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Upadhyay S, Khan S, Hassan MI. Exploring the diverse role of pyruvate kinase M2 in cancer: Navigating beyond glycolysis and the Warburg effect. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189089. [PMID: 38458358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvate Kinase M2, a key enzyme in glycolysis, has garnered significant attention in cancer research due to its pivotal role in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Originally identified for its association with the Warburg effect, PKM2 has emerged as a multifaceted player in cancer biology. The functioning of PKM2 is intricately regulated at multiple levels, including controlling the gene expression via various transcription factors and non-coding RNAs, as well as adding post-translational modifications that confer distinct functions to the protein. Here, we explore the diverse functions of PKM2, encompassing newly emerging roles in non-glycolytic metabolic regulation, immunomodulation, inflammation, DNA repair and mRNA processing, beyond its canonical role in glycolysis. The ever-expanding list of its functions has recently grown to include roles in subcellular compartments such as the mitochondria and extracellular milieu as well, all of which make PKM2 an attractive drug target in the pursuit of therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Upadhyay
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shumayila Khan
- International Health Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India.
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Chatterjee B, Fatima F, Seth S, Sinha Roy S. Moderate Elevation of Homocysteine Induces Endothelial Dysfunction through Adaptive UPR Activation and Metabolic Rewiring. Cells 2024; 13:214. [PMID: 38334606 PMCID: PMC10854856 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevation of the intermediate amino acid metabolite Homocysteine (Hcy) causes Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), a metabolic disorder frequently associated with mutations in the methionine-cysteine metabolic cycle as well as with nutritional deficiency and aging. The previous literature suggests that HHcy is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Severe HHcy is well-established to correlate with vascular pathologies primarily via endothelial cell death. Though moderate HHcy is more prevalent and associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular abnormalities in later part of life, its precise role in endothelial physiology is largely unknown. In this study, we report that moderate elevation of Hcy causes endothelial dysfunction through impairment of their migration and proliferation. We established that unlike severe elevation of Hcy, moderate HHcy is not associated with suppression of endothelial VEGF/VEGFR transcripts and ROS induction. We further showed that moderate HHcy induces a sub-lethal ER stress that causes defective endothelial migration through abnormal actin cytoskeletal remodeling. We also found that sub-lethal increase in Hcy causes endothelial proliferation defect by suppressing mitochondrial respiration and concomitantly increases glycolysis to compensate the consequential ATP loss and maintain overall energy homeostasis. Finally, analyzing a previously published microarray dataset, we confirmed that these hallmarks of moderate HHcy are conserved in adult endothelial cells as well. Thus, we identified adaptive UPR and metabolic rewiring as two key mechanistic signatures in moderate HHcy-associated endothelial dysfunction. As HHcy is clinically associated with enhanced vascular inflammation and hypercoagulability, identifying these mechanistic pathways may serve as future targets to regulate endothelial function and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Chatterjee
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; (B.C.); (F.F.); (S.S.)
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Fabeha Fatima
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; (B.C.); (F.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Surabhi Seth
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; (B.C.); (F.F.); (S.S.)
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Soumya Sinha Roy
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India; (B.C.); (F.F.); (S.S.)
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Hang L, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Xia L. Metabolism Serves as a Bridge Between Cardiomyocytes and Immune Cells in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024:10.1007/s10557-024-07545-5. [PMID: 38236378 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-024-07545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders of cardiomyocytes play an important role in the progression of various cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic reprogramming can provide ATP to cardiomyocytes and protect them during diseases, but this transformation also leads to adverse consequences such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and eventually aggravates myocardial injury. Moreover, abnormal accumulation of metabolites induced by metabolic reprogramming of cardiomyocytes alters the cardiac microenvironment and affects the metabolism of immune cells. Immunometabolism, as a research hotspot, is involved in regulating the phenotype and function of immune cells. After myocardial injury, both cardiac resident immune cells and heart-infiltrating immune cells significantly contribute to the inflammation, repair and remodeling of the heart. In addition, metabolites generated by the metabolic reprogramming of immune cells can further affect the microenvironment, thereby affecting the function of cardiomyocytes and other immune cells. Therefore, metabolic reprogramming and abnormal metabolite levels may serve as a bridge between cardiomyocytes and immune cells, leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we summarize the metabolic relationship between cardiomyocytes and immune cells in cardiovascular diseases, and the effect on cardiac injury, which could be therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases, especially in drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiao Hang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.130 Renmin Middle Road, Wuxi, 214400, Jiangyin, China.
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No. 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
- Institute of Hematological Disease, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China.
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Zhao L, Ma D, Wang L, Su X, Feng L, Zhu L, Chen Y, Hao Y, Wang X, Feng J. Metabolic changes with the occurrence of atherosclerotic plaques and the effects of statins. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1301051. [PMID: 38143759 PMCID: PMC10739339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1301051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease caused by the abnormal expression of multiple factors and genes influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The primary manifestation of atherosclerosis is plaque formation, which occurs when inflammatory cells consume excess lipids, affecting their retention and modification within the arterial intima. This triggers endothelial cell (EC) activation, immune cell infiltration, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration, foam cell formation, lipid streaks, and fibrous plaque development. These processes can lead to vascular wall sclerosis, lumen stenosis, and thrombosis. Immune cells, ECs, and VSMCs in atherosclerotic plaques undergo significant metabolic changes and inflammatory responses. The interaction of cytokines and chemokines secreted by these cells leads to the onset, progression, and regression of atherosclerosis. The regulation of cell- or cytokine-based immune responses is a novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis. Statins are currently the primary pharmacological agents utilised for managing unstable plaques owing to their ability to enhance endothelial function, regulate VSMC proliferation and apoptosis by reducing cholesterol levels, and mitigate the expression and activity of inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we provide an overview of the metabolic changes associated with atherosclerosis, describe the effects of inflammatory responses on atherosclerotic plaques, and discuss the mechanisms through which statins contribute to plaque stabilisation. Additionally, we examine the role of statins in combination with other drugs in the management of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Di Ma
- Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - LiJuan Wang
- Bethune First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Guo Y, Zhou M, Mu Z, Guo J, Hou Y, Xu Y, Geng L. Recent advances in shikonin for the treatment of immune-related diseases: Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115138. [PMID: 37454591 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin, the primary active compound found in the rhizome of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb known as "ZiCao", exhibits a diverse range of pharmacological effects. This drug has a wide range of uses, including as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer agent. It is also effective in promoting wound healing and treating autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Although shikonin has a wide range of applications, its mechanisms are still not fully understood. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the use of shikonin for the treatment of immune-related diseases. The article also delves into the anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms of shikonin and offers insights into the inflammation and immunopathogenesis of related diseases. Overall, this article serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians working in this field. These findings not only provide significant new information on the effects and mechanisms of shikonin but also establish a foundation for the development of clinical applications in treating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155N Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China; National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155N Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China; National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Mu
- Department of Dermatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 155N Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China
| | - Jinrong Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Jincheng People's Hospital, 456N Wenchang East Street, Jincheng, Shanxi 048000, China
| | - Yuzhu Hou
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155N Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China; National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155N Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China; National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, China
| | - Long Geng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155N Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China; National joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, China.
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Peng G, Yan J, Chen L, Li L. Glycometabolism reprogramming: Implications for cardiovascular diseases. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 179:26-37. [PMID: 36963725 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Glycometabolism is well known for its roles as the main source of energy, which mainly includes three metabolic pathways: oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway. The orderly progress of glycometabolism is the basis for the maintenance of cardiovascular function. However, upon exposure to harmful stimuli, the intracellular glycometabolism changes or tends to shift toward another glycometabolism pathway more suitable for its own development and adaptation. This shift away from the normal glycometabolism is also known as glycometabolism reprogramming, which is commonly related to the occurrence and aggravation of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we elucidate the physiological role of glycometabolism in the cardiovascular system and summarize the mechanisms by which glycometabolism drives cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, atherosclerosis, and pulmonary hypertension. Collectively, directing GMR back to normal glycometabolism might provide a therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Peng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jialong Yan
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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7
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Du X, Ma X, Tan Y, Shao F, Li C, Zhao Y, Miao Y, Han L, Dang G, Song Y, Yang D, Deng Z, Wang Y, Jiang C, Kong W, Feng J, Wang X. B cell-derived anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I antibody mediates hyperhomocysteinemia-aggravated hypertensive glomerular lesions by triggering ferroptosis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:103. [PMID: 36907919 PMCID: PMC10008839 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a risk factor for chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) that affects about 85% CKD patients. HHcy stimulates B cells to secrete pathological antibodies, although it is unknown whether this pathway mediates kidney injury. In HHcy-treated 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive murine model, HHcy-activated B cells secreted anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) antibodies that deposited in glomerular endothelial cells (GECs), exacerbating glomerulosclerosis and reducing renal function. Mechanistically, HHcy 2K1C mice increased phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (18:0/20:4, 18:0/22:6, 16:0/20:4) in kidney tissue, as determined by lipidomics. GECs oxidative lipidomics validated the increase of oxidized phospholipids upon Hcy-activated B cells culture medium (Hcy-B CM) treatment, including PE (18:0/20:4 + 3[O], PE (18:0a/22:4 + 1[O], PE (18:0/22:4 + 2[O] and PE (18:0/22:4 + 3[O]). PE synthases ethanolamine kinase 2 (etnk2) and ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylyltransferase 2 (pcyt2) were increased in the kidney GECs of HHcy 2K1C mice and facilitated polyunsaturated PE synthesis to act as lipid peroxidation substrates. In HHcy 2K1C mice and Hcy-B CM-treated GECs, the oxidative environment induced by iron accumulation and the insufficient clearance of lipid peroxides caused by transferrin receptor (TFR) elevation and down-regulation of SLC7A11/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) contributed to GECs ferroptosis of the kidneys. In vivo, pharmacological depletion of B cells or inhibition of ferroptosis mitigated the HHcy-aggravated hypertensive renal injury. Consequently, our findings uncovered a novel mechanism by which B cell-derived pathogenic anti-β2GPI IgG generated by HHcy exacerbated hypertensive kidney damage by inducing GECs ferroptosis. Targeting B cells or ferroptosis may be viable therapeutic strategies for ameliorating lipid peroxidative renal injury in HHcy patients with hypertensive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ying Tan
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fangyu Shao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yutong Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lulu Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guohui Dang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dongmin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenling Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University Third Hospital, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Samra YA, Zaidi Y, Rajpurohit P, Raghavan R, Cai L, Kaddour-Djebbar I, Tawfik A. Warburg Effect as a Novel Mechanism for Homocysteine-Induced Features of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021071. [PMID: 36674587 PMCID: PMC9865636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness. Recent studies have reported impaired glycolysis in AMD patients with a high lactate/pyruvate ratio. Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) (Hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy) was observed in several clinical studies, reporting an association between HHcy and AMD. We established the effect of HHcy on barrier function, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) structure, and induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in mice. We hypothesize that HHcy contributes to AMD by inducing a metabolic switch in the mitochondria, in which cells predominantly produce energy by the high rate of glycolysis, or "Warburg", effect. Increased glycolysis results in an increased production of lactate, cellular acidity, activation of angiogenesis, RPE barrier dysfunction, and CNV. Evaluation of cellular energy production under HHcy was assessed by seahorse analysis, immunofluorescence, and western blot experiments. The seahorse analysis evaluated the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) as indicative of glycolysis. HHcy showed a significant increase in ECAR both in vivo using (Cystathionine β-synthase) cbs+/- and cbs-/- mice retinas and in vitro (Hcy-treated ARPE-19) compared to wild-type mice and RPE cells. Moreover, HHcy up-regulated glycolytic enzyme (Glucose transporter-1 (GlUT-1), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and hexokinase 1 (HK1)) in Hcy-treated ARPE-19 and primary RPE cells isolated from cbs+/+, cbs+/-, and cbs-/- mice retinas. Inhibition of GLUT-1 or blocking of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) reduced glycolysis in Hcy-treated RPE and improved albumin leakage and CNV induction in Hcy-injected mice eyes. The current study suggests that HHcy causes a metabolic switch in the RPE cells from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis during AMD and confirms the involvement of NMDAR in this process. Therefore, targeting Glycolysis or NMDAR could be a novel therapeutic target for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara A. Samra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yusra Zaidi
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Pragya Rajpurohit
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Raju Raghavan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lun Cai
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ismail Kaddour-Djebbar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Amany Tawfik
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Eye Research Institute, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4479, USA
- Eye Research Center (OUWB)/ERC, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI 48309-4479, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-248-370-2398; Fax: +1-248-370-4211
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Rihan M, Sharma SS. Role of Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 16:382-402. [PMID: 36178660 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world's leading cause of death, accounting for 32% of all fatalities. Although therapeutic agents are available for CVDs, however, most of them have significant limitations such as the time-dependency effect, hypotension, and bradycardia. To overcome the limitations of current pharmacological therapies, new molecular targets and pathways need to be identified and investigated to provide better treatment options for CVDs. Recent evidence suggested the involvement of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and targeting PKM2 by its modulators (inhibitors and activators) has shown promising results in several CVDs. PKM2 regulates gene activation in the context of apoptosis, mitosis, hypoxia, inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming. PKM2 modulators might have a significant impact on the molecular pathways involved in CVD pathogenesis. Therefore, PKM2 modulators can be one of the therapeutic options for CVDs. This review provides an insight into PKM2 involvement in various CVDs along with their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
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Gai X, Liu F, Wu Y, Zhang B, Tang B, Shang K, Wang L, Zhang H, Chen Y, Yang S, Deng W, Li P, Wang J, Zhang H. Overexpressed PKM2 promotes macrophage phagocytosis and atherosclerosis. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 6:92-102. [PMID: 35974691 PMCID: PMC10158947 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of pyruvate kinase muscle 2 (PKM2) is augmented in macrophages of patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. The role of PKM2 in atherosclerosis is to be determined. METHODS Global and myeloid cell-specific PKM2 knock-in mice with ApoE-/- background (ApoE-/- , PKM2KI/KI and Lyz2-cre, ApoE-/- , and PKM2flox/flox ) were produced to evaluate the clinical significance of PKM2 in atherosclerosis development. Wild-type and PKM2 knock-in macrophages were isolated to assess the function of PKM2 in macrophage phagocytosis. Atherosclerotic mice were treated with PKM2 inhibitor shikonin (SKN) to evaluate the therapeutic potential of PKM2 suppression in atherosclerosis. RESULTS Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) upregulated PKM2 in macrophages. PKM2 in return promoted the uptake of oxLDL by macrophages. Overexpressed PKM2 accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. SKN blocked the progress of mouse atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS PKM2 accelerates macrophage phagocytosis and atherosclerosis. Targeting PKM2 is a potential therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Life Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bufu Tang
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kezhuo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Stata Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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11
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Li L, Wang M, Ma Q, Ye J, Sun G. Role of glycolysis in the development of atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C617-C629. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease associated with atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and plaque formation. Glycolysis is a conservative and rigorous biological process that decomposes glucose into pyruvate. Its function is to provide the body with energy and intermediate products required for life activities. However, abnormalities in glycolytic flux during the progression of atherosclerosis accelerate disease progression. Here, we review the role of glycolysis in the development of atherosclerosis to provide new ideas for developing novel anti-atherosclerosis strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuxiao Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxue Ye
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Dang G, Li T, Yang D, Yang G, Du X, Yang J, Miao Y, Han L, Ma X, Song Y, Liu B, Li X, Wang X, Feng J. T lymphocyte-derived extracellular vesicles aggravate abdominal aortic aneurysm by promoting macrophage lipid peroxidation and migration via pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2. Redox Biol 2022; 50:102257. [PMID: 35149342 PMCID: PMC8842084 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration in the aortic wall is critical for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). However, how T lymphocytes interact with macrophages in the pathogenesis of AAA remains largely uncharacterized. In an elastase-induced murine AAA model, we first found that the expression of pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2), the last rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, was increased in infiltrated T lymphocytes of vascular lesions. T lymphocyte-specific PKM2 deficiency in mice (LckCrePKM2fl/fl) or intraperitoneal administration of the sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW4869 caused a significant attenuation of the elastase-increased aortic diameter, AAA incidence, elastic fiber disruption, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression, and macrophage infiltration in the vascular adventitia compared with those in PKM2fl/fl mice. Mechanistically, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from PKM2-activated T lymphocytes elevated macrophage iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and migration in vitro, while macrophages treated with EVs from PKM2-null T lymphocytes or pretreated with the lipid peroxidation inhibitors ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1), or the iron chelating agent deferoxamine mesylate (DFOM) reversed these effects. In vascular lesions of elastase-induced LckCrePKM2fl/fl mice with AAA, the oxidant system weakened, with downregulated 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) levels and strengthened antioxidant defense systems with upregulated glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and cystine/glutamate antiporter solute carrier family 7 member 11 (Slc7a11) expressions in macrophages. High-throughput metabolomics showed that EVs derived from PKM2-activated T lymphocytes contained increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing phospholipids, which may provide abundant substrates for lipid peroxidation in target macrophages. More importantly, upregulated T lymphocyte PKM2 expression was also found in clinical AAA subjects, and EVs isolated from AAA patient plasma enhanced macrophage iron accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and migration ex vivo. Therefore, from cell-cell crosstalk and metabolic perspectives, the present study shows that PKM2-activated T lymphocyte-derived EVs may drive AAA progression by promoting macrophage redox imbalance and migration, and targeting the T lymphocyte-EV-macrophage axis may be a potential strategy for early warning and treating AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Dang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tianrun Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road 49, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dongmin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road 49, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xing Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yutong Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lulu Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road 49, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Interventional Radiology and Vascular Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, North Garden Road 49, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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13
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Small Vessel Disease: Ancient Description, Novel Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073508. [PMID: 35408867 PMCID: PMC8998274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Small vessel disease (SVD) is one of the most frequent pathological conditions which lead to dementia. Biochemical and neuroimaging might help correctly identify the clinical diagnosis of this relevant brain disease. The microvascular alterations which underlie SVD have common origins, similar cognitive outcomes, and common vascular risk factors. Nevertheless, the arteriolosclerosis process, which underlines SVD development, is based on different mechanisms, not all completely understood, which start from a chronic hypoperfusion state and pass through a chronic brain inflammatory condition, inducing a significant endothelium activation and a consequent tissue remodeling action. In a recent review, we focused on the pathophysiology of SVD, which is complex, involving genetic conditions and different co-morbidities (i.e., diabetes, chronic hypoxia condition, and obesity). Currently, many points still remain unclear and discordant. In this paper, we wanted to focus on new biomarkers, which can be the expression of the endothelial dysfunction, or of the oxidative damage, which could be employed as markers of disease progression or for future targets of therapies. Therefore, we described the altered response to the endothelium-derived nitric oxide-vasodilators (ENOV), prostacyclin, C-reactive proteins, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF). At the same time, due to the concomitant endothelial activation and chronic neuroinflammatory status, we described hypoxia-endothelial-related markers, such as HIF 1 alpha, VEGFR2, and neuroglobin, and MMPs. We also described blood–brain barrier disruption biomarkers and imaging techniques, which can also describe perivascular spaces enlargement and dysfunction. More studies should be necessary, in order to implement these results and give them a clinical benefit.
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14
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Ma X, Deng J, Han L, Song Y, Miao Y, Du X, Dang G, Yang D, Zhong B, Jiang C, Kong W, Xu Q, Feng J, Wang X. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals B cell-T cell interactions in vascular adventitia of hyperhomocysteinemia-accelerated atherosclerosis. Protein Cell 2022; 13:540-547. [PMID: 35175542 PMCID: PMC9226200 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Center of Vascular Regeneration, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lulu Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuwei Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yutong Miao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xing Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guohui Dang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dongmin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bitao Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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15
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Sun Q, Gong T, Liu M, Ren S, Yang H, Zeng S, Zhao H, Chen L, Ming T, Meng X, Xu H. Shikonin, a naphthalene ingredient: Therapeutic actions, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, clinical trials and pharmaceutical researches. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:153805. [PMID: 34749177 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shikonin is one of the major phytochemical components of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Purple Cromwell), which is a type of medicinal herb broadly utilized in traditional Chinese medicine. It is well established that shikonin possesses remarkable therapeutic actions on various diseases, with the underlying mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and toxicological effects elusive. Also, the clinical trial and pharmaceutical study of shikonin remain to be comprehensively delineated. PURPOSE The present review aimed to systematically summarize the updated knowledge regarding the therapeutic actions, pharmacokinetics, toxicological effects, clinical trial and pharmaceutical study of shikonin. METHODS The information contained in this review article were retrieved from some authoritative databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Google scholar, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database and so on, till August 2021. RESULTS Shikonin exerts multiple therapeutic efficacies, such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, cardiovascular protection, anti-microbiomes, analgesia, anti-obesity, brain protection, and so on, mainly by regulating the NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/MAPKs, Akt/mTOR, TGF-β, GSK3β, TLR4/Akt signaling pathways, NLRP3 inflammasome, reactive oxygen stress, Bax/Bcl-2, etc. In terms of pharmacokinetics, shikonin has an unfavorable oral bioavailability, 64.6% of the binding rate of plasma protein, and enhances some metabolic enzymes, particularly including cytochrome P450. In regard to the toxicological effects, shikonin may potentially cause nephrotoxicity and skin allergy. The above pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of shikonin have been validated by few clinical trials. In addition, pharmaceutical innovation of shikonin with novel drug delivery system such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microemulsions, nanogel, cyclodextrin complexes, micelles and polymers are beneficial to the development of shikonin-based drugs. CONCLUSIONS Shikonin is a promising phytochemical for drug candidates. Extensive and intensive explorations on shikonin are warranted to expedite the utilization of shikonin-based drugs in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Department of Ultrasound, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, Sichuan, China
| | - Maolun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Han Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Sha Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Tianqi Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Haibo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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16
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Liu Z, Le Y, Chen H, Zhu J, Lu D. Role of PKM2-Mediated Immunometabolic Reprogramming on Development of Cytokine Storm. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748573. [PMID: 34759927 PMCID: PMC8572858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine storm is a marker of severity of various diseases and increased mortality. The altered metabolic profile and energy generation of immune cells affects their activation, exacerbating the cytokine storm. Currently, the emerging field of immunometabolism has highlighted the importance of specific metabolic pathways in immune regulation. The glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key regulator of immunometabolism and bridges metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction. This enzyme changes its conformation thus walks in different fields including metabolism and inflammation and associates with various transcription factors. This review summarizes the vital role of PKM2 in mediating immunometabolic reprogramming and its role in inducing cytokine storm, with a focus on providing references for further understanding of its pathological functions and for proposing new targets for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Liu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Le
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Chen
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, China
| | - Dezhao Lu
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Guo Y, Xu D, Fang Z, Xu S, Liu J, Xu Z, Zhou J, Bu Z, Zhao Y, He J, Yang X, Pan W, Shen Y, Sun F. Metabolomics Analysis of Splenic CD19 + B Cells in Mice Chronically Infected With Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Protoscoleces. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:718743. [PMID: 34552973 PMCID: PMC8450515 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.718743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l) infection can alter B cell function and affect host anti-infective immunity, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The newly emerging immunometabolism highlights that several metabolites are key factors in determining the fate of immune cells, which provides a new insight for exploring how larval E. granulosus s.l. infection remodels B cell function. This study investigated the metabolomic profiles of B cells in mice infected with E. granulosus s.l. protoscoleces (PSC). Results:Total CD19+ B cells, purified from the spleen of infected mice, showed significantly increased production of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10 after exposure to LPS in vitro. Moreover, the mRNA expression of metabolism related enzymes in B cells was remarkably disordered post infection. In addition, differential metabolites were identified in B cells after infection. There were 340 differential metabolites (83 upregulated and 257 downregulated metabolites) identified in the positive ion model, and 216 differential metabolites (97 upregulated and 119 downregulated metabolites) identified in the negative ion mode. Among these, 64 differential metabolites were annotated and involved in 68 metabolic pathways, including thyroid hormone synthesis, the metabolic processes of glutathione, fructose, mannose, and glycerophospholipid. Furthermore, several differential metabolites such as glutathione, taurine, and inosine were validated to regulate the cytokine production in LPS stimulated B cells. Conclusion:Infection with the larval E. granulosus s.l. causes metabolic reprogramming in the intrinsic B cells of mice, which provides the first evidence for understanding the role and mechanism of B cells in parasite anti-infective immunity from the viewpoint of immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Daxiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shiping Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jikai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Bu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yingyi Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jingmei He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenfen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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18
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Shao F, Miao Y, Zhang Y, Han L, Ma X, Deng J, Jiang C, Kong W, Xu Q, Feng J, Wang X. B cell-derived anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I antibody contributes to hyperhomocysteinaemia-aggravated abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 116:1897-1909. [PMID: 31782769 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Overactivated B cells secrete pathological antibodies, which in turn accelerate the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy) aggravates AAA in mice; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. In this study, we further investigated whether homocysteine (Hcy)-activated B cells produce antigen-specific antibodies that ultimately contribute to AAA formation. METHODS AND RESULTS ELISA assays showed that HHcy induced the secretion of anti-beta 2 glycoprotein I (anti-β2GPI) antibody from B cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Hcy increased the accumulation of various lipid metabolites in B cells tested by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which contributed to elevated anti-β2GPI IgG secretion. By using the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-specific inhibitor TAK-242 or TLR4-deficient macrophages, we found that culture supernatants from Hcy-activated B cells and HHcy plasma IgG polarized inflammatory macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner. In addition, HHcy markedly increased the incidence of elastase- and CaPO4-induced AAA in male BALB/c mice, which was prevented in μMT mice. To further determine the importance of IgG in HHcy-aggravated AAA formation, we purified plasma IgG from HHcy or control mice and then transferred the IgG into μMT mice, which were subsequently subjected to elastase- or CaPO4-induced AAA. Compared with μMT mice that received plasma IgG from control mice, μMT mice that received HHcy plasma IgG developed significantly exacerbated elastase- or CaPO4-induced AAA accompanied by increased elastin degradation, MMP2/9 expression, and anti-β2GPI IgG deposition in vascular lesions, as shown by immunofluorescence histochemical staining. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which Hcy-induced B cell-derived pathogenic anti-β2GPI IgG might, at least in part, contribute to HHcy-aggravated chronic vascular inflammation and AAA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Shao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yutong Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Lulu Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, Cardiology Department, BHF Center for Vascular Regeneration, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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19
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Pyruvate Kinase, Inflammation and Periodontal Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070784. [PMID: 34206267 PMCID: PMC8308603 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) is the final and rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis. It has four isoforms PKM1, PKM2, PKL and PKR. PK can form homo tetramers, dimers or monomers. The tetrameric form has the most catalytic activity; however, the dimeric form has non-canonical functions that contribute to the inflammatory response, wound healing and cellular crosstalk. This brief review explores these functions and speculates on their role in periodontal disease.
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20
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Zhang J, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Xie H, Duan R, Yao Y, Gong Z, Teng J, Jia Y. Serum Homocysteine Level Is a Predictor of Relapse and Prognosis in Patients With First-Attack Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurol 2021; 12:667651. [PMID: 34122309 PMCID: PMC8187771 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.667651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) experience the adverse consequences of relapse and disability aggravation. Thus, it is necessary to identify sensitive and reliable biomarkers for early prognosis. This study investigated whether serum homocysteine (Hcy) level was associated with the risk of relapse or poor prognosis in first-attack NMOSD patients. Methods: We enrolled 161 first-attack NMOSD patients in this retrospective study. We reviewed their medical records and evaluated their initial Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Clinical outcomes were measured by the final EDSS and the relapse rate. The association between Hcy levels and EDSS score at last follow-up was analyzed by binary logistic regression. The association between Hcy levels and relapse rate was assessed by Cox regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to predict the target value of Hcy reduction. Results: Compared with the high Hcy group, the final EDSS score in the low Hcy group was significantly lower (median: 0.5 vs. 2.5, P < 0.001). The relapse rate differed significantly between these groups (30.6 vs. 50.0%, P = 0.023). Multivariate analysis showed that the initial EDSS score (odds ratio [OR] 3.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.07–4.45, P < 0.001) and serum Hcy level (OR 1.13, 95%CI 1.04–1.22, P = 0.002) were significantly associated with poor prognosis in NMOSD patients. Additionally, multivariate analysis showed that serum Hcy level (hazard ratio 1.06, 95%CI 1.04–1.09, P < 0.001) was an independent predictor of the risk for relapse in NMOSD. The 12-month relapse rate of the high Hcy group was 34.8%, and 50% of high Hcy patients relapsed within 35 months after the first onset. A serum Hcy level exceeding 14.525 μmol/L indicated a high risk of relapse, with a sensitivity of 43.7%, specificity of 90.0%, and area under the ROC curve of 0.674 (95%CI 0.59–0.76, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Serum Hcy level is an independent predictor of relapse and poor prognosis in first-attack NMOSD patients. Early monitoring and reduction of serum Hcy levels may be of great significance in the prevention of disease relapse and severe disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haojie Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ranran Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaobing Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Gong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Jia
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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21
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Chen M, Liu H, Li Z, Ming AL, Chen H. Mechanism of PKM2 affecting cancer immunity and metabolism in Tumor Microenvironment. J Cancer 2021; 12:3566-3574. [PMID: 33995634 PMCID: PMC8120184 DOI: 10.7150/jca.54430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PKM2 is the enzyme that regulates the final rate-limiting step of glycolysis. PKM2 expression can reinforce the utilization of oxygen and synthesis of growth substances in cancer cells by enhancing OXPHOS and the Warburg effect. In cancer immunity, PKM2 can modulate the expression of PD-L1 in M2 macrophage and decrease the amount and activity of CD8+ T cells. This affects cancer cell killing and immune escape sequentially. How PKM2 regulates PD-L1 expression through immunometabolism is summarized. PKM2 builds a bridge between energy metabolism and cancer immunity. The activator and inhibitor of PKM2 both promote the anti-cancer immune response and inhibit cancer growth and metastasis by regulating the metabolism of cancer cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment through HIF-1α/PKM2 pathway. This review focuses on the precise role of PKM2 modulating immunometabolism, providing valuable suggestions for further study in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Alex Lau Ming
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
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22
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Yang X, Ding W, Qian X, Jiang P, Chen Q, Zhang X, Lu Y, Wu J, Sun F, Pan Z, Li X, Pan W. Schistosoma japonicum Infection Leads to the Reprogramming of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in the Colon of Mice. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:645807. [PMID: 33791356 PMCID: PMC8006365 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.645807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The deposition of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) eggs commonly induces inflammation, fibrosis, hyperplasia, ulceration, and polyposis in the colon, which poses a serious threat to human health. However, the underlying mechanism is largely neglected. Recently, the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism was reported to participate in the liver fibrosis induced by the parasite, which provides a novel clue for studying the underlying mechanism of the intestinal pathology of the disease. This study focused on the metabolic reprogramming profiles of glucose and lipid in the colon of mice infected by S. japonicum. We found that S. japonicum infection shortened the colonic length, impaired intestinal integrity, induced egg-granuloma formation, and increased colonic inflammation. The expression of key enzymes involved in the pathways regulating glucose and lipid metabolism was upregulated in the colon of infected mice. Conversely, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and its downstream signaling targets were significantly inhibited after infection. In line with these results, in vitro stimulation with soluble egg antigens (SEA) downregulated the expression of PTEN in CT-26 cells and induced metabolic alterations similar to that observed under in vivo results. Moreover, PTEN over-expression prevented the reprogramming of glucose and lipid metabolism induced by SEA in CT-26 cells. Overall, the present study showed that S. japonicum infection induces the reprogramming of glucose and lipid metabolism in the colon of mice, and PTEN may play a vital role in mediating this metabolic reprogramming. These findings provide a novel insight into the pathogenicity of S. japonicum in hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Weimin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fenfen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Pan
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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23
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Moretti R, Giuffré M, Caruso P, Gazzin S, Tiribelli C. Homocysteine in Neurology: A Possible Contributing Factor to Small Vessel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042051. [PMID: 33669577 PMCID: PMC7922986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid generated during methionine metabolism, accumulation of which may be caused by genetic defects or the deficit of vitamin B12 and folate. A serum level greater than 15 micro-mols/L is defined as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). Hcy has many roles, the most important being the active participation in the transmethylation reactions, fundamental for the brain. Many studies focused on the role of homocysteine accumulation in vascular or degenerative neurological diseases, but the results are still undefined. More is known in cardiovascular disease. HHcy is a determinant for the development and progression of inflammation, atherosclerotic plaque formation, endothelium, arteriolar damage, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and altered-oxidative stress response. Conversely, few studies focused on the relationship between HHcy and small vessel disease (SVD), despite the evidence that mice with HHcy showed a significant end-feet disruption of astrocytes with a diffuse SVD. A severe reduction of vascular aquaporin-4-water channels, lower levels of high-functioning potassium channels, and higher metalloproteinases are also observed. HHcy modulates the N-homocysteinylation process, promoting a pro-coagulative state and damage of the cellular protein integrity. This altered process could be directly involved in the altered endothelium activation, typical of SVD and protein quality, inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome system control. HHcy also promotes a constant enhancement of microglia activation, inducing the sustained pro-inflammatory status observed in SVD. This review article addresses the possible role of HHcy in small-vessel disease and understands its pathogenic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mauro Giuffré
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Paola Caruso
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (M.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Silvia Gazzin
- Italian Liver Foundation, AREA SCIENCE PARK, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.G.); (C.T.)
| | - Claudio Tiribelli
- Italian Liver Foundation, AREA SCIENCE PARK, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (S.G.); (C.T.)
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24
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Puckett DL, Alquraishi M, Chowanadisai W, Bettaieb A. The Role of PKM2 in Metabolic Reprogramming: Insights into the Regulatory Roles of Non-Coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1171. [PMID: 33503959 PMCID: PMC7865720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is a key regulator in glycolysis through the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate. Pyruvate kinase exists in various isoforms that can exhibit diverse biological functions and outcomes. The pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2) controls cell progression and survival through the regulation of key signaling pathways. In cancer cells, the dimer form of PKM2 predominates and plays an integral role in cancer metabolism. This predominance of the inactive dimeric form promotes the accumulation of phosphometabolites, allowing cancer cells to engage in high levels of synthetic processing to enhance their proliferative capacity. PKM2 has been recognized for its role in regulating gene expression and transcription factors critical for health and disease. This role enables PKM2 to exert profound regulatory effects that promote cancer cell metabolism, proliferation, and migration. In addition to its role in cancer, PKM2 regulates aspects essential to cellular homeostasis in non-cancer tissues and, in some cases, promotes tissue-specific pathways in health and diseases. In pursuit of understanding the diverse tissue-specific roles of PKM2, investigations targeting tissues such as the kidney, liver, adipose, and pancreas have been conducted. Findings from these studies enhance our understanding of PKM2 functions in various diseases beyond cancer. Therefore, there is substantial interest in PKM2 modulation as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple conditions. Indeed, a vast plethora of research has focused on identifying therapeutic strategies for targeting PKM2. Recently, targeting PKM2 through its regulatory microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) has gathered increasing interest. Thus, the goal of this review is to highlight recent advancements in PKM2 research, with a focus on PKM2 regulatory microRNAs and lncRNAs and their subsequent physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter L. Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Department of Nutrition, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
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25
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Janssen JJE, Lagerwaard B, Bunschoten A, Savelkoul HFJ, van Neerven RJJ, Keijer J, de Boer VCJ. Novel standardized method for extracellular flux analysis of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1662. [PMID: 33462298 PMCID: PMC7814123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyzing metabolism of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) provides key opportunities to study the pathophysiology of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer. Extracellular flux (XF) assays provide dynamic metabolic analysis of living cells that can capture ex vivo cellular metabolic responses to biological stressors. To obtain reliable data from PBMCs from individuals, novel methods are needed that allow for standardization and take into account the non-adherent and highly dynamic nature of PBMCs. We developed a novel method for extracellular flux analysis of PBMCs, where we combined brightfield imaging with metabolic flux analysis and data integration in R. Multiple buffy coat donors were used to demonstrate assay linearity with low levels of variation. Our method allowed for accurate and precise estimation of XF assay parameters by reducing the standard score and standard score interquartile range of PBMC basal oxygen consumption rate and glycolytic rate. We applied our method to freshly isolated PBMCs from sixteen healthy subjects and demonstrated that our method reduced the coefficient of variation in group mean basal oxygen consumption rate and basal glycolytic rate, thereby decreasing the variation between PBMC donors. Our novel brightfield image procedure is a robust, sensitive and practical normalization method to reliably measure, compare and extrapolate XF assay data using PBMCs, thereby increasing the relevance for PBMCs as marker tissue in future clinical and biological studies, and enabling the use of primary blood cells instead of immortalized cell lines for immunometabolic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle J E Janssen
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Lagerwaard
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- TI Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Bunschoten
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R J Joost van Neerven
- Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C J de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, De Elst 1 6708 WD, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Dubchenko E, Ivanov A, Spirina N, Smirnova N, Melnikov M, Boyko A, Gusev E, Kubatiev A. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Endothelial Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10090637. [PMID: 32947812 PMCID: PMC7564574 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is recognized as one of the leading factors in the pathogenesis of diseases of the central nervous system of various etiologies. Numerous studies have shown the role of hyperhomocysteinemia in the development of endothelial dysfunction and the prothrombogenic state. The most important condition in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a dysregulation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and transendothelial leukocyte migration. It has been proven that homocysteine also contributes to the damage of neurons by the mechanism of excitotoxicity and the induction of the apoptosis of neurons. These processes can be one of the factors of neurodegenerative brain damage, which plays a leading role in the progression of MS. This review describes the pleiotropic effect of homocysteine on these processes and its role in MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Dubchenko
- Department of Neuroimmunology of Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.D.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Interdistrict Department of Multiple Sclerosis at the State Clinical Hospital VV Veresaeva, 127644 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology”, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.); (A.K.)
| | - Natalia Spirina
- Department of Nervous Diseases with Medical Genetics and Neurosurgery Yaroslavl State Medical University, 150000 Yaroslavl, Russia;
| | - Nina Smirnova
- Department of Neuroimmunology of Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.D.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetic of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Mikhail Melnikov
- Department of Neuroimmunology of Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.D.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetic of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-926-331-8946
| | - Alexey Boyko
- Department of Neuroimmunology of Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnology of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (E.D.); (N.S.); (A.B.)
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetic of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Evgeniy Gusev
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medical Genetic of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aslan Kubatiev
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology”, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.I.); (A.K.)
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27
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Hu K, Xu J, Fan K, Zhou D, Li L, Tang L, Peng X, Zhang L, Wang Y. Nuclear accumulation of pyruvate kinase M2 promotes liver regeneration via activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Life Sci 2020; 250:117561. [PMID: 32198052 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a unique isoform of the pyruvate kinases, not only acts as a crucial metabolic enzyme when it locates in the cytoplasm, but also plays important roles in tumor formation and growth when it accumulates in the nuclei. Our aim was to investigate the potential role of PKM2 in liver regeneration in mice insulted with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). MATERIAL AND METHODS The liver regeneration model was established by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 for 48 h in male BALB/c mice. The expression of PKM2, phospho-STAT3, STAT3, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Cyclin D1 were evaluated by western blot. The distribution of PKM2 was verified by immunofluorescence staining. The degree of injured region was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The proliferation of liver cells was tested by Immunohistochemistry. KEY FINDINGS The nuclear accumulation of PKM2 increased in the liver treated with CCl4, but treatment with ML-265 significantly suppressed CCl4-induced nuclear accumulation of PKM2. In addition, treatment with ML-265 suppressed the level of cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), reduced the count of Ki67-positive hepatocytes, and expanded the damaged region in histological examination. Meanwhile, treatment with ML-265 suppressed the phosphorylation of nuclear signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Inhibition of STAT3 by stattic made the same effects as ML-265. SIGNIFICANCE These data uncovered the role of nuclear PKM2 in liver regeneration and the pro-proliferation effects of nuclear PKM2 may be through targeting its downstream transcription factor STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juanjuan Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kerui Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Fuling Center Hospital of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Longjiang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianwen Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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28
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Targeting immunometabolism as an anti-inflammatory strategy. Cell Res 2020; 30:300-314. [PMID: 32132672 PMCID: PMC7118080 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing field of immunometabolism has taught us how metabolic cellular reactions and processes not only provide a means to generate ATP and biosynthetic precursors, but are also a way of controlling immunity and inflammation. Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells is essential for both inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory responses. Four anti-inflammatory therapies, DMF, Metformin, Methotrexate and Rapamycin all work by affecting metabolism and/or regulating or mimicking endogenous metabolites with anti-inflammatory effects. Evidence is emerging for the targeting of specific metabolic events as a strategy to limit inflammation in different contexts. Here we discuss these recent developments and speculate on the prospect of targeting immunometabolism in the effort to develop novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics. As accumulating evidence for roles of an intricate and elaborate network of metabolic processes, including lipid, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism provides key focal points for developing new therapies, we here turn our attention to glycolysis and the TCA cycle to provide examples of how metabolic intermediates and enzymes can provide potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Weisel FJ, Mullett SJ, Elsner RA, Menk AV, Trivedi N, Luo W, Wikenheiser D, Hawse WF, Chikina M, Smita S, Conter LJ, Joachim SM, Wendell SG, Jurczak MJ, Winkler TH, Delgoffe GM, Shlomchik MJ. Germinal center B cells selectively oxidize fatty acids for energy while conducting minimal glycolysis. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:331-342. [PMID: 32066950 PMCID: PMC7112716 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Germinal center B cells (GCBCs) are critical for generating long-lived humoral immunity. How GCBCs meet the energetic challenge of rapid proliferation is poorly understood. Dividing lymphocytes typically rely on aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation for energy. Here we report that GCBCs are exceptional among proliferating B and T cells as they actively oxidize fatty acids (FAs) and conduct minimal glycolysis. In vitro, GCBCs had a very low glycolytic extracellular acidification (ECAR) but consumed oxygen in response to FAs. [13C6]-glucose feeding revealed that GCBCs generate significantly less phosphorylated glucose and little lactate. Further, GCBCs did not metabolize glucose into TCA cycle intermediates. Conversely, [13C16]-palmitic acid labeling demonstrated that GCBCs generate most of their acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine from FAs. FA oxidation (FAO) was functionally important, as drug-mediated and genetic dampening of FAO resulted in a selective reduction GCBCs. Hence, GCBCs appear to uncouple rapid proliferation from aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Steven J Mullett
- Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca A Elsner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ashley V Menk
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nikita Trivedi
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - William F Hawse
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura J Conter
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen M Joachim
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Nevmerzhytska NM, Orzheshkovskyi VV, Dzevulska IV, Savosko SI. Mechanisms of Toxic Effects of Homocysteine on the Nervous System. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-020-09832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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31
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Epigenetics evaluation of the oncogenic mechanisms of two closely related bovine and human deltaretroviruses: A system biology study. Microb Pathog 2020; 139:103845. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Abstract
Macrophages play an essential role not only in mediating the first line of defense but also in maintaining tissue homeostasis. In response to extrinsic factors derived from a given tissue, macrophages activate different functional programs to produce polarized macrophage populations responsible for inducing inflammation against microbes, removing cellular debris, and tissue repair. However, accumulating evidence has revealed that macrophage polarization is pivotal in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndromes and cancer, as well as in infectious and autoimmune diseases. Recent advances in transcriptomic and metabolomic studies have highlighted the link between metabolic rewiring of macrophages and their functional plasticity. These findings imply that metabolic adaption to their surrounding microenvironment instructs activation of macrophages with functionally distinct phenotypes, which in turn probably leads to the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of diseases. In this review, we have introduced emerging concepts in immunometabolism with focus on the impact on functional activation of macrophages. Furthermore, we have discussed the implication of macrophage plasticity on the pathogenesis of metabolic syndromes and cancer, and how the disease microenvironment manipulates macrophage metabolism with regard to the pathophysiology. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(6): 360-372].
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Thapa
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Keunwook Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, and Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Zhao X, Tan F, Cao X, Cao Z, Li B, Shen Z, Tian Y. PKM2-dependent glycolysis promotes the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells during atherosclerosis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:9-17. [PMID: 31867609 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased glycolysis is involved in the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2), a key rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, accelerates the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. Although the intracellular mechanisms associated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-stimulated VSMC proliferation and migration have been extensively explored, it is still unclear whether oxLDL promotes the proliferation and migration of VSMCs by enhancing PKM2-dependent glycolysis. In the present study, we detected PKM2 expression and pyruvate kinase activity in oxLDL-treated VSMCs and explored the regulation of PKM2 in oxLDL-treated VSMCs and apoE-/- mice. The results showed that PKM2 expression in VSMCs was higher in the intima than in the media in plaques from atherosclerotic rabbits. Moreover, PKM2 level in VSMCs was increased during atherosclerosis progression in apoE-/- mice. Both PKM2 expression and pyruvate kinase activity were found to be upregulated by oxLDL stimulation in VSMCs. Shikonin (SKN), a specific inhibitor of PKM2, was found to inhibit the oxLDL-induced proliferation and migration in VSMCs, in addition to delaying the atherosclerosis progression in apoE-/- mice. More importantly, oxLDL increased glucose uptake, ATP and lactate production, and the extracellular acidification rate in VSMCs, which could be reversed by SKN. Meanwhile, oxygen consumption rate was unchanged after oxLDL stimulation, suggesting that glycolysis is the main contributor to the energy supply in oxLDL-treated VSMCs. Our results suggest that oxLDL induces VSMC proliferation and migration by upregulating PKM2-dependent glycolysis, thereby contributing to the atherosclerosis progression. Thus, targeting PKM2-dependent glycolysis might provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhu Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Fancheng Tan
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xiaoru Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Bicheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Zhaoqian Shen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Cardiovascular Institute, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150086, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
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Lü SL, Dang GH, Deng JC, Liu HY, Liu B, Yang J, Ma XL, Miao YT, Jiang CT, Xu QB, Wang X, Feng J. Shikonin attenuates hyperhomocysteinemia-induced CD4 + T cell inflammatory activation and atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice by metabolic suppression. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:47-55. [PMID: 31607752 PMCID: PMC7468273 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell metabolic activation plays a crucial role in inflammation of atherosclerosis. Shikonin (SKN), a natural naphthoquinone with anti-inflammatory activity, has shown to exert cardioprotective effects, but the effect of SKN on atherosclerosis is unclear. In addition, SKN was found to inhibit glycolysis via targeting pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2). In the present study, we investigated the effects of SKN on hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-accelerated atherosclerosis and T cell inflammatory activation in ApoE-/- mice and the metabolic mechanisms in this process. Drinking water supplemented with Hcy (1.8 g/L) was administered to ApoE-/- mice for 2 weeks and the mice were injected with SKN (1.2 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle every 3 days. We showed that SKN treatment markedly attenuated HHcy-accelerated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice and significantly decreased inflammatory activated CD4+ T cells and proinflammatory macrophages in plaques. In splenic CD4+ T cells isolated from HHcy-ApoE-/- mice, SKN treatment significantly inhibited HHcy-stimulated PKM2 activity, interferon-γ secretion and the capacity of these T cells to promote macrophage proinflammatory polarization. SKN treatment significantly inhibited HHcy-stimulated CD4+ T cell glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Metabolic profiling analysis of CD4+ T cells revealed that Hcy administration significantly increased various glucose metabolites as well as lipids and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, which were reversed by SKN treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that SKN is effective to ameliorate atherosclerosis in HHcy-ApoE-/- mice and this is at least partly associated with the inhibition of SKN on CD4+ T cell inflammatory activation via PKM2-dependent metabolic suppression.
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Jellusova J. Metabolic control of B cell immune responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 63:21-28. [PMID: 31794945 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity critically depends on appropriate B cell responses. B cell activation, proliferation, differentiation and antibody secretion are processes carefully orchestrated by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. In order to meet the energetic and biosynthetic demands of protein synthesis and cell division, signal transduction pathways reshape the metabolic profile of activated B cells. However, the relationship between signaling and metabolism is by no means unidirectional. Emerging evidence suggests that shifts in available fuel sources and intracellular metabolite concentrations profoundly impact cell fate decisions. The reciprocal regulation of cell signaling and metabolism could potentially be exploited to curb immune dysfunction in metabolic disorders or to antagonize autoimmunity and B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jellusova
- Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III at the Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Rihan M, Nalla LV, Dharavath A, Shard A, Kalia K, Khairnar A. Pyruvate Kinase M2: a Metabolic Bug in Re-Wiring the Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2019; 12:149-167. [PMID: 31183810 PMCID: PMC6937361 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a newly emerged hallmark of cancer attaining a recent consideration as an essential factor for the progression and endurance of cancer cells. A prime event of this altered metabolism is increased glucose uptake and discharge of lactate into the cells surrounding constructing a favorable tumor niche. Several oncogenic factors help in promoting this consequence including, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) a rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis in tumor metabolism via exhibiting its low pyruvate kinase activity and nuclear moon-lightening functions to increase the synthesis of lactate and macromolecules for tumor proliferation. Not only its role in cancer cells but also its role in the tumor microenvironment cells has to be understood for developing the small molecules against it which is lacking with the literature till date. Therefore, in this present review, the role of PKM2 with respect to various tumor niche cells will be clarified. Further, it highlights the updated list of therapeutics targeting PKM2 pre-clinically and clinically with their added limitations. This upgraded understanding of PKM2 may provide a pace for the reader in developing chemotherapeutic strategies for better clinical survival with limited resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Lakshmi Vineela Nalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Anil Dharavath
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India.
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Khairnar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, -382355, India.
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Alquraishi M, Puckett DL, Alani DS, Humidat AS, Frankel VD, Donohoe DR, Whelan J, Bettaieb A. Pyruvate kinase M2: A simple molecule with complex functions. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:176-192. [PMID: 31401304 PMCID: PMC6848794 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 is a critical enzyme that regulates cell metabolism and growth under different physiological conditions. In its metabolic role, pyruvate kinase M2 catalyzes the last glycolytic step which converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate with the generation of ATP. Beyond this metabolic role in glycolysis, PKM2 regulates gene expression in the nucleus, phosphorylates several essential proteins that regulate major cell signaling pathways, and contribute to the redox homeostasis of cancer cells. The expression of PKM2 has been demonstrated to be significantly elevated in several types of cancer, and the overall inflammatory response. The unusual pattern of PKM2 expression inspired scientists to investigate the unrevealed functions of PKM2 and the therapeutic potential of targeting PKM2 in cancer and other disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the mechanistic and therapeutic potential of targeting PKM2 with the focus on cancer metabolism, redox homeostasis, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. This review highlights and provides insight into the metabolic and non-metabolic functions of PKM2 and its relevant association with health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dexter L Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dina S Alani
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Amal S Humidat
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Victoria D Frankel
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dallas R Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA; Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA.
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Tang Z, Ye W, Chen H, Kuang X, Guo J, Xiang M, Peng C, Chen X, Liu H. Role of purines in regulation of metabolic reprogramming. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:423-438. [PMID: 31493132 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purines, among most influential molecules, are reported to have essential biological function by regulating various cell types. A large number of studies have led to the discovery of many biological functions of the purine nucleotides such as ATP, ADP, and adenosine, as signaling molecules that engage G protein-coupled or ligand-gated ion channel receptors. The role of purines in the regulation of cellular functions at the gene or protein level has been well documented. With the advances in multiomics, including those from metabolomic and bioinformatic analyses, metabolic reprogramming was identified as a key mechanism involved in the regulation of cellular function under physiological or pathological conditions. Recent studies suggest that purines or purine-derived products contribute to important regulatory functions in many fundamental biological and pathological processes related to metabolic reprogramming. Therefore, this review summarizes the role and potential mechanism of purines in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming. In particular, the molecular mechanisms of extracellular purine- and intracellular purine-mediated metabolic regulation in various cells during disease development are discussed. In summary, our review provides an extensive resource for studying the regulatory role of purines in metabolic reprogramming and sheds light on the utilization of the corresponding peptides or proteins for disease diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenrui Ye
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haotian Chen
- Clinical Medicine Eight-Year Program, Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinwei Kuang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minmin Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Center for Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Yang J, Dang G, Lü S, Liu H, Ma X, Han L, Deng J, Miao Y, Li X, Shao F, Jiang C, Xu Q, Wang X, Feng J. T-cell-derived extracellular vesicles regulate B-cell IgG production via pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2. FASEB J 2019; 33:12780-12799. [PMID: 31480861 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900863r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication between lymphocytes plays a fundamental role in numerous immune responses. Previously, we demonstrated that hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) induced T cell intracellular glycolytic-lipogenic reprogramming and IFN-γ secretion via pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2) to accelerate atherosclerosis. Usually, B cells partially obtain help from T cells in antibody responses. However, whether PKM2 activation in T cells regulates B cell antibody production is unknown. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important cellular communication vehicles. Here, we found that PKM2 activator TEPP46-stimulated T-cell-derived EVs promoted B-cell IgG secretion. Conversely, EVs secreted from PKM2-null T cells were internalized into B cells and markedly inhibited B-cell mitochondrial programming, activation, and IgG production. Mechanistically, lipidomics analyses showed that increased ceramides in PKM2-activated T-cell EVs were mainly responsible for enhanced B cell IgG secretion induced by these EVs. Finally, quantum dots (QDs) were packaged with PKM2-null T cell EVs and anti-CD19 antibody to exert B-cell targeting and inhibit IgG production, eventually ameliorating HHcy-accelerated atherosclerosis in vivo. Thus, PKM2-mediated EV ceramides in T cells may be an important cargo for T-cell-regulated B cell IgG production, and QD-CD19-PKM2-null T cell EVs hold high potential to treat B cell overactivation-related diseases.-Yang, J., Dang, G., Lü, S., Liu, H., Ma, X., Han, L., Deng, J., Miao, Y., Li, X., Shao, F., Jiang, C., Xu, Q., Wang, X., Feng, J. T-cell-derived extracellular vesicles regulate B-cell IgG production via pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Guohui Dang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Silin Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Han
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Deng
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre for Vascular Regeneration, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yutong Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyu Shao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre for Vascular Regeneration, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Moretti R. Homocysteine: New Aspects of an Ancient Enigma. Cardiology 2019; 144:36-39. [PMID: 31466056 DOI: 10.1159/000501997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy,
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Wu J, Liu M, Mang G, Yu S, Chen Q, Li T, Wang Y, Meng Y, Tang X, Zheng Y, Sun Y, Zhang M, Yu B. Protosappanin A protects against experimental autoimmune myocarditis, and induces metabolically reprogrammed tolerogenic DCs. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104269. [PMID: 31078745 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune myocarditis is an immune-mediated myocardial injury that evolves into dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Protosappanin A (PrA), an immunosuppressive compound, induces immune tolerance in cardiac transplantation. However, whether PrA confers protective immunosuppression on experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is unknown. In this study, PrA treatment remarkably suppressed cardiac inflammatory cell infiltration and ameliorated cardiac remodeling in EAM mice. Additionally, PrA treatment reduced splenic T cells response, and induced expansion of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). Meanwhile, PrA induced the splenic dendritic cells (DCs) into a tolerogenic state with reduced co-stimulatory molecules, increased the production of tolerogenic cytokines in vivo. PrA also reprogrammed the metabolism of splenic DCs to a more glycolytic phenotype. To further investigate the effect of PrA on the functional and metabolic phenotype of DCs, the compound was added into the in vitro culture of MyHC-α-loaded DCs. These cells switched to a tolerogenic state and a metabolic profile similar to that found in cells during in ex vivo experiments. Treatment with glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG significantly reversed PrA-mediated DC tolerogenic properties, suggesting that glycolysis is indispensable for PrA-conditioned DCs to maintain their tolerogenic properties. Notably, PrA-conditioned DC vaccinations dampened EAM progress, and promoted Tregs expansion. Similarly, tolerogenic and metabolic patterns were also observed in PrA-modified human DC. In conclusion, PrA endows DC with a tolerogenic profile via glycolytic reprogramming, thereby inducing expansion of immunosuppressive Tregs, and preventing EAM progress. Our results suggested that PrA may confer immunosuppressive and protective effects on EAM by metabolically reprogramming DCs, which could contribute to the development of a new potential immunotherapy for the treatment of EAM and immune-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ge Mang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shan Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yongchen Wang
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ying Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - XinYue Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Maomao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Moretti R, Caruso P. The Controversial Role of Homocysteine in Neurology: From Labs to Clinical Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010231. [PMID: 30626145 PMCID: PMC6337226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is generated during methionine metabolism. Physiologic Hcy levels are determined primarily by dietary intake and vitamin status. Elevated plasma levels of Hcy can be caused by deficiency of either vitamin B12 or folate. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) can be responsible of different systemic and neurological disease. Actually, HHcy has been considered as a risk factor for systemic atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and HHcy has been reported in many neurologic disorders including cognitive impairment and stroke, independent of long-recognized factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. HHcy is typically defined as levels >15 micromol/L. Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia with folic acid and B vitamins seems to be effective in the prevention of the development of atherosclerosis, CVD, and strokes. However, data from literature show controversial results regarding the significance of homocysteine as a risk factor for CVD and stroke and whether patients should be routinely screened for homocysteine. HHcy-induced oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, smooth muscle cell proliferation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases including atherosclerosis and stroke. The aim of our research is to review the possible role of HHcy in neurodegenerative disease and stroke and to understand its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Moretti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Paola Caruso
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy.
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Zeña-Huancas PA, Iparraguirre-López H, Gamboa-Cárdenas RV, Reátegui-Sokolova C, Zevallos-Miranda F, Medina-Chinchon M, Pimentel-Quiroz VR, Elera-Fitzcarrald C, Sarmiento-Velasquez O, Cucho-Venegas JM, Alfaro-Lozano JL, Rodríguez-Bellido ZJ, Pastor-Asurza CA, Perich-Campos RA, Alarcón GS, Ugarte-Gil MF. Homocysteine levels are independently associated with damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus patients from a Latin-American cohort. Clin Rheumatol 2018; 38:1139-1146. [PMID: 30539353 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-018-4389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of homocysteine levels on damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. METHODS This longitudinal study was conducted in consecutive patients seen every 6 months at our Rheumatology Department since 2012. Patients with available homocysteine levels and who had at least one subsequent visit were included. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were done to determine if homocysteine levels were predictive of damage accrual as per the SLICC Damage Index (SDI). The multivariable model was adjusted for pertinent variables (age at diagnosis, gender, socioeconomic status, disease duration, disease activity (SLEDAI), Framingham score, antimalarial and immunosuppressive drug use, average daily dose, and exposure time to prednisone (PDN)). RESULTS One hundred forty-five patients were included; their mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 43.70 (12.09) years, 136 (93.8%) were female, and nearly all were Mestizo. At baseline, disease duration was 7.55 (6.73) years; patients were followed for 3.54 (1.27) years. The SLEDAI was 5.60 (4.34), and the SDI 0.97 (1.35). The average daily PDN dose was 7.30 (5.78) mg/day and the time of PDN exposure was 7.36 (6.73) years. Mean homocysteine levels were 10.07 (3.71) μmol/L. The highest tertile of homocysteine levels predicted new damage accrual in the univariable and multivariable models [HR 1.78 (95% CI, 1.042-3.039); p = 0.035 and HR 2.045 (95% CI, 1.077-3.883); p = 0.029, respectively]. Increased levels (> 15 μmol/L) were found in 12 (8.3%) patients; 75 (51.7%) patients increased ≥ 1 SDI point. CONCLUSION In SLE patients, homocysteine levels predicted damage accrual independently of other well-known risk factors for such occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Zeña-Huancas
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru.
| | - Haydee Iparraguirre-López
- Hematology Service, Clinical Pathology Department, Hospital Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Rocío V Gamboa-Cárdenas
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Cristina Reátegui-Sokolova
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Mariela Medina-Chinchon
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Claudia Elera-Fitzcarrald
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Jorge M Cucho-Venegas
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - José L Alfaro-Lozano
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Zoila J Rodríguez-Bellido
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - César A Pastor-Asurza
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Risto A Perich-Campos
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Manuel F Ugarte-Gil
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen - EsSalud, Lima, Peru
- School of Medicine, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA
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Waters LR, Ahsan FM, Wolf DM, Shirihai O, Teitell MA. Initial B Cell Activation Induces Metabolic Reprogramming and Mitochondrial Remodeling. iScience 2018; 5:99-109. [PMID: 30240649 PMCID: PMC6123864 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes provide adaptive immunity by generating antigen-specific antibodies and supporting the activation of T cells. Little is known about how global metabolism supports naive B cell activation to enable an effective immune response. By coupling RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data with glucose isotopomer tracing, we show that stimulated B cells increase programs for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and nucleotide biosynthesis, but not glycolysis. Isotopomer tracing uncovered increases in TCA cycle intermediates with almost no contribution from glucose. Instead, glucose mainly supported the biosynthesis of ribonucleotides. Glucose restriction did not affect B cell functions, yet the inhibition of OXPHOS or glutamine restriction markedly impaired B cell growth and differentiation. Increased OXPHOS prompted studies of mitochondrial dynamics, which revealed extensive mitochondria remodeling during activation. Our results show how B cell metabolism adapts with stimulation and reveals unexpected details for carbon utilization and mitochondrial dynamics at the start of a humoral immune response. Glucose is dispensable for B cell activation; OXPHOS is fueled by other nutrients Few, elongated mitochondria remodel to many punctate mitochondria upon activation mtDNA and nucleoid numbers remain similar for naive and 24 hr stimulated B cells Combined RNA-seq and metabolomics used to study metabolism during B cell activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnea R Waters
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fasih M Ahsan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dane M Wolf
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Orian Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Bioengineering, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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PKM2-dependent metabolic reprogramming in CD4 + T cells is crucial for hyperhomocysteinemia-accelerated atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:585-600. [PMID: 29732501 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by activated T cells plays an important role in the initiation and progression of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy)-accelerated atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Homocysteine (Hcy) activates T cells to secrete proinflammatory cytokines, especially interferon (IFN)-γ; however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Metabolic reprogramming is critical for T cell inflammatory activation and effector functions. Our previous study demonstrated that Hcy regulates T cell mitochondrial reprogramming by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria coupling. In this study, we further explored the important role of glycolysis-mediated metabolic reprogramming in Hcy-activated CD4+ T cells. Mechanistically, Hcy-activated CD4+ T cell increased the protein expression and activity of pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2), the final rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Knockdown of PKM2 by small interfering RNA reduced Hcy-induced CD4+ T cell IFN-γ secretion. Furthermore, we generated T cell-specific PKM2 knockout mice by crossing LckCre transgenic mice with PKM2fl/fl mice and observed that Hcy-induced glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation were both diminished in PKM2-deficient CD4+ T cells with reduced glucose and lipid metabolites, and subsequently reduced IFN-γ secretion. T cell-depleted apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice adoptively transferred with PKM2-deficient CD4+ T cells, compared to mice transferred with control cells, showed significantly decreased HHcy-accelerated early atherosclerotic lesion formation. In conclusion, this work indicates that the PKM2-dependent glycolytic-lipogenic axis, a novel mechanism of metabolic regulation, is crucial for HHcy-induced CD4+ T cell activation to accelerate early atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. KEY MESSAGES Metabolic reprogramming is crucial for Hcy-induced CD4+ T cell inflammatory activation. Hcy activates the glycolytic-lipogenic pathway in CD4+ T cells via PKM2. Targeting PKM2 attenuated HHcy-accelerated early atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice in vivo.
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Fröhlich H, Patjoshi S, Yeghiazaryan K, Kehrer C, Kuhn W, Golubnitschaja O. Premenopausal breast cancer: potential clinical utility of a multi-omics based machine learning approach for patient stratification. EPMA J 2018; 9:175-186. [PMID: 29896316 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-018-0131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The breast cancer (BC) epidemic is a multifactorial disease attributed to the early twenty-first century: about two million of new cases and half a million deaths are registered annually worldwide. New trends are emerging now: on the one hand, with respect to the geographical BC prevalence and, on the other hand, with respect to the age distribution. Recent statistics demonstrate that young populations are getting more and more affected by BC in both Eastern and Western countries. Therefore, the old rule "the older the age, the higher the BC risk" is getting relativised now. Accumulated evidence shows that young premenopausal women deal with particularly unpredictable subtypes of BC such as triple-negative BC, have lower survival rates and respond less to conventional chemotherapy compared to the majority of postmenopausal BC. Working hypothesis Here we hypothesised that a multi-level diagnostic approach may lead to the identification of a molecular signature highly specific for the premenopausal BC. A multi-omic approach using machine learning was considered as a potent tool for stratifying patients with benign breast alterations into well-defined risk groups, namely individuals at high versus low risk for breast cancer development. Results and conclusions The study resulted in identifying multi-omic signature specific for the premenopausal BC that can be used for stratifying patients with benign breast alterations. Our predictive model is capable of discriminating individually between high and low BC-risk with high confidence (>90%) and considered of potential clinical utility. Novel risk assessment approaches and advanced screening programmes-as the long-term target of this project-are of particular importance for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine as the medicine of the future, due to the expected health benefits for young subpopulations and the healthcare system as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Fröhlich
- 1Bonn-Aachen International Centre for IT, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabyasachi Patjoshi
- 1Bonn-Aachen International Centre for IT, Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina Yeghiazaryan
- 2Radiological Clinic, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,3Breast Cancer Research Centre, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,4Centre for Integrated Oncology, Cologne-Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Kehrer
- 3Breast Cancer Research Centre, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,4Centre for Integrated Oncology, Cologne-Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,5Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Walther Kuhn
- 3Breast Cancer Research Centre, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,4Centre for Integrated Oncology, Cologne-Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,5Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- 2Radiological Clinic, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,3Breast Cancer Research Centre, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,4Centre for Integrated Oncology, Cologne-Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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He Y, Gao M, Cao Y, Tang H, Liu S, Tao Y. Nuclear localization of metabolic enzymes in immunity and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:359-371. [PMID: 28757126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism is essential to all living organisms that provide cells with energy, regulators, building blocks, enzyme cofactors and signaling molecules, and is in tune with nutritional conditions and the function of cells to make the appropriate developmental decisions or maintain homeostasis. As a fundamental biological process, metabolism state affects the production of multiple metabolites and the activation of various enzymes that participate in regulating gene expression, cell apoptosis, cancer progression and immunoreactions. Previous studies generally focus on the function played by the metabolic enzymes in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion. In this review, we conclude the role of them in the nucleus and their implications for cancer progression, immunity and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen He
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Menghui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haosheng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Zhou F, Zhou L, Guo T, Wang N, Hao H, Zhou Y, Yu D. Plasma proteomics reveals coagulation, inflammation, and metabolic shifts in H-type hypertension patients with and without acute ischemic stroke. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100384-100395. [PMID: 29245986 PMCID: PMC5725028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic profiling of a larger portion of circulating plasma proteome provide opportunities for unbiased discovery of novel markers to improve diagnostic, therapeutic, or predictive accuracy. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in plasma that could provide overall insight into the molecular changes of both H- type hypertension (HH) and HH-related acute ischemic stroke (AIS). This study used an iTRAQ-based LC-MS/MS proteomics approach to screen for plasma DEPs in HH patients with and without AIS, and controls. After excluding highly abundant plasma proteins, more than 600 proteins, and their relative levels, were identified. Of these, 26 DEPs, each showing > 1.2-fold change, were identified in HH and HH-related AIS patients compared with controls. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these DEPs were enriched in 21 functional gene ontology items; “blood coagulation” was the most predominant pathway showing enrichment. Of these, eight DEPs were located in the hub position of networks involved with protein-protein interactions. AT-3, CRP, ApoB, and AHSG were further validated in each group by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assays. Comparing HH-related AIS with HH, the areas under the curve for AT-3, CRP, ApoB, and AHSG were 0.698, 0.892, 0.626, and 0.847, respectively. This proteomic profiling study provided enhanced pathophysiological understanding of the regulatory processes involved in coagulation, inflammation, and metabolism, and identified a panel of novel biomarkers for detecting HH-related AIS during its pre-stroke stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital at Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Lv Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital at Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Tie Guo
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital at Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Nianzhen Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital at Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Haizhen Hao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital at Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Yanhui Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital at Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Haikou Hospital at Xiangya Medical School of Central South University, Haikou 570208, Hainan, China
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Fu Y, Wang X, Kong W. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and vascular injury: advances in mechanisms and drug targets. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1173-1189. [PMID: 28836260 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine is a sulphur-containing non-proteinogenic amino acid. Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy), the pathogenic elevation of plasma homocysteine as a result of an imbalance of its metabolism, is an independent risk factor for various vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular calcification and aneurysm. Treatments aimed at lowering plasma homocysteine via dietary supplementation with folic acids and vitamin B are more effective in preventing vascular disease where the population has a normally low folate consumption than in areas with higher dietary folate. To date, the mechanisms of HHcy-induced vascular injury are not fully understood. HHcy increases oxidative stress and its downstream signalling pathways, resulting in vascular inflammation. HHcy also causes vascular injury via endoplasmic reticulum stress. Moreover, HHcy up-regulates pathogenic genes and down-regulates protective genes via DNA demethylation and methylation respectively. Homocysteinylation of proteins induced by homocysteine also contributes to vascular injury by modulating intracellular redox state and altering protein function. Furthermore, HHcy-induced vascular injury leads to neuronal damage and disease. Also, an HHcy-activated sympathetic system and HHcy-injured adipose tissue also cause vascular injury, thus demonstrating the interactions between the organs injured by HHcy. Here, we have summarized the recent developments in the mechanisms of HHcy-induced vascular injury, which are further considered as potential therapeutic targets in this condition. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Kumar S, Dikshit M. [What is your diagnosis? (Cutaneous leishmaniasis)]. Front Immunol 1983; 10:2099. [PMID: 31616403 PMCID: PMC6764236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant, short lived, and terminally differentiated leukocytes with distinct tiers of arsenals to counter pathogens. Neutrophils were traditionally considered transcriptionally inactive cells, but recent researches in the field led to a paradigm shift in neutrophil biology and revealed subpopulation heterogeneity, and functions pivotal to immunity and inflammation. Furthermore, recent unfolding of metabolic plasticity in neutrophils has challenged the long-standing concept of their sole dependence on glycolytic pathway. Metabolic adaptations and distinct regulations have been identified which are critical for neutrophil differentiation and functions. The metabolic reprogramming of neutrophils by inflammatory mediators or during pathologies such as sepsis, diabetes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, glycogen storage diseases (GSDs), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer are now being explored. In this review, we discuss recent developments in understanding of the metabolic regulation, that may provide clues for better management and newer therapeutic opportunities for neutrophil centric immuno-deficiencies and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Sachin Kumar
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
- Madhu Dikshit ;
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