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Atiakshin D, Kostin A, Volodkin A, Nazarova A, Shishkina V, Esaulenko D, Buchwalow I, Tiemann M, Noda M. Mast Cells as a Potential Target of Molecular Hydrogen in Regulating the Local Tissue Microenvironment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:817. [PMID: 37375765 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the biological effects of molecular hydrogen (H2), hydrogen gas, is constantly advancing, giving a reason for the optimism in several healthcare practitioners regarding the management of multiple diseases, including socially significant ones (malignant neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, viral hepatitis, mental and behavioral disorders). However, mechanisms underlying the biological effects of H2 are still being actively debated. In this review, we focus on mast cells as a potential target for H2 at the specific tissue microenvironment level. H2 regulates the processing of pro-inflammatory components of the mast cell secretome and their entry into the extracellular matrix; this can significantly affect the capacity of the integrated-buffer metabolism and the structure of the immune landscape of the local tissue microenvironment. The analysis performed highlights several potential mechanisms for developing the biological effects of H2 and offers great opportunities for translating the obtained findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Andrey Kostin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Volodkin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Nazarova
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoriya Shishkina
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Dmitry Esaulenko
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mami Noda
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-0811, Japan
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2
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Degranulation of Murine Resident Cochlear Mast Cells: A Possible Factor Contributing to Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity and Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054620. [PMID: 36902051 PMCID: PMC10003316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Permanent hearing loss is one of cisplatin's adverse effects, affecting 30-60% of cancer patients treated with that drug. Our research group recently identified resident mast cells in rodents' cochleae and observed that the number of mast cells changed upon adding cisplatin to cochlear explants. Here, we followed that observation and found that the murine cochlear mast cells degranulate in response to cisplatin and that the mast cell stabilizer cromoglicic acid (cromolyn) inhibits this process. Additionally, cromolyn significantly prevented cisplatin-induced loss of auditory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. Our study provides the first evidence for the possible mast cell participation in cisplatin-induced damage to the inner ear.
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3
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Osborne T, Wall B, Edgar DW, Fairchild T, Wood F. Current understanding of the chronic stress response to burn injury from human studies. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad007. [PMID: 36926636 PMCID: PMC10013650 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a marked inflammatory and hypermetabolic response following a burn injury. The interlinked responses are more pronounced than for other forms of trauma and can persist for ≥3 years post-injury in burned patients. After a burn, patients have an increased risk of diseases of ageing including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, highlighting the need for effective long-term strategies to ameliorate the stress response post-burn. Current therapeutic strategies for post-burn recovery include removal of damaged tissue with surgical excision and wound repair, nutritional supplementation and rehabilitative exercise. These strategies aim to minimize the hypermetabolic and inflammatory responses, as well as reducing the loss of lean body mass. This review briefly summarises the inflammatory and hypermetabolic responses and provides an update on the current therapeutic strategies for burned patients. The review examines the persistent nutritional challenge of ensuring sufficient energy intake of each macronutrient to fuel the hypermetabolic and counteract the catabolic response of burn injury, whilst reducing periods of hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Patients require individualized treatment options tailored to unique systemic responses following a burn, facilitated by a precision medicine approach to improve clinical and physiological outcomes in burned patients. Thus, this review discusses the utility of metabolic flexibility assessment to aid clinical decision making and prescription relating to nutritional supplementation and rehabilitative exercise in the burned patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Osborne
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia
| | - Bradley Wall
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia
| | - Dale W Edgar
- State Adult Burns Unit, Government of Western Australia South Metropolitan Health Service, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia.,Fiona Wood Foundation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia.,Burn Injury Research Node, Institute for Health Research, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Murdoch 6160, Western Australia.,Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Murdoch 6009, Western Australia
| | - Timothy Fairchild
- Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia.,The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia
| | - Fiona Wood
- State Adult Burns Unit, Government of Western Australia South Metropolitan Health Service, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia.,Fiona Wood Foundation, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia.,Burn Injury Research Unit, University of Western Australia, Murdoch 6009, Western Australia
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4
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Liu G, Jarnicki AG, Paudel KR, Lu W, Wadhwa R, Philp AM, Van Eeckhoutte H, Marshall JE, Malyla V, Katsifis A, Fricker M, Hansbro NG, Dua K, Kermani NZ, Eapen MS, Tiotiu A, Chung KF, Caramori G, Bracke K, Adcock IM, Sohal SS, Wark PA, Oliver BG, Hansbro PM. Adverse roles of mast cell chymase-1 in COPD. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:2101431. [PMID: 35777766 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01431-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COPD is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Cigarette smoke (CS)-induced chronic inflammation inducing airway remodelling, emphysema and impaired lung function is the primary cause. Effective therapies are urgently needed. Human chymase (hCMA)1 and its orthologue mCMA1/mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)5 are exocytosed from activated mast cells and have adverse roles in numerous disorders, but their role in COPD is unknown. METHODS We evaluated hCMA1 levels in lung tissues of COPD patients. We used mmcp5-deficient (-/-) mice to evaluate this protease's role and potential for therapeutic targeting in CS-induced experimental COPD. In addition, we used ex vivo/in vitro studies to define mechanisms. RESULTS The levels of hCMA1 mRNA and CMA1+ mast cells were increased in lung tissues from severe compared to early/mild COPD patients, non-COPD smokers and healthy controls. Degranulated mast cell numbers and mMCP5 protein were increased in lung tissues of wild-type mice with experimental COPD. mmcp5 -/- mice were protected against CS-induced inflammation and macrophage accumulation, airway remodelling, emphysema and impaired lung function in experimental COPD. CS extract challenge of co-cultures of mast cells from wild-type, but not mmcp5 -/- mice with wild-type lung macrophages increased in tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α release. It also caused the release of CMA1 from human mast cells, and recombinant hCMA-1 induced TNF-α release from human macrophages. Treatment with CMA1 inhibitor potently suppressed these hallmark features of experimental COPD. CONCLUSION CMA1/mMCP5 promotes the pathogenesis of COPD, in part, by inducing TNF-α expression and release from lung macrophages. Inhibiting hCMA1 may be a novel treatment for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew G Jarnicki
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Keshav R Paudel
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Ridhima Wadhwa
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashleigh M Philp
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Medical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Hannelore Van Eeckhoutte
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacqueline E Marshall
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vamshikrishna Malyla
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angelica Katsifis
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Fricker
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Nazanin Z Kermani
- Data Science Institute, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mathew S Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Angelica Tiotiu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - K Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- UOC di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Ken Bracke
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sukhwinder S Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Peter A Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Brian G Oliver
- Woolcock Institute and School of Life Science, Faculty of Science Life Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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5
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Mast cell chymase regulates extracellular matrix remodeling-related events in primary human small airway epithelial cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 150:1534-1544. [PMID: 35779668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Under asthmatic conditions, mast cells can relocalize to the epithelial layer and may thereby affect the functional properties of the airway epithelial cells. OBJECTIVES Activated mast cells release large quantities of proteases from their secretory granules, including chymase and tryptase. Here we investigated whether these proteases may affect airway epithelial cells. METHODS Primary small airway epithelial cells were treated with tryptase or chymase, and the effects on epithelial cell viability, proliferation, migration, cytokine output, and transcriptome were evaluated. RESULTS Airway epithelial cells were relatively refractory to tryptase. In contrast, chymase had extensive effects on multiple features of the epithelial cells, with a particular emphasis on processes related to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. These included suppressed expression of ECM-related genes such as matrix metalloproteinases, which was confirmed at the protein level. Further, chymase suppressed the expression of the fibronectin gene and also caused degradation of fibronectin released by the epithelial cells. Chymase was also shown to suppress the migratory capacity of the airway epithelial cells and to degrade the cell-cell contact protein E-cadherin on the epithelial cell surface. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that chymase may affect the regulation of ECM remodeling events mediated by airway epithelial cells, with implications for the impact of mast cells in inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma.
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6
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McDonough MM, Keyloun J, Orfeo T, Brummel-Zeidins K, Bynum JA, Wu X, Darlington DN, Shupp JW, Burmeister DM. A Natural History Study of Coagulopathy in a Porcine 40% Total Body Surface Area Burn Model Reveals the Time-Dependent Significance of Functional Assays. Burns 2022; 48:1805-1815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Mulder PPG, Koenen HJPM, Vlig M, Joosten I, de Vries RBM, Boekema BKHL. Burn-Induced Local and Systemic Immune Response: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3093-3109.e15. [PMID: 35623415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
As burn injuries are often followed by a derailed immune response and excessive inflammation, a thorough understanding of the occurring reactions is key to prevent secondary complications. This systematic review, that includes 247 animal studies, shows the post-burn response of 14 different immune cell types involved in immediate and long-term effects, in both wound tissue and circulation. Peripheral blood neutrophil and monocyte numbers increased directly after burns, whereas thrombocyte numbers increased near the end of the first week. Lymphocyte numbers, however, were decreased for at least two weeks. In burn wound tissue, neutrophil and macrophage numbers accumulated during the first three weeks. Burns also altered cellular functions as we found increased migratory potential of leukocytes, impaired antibacterial activity of neutrophils and enhanced inflammatory mediator production by macrophages. Neutrophil surges were positively associated with burn size and were highest in rats. Altogether, this comprehensive overview of the temporal immune cell dynamics shows that unlike normal wound healing, burn injury induces a long-lasting inflammatory response. It provides a fundamental research basis to improve experimental set-ups, burn care and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P G Mulder
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob B M de Vries
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bouke K H L Boekema
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
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8
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Khan N, Kaur S, Knuth CM, Jeschke MG. CNS-Spleen Axis - a Close Interplay in Mediating Inflammatory Responses in Burn Patients and a Key to Novel Burn Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:720221. [PMID: 34539655 PMCID: PMC8448279 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.720221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe burn-induced inflammation and subsequent hypermetabolic response can lead to profound infection and sepsis, resulting in multiple organ failure and high mortality risk in patients. This represents an extremely challenging issue for clinicians as sepsis is the leading cause of mortality in burn patients. Since hyperinflammation and immune dysfunction are a result of an immune imbalance, restoring these conditions seem to have promising benefits for burn patients. A key network that modulates the immune balance is the central nervous system (CNS)-spleen axis, which coordinates multiple signaling pathways, including sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. Modulating inflammation is a key strategy that researchers use to understand neuroimmunomodulation in other hyperinflammatory disease models and modulating the CNS-spleen axis has led to improved clinical outcomes in patients. As the immune balance is paramount for recovery in burn-induced sepsis and patients with hyperinflammatory conditions, it appears that severe burn injuries substantially alter this CNS-spleen axis. Therefore, it is essential to address and discuss the potential therapeutic techniques that target the CNS-spleen axis that aim to restore homeostasis in burn patients. To understand this in detail, we have conducted a systematic review to explore the role of the CNS-spleen axis and its impact on immunomodulation concerning the burn-induced hypermetabolic response and associated sepsis complications. Furthermore, this thorough review explores the role of the spleen, CNS-spleen axis in the ebb and flow phases following a severe burn, how this axis induces metabolic factors and immune dysfunction, and therapeutic techniques and chemical interventions that restore the immune balance via neuroimmunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noorisah Khan
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Supreet Kaur
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carly M Knuth
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Yamani A, Wu D, Ahrens R, Waggoner L, Noah TK, Garcia-Hernandez V, Ptaschinski C, Parkos CA, Lukacs NW, Nusrat A, Hogan SP. Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial CFTR-dependent Cl - ion transport and paracellular barrier function drives gastrointestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:135-143. [PMID: 32576925 PMCID: PMC11197992 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Food-triggered anaphylaxis can encompass a variety of systemic and intestinal symptoms. Murine-based and clinical studies have revealed a role for histamine and H1R and H2R-pathway in the systemic response; however, the molecular processes that regulate the gastrointestinal (GI) response are not as well defined. In the present study, by utilizing an IgE-mast cell (MC)-dependent experimental model of oral antigen-induced anaphylaxis, we define the intestinal epithelial response during a food-induced anaphylactic reaction. We show that oral allergen-challenge stimulates a rapid dysregulation of intestinal epithelial transcellular and paracellular transport that was associated with the development of secretory diarrhea. Allergen-challenge induced (1) a rapid intestinal epithelial Cftr-dependent Cl- secretory response and (2) paracellular macromolecular leak that was associated with modification in epithelial intercellular junction proteins claudin-1, 2, 3 and 5, E-cadherin and desmosomal cadherins. OVA-induced Cftr-dependent Cl- secretion and junctional protein degradation was rapid occurring and was sustained for 72 h following allergen-challenge. Blockade of both the proteolytic activity and Cl- secretory response was required to alleviate intestinal symptoms of food-induced anaphylaxis. Collectively, these data suggest that the GI symptom of food-induced anaphylactic reaction, secretory diarrhea, is a consequence of CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion and proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnah Yamani
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - David Wu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Richard Ahrens
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Taeko K Noah
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Vicky Garcia-Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Catherine Ptaschinski
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Mary H Weiser Food Allergy Center, Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
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10
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Vibhushan S, Bratti M, Montero-Hernández JE, El Ghoneimi A, Benhamou M, Charles N, Daugas E, Blank U. Mast Cell Chymase and Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E302. [PMID: 33396702 PMCID: PMC7795820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sizable part (~2%) of the human genome encodes for proteases. They are involved in many physiological processes, such as development, reproduction and inflammation, but also play a role in pathology. Mast cells (MC) contain a variety of MC specific proteases, the expression of which may differ between various MC subtypes. Amongst these proteases, chymase represents up to 25% of the total proteins in the MC and is released from cytoplasmic granules upon activation. Once secreted, it cleaves the targets in the local tissue environment, but may also act in lymph nodes infiltrated by MC, or systemically, when reaching the circulation during an inflammatory response. MC have been recognized as important components in the development of kidney disease. Based on this observation, MC chymase has gained interest following the discovery that it contributes to the angiotensin-converting enzyme's independent generation of angiotensin II, an important inflammatory mediator in the development of kidney disease. Hence, progress regarding its role has been made based on studies using inhibitors but also on mice deficient in MC protease 4 (mMCP-4), the functional murine counterpart of human chymase. In this review, we discuss the role and actions of chymase in kidney disease. While initially believed to contribute to pathogenesis, the accumulated data favor a more subtle view, indicating that chymase may also have beneficial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila Vibhushan
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Manuela Bratti
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Juan Eduardo Montero-Hernández
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Alaa El Ghoneimi
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
- Service de Néphrologie, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, CNRS ERL8252, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Université de Paris, Inserm UMR1149, 16 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France; (S.V.); (M.B.); (J.E.M.-H.); (A.E.G.); (M.B.); (N.C.); (E.D.)
- Laboratoire d’Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, France
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Poerwosusanta H, Gunadi, Oktaviyanti IK, Kania N, Noor Z. Laparoscopic procedures impact on mast cell mediators, extracellular matrix and adhesion scoring system in rats. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 58:102-106. [PMID: 32963775 PMCID: PMC7490447 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laparoscopic procedures under certain pressure have the potential to cause intra-abdominal adhesions. However, the pathomechanism of this disorder is unknown. Release of mast cell mediators due to mast cell degranulation is thought to be the cause. Materials and methods Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into five groups (n = 6 per group): one control group and four intervention groups to which 60 min insufflation was performed using carbon dioxide at 5, 8, 10 and 12 mmHg. Seven days after laparoscopy, we euthanized and evaluated the levels of histamine, tryptase, and chymase of peritoneal fluid, the thickness of ECM of peritoneal tissue, and intraabdominal adhesion scoring system. Results Histamine and tryptase levels in peritoneal fluid were significantly higher at the 10- and 12 mm Hg intervention compared to control (histamine: 0.50 ± 0.35 vs. 0.41 ± 0.41 vs. 0.04 ± 0.02 ng/mL, respectively; and tryptase: 0.69 ± 0.11 vs. 0.65 ± 0.05 vs. 0.48 ± 0.02 ng/ml respectively). The ECM was significantly thicker in the intervention groups at 10- and 12-mm Hg compared to control (71.3 [66.7–85.2] vs. 48.4 [34.5–50.3] vs. 10.25 [8.7–12.1] μm, respectively). Moreover, the intra-abdominal scoring was also significantly higher in the intervention groups at 10- and 12 mm Hg compared to control (4 [0–4] vs. 4.5 [4–5], vs. 0, respectively). Conclusions Laparoscopic procedures increase the release of mast cell mediators in peritoneal fluid, the thickness of ECM and intraabdominal adhesion scoring in rats, implying that it might increase the possibility of intrabdominal adhesion in humans. Laparoscopic procedures at specific pressures potentially cause intra-abdominal adhesion, however, its pathomechanism is still challenging to understand. Laparoscopic procedures increase the release of mast cell mediators in peritoneal fluid, the thickness of ECM and intraabdominal adhesion scoring in rats. Our findings imply that laparoscopic procedures might increase the possibility of intrabdominal adhesion in humans.
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Key Words
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- CO2, Carbon dioxide
- CRAC, Calcium release-activated channels
- DAMPs, Damage Associated Molecular Patterns
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay
- Extracellular matrix thickness
- GPCR, G Protein-Coupled Receptors
- Histamine
- Intra-abdominal adhesion
- Laparoscopy
- Mast cell mediators
- PAR-2, protease-activated receptor 2
- Protease
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- TGF-β, Transforming growth factor-beta
- TRPC, Transient receptor potential canonical
- TRPV4, Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4
- VDAC, Voltage-dependent anion channel
- pro-MMP9, pro Matrix metallopeptidase 9
- tPA, tissue plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Hery Poerwosusanta
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Gunadi
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gajah Mada /Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ika Kustiyah Oktaviyanti
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Nia Kania
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Zairin Noor
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
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Pejler G. Novel Insight into the in vivo Function of Mast Cell Chymase: Lessons from Knockouts and Inhibitors. J Innate Immun 2020; 12:357-372. [PMID: 32498069 DOI: 10.1159/000506985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are now recognized as key players in diverse pathologies, but the mechanisms by which they contribute in such settings are only partially understood. Mast cells are packed with secretory granules, and when they undergo degranulation in response to activation the contents of the granules are expelled to the extracellular milieu. Chymases, neutral serine proteases, are the major constituents of the mast cell granules and are hence released in large amounts upon mast cell activation. Following their release, chymases can cleave one or several of a myriad of potential substrates, and the cleavage of many of these could potentially have a profound impact on the respective pathology. Indeed, chymases have recently been implicated in several pathological contexts, in particular through studies using chymase inhibitors and by the use of chymase-deficient animals. In many cases, chymase has been shown to account for mast cell-dependent detrimental effects in the respective conditions and is therefore emerging as a promising drug target. On the other hand, chymase has been shown to have protective roles in other pathological settings. More unexpectedly, chymase has also been shown to control certain homeostatic processes. Here, these findings are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, .,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden,
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13
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Magnúsdóttir EI, Grujic M, Bergman J, Pejler G, Lagerström MC. Mouse connective tissue mast cell proteases tryptase and carboxypeptidase A3 play protective roles in itch induced by endothelin-1. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:123. [PMID: 32321525 PMCID: PMC7175568 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Itch is an unpleasant sensation that can be debilitating, especially if it is chronic and of non-histaminergic origin, as treatment options are limited. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor that also has the ability to induce a burning, non-histaminergic pruritus when exogenously administered, by activating the endothelin A receptor (ETAR) on primary afferents. ET-1 is released endogenously by several cell-types found in the skin, including macrophages and keratinocytes. Mast cells express ETARs and can thereby be degranulated by ET-1, and mast cell proteases chymase and carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) are known to either generate or degrade ET-1, respectively, suggesting a role for mast cell proteases in the regulation of ET-1-induced itch. The mouse mast cell proteases (mMCPs) mMCP4 (chymase), mMCP6 (tryptase), and CPA3 are found in connective tissue type mast cells and are the closest functional homologs to human mast cell proteases, but little is known about their role in endothelin-induced itch. Methods In this study, we evaluated the effects of mast cell protease deficiency on scratching behavior induced by ET-1. To investigate this, mMCP knock-out and transgenic mice were injected intradermally with ET-1 and their scratching behavior was recorded and analyzed. Results CPA3-deficient mice and mice lacking all three proteases demonstrated highly elevated levels of scratching behavior compared with wild-type controls. A modest increase in the number of scratching bouts was also seen in mMCP6-deficient mice, while mMCP4-deficiency did not have any effect. Conclusion Altogether, these findings identify a prominent role for the mast cell proteases, in particular CPA3, in the protection against itch induced by ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elín I Magnúsdóttir
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mirjana Grujic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Bergman
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin C Lagerström
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Bone Anabolic Response in the Calvaria Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury is Mediated by the Cannabinoid-1 Receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16196. [PMID: 31700010 PMCID: PMC6838196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51720-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain trauma was clinically associated with increased osteogenesis in the appendicular skeleton. We showed previously in C57BL/6J mice that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) transiently induced bone formation in the femur via the cannabinoid-1 (CB1) receptor. Here, we subjected ICR mice to mTBI and examined the bone response in the skull using microCT. We also measured mast cell degranulation (MCD)72 h post-injury. Finally, we measured brain and calvarial endocannabinoids levels post-mTBI. mTBI led to decreased bone porosity on the contralateral (untouched) side. This effect was apparent both in young and mature mice. Administration of rimonabant (CB1 inverse agonist) completely abrogated the effect of mTBI on calvarial porosity and significantly reduced MCD, compared with vehicle-treated controls. We also found that mTBI resulted in elevated levels of anandamide, but not 2-arachidonoylglycerol, in the contralateral calvarial bone, whereas brain levels remained unchanged. In C57BL/6J CB1 knockout mice, mTBI did not reduce porosity but in general the porosity was significantly lower than in WT controls. Our findings suggest that mTBI induces a strain-specific CB1-dependent bone anabolic response in the skull, probably mediated by anandamide, but seemingly unrelated to inflammation. The endocannabinoid system is therefore a plausible target in management of bone response following head trauma.
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15
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Pejler G. The emerging role of mast cell proteases in asthma. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00685-2019. [PMID: 31371445 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00685-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that mast cells (MCs) play a crucial role in asthma. This is supported by multiple lines of evidence, including both clinical studies and studies on MC-deficient mice. However, there is still only limited knowledge of the exact effector mechanism(s) by which MCs influence asthma pathology. MCs contain large amounts of secretory granules, which are filled with a variety of bioactive compounds including histamine, cytokines, lysosomal hydrolases, serglycin proteoglycans and a number of MC-restricted proteases. When MCs are activated, e.g. in response to IgE receptor cross-linking, the contents of their granules are released to the exterior and can cause a massive inflammatory reaction. The MC-restricted proteases include tryptases, chymases and carboxypeptidase A3, and these are expressed and stored at remarkably high levels. There is now emerging evidence supporting a prominent role of these enzymes in the pathology of asthma. Interestingly, however, the role of the MC-restricted proteases is multifaceted, encompassing both protective and detrimental activities. Here, the current knowledge of how the MC-restricted proteases impact on asthma is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden .,Dept of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Dell'Italia LJ, Collawn JF, Ferrario CM. Multifunctional Role of Chymase in Acute and Chronic Tissue Injury and Remodeling. Circ Res 2019; 122:319-336. [PMID: 29348253 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chymase is the most efficient Ang II (angiotensin II)-forming enzyme in the human body and has been implicated in a wide variety of human diseases that also implicate its many other protease actions. Largely thought to be the product of mast cells, the identification of other cellular sources including cardiac fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells demonstrates a more widely dispersed production and distribution system in various tissues. Furthermore, newly emerging evidence for its intracellular presence in cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells opens an entirely new compartment of chymase-mediated actions that were previously thought to be limited to the extracellular space. This review illustrates how these multiple chymase-mediated mechanisms of action can explain the residual risk in clinical trials of cardiovascular disease using conventional renin-angiotensin system blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Dell'Italia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.).
| | - James F Collawn
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
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17
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Legere SA, Haidl ID, Légaré JF, Marshall JS. Mast Cells in Cardiac Fibrosis: New Insights Suggest Opportunities for Intervention. Front Immunol 2019; 10:580. [PMID: 31001246 PMCID: PMC6455071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are innate immune cells present in virtually all body tissues with key roles in allergic disease and host defense. MCs recognize damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through expression of multiple receptors including Toll-like receptors and the IL-33 receptor ST2. MCs can be activated to degranulate and release pre-formed mediators, to synthesize and secrete cytokines and chemokines without degranulation, and/or to produce lipid mediators. MC numbers are generally increased at sites of fibrosis. They are potent, resident, effector cells producing mediators that regulate the fibrotic process. The nature of the secretory products produced by MCs depend on micro-environmental signals and can be both pro- and anti-fibrotic. MCs have been repeatedly implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and in angiogenic responses in hypoxic tissues, but these findings are controversial. Several rodent studies have indicated a protective role for MCs. MC-deficient mice have been reported to have poorer outcomes after coronary artery ligation and increased cardiac function upon MC reconstitution. In contrast, MCs have also been implicated as key drivers of fibrosis. MC stabilization during a hypertensive rat model and an atrial fibrillation mouse model rescued associated fibrosis. Discrepancies in the literature could be related to problems with mouse models of MC deficiency. To further complicate the issue, mice generally have a much lower density of MCs in their cardiac tissue than humans, and as such comparing MC deficient and MC containing mouse models is not necessarily reflective of the role of MCs in human disease. In this review, we will evaluate the literature regarding the role of MCs in cardiac fibrosis with an emphasis on what is known about MC biology, in this context. MCs have been well-studied in allergic disease and multiple pharmacological tools are available to regulate their function. We will identify potential opportunities to manipulate human MC function and the impact of their mediators with a view to preventing or reducing harmful fibrosis. Important therapeutic opportunities could arise from increased understanding of the impact of such potent, resident immune cells, with the ability to profoundly alter long term fibrotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Legere
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ian D. Haidl
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jean-François Légaré
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
| | - Jean S. Marshall
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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18
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Shi J, Barakat M, Chen D, Chen L. Bicellular Tight Junctions and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123862. [PMID: 30518037 PMCID: PMC6321209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicellular tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular junctions comprised of a variety of transmembrane proteins including occludin, claudins, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) as well as intracellular scaffold proteins such as zonula occludens (ZOs). TJs are functional, intercellular structures that form a barrier between adjacent cells, which constantly seals and unseals to control the paracellular passage of molecules. They are primarily present in the epithelial and endothelial cells of all tissues and organs. In addition to their well-recognized roles in maintaining cell polarity and barrier functions, TJs are important regulators of signal transduction, which modulates cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, as well as some components of the immune response and homeostasis. A vast breadth of research data is available on TJs, but little has been done to decipher their specific roles in wound healing, despite their primary distribution in epithelial and endothelial cells, which are essential contributors to the wound healing process. Some data exists to indicate that a better understanding of the functions and significance of TJs in healing wounds may prove crucial for future improvements in wound healing research and therapy. Specifically, recent studies demonstrate that occludin and claudin-1, which are two TJ component proteins, are present in migrating epithelial cells at the wound edge but are absent in chronic wounds. This indicates that functional TJs may be critical for effective wound healing. A tremendous amount of work is needed to investigate their roles in barrier function, re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, scar formation, and in the interactions between epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells both in the acute wound healing process and in non-healing wounds. A more thorough understanding of TJs in wound healing may shed new light on potential research targets and reveal novel strategies to enhance tissue regeneration and improve wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Shi
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - May Barakat
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Dandan Chen
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
| | - Lin Chen
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Magnúsdóttir EI, Grujic M, Roers A, Hartmann K, Pejler G, Lagerström MC. Mouse mast cells and mast cell proteases do not play a significant role in acute tissue injury pain induced by formalin. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918808161. [PMID: 30280636 PMCID: PMC6247485 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918808161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous formalin injections are used as a model for tissue injury-induced pain where formalin induces pain and inflammation indirectly by crosslinking proteins and directly through activation of the transient receptor potential A1 receptor on primary afferents. Activation of primary afferents leads to both central and peripheral release of neurotransmitters. Mast cells are found in close proximity to peripheral sensory nerve endings and express receptors for neurotransmitters released by the primary afferents, contributing to the neuro/immune interface. Mast cell proteases are found in large quantities within mast cell granules and are released continuously in small amounts and upon mast cell activation. They have a wide repertoire of proposed substrates, including Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, but knowledge of their in vivo function is limited. We evaluated the role of mouse mast cell proteases (mMCPs) in tissue injury pain responses induced by formalin, using transgenic mice lacking either mMCP4, mMCP6, or carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3), or mast cells in their entirety. Further, we investigated the role of mast cells in heat hypersensitivity following a nerve growth factor injection. No statistical difference was observed between the respective mast cell protease knockout lines and wild-type controls in the formalin test. Mast cell deficiency did not have an effect on formalin-induced nociceptive responses nor nerve growth factor-induced heat hypersensitivity. Our data thus show that mMCP4, mMCP6, and CPA3 as well as mast cells as a whole, do not play a significant role in the pain responses associated with acute tissue injury and inflammation in the formalin test. Our data also indicate that mast cells are not essential to heat hypersensitivity induced by nerve growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elín I Magnúsdóttir
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Developmental Genetics Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mirjana Grujic
- 2 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Axel Roers
- 3 Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karin Hartmann
- 4 Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- 2 Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,5 Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin C Lagerström
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Developmental Genetics Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Korkmaz B, Caughey GH, Chapple I, Gauthier F, Hirschfeld J, Jenne DE, Kettritz R, Lalmanach G, Lamort AS, Lauritzen C, Łȩgowska M, Lesner A, Marchand-Adam S, McKaig SJ, Moss C, Pedersen J, Roberts H, Schreiber A, Seren S, Thakker NS. Therapeutic targeting of cathepsin C: from pathophysiology to treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:202-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
As a result of many years of research, the intricate cellular mechanisms of burn injury are slowly becoming clear. Yet, knowledge of these cellular mechanisms and a multitude of resulting studies have often failed to translate into improved clinical treatment for burn injuries. Perhaps the most valuable information to date is the years of clinical experience and observations in the management and treatment of patients, which has contributed to a gradual improvement in reported outcomes of mortality. This review provides a discussion of the cellular mechanisms and pathways involved in burn injury, resultant systemic effects on organ systems, current management and treatment, and potential therapies that we may see implemented in the future.
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22
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Levy D, Edut S, Baraz-Goldstein R, Rubovitch V, Defrin R, Bree D, Gariepy H, Zhao J, Pick CG. Responses of dural mast cells in concussive and blast models of mild traumatic brain injury in mice: Potential implications for post-traumatic headache. Cephalalgia 2016; 36:915-23. [PMID: 26566937 PMCID: PMC5500910 DOI: 10.1177/0333102415617412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic post-traumatic headache (PTH) is one of the most common symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) but its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Inflammatory degranulation of dural mast cells (MCs) is thought to promote headache, and may play a role in PTH. Whether mTBI is associated with persistent degranulation of dural MCs is yet to be determined. METHODS Histochemistry was used to evaluate time course changes in dural MC density and degranulation level in concussive head trauma and blast mouse models of mTBI. The effects of sumatriptan and the MC stabilizer cromolyn sodium on concussion-evoked dural MC degranulation were also investigated. RESULTS Concussive head injury evoked persistent MC degranulation for at least 30 days. Blast trauma gave rise to a delayed MC degranulation response commencing at seven days that also persisted for at least 30 days. Neither sumatriptan nor cromolyn treatment reduced concussion-evoked persistent MC degranulation. CONCLUSIONS mTBI evoked by closed head injury or blast exposure is associated with persistent dural MC degranulation. Such a response in mTBI patients may contribute to PTH. Amelioration of PTH by sumatriptan may not involve inhibition of dural MC degranulation. If persistent dural MC degranulation contributes to PTH, then cromolyn treatment may not be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Levy
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Shahaf Edut
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Renana Baraz-Goldstein
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Vardit Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ruth Defrin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Dara Bree
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Helaine Gariepy
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesia Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, USA
| | - Chaim G Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Leukotriene E4 elicits respiratory epithelial cell mucin release through the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR99. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:6242-7. [PMID: 27185938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605957113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), leukotriene C4 (LTC4), LTD4, and LTE4 are proinflammatory lipid mediators with pathobiologic function in asthma. LTE4, the stable cysLT, is a weak agonist for the type 1 and type 2 cysLT receptors (CysLTRs), which constrict airway smooth muscle, but elicits airflow obstruction and pulmonary inflammation in patients with asthma. We recently identified GPR99 as a high-affinity receptor for LTE4 that mediates cutaneous vascular permeability. Here we demonstrate that a single intranasal exposure to extract from the respiratory pathogen Alternaria alternata elicits profound epithelial cell (EpC) mucin release and submucosal swelling in the nasal mucosa of mice that depends on cysLTs, as it is absent in mice deficient in the terminal enzyme for cysLT biosynthesis, LTC4 synthase (LTC4S). These mucosal changes are associated with mast cell (MC) activation and absent in MC-deficient mice, suggesting a role for MCs in control of EpC function. Of the three CysLTRs, only GPR99-deficient mice are fully protected from EpC mucin release and swelling elicited by Alternaria or by intranasal LTE4 GPR99 expression is detected on lung and nasal EpCs, which release mucin to doses of LTE4 one log lower than that required to elicit submucosal swelling. Finally, mice deficient in MCs, LTC4S, or GPR99 have reduced baseline numbers of goblet cells, indicating an additional function in regulating EpC homeostasis. These results demonstrate a novel role for GPR99 among CysLTRs in control of respiratory EpC function and suggest that inhibition of LTE4 and of GPR99 may have therapeutic benefits in asthma.
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Johnzon CF, Rönnberg E, Pejler G. The Role of Mast Cells in Bacterial Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:4-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Galli SJ, Tsai M, Marichal T, Tchougounova E, Reber LL, Pejler G. Approaches for analyzing the roles of mast cells and their proteases in vivo. Adv Immunol 2015; 126:45-127. [PMID: 25727288 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The roles of mast cells in health and disease remain incompletely understood. While the evidence that mast cells are critical effector cells in IgE-dependent anaphylaxis and other acute IgE-mediated allergic reactions seems unassailable, studies employing various mice deficient in mast cells or mast cell-associated proteases have yielded divergent conclusions about the roles of mast cells or their proteases in certain other immunological responses. Such "controversial" results call into question the relative utility of various older versus newer approaches to ascertain the roles of mast cells and mast cell proteases in vivo. This review discusses how both older and more recent mouse models have been used to investigate the functions of mast cells and their proteases in health and disease. We particularly focus on settings in which divergent conclusions about the importance of mast cells and their proteases have been supported by studies that employed different models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency. We think that two major conclusions can be drawn from such findings: (1) no matter which models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency one employs, the conclusions drawn from the experiments always should take into account the potential limitations of the models (particularly abnormalities affecting cell types other than mast cells) and (2) even when analyzing a biological response using a single model of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency, details of experimental design are critical in efforts to define those conditions under which important contributions of mast cells or their proteases can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that carry out protective roles against pathogens. In disease states, such as inflammatory bowel disease, these granulocytes release a diverse array of mediators that contribute to inflammatory processes. They also participate in wound repair and tissue remodeling. In this review, the composition of MCs and how their phenotypes can be altered during inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract is detailed. Animal and human clinical studies that have implicated the participation of MCs in inflammatory bowel disease are reviewed, including the contribution of the cell's mediators to clinical symptoms, stress-triggered inflammation, and fistula and strictures. Studies that have focused on negating the proinflammatory roles of MCs and their mediators in animal models suggest new targets for therapies for patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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