-stimulatory TNFRs presents an important challenge of how to promote effective anti-tumor immunity while avoiding serious immune-related adverse events. Here we review our current understanding of the expression, signaling and structural features of CD137, CD357, CD134 and CD27, and how this may inform the design of pharmacologically active immuno-modulatory antibodies targeting these receptors. This includes the integration of our emerging knowledge of the role of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) in facilitating antibody-mediated receptor clustering and forward signaling, as well as promoting immune effector cell-mediated activities. Finally, we bring our current preclinical and clinical knowledge of co-stimulatory TNFR antibodies into the context of opportunities for next generation molecules with improved pharmacologic properties.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptors, IgG/agonists
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
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18
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Abstract
Mouse and human FcRs have been a major focus of attention not only of the scientific community, through the cloning and characterization of novel receptors, and of the medical community, through the identification of polymorphisms and linkage to disease but also of the pharmaceutical community, through the identification of FcRs as targets for therapy or engineering of Fc domains for the generation of enhanced therapeutic antibodies. The availability of knockout mouse lines for every single mouse FcR, of multiple or cell-specific--'à la carte'--FcR knockouts and the increasing generation of hFcR transgenics enable powerful in vivo approaches for the study of mouse and human FcR biology. This review will present the landscape of the current FcR family, their effector functions and the in vivo models at hand to study them. These in vivo models were recently instrumental in re-defining the properties and effector functions of FcRs that had been overlooked or discarded from previous analyses. A particular focus will be made on the (mis)concepts on the role of high-affinity IgG receptors in vivo and on results from antibody engineering to enhance or abrogate antibody effector functions mediated by FcRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bruhns
- Unité des Anticorps en Thérapie et Pathologie, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U760, Paris, France
| | - Friederike Jönsson
- Unité des Anticorps en Thérapie et Pathologie, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,INSERM, U760, Paris, France
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19
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Stopforth RJ, Cleary KLS, Cragg MS. Regulation of Monoclonal Antibody Immunotherapy by FcγRIIB. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36 Suppl 1:88-94. [PMID: 26922075 PMCID: PMC4891381 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are revolutionising the treatment of many different diseases. Given their differing mode of action compared to most conventional chemotherapeutics and small molecule inhibitors, they possess the potential to be independent of common modes of treatment resistance and can typically be combined readily with existing treatments without dose-limiting toxicity. However, treatments with mAb rarely result in cure and so a full understanding of how these reagents work and can be optimised is key for their subsequent improvement. Here we review how an understanding of the biology of the inhibitory Fc receptor, FcγRIIB (CD32B), is leading to the development of improved mAb treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kirstie L S Cleary
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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20
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Tutt AL, James S, Laversin SA, Tipton TRW, Ashton-Key M, French RR, Hussain K, Vaughan AT, Dou L, Earley A, Dahal LN, Lu C, Dunscombe M, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim JH, Potter EA, Mockridge CI, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Cox KL, Lim SH, Teige I, Frendéus B, Glennie MJ, Beers SA, Cragg MS. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Mouse and Human Fcγ Receptors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:5503-16. [PMID: 26512139 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
FcγRs are key regulators of the immune response, capable of binding to the Fc portion of IgG Abs and manipulating the behavior of numerous cell types. Through a variety of receptors, isoforms, and cellular expression patterns, they are able to fine-tune and direct appropriate responses. Furthermore, they are key determinants of mAb immunotherapy, with mAb isotype and FcγR interaction governing therapeutic efficacy. Critical to understanding the biology of this complex family of receptors are reagents that are robust and highly specific for each receptor. In this study, we describe the development and characterization of mAb panels specific for both mouse and human FcγR for use in flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and immunocytochemistry. We highlight key differences in expression between the two species and also patterns of expression that will likely impact on immunotherapeutic efficacy and translation of therapeutic agents from mouse to clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stéphanie A Laversin
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Thomas R W Tipton
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Margaret Ashton-Key
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Alexander Earley
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Chen Lu
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Melanie Dunscombe
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jinny H Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Elizabeth A Potter
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sean H Lim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire SO16 6YD, United Kingdom; and
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21
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy is currently experiencing an unprecedented amount of success, delivering blockbuster sales for the pharmaceutical industry. Having experienced several false dawns and overcoming technical issues which limited progress, we are now entering a golden period where mAbs are becoming a mainstay of treatment regimes for diseases ranging from cancer to autoimmunity. In this review, we discuss how these mAbs are most likely working and focus in particular on the key receptors that they interact with to precipitate their therapeutic effects. Although their targets may vary, their engagement with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on numerous immune effector cells is almost universal, and here we review their roles in delivering successful immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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22
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Suzuki M, Yamanoi A, Machino Y, Ootsubo M, Izawa KI, Kohroki J, Masuho Y. Effect of trastuzumab interchain disulfide bond cleavage on Fcγ receptor binding and antibody-dependent tumour cell phagocytosis. J Biochem 2015; 159:67-76. [PMID: 26254483 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fc domain of human IgG1 binds to Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) to induce effector functions such as phagocytosis. There are four interchain disulfide bonds between the H and L chains. In this study, the disulfide bonds within the IgG1 trastuzumab (TRA), which is specific for HER2, were cleaved by mild S-sulfonation or by mild reduction followed by S-alkylation with three different reagents. The cleavage did not change the binding activities of TRA to HER2-bearing SK-BR-3 cells. The binding activities of TRA to FcγRIIA and FcγRIIB were greatly enhanced by modification with mild reduction and S-alkylation with ICH2CONH2 or N-(4-aminophenyl) maleimide, while the binding activities of TRA to FcγRI and FcγRIIIA were decreased by any of the four modifications. However, the interchain disulfide bond cleavage by the different modifications did not change the antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) of SK-BR-3 cells by activated THP-1 cells. The order of FcγR expression levels on the THP-1 cells was FcγRII > FcγRI > FcγRIII and ADCP was inhibited by blocking antibodies against FcγRI and FcγRII. These results imply that the effect of the interchain disulfide bond cleavage on FcγRs binding and ADCP is dependent on modifications of the cysteine residues and the FcγR isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan and Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yamanoi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan and
| | - Yusuke Machino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan and
| | - Michiko Ootsubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan and
| | - Ken-ichi Izawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan and
| | - Junya Kohroki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan and
| | - Yasuhiko Masuho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan and
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23
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Roghanian A, Teige I, Mårtensson L, Cox KL, Kovacek M, Ljungars A, Mattson J, Sundberg A, Vaughan AT, Shah V, Smyth NR, Sheth B, Chan HTC, Li ZC, Williams EL, Manfredi G, Oldham RJ, Mockridge CI, James SA, Dahal LN, Hussain K, Nilsson B, Verbeek JS, Juliusson G, Hansson M, Jerkeman M, Johnson PWM, Davies A, Beers SA, Glennie MJ, Frendéus B, Cragg MS. Antagonistic human FcγRIIB (CD32B) antibodies have anti-tumor activity and overcome resistance to antibody therapy in vivo. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:473-88. [PMID: 25873171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies have transformed cancer therapy, unlocking mechanisms of action by engaging the immune system. Unfortunately, cures rarely occur and patients display intrinsic or acquired resistance. Here, we demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting human (h) FcγRIIB (CD32B), a receptor implicated in immune cell desensitization and tumor cell resistance. FcγRIIB-blocking antibodies prevented internalization of the CD20-specific antibody rituximab, thereby maximizing cell surface accessibility and immune effector cell mediated antitumor activity. In hFcγRIIB-transgenic (Tg) mice, FcγRIIB-blocking antibodies effectively deleted target cells in combination with rituximab, and other therapeutic antibodies, from resistance-prone stromal compartments. Similar efficacy was seen in primary human tumor xenografts, including with cells from patients with relapsed/refractory disease. These data support the further development of hFcγRIIB antibodies for clinical assessment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/therapeutic use
- Drug Synergism
- Humans
- Mice
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ingrid Teige
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | - Anne Ljungars
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mattson
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Annika Sundberg
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Vallari Shah
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Neil R Smyth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Bhavwanti Sheth
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Zhan-Chun Li
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emily L Williams
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Giusi Manfredi
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya A James
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Markus Hansson
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Jerkeman
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter W M Johnson
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Andrew Davies
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Björn Frendéus
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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24
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Prat M, Oltolina F, Basilico C. Monoclonal Antibodies against the MET/HGF Receptor and Its Ligand: Multitask Tools with Applications from Basic Research to Therapy. Biomedicines 2014; 2:359-383. [PMID: 28548076 PMCID: PMC5344273 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can be seen as valuable tools for many aspects of basic as well as applied sciences. In the case of MET/HGFR, they allowed the identification of truncated isoforms of the receptor, as well as the dissection of different epitopes, establishing structure-function relationships. Antibodies directed against MET extracellular domain were found to be full or partial receptor agonists or antagonists. The agonists can mimic the effects of the different isoforms of the natural ligand, but with the advantage of being more stable than the latter. Thus, some agonist antibodies promote all the biological responses triggered by MET activation, including motility, proliferation, morphogenesis, and protection from apoptosis, while others can induce only a migratory response. On the other hand, antagonists can inhibit MET-driven biological functions either by competing with the ligand or by removing the receptor from the cell surface. Since MET/HGFR is often over-expressed and/or aberrantly activated in tumors, monoclonal antibodies can be used as probes for MET detection or as "bullets" to target MET-expressing tumor cells, thus pointing to their use in diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Prat
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Francesca Oltolina
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Cristina Basilico
- Laboratory of Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Str. Prov. 142, 10060 Candiolo, Italy.
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25
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Pham GH, Iglesias BV, Gosselin EJ. Fc receptor-targeting of immunogen as a strategy for enhanced antigen loading, vaccination, and protection using intranasally administered antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Vaccine 2014; 32:5212-20. [PMID: 25068496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in the generation of adaptive immunity via the efficient capture, processing, and presentation of antigen (Ag) to naïve T cells. Administration of Ag-pulsed DCs is also an effective strategy for enhancing immunity to tumors and infectious disease organisms. Studies have also demonstrated that targeting Ags to Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on Ag presenting cells can enhance humoral and cellular immunity in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, our studies using a Francisella tularensis (Ft) infectious disease vaccine model have demonstrated that targeting immunogens to FcγR via intranasal (i.n.) administration of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-inactivated Ft (iFt) immune complexes (ICs) enhances protection against Ft challenge. Ft is the causative agent of tularemia, a debilitating disease of humans and other mammals and a category A biothreat agent for which there is no approved vaccine. Therefore, using iFt Ag as a model immunogen, we sought to determine if ex vivo targeting of iFt to FcγR on DCs would enhance the potency of i.n. administered iFt-pulsed DCs. In this study, bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) were pulsed ex vivo with iFt or mAb-iFt ICs. Intranasal administration of mAb-iFt-pulsed BMDCs enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses, as well as protection against Ft live vaccine strain (LVS) challenge. Increased protection correlated with increased iFt loading on the BMDC surface as a consequence of FcγR-targeting. However, the inhibitory FcγRIIB had no impact on this enhancement. In conclusion, targeting Ag ex vivo to FcγR on DCs provides a method for enhanced Ag loading of DCs ex vivo, thereby reducing the amount of Ag required, while also avoiding the inhibitory impact of FcγRIIB. Thus, this represents a simple and less invasive strategy for increasing the potency of ex vivo-pulsed DC vaccines against chronic infectious diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang H Pham
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-151, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States
| | - Bibiana V Iglesias
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY 10591, United States
| | - Edmund J Gosselin
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-151, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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26
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White AL, Beers SA, Cragg MS. FcγRIIB as a key determinant of agonistic antibody efficacy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 382:355-72. [PMID: 25116108 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Fc gamma Receptor (FcγR) IIB (CD32B) is an immunoreceptor tyrosine inhibitory motif (ITIM)-bearing Fc receptor that is involved in abrogating the signalling and function delivered from other receptors; archetypally those arising from other, activatory, FcγR and from the B cell receptor (BCR) for antigen. In the context of immunotherapy, it has convincingly been shown to limit a variety of clinically important therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) such as rituximab and trastuzumab in preclinical models. However, recent exploration of so-called immunomodulatory mAb, for example agonist mAb directed against various members of the TNFR super-family, has cast new light on the ability of FcγRIIB to regulate immune responses and immunotherapy. These data, accumulated by several independent groups, have shown the seemingly paradoxical ability of FcγRIIB to augment or even be absolutely required for the activity of this class of mAb. In this review we highlight the key role of FcγRIIB in regulating agonistic mAb, detail the likely mechanism of action and propose new ways in which this information may be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L White
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Antibody and Vaccine Group (MP88), Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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