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Mendoza-Castrejon J, Magee JA. Layered immunity and layered leukemogenicity: Developmentally restricted mechanisms of pediatric leukemia initiation. Immunol Rev 2023; 315:197-215. [PMID: 36588481 PMCID: PMC10301262 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitor cells (MPPs) arise in successive waves during ontogeny, and their properties change significantly throughout life. Ontological changes in HSCs/MPPs underlie corresponding changes in mechanisms of pediatric leukemia initiation. As HSCs and MPPs progress from fetal to neonatal, juvenile and adult stages of life, they undergo transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming that modifies immune output to meet age-specific pathogenic challenges. Some immune cells arise exclusively from fetal HSCs/MPPs. We propose that this layered immunity instructs cell fates that underlie a parallel layered leukemogenicity. Indeed, some pediatric leukemias, such as juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia of Down syndrome, and infant pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, are age-restricted. They only present during infancy or early childhood. These leukemias likely arise from fetal progenitors that lose competence for transformation as they age. Other childhood leukemias, such as non-infant pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, have mutation profiles that are common in childhood but rare in morphologically similar adult leukemias. These differences could reflect temporal changes in mechanisms of mutagenesis or changes in how progenitors respond to a given mutation at different ages. Interactions between leukemogenic mutations and normal developmental switches offer potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Mendoza-Castrejon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jeffrey A. Magee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63110
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2
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Abstract
Traditional models of lymphopoiesis present B and T cell development as a linear process that initiates in the fetus and continues after birth in the bone marrow and thymus, respectively. However, this view of lymphocyte development is not in accord with reports, dating back several decades, indicating that the types of lymphocytes generated before and after birth differ. In this regard, selected γΎ T cells, and those that utilize the Vγ3 receptor in particular, and innate-like B-1 B cells preferentially arise during fetal blood cell development. This review synthesizes data from multiple laboratories, with an emphasis on our own work using mouse models, demonstrating that innate and conventional B and T cells emerge in hematopoietic stem cell independent and dependent waves of development that are differentially regulated. This layering of lymphocyte development has implications for understanding the composition of the adult immune system and may provide insights into the origin of various lymphocytic leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth Dorshkind
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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3
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Simand C, Keime C, Cayé A, Arfeuille C, Passet M, Kim R, Cavé H, Clappier E, Kastner P, Chan S, Heizmann B. Ikaros deficiency is associated with aggressive BCR-ABL1 B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia independent of the lineage and developmental origin. Haematologica 2021; 107:316-320. [PMID: 34587720 PMCID: PMC8719082 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2021.279125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- CĂ©lestine Simand
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Service d'Hématologie, Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Strasbourg
| | - CĂ©line Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch
| | - Aurélie Cayé
- Département de Génétique, Assistance Publique des HÎpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), HÎpital Robert Debré, Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris-Sorbonne-Cité, Paris
| | - Chloé Arfeuille
- Département de Génétique, Assistance Publique des HÎpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), HÎpital Robert Debré, Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris-Sorbonne-Cité, Paris
| | - Marie Passet
- Université de Paris, Laboratory of Hematology, AP-HP, HÎpital Saint-Louis, Paris
| | - Rathana Kim
- Université de Paris, Laboratory of Hematology, AP-HP, HÎpital Saint-Louis, Paris
| | - HélÚne Cavé
- Département de Génétique, Assistance Publique des HÎpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), HÎpital Robert Debré, Paris, France; INSERM UMR_S1131, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris-Sorbonne-Cité, Paris
| | - Emmanuelle Clappier
- Université de Paris, Laboratory of Hematology, AP-HP, HÎpital Saint-Louis, Paris
| | - Philippe Kastner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg.
| | - Susan Chan
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch
| | - Beate Heizmann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch
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4
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Mack R, Zhang L, Breslin Sj P, Zhang J. The Fetal-to-Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transition and its Role in Childhood Hematopoietic Malignancies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2059-2080. [PMID: 34424480 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10230-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As with most organ systems that undergo continuous generation and maturation during the transition from fetal to adult life, the hematopoietic and immune systems also experience dynamic changes. Such changes lead to many unique features in blood cell function and immune responses in early childhood. The blood cells and immune cells in neonates are a mixture of fetal and adult origin due to the co-existence of both fetal and adult types of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells (HPCs). Fetal blood and immune cells gradually diminish during maturation of the infant and are almost completely replaced by adult types of cells by 3 to 4 weeks after birth in mice. Such features in early childhood are associated with unique features of hematopoietic and immune diseases, such as leukemia, at these developmental stages. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which hematopoietic and immune changes occur throughout ontogeny will provide useful information for the study and treatment of pediatric blood and immune diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent studies on hematopoietic initiation during early embryonic development, the expansion of both fetal and adult types of HSCs and HPCs in the fetal liver and fetal bone marrow stages, and the shift from fetal to adult hematopoiesis/immunity during neonatal/infant development. We also discuss the contributions of fetal types of HSCs/HPCs to childhood leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Mack
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Peter Breslin Sj
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Departments of Molecular/Cellular Physiology and Biology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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Ding J, Cardoso AA, Yoshimoto M, Kobayashi M. The Earliest T-Precursors in the Mouse Embryo Are Susceptible to Leukemic Transformation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634151. [PMID: 33996794 PMCID: PMC8117020 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy in pediatric patients. About 10â15% of pediatric ALL belong to T-cell ALL (T-ALL), which is characterized by aggressive expansion of immature T-lymphoblasts and is categorized as high-risk leukemia. Leukemia initiating cells represent a reservoir that is responsible for the initiation and propagation of leukemia. Its perinatal origin has been suggested in some childhood acute B-lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukemias. Therefore, we hypothesized that child T-ALL initiating cells also exist during the perinatal period. In this study, T-ALL potential of the hematopoietic precursors was found in the para-aortic splanchnopleura (P-Sp) region, but not in the extraembryonic yolk sac (YS) of the mouse embryo at embryonic day 9.5. We overexpressed the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) in the P-Sp and YS cells and transplanted them into lethally irradiated mice. NICD-overexpressing P-Sp cells rapidly developed T-ALL while YS cells failed to display leukemia propagation despite successful NICD induction. These results suggest a possible role of fetal-derived T-cell precursors as leukemia-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Ding
- Department of Medicine, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Angelo A Cardoso
- Department of Medicine, Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Department of Pediatrics Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michihiro Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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6
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Jackson TR, Ling RE, Roy A. The Origin of B-cells: Human Fetal B Cell Development and Implications for the Pathogenesis of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637975. [PMID: 33679795 PMCID: PMC7928347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human B-lymphopoiesis is a dynamic life-long process that starts in utero by around six post-conception weeks. A detailed understanding of human fetal B-lymphopoiesis and how it changes in postnatal life is vital for building a complete picture of normal B-lymphoid development through ontogeny, and its relevance in disease. B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is one of the most common cancers in children, with many of the leukemia-initiating events originating in utero. It is likely that the biology of B-ALL, including leukemia initiation, maintenance and progression depends on the developmental stage and type of B-lymphoid cell in which it originates. This is particularly important for early life leukemias, where specific characteristics of fetal B-cells might be key to determining how the disease behaves, including response to treatment. These cellular, molecular and/or epigenetic features are likely to change with age in a cell intrinsic and/or microenvironment directed manner. Most of our understanding of fetal B-lymphopoiesis has been based on murine data, but many recent studies have focussed on characterizing human fetal B-cell development, including functional and molecular assays at a single cell level. In this mini-review we will give a short overview of the recent advances in the understanding of human fetal B-lymphopoiesis, including its relevance to infant/childhood leukemia, and highlight future questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Jackson
- Department of Paediatrics and MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca E Ling
- Department of Paediatrics and MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anindita Roy
- Department of Paediatrics and MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Fitch B, Roy R, Geng H, Montecino-Rodriguez E, Bengtsson H, Gaillard C, Hiam K, Casero D, Olshen AB, Dorshkind K, Kogan SC. Human pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias can be classified as B-1 or B-2-like based on a minimal transcriptional signature. Exp Hematol 2020; 90:65-71.e1. [PMID: 32946981 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.09.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The finding that transformed mouse B-1 and B-2 progenitors give rise to B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALLs) with varied aggressiveness suggests that B-cell lineage might also be a factor in the initiation and progression of pediatric B-ALLs in humans. If this is the case, we hypothesized that human pediatric B-ALLs would share gene expression patterns with mouse B-1 or B-2 progenitors. We tested this premise by deriving a distinct 30-gene B-1 and B-2 progenitor signature that was applied to a microarray data set of human pediatric ALLs. Cluster analysis revealed that CRLF2, E2A-PBX1, ERG, and ETV6-RUNX1 leukemias were B-1-like, whereas BCR-ABL1, hyperdiploid, and MLL leukemias were B-2-like. Examination of the 30-gene signature in two independent data sets of pediatric ALLs supported this result. Our data suggest that common genetic subtypes of human ALL have their origin in the B-1 or B-2 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Fitch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ritu Roy
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Computational Biology and Informatics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Huimin Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Henrik Bengtsson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Coline Gaillard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kamir Hiam
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David Casero
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Adam B Olshen
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Computational Biology and Informatics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kenneth Dorshkind
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Scott C Kogan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
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9
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Ghosn E, Yoshimoto M, Nakauchi H, Weissman IL, Herzenberg LA. Hematopoietic stem cell-independent hematopoiesis and the origins of innate-like B lymphocytes. Development 2019; 146:146/15/dev170571. [PMID: 31371526 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current paradigm that a single long-term hematopoietic stem cell can regenerate all components of the mammalian immune system has been challenged by recent findings in mice. These findings show that adult tissue-resident macrophages and innate-like lymphocytes develop early in fetal hematopoiesis from progenitors that emerge prior to, and apparently independently of, conventional long-term hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we discuss these recent findings, which show that an early and distinct wave of hematopoiesis occurs for all major hematopoietic lineages. These data provide evidence that fetal hematopoietic progenitors not derived from the bona fide long-term hematopoietic stem cells give rise to tissue-resident immune cells that persist throughout adulthood. We also discuss recent insights into B lymphocyte development and attempt to synthesize seemingly contradictory recent findings on the origins of innate-like B-1a lymphocytes during fetal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliver Ghosn
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Momoko Yoshimoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leonore A Herzenberg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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10
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King A, Li L, Wong DM, Liu R, Bamford R, Strasser A, Tarlinton DM, Heierhorst J. Dynein light chain regulates adaptive and innate B cell development by distinctive genetic mechanisms. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007010. [PMID: 28922373 PMCID: PMC5619840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic differences in the development and function of adaptive, high-affinity antibody-producing B-2 cells and innate-like, ânaturalâ antibody-producing B-1a cells remain poorly understood. Here we show that the multi-functional dynein light chain (DYNLL1/LC8) plays important roles in the establishment of B-1a cells in the peritoneal cavity and in the ongoing development of B-2 lymphoid cells in the bone marrow of mice. Epistasis analyses indicate that Dynll1 regulates B-1a and early B-2 cell development in a single, linear pathway with its direct transcriptional activator ASCIZ (ATMIN/ZNF822), and that the two genes also have complementary functions during late B-2 cell development. The B-2 cell defects caused by loss of DYNLL1 were associated with lower levels of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, and could be supressed by deletion of pro-apoptotic BIM which is negatively regulated by both DYNLL1 and BCL-2. Defects in B cell development caused by loss of DYNLL1 could also be partially suppressed by a pre-arranged SWHELIgm-B cell receptor transgene. In contrast to the rescue of B-2 cell numbers, the B-1a cell deficiency in Dynll1-deleted mice could not be suppressed by the loss of Bim, and was further compounded by the SWHEL transgene. Conversely, oncogenic MYC expression, which is synthetic lethal with Dynll1 deletion in B-2 cells, did not further reduce B-1a cell numbers in Dynll1-defcient mice. Finally, we found that the ASCIZ-DYNLL1 axis was also required for the early-juvenile development of aggressive MYC-driven and p53-deficient B cell lymphomas. These results identify ASCIZ and DYNLL1 as the core of a transcriptional circuit that differentially regulates the development of the B-1a and B-2 B lymphoid cell lineages and plays a critical role in lymphomagenesis. Antibody-producing B cells can be segregated into two major populations: The better known conventional B-2 cells typically produce high-affinity and mono-specific antibodies, but only after they encounter a particular pathogen or in response to vaccines. In contrast, the B-1a cells constitutively produce lower-affinity broad-specificity ânaturalâ antibodies that serve as a preemptive defense against a wide range of microbes. Here we reveal that the transcription factor ASCIZ and its target DYNLL1 are essential for mice to have a normally sized pool of B-1a cells in place shortly after birth. We show that these two factors function in a single linear pathway during the development of B-1a cells. This interaction represents a rare example where the activity of a transcription factor, in this case ASCIZ, can be explained by the effects of a single target gene, in this case Dynll1. While ASCIZ and DYNLL1 are also required for producing normal numbers of B-2 cells, we discovered that they regulate B-1a cells and B-2 cells by distinct genetic mechanisms. Finally, we found that ASCIZ also contributes to the early onset of B-1a B cell-derived lymphoid cancers in juvenile mice. The results provide insight into the development of an important cell population of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh King
- Molecular Genetics Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (St. Vincentâs Health), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lingli Li
- Molecular Genetics Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (St. Vincentâs Health), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M. Wong
- Molecular Genetics Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rui Liu
- Molecular Genetics Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Bamford
- Molecular Genetics Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M. Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jörg Heierhorst
- Molecular Genetics Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (St. Vincentâs Health), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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11
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Progenitor B-1 B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with collaborative mutations in 3 critical pathways. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1749-1759. [PMID: 29296821 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017009837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 and B-2 lymphocytes are derived from distinct developmental pathways and represent layered arms of the innate and adaptive immune systems, respectively. In contrast to a majority of murine B-cell malignancies, which stain positive with the B220 antibody, we discovered a novel form of B-cell leukemia in NUP98-PHF23 (NP23) transgenic mice. The immunophenotype (Lin- B220- CD19+ AA4.1+) was identical to that of progenitor (pro) B-1 cells, and VH gene usage was skewed toward 3' V regions, similar to murine fetal liver B cells. Moreover, the gene expression profile of these leukemias was most similar to that of fetal liver pro-B fraction BC, a known source of B-1 B cells, further supporting a pro-B-1 origin of these leukemias. The NP23 pro-B-1 acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) acquired spontaneous mutations in both Bcor and Janus kinase (Jak) pathway (Jak1/2/3 and Stat5a) genes, supporting a hypothesis that mutations in 3 critical pathways (stem-cell self-renewal, B-cell differentiation, and cytokine signaling) collaborate to induce B-cell precursor (BCP) ALL. Finally, the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (Tslp) cytokine is required for murine B-1 development, and chromosomal rearrangements resulting in overexpression of the TSLP receptor (CRLF2) are present in some patients with high-risk BCP-ALL (referred to as CRLF2r ALL). Gene expression profiles of NP23 pro-B-1 ALL were more similar to that of CRLF2r ALL than non-CRLF2r ALL, and analysis of VH gene usage from patients with CRLF2r ALL demonstrated preferential usage of VH regions used by human B-1 B cells, leading to the suggestion that this subset of patients with BCP-ALL has a malignancy of B-1, rather than B-2, B-cell origin.
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12
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Montecino-Rodriguez E, Fice M, Casero D, Berent-Maoz B, Barber CL, Dorshkind K. Distinct Genetic Networks Orchestrate the Emergence of Specific Waves of Fetal and Adult B-1 and B-2 Development. Immunity 2016; 45:527-539. [PMID: 27566938 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
B cell development is often depicted as a linear process initiating in the fetus and continuing postnatally. Using a PU.1 hypomorphic mouse model, we found that B-1 and B-2 lymphopoiesis occurred in distinct fetal and adult waves differentially dependent on the Sfpi1 14 kB upstream regulatory element. The initial wave of fetal B-1 development was absent in PU.1 hypomorphic mice, while subsequent fetal and adult waves emerged. In contrast, B-2 lymphopoiesis occurred in distinct fetal and adult waves. Whole-transcriptome profiling of fetal and adult B cell progenitors supported the existence of three waves of B-1 and two waves of B-2 development and revealed that the network of transcription factors governing B lineage specification and commitment was highly divergent between B-1 and B-2 progenitors. These findings support the view that the B-1 and B-2 lineages are distinct and provide a genetic basis for layering of immune system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnacion Montecino-Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Fice
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David Casero
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Beata Berent-Maoz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chad L Barber
- Department of Biology, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA
| | - Kenneth Dorshkind
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Mll-AF4 Confers Enhanced Self-Renewal and Lymphoid Potential during a Restricted Window in Development. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1039-1054. [PMID: 27396339 PMCID: PMC4967476 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MLL-AF4+ infant B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is characterized by an early onset and dismal survival. It initiates before birth, and very little is known about the early stages of the diseaseâs development. Using a conditional Mll-AF4-expressing mouse model in which fusion expression is targeted to the earliest definitive hematopoietic cells generated in the mouse embryo, we demonstrate that Mll-AF4 imparts enhanced B lymphoid potential and increases repopulation and self-renewal capacity during a putative pre-leukemic state. This occurs between embryonic days 12 and 14 and manifests itself most strongly in the lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor population, thus pointing to a window of opportunity and a potential cell of origin. However, this state alone is insufficient to generate disease, with the mice succumbing to B cell lymphomas only after a long latency. Future analysis of the molecular details of this pre-leukemic state will shed light on additional events required for progression to acute leukemia. Mll-AF4 confers enhanced B cell potential and causes an expansion of pro-B cells Mll-AF4 increases self-renewal potential Mll-AF4 exerts its effects in a restricted developmental window The LMPP is a potential cell of origin for Mll-AF4-associated disease
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Macias-Garcia A, Heizmann B, Sellars M, Marchal P, Dali H, Pasquali JL, Muller S, Kastner P, Chan S. Ikaros Is a Negative Regulator of B1 Cell Development and Function. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9073-86. [PMID: 26841869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.704239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
B1 B cells secrete most of the circulating natural antibodies and are considered key effector cells of the innate immune response. However, B1 cell-associated antibodies often cross-react with self-antigens, which leads to autoimmunity, and B1 cells have been implicated in cancer. How B1 cell activity is regulated remains unclear. We show that the Ikaros transcription factor is a major negative regulator of B1 cell development and function. Using conditional knock-out mouse models to delete Ikaros at different locations, we show that Ikaros-deficient mice exhibit specific and significant increases in splenic and bone marrow B1 cell numbers, and that the B1 progenitor cell pool is increased âŒ10-fold in the bone marrow. Ikaros-null B1 cells resemble WT B1 cells at the molecular and cellular levels, but show a down-regulation of signaling components important for inhibiting proliferation and immunoglobulin production. Ikaros-null B1 cells hyper-react to TLR4 stimulation and secrete high amounts of IgM autoantibodies. These results indicate that Ikaros is required to limit B1 cell homeostasis in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Macias-Garcia
- From the Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Beate Heizmann
- From the Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France,
| | - MacLean Sellars
- From the Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Patricia Marchal
- From the Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hayet Dali
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), CNRS UPR3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pasquali
- From the Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), CNRS UPR3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France, UFR Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylviane Muller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), CNRS UPR3572, 67000 Strasbourg, France, Institut d'Etudes Avancées, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France, and
| | - Philippe Kastner
- From the Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Susan Chan
- From the Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U964, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France,
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Immunophenotypic analysis and quantification of B-1 and B-2 B cells during human fetal hematopoietic development. Leukemia 2015; 30:1603-6. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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16
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Revisiting the biology of infant t(4;11)/MLL-AF4+ B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2015; 126:2676-85. [PMID: 26463423 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-09-667378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) accounts for 10% of childhood ALL. The genetic hallmark of most infant B-ALL is chromosomal rearrangements of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene. Despite improvement in the clinical management and survival (âŒ85-90%) of childhood B-ALL, the outcome of infants with MLL-rearranged (MLL-r) B-ALL remains dismal, with overall survival <35%. Among MLL-r infant B-ALL, t(4;11)+ patients harboring the fusion MLL-AF4 (MA4) display a particularly poor prognosis and a pro-B/mixed phenotype. Studies in monozygotic twins and archived blood spots have provided compelling evidence of a single cell of prenatal origin as the target for MA4 fusion, explaining the brief leukemia latency. Despite its aggressiveness and short latency, current progress on its etiology, pathogenesis, and cellular origin is limited as evidenced by the lack of mouse/human models recapitulating the disease phenotype/latency. We propose this is because infant cancer is from an etiologic and pathogenesis standpoint distinct from adult cancer and should be seen as a developmental disease. This is supported by whole-genome sequencing studies suggesting that opposite to the view of cancer as a "multiple-and-sequential-hit" model, t(4;11) alone might be sufficient to spawn leukemia. The stable genome of these patients suggests that, in infant developmental cancer, one "big-hit" might be sufficient for overt disease and supports a key contribution of epigenetics and a prenatal cell of origin during a critical developmental window of stem cell vulnerability in the leukemia pathogenesis. Here, we revisit the biology of t(4;11)+ infant B-ALL with an emphasis on its origin, genetics, and disease models.
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Alhakeem SS, Sindhava VJ, McKenna MK, Gachuki BW, Byrd JC, Muthusamy N, Bondada S. Role of B cell receptor signaling in IL-10 production by normal and malignant B-1 cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:239-249. [PMID: 26096907 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
B-1 cells are considered innate immune cells, which produce the majority of natural antibodies. B-1 cell responses to B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptor ligation are tightly regulated owing to the cross-reactivity to self-antigens. CD5 has been shown to play a major role in downregulation of BCR responses in B-1 cells. Here, we provide evidence for another mechanism by which BCR response is regulated in B-1 cells. B-1 cells, as well as their malignant counterpart, B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells, produce interleukin-10 (IL-10) constitutively. IL-10 secretion by normal B-1 cells downregulates their proliferation responses to BCR ligation. However, we found that CLL cells appear to be unique in not responding to IL-10-mediated feedback-suppressive effects in comparison to normal B-1 cells. In addition, we describe a novel role of the BCR signaling pathway in constitutive IL-10 secretion by normal and malignant B-1 cells. We found that inhibition of Src family kinases, spleen tyrosine kinase, Syk, or Bruton's tyrosine kinase reduces constitutive IL-10 production by both normal and malignant B-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Alhakeem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Vishal J Sindhava
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary K McKenna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Beth W Gachuki
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John C Byrd
- Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Natarajan Muthusamy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Subbarao Bondada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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