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Guo C, Wang W, Dong Y, Han Y. Identification of key immune-related genes and potential therapeutic drugs in diabetic nephropathy based on machine learning algorithms. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:220. [PMID: 39187837 PMCID: PMC11348758 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major contributor to chronic kidney disease. This study aims to identify immune biomarkers and potential therapeutic drugs in DN. METHODS We analyzed two DN microarray datasets (GSE96804 and GSE30528) for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the Limma package, overlapping them with immune-related genes from ImmPort and InnateDB. LASSO regression, SVM-RFE, and random forest analysis identified four hub genes (EGF, PLTP, RGS2, PTGDS) as proficient predictors of DN. The model achieved an AUC of 0.995 and was validated on GSE142025. Single-cell RNA data (GSE183276) revealed increased hub gene expression in epithelial cells. CIBERSORT analysis showed differences in immune cell proportions between DN patients and controls, with the hub genes correlating positively with neutrophil infiltration. Molecular docking identified potential drugs: cysteamine, eltrombopag, and DMSO. And qPCR and western blot assays were used to confirm the expressions of the four hub genes. RESULTS Analysis found 95 and 88 distinctively expressed immune genes in the two DN datasets, with 14 consistently differentially expressed immune-related genes. After machine learning algorithms, EGF, PLTP, RGS2, PTGDS were identified as the immune-related hub genes associated with DN. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of them were obviously elevated in HK-2 cells treated with glucose for 24 h, as well as their mRNA expressions in kidney tissues of mice with DN. CONCLUSION This study identified 4 hub immune-related genes (EGF, PLTP, RGS2, PTGDS), as well as their expression profiles and the correlation with immune cell infiltration in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 10086, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 10086, China
| | - Ying Dong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 10086, China
| | - Yubing Han
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 10086, China
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2
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Choi SC, Park YP, Roach T, Jimenez D, Fisher A, Zadeh M, Ma L, Sobel ES, Ge Y, Mohamadzadeh M, Morel L. Lupus susceptibility gene Pbx1 controls the development, stability, and function of regulatory T cells via Rtkn2 expression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi4310. [PMID: 38536923 PMCID: PMC10971436 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of regulatory T (Treg) cells critically prevents autoimmunity. Pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor 1 (Pbx1) variants are associated with lupus susceptibility, particularly through the expression of a dominant negative isoform Pbx1-d in CD4+ T cells. Pbx1-d overexpression impaired Treg cell homeostasis and promoted inflammatory CD4+ T cells. Here, we showed a high expression of Pbx1 in human and murine Treg cells, which is decreased in lupus patients and mice. Pbx1 deficiency or Pbx1-d overexpression reduced the number, stability, and suppressive activity of Treg cells, which increased murine responses to immunization and autoimmune induction. Mechanistically, Pbx1 deficiency altered the expression of genes implicated in cell cycle and apoptosis in Treg cells. Intriguingly, Rtkn2, a Rho-GTPase previously associated with Treg homeostasis, was directly transactivated by Pbx1. Our results suggest that the maintenance of Treg cell homeostasis and stability by Pbx1 through cell cycle progression prevent the expansion of inflammatory T cells that otherwise exacerbates lupus progression in the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Yuk Pheel Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Tracoyia Roach
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Damian Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Amanda Fisher
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Longhuan Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Eric S. Sobel
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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3
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Ang DA, Carter JM, Deka K, Tan JHL, Zhou J, Chen Q, Chng WJ, Harmston N, Li Y. Aberrant non-canonical NF-κB signalling reprograms the epigenome landscape to drive oncogenic transcriptomes in multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2513. [PMID: 38514625 PMCID: PMC10957915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells establish oncogenic niches within the bone marrow by engaging the NF-κB pathway to nurture their survival while they accumulate pro-proliferative mutations. Under these conditions, many cases eventually develop genetic abnormalities endowing them with constitutive NF-κB activation. Here, we find that sustained NF-κB/p52 levels resulting from such mutations favours the recruitment of enhancers beyond the normal B-cell repertoire. Furthermore, through targeted disruption of p52, we characterise how such enhancers are complicit in the formation of super-enhancers and the establishment of cis-regulatory interactions with myeloma dependencies during constitutive activation of p52. Finally, we functionally validate the pathological impact of these cis-regulatory modules on cell and tumour phenotypes using in vitro and in vivo models, confirming RGS1 as a p52-dependent myeloma driver. We conclude that the divergent epigenomic reprogramming enforced by aberrant non-canonical NF-κB signalling potentiates transcriptional programs beneficial for multiple myeloma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ang
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Jean-Michel Carter
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kamalakshi Deka
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Joel H L Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Jianbiao Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Republic of Singapore
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research, 14 Medical Drive, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore (NCIS), The National University Health System (NUHS), 1E, Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nathan Harmston
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, 138527, Singapore
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
- Molecular Biosciences Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Yinghui Li
- School of Biological Sciences (SBS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
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Solis-Leal A, Boby N, Mallick S, Cheng Y, Wu F, De La Torre G, Dufour J, Alvarez X, Shivanna V, Liu Y, Fennessey CM, Lifson JD, Li Q, Keele BF, Ling B. Lymphoid tissues contribute to viral clonotypes present in plasma at early post-ATI in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542512. [PMID: 37398418 PMCID: PMC10312542 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The rebound-competent viral reservoir (RCVR), comprised of virus that is able to persist during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and mediate reactivation of systemic viral replication and rebound viremia after antiretroviral therapy interruption (ATI), remains the biggest obstacle to the eradication of HIV infection. A better understanding of the cellular and tissue origins and the dynamics of viral populations that initiate rebound upon ATI could help develop targeted therapeutic strategies for reducing the RCVR. In this study, barcoded SIVmac239M was used to infect rhesus macaques to enable monitoring of viral barcode clonotypes contributing to virus detectable in plasma after ATI. Blood, lymphoid tissues (LTs, spleen, mesenteric and inguinal lymph nodes), and non-lymphoid tissues (NLTs, colon, ileum, lung, liver, and brain) were analyzed using viral barcode sequencing, intact proviral DNA assay, single-cell RNA sequencing, and combined CODEX/RNAscope/ in situ hybridization. Four of seven animals had viral barcodes detectable by deep sequencing of plasma at necropsy although plasma viral RNA remained < 22 copies/mL. Among the tissues studied, mesenteric and inguinal lymph nodes, and spleen contained viral barcodes detected in plasma, and trended to have higher cell-associated viral loads, higher intact provirus levels, and greater diversity of viral barcodes. CD4+ T cells were the main cell type harboring viral RNA (vRNA) after ATI. Further, T cell zones in LTs showed higher vRNA levels than B cell zones for most animals. These findings are consistent with LTs contributing to virus present in plasma early after ATI. One Sentence Summary The reemerging of SIV clonotypes at early post-ATI are likely from the secondary lymphoid tissues.
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5
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Wang JC, Yim YI, Wu X, Jaumouille V, Cameron A, Waterman CM, Kehrl JH, Hammer JA. A B-cell actomyosin arc network couples integrin co-stimulation to mechanical force-dependent immune synapse formation. eLife 2022; 11:e72805. [PMID: 35404237 PMCID: PMC9142150 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell activation and immune synapse (IS) formation with membrane-bound antigens are actin-dependent processes that scale positively with the strength of antigen-induced signals. Importantly, ligating the B-cell integrin, LFA-1, with ICAM-1 promotes IS formation when antigen is limiting. Whether the actin cytoskeleton plays a specific role in integrin-dependent IS formation is unknown. Here, we show using super-resolution imaging of mouse primary B cells that LFA-1:ICAM-1 interactions promote the formation of an actomyosin network that dominates the B-cell IS. This network is created by the formin mDia1, organized into concentric, contractile arcs by myosin 2A, and flows inward at the same rate as B-cell receptor (BCR):antigen clusters. Consistently, individual BCR microclusters are swept inward by individual actomyosin arcs. Under conditions where integrin is required for synapse formation, inhibiting myosin impairs synapse formation, as evidenced by reduced antigen centralization, diminished BCR signaling, and defective signaling protein distribution at the synapse. Together, these results argue that a contractile actomyosin arc network plays a key role in the mechanism by which LFA-1 co-stimulation promotes B-cell activation and IS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia C Wang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Yang-In Yim
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Light Microscopy Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Valentin Jaumouille
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Andrew Cameron
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Clare M Waterman
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - John H Kehrl
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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6
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Chinn IK, Xie Z, Chan EC, Nagata BM, Koval A, Chen WS, Zhang F, Ganesan S, Hong DN, Suzuki M, Nardone G, Moore IN, Katanaev VL, Balazs AE, Liu C, Lupski JR, Orange JS, Druey KM. Short stature and combined immunodeficiency associated with mutations in RGS10. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/693/eabc1940. [PMID: 34315806 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report the clinical and molecular phenotype of three siblings from one family, who presented with short stature and immunodeficiency and carried uncharacterized variants in RGS10 (c.489_491del:p.E163del and c.G511T:p.A171S). This gene encodes regulator of G protein signaling 10 (RGS10), a member of a large family of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) that targets heterotrimeric G proteins to constrain the activity of G protein-coupled receptors, including receptors for chemoattractants. The affected individuals exhibited systemic abnormalities directly related to the RGS10 mutations, including recurrent infections, hypergammaglobulinemia, profoundly reduced lymphocyte chemotaxis, abnormal lymph node architecture, and short stature due to growth hormone deficiency. Although the GAP activity of each RGS10 variant was intact, each protein exhibited aberrant patterns of PKA-mediated phosphorylation and increased cytosolic and cell membrane localization and activity compared to the wild-type protein. We propose that the RGS10 p.E163del and p.A171S mutations lead to mislocalization of the RGS10 protein in the cytosol, thereby resulting in attenuated chemokine signaling. This study suggests that RGS10 is critical for both immune competence and normal hormonal metabolism in humans and that rare RGS10 variants may contribute to distinct systemic genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eunice C Chan
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bianca M Nagata
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alexey Koval
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 ul. Sukhanova, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Wei-Sheng Chen
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Transgenic Core, NHLBI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Diana N Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Protein Chemistry Section, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Glenn Nardone
- Protein Chemistry Section, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ian N Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir L Katanaev
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Translational Research Centre in Oncohaematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.,School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 ul. Sukhanova, Vladivostok 690950, Russia
| | - Andrea E Balazs
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- Transgenic Core, NHLBI/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7
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Yan SLS, Hwang IY, Kamenyeva O, Kabat J, Kim JS, Park C, Kehrl JH. Unrestrained Gα i2 Signaling Disrupts Neutrophil Trafficking, Aging, and Clearance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679856. [PMID: 34135907 PMCID: PMC8202015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil trafficking, homeostatic and pathogen elicited, depends upon chemoattractant receptors triggering heterotrimeric G-protein Gαiβγ signaling, whose magnitude and kinetics are governed by RGS protein/Gαi interactions. RGS proteins typically limit Gαi signaling by reducing the duration that Gαi subunits remain GTP bound and able to activate downstream effectors. Yet how in totality RGS proteins shape neutrophil chemoattractant receptor activated responses remains unclear. Here, we show that C57Bl/6 mouse neutrophils containing a genomic knock-in of a mutation that disables all RGS protein-Gαi2 interactions (G184S) cannot properly balance chemoattractant receptor signaling, nor appropriately respond to inflammatory insults. Mutant neutrophils accumulate in mouse bone marrow, spleen, lung, and liver; despite neutropenia and an intrinsic inability to properly mobilize from the bone marrow. In vitro they rapidly adhere to ICAM-1 coated plates, but in vivo they poorly adhere to blood vessel endothelium. Those few neutrophils that cross blood vessels and enter tissues migrate haphazardly. Following Concanavalin-A administration fragmented G184S neutrophils accumulate in liver sinusoids leading to thrombo-inflammation and perivasculitis. Thus, neutrophil Gαi2/RGS protein interactions both limit and facilitate Gαi2 signaling thereby promoting normal neutrophil trafficking, aging, and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Li-Sue Yan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Il-Young Hwang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Biological Imaging, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juraj Kabat
- Biological Imaging, Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ji Sung Kim
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chung Park
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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8
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Fuentes N, McCullough M, Panettieri RA, Druey KM. RGS proteins, GRKs, and beta-arrestins modulate G protein-mediated signaling pathways in asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 223:107818. [PMID: 33600853 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by chronic lung inflammation and reversible airways obstruction. Pathophysiological features of asthma include episodic and reversible airway narrowing due to increased bronchial smooth muscle shortening in response to external and host-derived mediators, excessive mucus secretion into the airway lumen, and airway remodeling. The aberrant airway smooth muscle (ASM) phenotype observed in asthma manifests as increased sensitivity to contractile mediators (EC50) and an increase in the magnitude of contraction (Emax); collectively these attributes have been termed "airways hyper-responsiveness" (AHR). This defining feature of asthma can be promoted by environmental factors including airborne allergens, viruses, and air pollution and other irritants. AHR reduces airway caliber and obstructs airflow, evoking clinical symptoms such as cough, wheezing and shortness of breath. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a central function in asthma through their impact on ASM and airway inflammation. Many but not all treatments for asthma target GPCRs mediating ASM contraction or relaxation. Here we discuss the roles of specific GPCRs, G proteins, and their associated signaling pathways, in asthma, with an emphasis on endogenous mechanisms of GPCR regulation of ASM tone and lung inflammation including regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins, G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fuentes
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Morgan McCullough
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America.
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9
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Hwang IY, Park C, Harrison K, Kehrl JH. Biased S1PR1 Signaling in B Cells Subverts Responses to Homeostatic Chemokines, Severely Disorganizing Lymphoid Organ Architecture. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2401-2414. [PMID: 31548329 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-engaged chemoattractant receptors trigger Gαi subunit nucleotide exchange, stimulating the activation of downstream effector molecules. Activated chemoattractant receptors also dock G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) that help mediate receptor desensitization. In this study, we show that the B cell-specific loss of GRK2 severely disrupts B cell trafficking and immune cell homeostasis. The GRK2 deficiency in developing murine B cells leads to a severe immune phenotype, including a major reduction of bone marrow IgD+ cells, splenomegaly with a loss of white pulp and grossly expanded red pulp, a deficit of Peyer patches, and small lymph nodes with marked reductions in B cell numbers. The major phenotypes in these mice arise from excessive S1PR1 signaling combined with inadequate homeostatic chemokine receptor signaling. CXCL13 signaling is the most severely compromised. In B cells, our data also indicate that S1PR1 signals constitutively, as blocking S1PR1 signaling with an S1PR1 antagonist enhanced CXCL13-triggered wild-type B cell migration. Furthermore, blocking S1PR1 signaling in the GRK2-deficient B cells partially corrected their poor response to chemokines. Treating mice lacking GRK2 expression in their B cells with an S1PR1 antagonist partially normalized B cell trafficking into lymph node and splenic follicles. These findings reveal the critical interdependence of Gαi-linked signaling pathways in controlling B lymphocyte trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Hwang
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chung Park
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kathleen Harrison
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John H Kehrl
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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10
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Dolcino M, Tinazzi E, Puccetti A, Lunardi C. In Systemic Sclerosis, a Unique Long Non Coding RNA Regulates Genes and Pathways Involved in the Three Main Features of the Disease (Vasculopathy, Fibrosis and Autoimmunity) and in Carcinogenesis. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8030320. [PMID: 30866419 PMCID: PMC6462909 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8030320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by three main features: vasculopathy, immune system dysregulation and fibrosis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and a comprehensive analysis of lncRNAs expression in SSc is still lacking. We profiled 542,500 transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 SSc patients and 20 healthy donors using Clariom D arrays, confirming the results by Reverse Transcription Polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 837 coding-genes were modulated in SSc patients, whereas only one lncRNA, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U processed transcript (ncRNA00201), was significantly downregulated. This transcript regulates tumor proliferation and its gene target hnRNPC (Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins C) encodes for a SSc-associated auto-antigen. NcRNA00201 targeted micro RNAs (miRNAs) regulating the most highly connected genes in the Protein-Protein interaction (PPI) network of the SSc transcriptome. A total of 26 of these miRNAs targeted genes involved in pathways connected to the three main features of SSc and to cancer development including Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, ErbB1 downstream, Sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), Endothelins, Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), Class I Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1), Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta receptor, Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) pathways. In SSc, the identification of a unique deregulated lncRNA that regulates genes involved in the three main features of the disease and in tumor-associated pathways, provides insight in disease pathogenesis and opens avenues for the design of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Dolcino
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Elisa Tinazzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
| | - Antonio Puccetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Histology, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Claudio Lunardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are dynamic microenvironments that form in the secondary lymphoid organs and generate somatically mutated high-affinity antibodies necessary to establish an effective humoral immune response. Tight regulation of GC responses is critical for maintaining self-tolerance. GCs can arise in the absence of purposeful immunization or overt infection (called spontaneous GCs, Spt-GCs). In autoimmune-prone mice and patients with autoimmune disease, aberrant regulation of Spt-GCs is thought to promote the development of somatically mutated pathogenic autoantibodies and the subsequent development of autoimmunity. The mechanisms that control the formation of Spt-GCs and promote systemic autoimmune diseases remain an open question and the focus of ongoing studies. Here, we discuss the most current studies on the role of Spt-GCs in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip P Domeier
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine , USA
| | - Stephanie L Schell
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine , USA
| | - Ziaur S M Rahman
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine , USA
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12
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Loss of Gα i proteins impairs thymocyte development, disrupts T-cell trafficking, and leads to an expanded population of splenic CD4 +PD-1 +CXCR5 +/- T-cells. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28646160 PMCID: PMC5482867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymocyte and T cell trafficking relies on signals initiated by G-protein coupled receptors. To address the importance of the G-proteins Gαi2 and Gαi3 in thymocyte and T cell function, we developed several mouse models. Gαi2 deficiency in hematopoietic progenitors led to a small thymus, a double negative (DN)1/DN2 thymocyte transition block, and an accumulation of mature single positive (SP) thymocytes. Loss at the double positive (DP) stage of thymocyte development caused an increase in mature cells within the thymus. In both models an abnormal distribution of memory and naïve CD4 T cells occurred, and peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cells had reduced chemoattractant responses. The loss of Gαi3 had no discernable impact, however the lack of both G-proteins commencing at the DP stage caused a severe T cell phenotype. These mice lacked a thymic medullary region, exhibited thymocyte retention, had a peripheral T cell deficiency, and lacked T cell chemoattractant responses. Yet a noteworthy population of CD4+PD-1+CXCR5+/− cells resided in the spleen of these mice likely due to a loss of regulatory T cell function. Our results delineate a role for Gαi2 in early thymocyte development and for Gαi2/3 in multiple aspects of T cell biology.
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13
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Hwang IY, Park C, Harrison K, Kehrl JH. Normal Thymocyte Egress, T Cell Trafficking, and CD4 + T Cell Homeostasis Require Interactions between RGS Proteins and Gα i2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2721-2734. [PMID: 28235863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity depends on mature thymocytes leaving the thymus to enter the bloodstream and the trafficking of T cells through lymphoid organs. Both of these require heterotrimeric Gαi protein signaling, whose intensity and duration are controlled by the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins. In this study, we show that RGS protein/Gαi2 interactions are essential for normal thymocyte egress, T cell trafficking, and homeostasis. Mature thymocytes with a Gαi2 mutation that disables RGS protein binding accumulated in the perivascular channels of thymic corticomedullary venules. Severe reductions in peripheral naive CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells occurred. The mutant CD4+ T cells adhered poorly to high endothelial venules and exhibited defects in lymph node entrance and egress. The kinetics of chemokine receptor signaling were disturbed, including chemokine- induced integrin activation. Despite the thymic and lymph node egress defects, sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling was not obviously perturbed. This study reveals how RGS proteins modulate Gαi2 signaling to facilitate thymocyte egress and T cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Young Hwang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chung Park
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kathleen Harrison
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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14
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Robichaux WG, Branham-O'Connor M, Hwang IY, Vural A, Kehrl JH, Blumer JB. Regulation of Chemokine Signal Integration by Activator of G-Protein Signaling 4 (AGS4). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 360:424-433. [PMID: 28062526 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activator of G-protein signaling 4 (AGS4)/G-protein signaling modulator 3 (Gpsm3) contains three G-protein regulatory (GPR) motifs, each of which can bind Gαi-GDP free of Gβγ We previously demonstrated that the AGS4-Gαi interaction is regulated by seven transmembrane-spanning receptors (7-TMR), which may reflect direct coupling of the GPR-Gαi module to the receptor analogous to canonical Gαβγ heterotrimer. We have demonstrated that the AGS4-Gαi complex is regulated by chemokine receptors in an agonist-dependent manner that is receptor-proximal. As an initial approach to investigate the functional role(s) of this regulated interaction in vivo, we analyzed leukocytes, in which AGS4/Gpsm3 is predominantly expressed, from AGS4/Gpsm3-null mice. Loss of AGS4/Gpsm3 resulted in mild but significant neutropenia and leukocytosis. Dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and neutrophils from AGS4/Gpsm3-null mice also exhibited significant defects in chemoattractant-directed chemotaxis and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. An in vivo peritonitis model revealed a dramatic reduction in the ability of AGS4/Gpsm3-null neutrophils to migrate to primary sites of inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that AGS4/Gpsm3 is required for proper chemokine signal processing in leukocytes and provide further evidence for the importance of the GPR-Gαi module in the regulation of leukocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Melissa Branham-O'Connor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Il-Young Hwang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Ali Vural
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Johne H Kehrl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
| | - Joe B Blumer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina (W.G.R., M.B.-O., J.B.B.); and B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland (I.-Y.H., A.V., J.H.K.)
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15
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Druey KM. Emerging Roles of Regulators of G Protein Signaling (RGS) Proteins in the Immune System. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:315-351. [PMID: 28950950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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16
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Masuda K, Kitakami JI, Kozasa T, Kodama T, Ihara S, Hamakubo T. Visualization of ligand‐induced G
i
‐protein activation in chemotaxing cells. FASEB J 2016; 31:910-919. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601102r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Masuda
- Department of Quantitative Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kitakami
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Tohru Kozasa
- Department of Quantitative Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Sigeo Ihara
- Laboratory of Systems Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Quantitative Biology and MedicineResearch Center for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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17
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Kehrl JH. The impact of RGS and other G-protein regulatory proteins on Gαi-mediated signaling in immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:40-52. [PMID: 27071343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte chemoattractant receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Signaling downstream of these receptors directs the localization, positioning and homeostatic trafficking of leukocytes; as well as their recruitment to, and their retention at, inflammatory sites. Ligand induced changes in the molecular conformation of chemoattractant receptors results in the engagement of heterotrimeric G-proteins, which promotes α subunits to undergo GTP/GDP exchange. This results in the functional release of βγ subunits from the heterotrimers, thereby activating downstream effector molecules, which initiate leukocyte polarization, gradient sensing, and directional migration. Pertussis toxin ADP ribosylates Gαi subunits and prevents chemoattractant receptors from triggering Gαi nucleotide exchange. The use of pertussis toxin revealed the essential importance of Gαi subunit nucleotide exchange for chemoattractant receptor signaling. More recent studies have identified a range of regulatory mechanisms that target these receptors and their associated heterotrimeric G-proteins, thereby helping to control the magnitude, kinetics, and duration of signaling. A failure in these regulatory pathways can lead to impaired receptor signaling and immunopathology. The analysis of mice with targeted deletions of Gαi isoforms as well as some of these G-protein regulatory proteins is providing insights into their roles in chemoattractant receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2089, United States.
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18
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Salaga M, Storr M, Martemyanov KA, Fichna J. RGS proteins as targets in the treatment of intestinal inflammation and visceral pain: New insights and future perspectives. Bioessays 2016; 38:344-54. [PMID: 26817719 PMCID: PMC4916644 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins provide timely termination of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) responses. Serving as a central control point in GPCR signaling cascades, RGS proteins are promising targets for drug development. In this review, we discuss the involvement of RGS proteins in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal inflammation and their potential to become a target for anti-inflammatory drugs. Specifically, we evaluate the emerging evidence for modulation of selected receptor families: opioid, cannabinoid and serotonin by RGS proteins. We discuss how the regulation of RGS protein level and activity may modulate immunological pathways involved in the development of intestinal inflammation. Finally, we propose that RGS proteins may serve as a prognostic factor for survival rate in colorectal cancer. The ideas introduced in this review set a novel conceptual framework for the utilization of RGS proteins in the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation, a growing major concern worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Salaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Martin Storr
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Kirill A. Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
- Corresponding authors: J.F. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland, Phone: ++48 42 272 57 07, Fax: ++48 42 272 56 94, . K.A.M., Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way C347, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA, Phone: ++1 561 228 2770,
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
- Corresponding authors: J.F. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland, Phone: ++48 42 272 57 07, Fax: ++48 42 272 56 94, . K.A.M., Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way C347, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA, Phone: ++1 561 228 2770,
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19
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Xie Z, Chan EC, Druey KM. R4 Regulator of G Protein Signaling (RGS) Proteins in Inflammation and Immunity. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 18:294-304. [PMID: 26597290 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have important functions in both innate and adaptive immunity, with the capacity to bridge interactions between the two arms of the host responses to pathogens through direct recognition of secreted microbial products or the by-products of host cells damaged by pathogen exposure. In the mid-1990s, a large group of intracellular proteins was discovered, the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family, whose main, but not exclusive, function appears to be to constrain the intensity and duration of GPCR signaling. The R4/B subfamily--the focus of this review--includes RGS1-5, 8, 13, 16, 18, and 21, which are the smallest RGS proteins in size, with the exception of RGS3. Prominent roles in the trafficking of B and T lymphocytes and macrophages have been described for RGS1, RGS13, and RGS16, while RGS18 appears to control platelet and osteoclast functions. Additional G protein independent functions of RGS13 have been uncovered in gene expression in B lymphocytes and mast cell-mediated allergic reactions. In this review, we discuss potential physiological roles of this RGS protein subfamily, primarily in leukocytes having central roles in immune and inflammatory responses. We also discuss approaches to target RGS proteins therapeutically, which represents a virtually untapped strategy to combat exaggerated immune responses leading to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xie
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Eunice C Chan
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Kirk M Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, NIAID/NIH, 50 South Drive Room 4154, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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20
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Neubig RR. RGS-Insensitive G Proteins as In Vivo Probes of RGS Function. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 133:13-30. [PMID: 26123300 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins of the inhibitory (Gi/o) class play critical physiological roles and the receptors that activate them are important therapeutic targets (e.g., mu opioid, serotonin 5HT1a, etc.). Gi/o proteins are negatively regulated by regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins. The redundant actions of the 20 different RGS family members have made it difficult to establish their overall physiological role. A unique G protein mutation (G184S in Gαi/o) prevents RGS binding to the Gα subunit and blocks all RGS action at that particular Gα subunit. The robust phenotypes of mice expressing these RGS-insensitive (RGSi) mutant G proteins illustrate the profound action of RGS proteins in cardiovascular, metabolic, and central nervous system functions. Specifically, the enhanced Gαi2 signaling through the RGSi Gαi2(G184S) mutant knock-in mice shows protection against cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury and potentiation of serotonin-mediated antidepressant actions. In contrast, the RGSi Gαo mutant knock-in produces enhanced mu-opioid receptor-mediated analgesia but also a seizure phenotype. These genetic models provide novel insights into potential therapeutic strategies related to RGS protein inhibitors and/or G protein subtype-biased agonists at particular GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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