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Thomas S, Schulz AM, Leong JM, Zeczycki TN, Garcia BL. The molecular determinants of classical pathway complement inhibition by OspEF-related proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107236. [PMID: 38552741 PMCID: PMC11066524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens by promoting opsonophagocytosis and bacteriolysis. Antibody-dependent activation of complement occurs through the classical pathway and relies on the activity of initiating complement proteases of the C1 complex, C1r and C1s. The causative agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, expresses two paralogous outer surface lipoproteins of the OspEF-related protein family, ElpB and ElpQ, that act as specific inhibitors of classical pathway activation. We have previously shown that ElpB and ElpQ bind directly to C1r and C1s with high affinity and specifically inhibit C2 and C4 cleavage by C1s. To further understand how these novel protease inhibitors function, we carried out a series of hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) experiments using ElpQ and full-length activated C1s as a model of Elp-protease interaction. Comparison of HDX-MS profiles between unbound ElpQ and the ElpQ/C1s complex revealed a putative C1s-binding site on ElpQ. HDX-MS-guided, site-directed ElpQ mutants were generated and tested for direct binding to C1r and C1s using surface plasmon resonance. Several residues within the C-terminal region of ElpQ were identified as important for protease binding, including a single conserved tyrosine residue that was required for ElpQ- and ElpB-mediated complement inhibition. Collectively, our study identifies key molecular determinants for classical pathway protease recognition by Elp proteins. This investigation improves our understanding of the unique complement inhibitory mechanism employed by Elp proteins which serve as part of a sophisticated complement evasion system present in Lyme disease spirochetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna M Schulz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - John M Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tonya N Zeczycki
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brandon L Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.
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2
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Heggi MT, Nour El-Din HT, Morsy DI, Abdelaziz NI, Attia AS. Microbial evasion of the complement system: a continuous and evolving story. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1281096. [PMID: 38239357 PMCID: PMC10794618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a fundamental part of the innate immune system that plays a key role in the battle of the human body against invading pathogens. Through its three pathways, represented by the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, the complement system forms a tightly regulated network of soluble proteins, membrane-expressed receptors, and regulators with versatile protective and killing mechanisms. However, ingenious pathogens have developed strategies over the years to protect themselves from this complex part of the immune system. This review briefly discusses the sequence of the complement activation pathways. Then, we present a comprehensive updated overview of how the major four pathogenic groups, namely, bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, control, modulate, and block the complement attacks at different steps of the complement cascade. We shed more light on the ability of those pathogens to deploy more than one mechanism to tackle the complement system in their path to establish infection within the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam T. Heggi
- Clinical Pharmacy Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanzada T. Nour El-Din
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ahmed S. Attia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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3
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Lin J, Su MF, Zheng JL, Gu L, Wu HC, Wu X, Lin HY, Wu ZX, Li DL. Fas/FasL and Complement Activation are Associated with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Hepatitis. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2023; 11:540-549. [PMID: 36969885 PMCID: PMC10037519 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2022.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis (CAEBVH) is a rare and highly lethal disease characterized by hepatitis and hepatomegaly. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological features and pathogenic mechanisms of CAEBVH. METHODS Ten patients with confirmed Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis infection were enrolled. The clinicopathological characteristics of these patients were summarized and analyzed. Flow cytometry was utilized to detect peripheral blood immune cell phenotypes and whole exome sequencing was used to explore pathogenic genetic mechanisms. Lastly, immunohistochemical staining was employed to verify pathogenic mechanisms. RESULTS Clinical features observed in all Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis patients included fever (7/10), splenomegaly (10/10), hepatomegaly (9/10), abnormal liver function (8/10), and CD8+ T cell lymphopenia (6/7). Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed lymphocytic infiltration in the liver. Positive Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNA in-situ hybridization (EBER-ISH) of lymphocytes of liver tissues was noted. Whole exome sequencing indicated that cytotoxic T lymphocytes and the complement system were involved. The expression of CD8, Fas, FasL, and Caspase-8 expression as well as apoptotic markers was enhanced in the Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis group relative to the controls (p<0.05). Lastly, Complement 1q and complement 3d expression, were higher in CAEBVH patients relative to controls (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CAEBVH patients developed fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Histopathological changes were a diffuse lymphocytic sinusoidal infiltrate with EBER-ISH positivity. Fas/FasL and complement activation were involved in CAEBVH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Miao-Fang Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiao-Long Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Cong Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Correspondence to: Dong-Liang Li, Department of Hepatobiliary Medicine, Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, 900TH Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5536-8468. Tel/Fax: +86-591-2285-9128, E-mail:
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4
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Koh J, Chee HK, Kim KH, Jeong IS, Kim JS, Lee CH, Seo JW. Historical Review and Future of Cardiac Xenotransplantation. Korean Circ J 2023; 53:351-366. [PMID: 37271743 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2022.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the development of immunosuppressive drugs, major advances on xenotransplantation were achieved by understanding the immunobiology of xenograft rejection. Most importantly, three predominant carbohydrate antigens on porcine endothelial cells were key elements provoking hyperacute rejection: α1,3-galactose, SDa blood group antigen, and N-glycolylneuraminic acid. Preformed antibodies binding to the porcine major xenoantigen causes complement activation and endothelial cell activation, leading to xenograft injury and intravascular thrombosis. Recent advances in genetic engineering enabled knock-outs of these major xenoantigens, thus producing xenografts with less hyperacute rejection rates. Another milestone in the history of xenotransplantation was the development of co-stimulation blockaded strategy. Unlike allotransplantation, xenotransplantation requires blockade of CD40-CD40L pathway to prevent T-cell dependent B-cell activation and antibody production. In 2010s, advanced genetic engineering of xenograft by inducing the expression of multiple human transgenes became available. So-called 'multi-gene' xenografts expressing human transgenes such as thrombomodulin and endothelial protein C receptor were introduced, which resulted in the reduction of thrombotic events and improvement of xenograft survival. Still, there are many limitations to clinical translation of cardiac xenotransplantation. Along with technical challenges, zoonotic infection and physiological discordances are major obstacles. Social barriers including healthcare costs also need to be addressed. Although there are several remaining obstacles to overcome, xenotransplantation would surely become the novel option for millions of patients with end-stage heart failure who have limited options to traditional therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Keun Chee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Incheon Sejong Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - In-Seok Jeong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Sun Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ha Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Bucheon Sejong Hospital, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Seo
- Department of Pathology, Incheon Sejong Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
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5
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Mishra N, Pal I, Herrera AI, Dubey A, Arthanari H, Geisbrecht BV, Prakash O. Complete non-proline backbone resonance assignments of the S. aureus neutrophil serine protease inhibitor, EapH1. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:129-134. [PMID: 37160842 PMCID: PMC10823442 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-023-10131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The S. aureus extracellular adherence protein (Eap) and its homologs, EapH1 and EapH2, serve roles in evasion of the human innate immune system. EapH1 binds with high-affinity and inhibits the neutrophil azurophilic granule proteases neutrophil elastase, cathepsin-G and proteinase-3. Previous structural studies using X-ray crystallography have shown that EapH1 binds to neutrophil elastase and cathepsin-G using a globally similar binding mode. However, whether the same holds true in solution is unknown and whether the inhibitor experiences dynamic changes following binding remains uncertain. To facilitate solution-phase structural and biochemical studies of EapH1 and its complexes with neutrophil granule proteases, we have characterized EapH1 by multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Here we report a total of 100% of the non-proline backbone resonance assignments of EapH1 with BMRB accession number 50,304.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Indrani Pal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Alvaro I Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Abhinav Dubey
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Pereira-Filho AA, Queiroz DC, Saab NAA, D'Ávila Pessoa GC, Koerich LB, Pereira MH, Sant'Anna MRV, Araújo RN, Bartholomeu DC, Gontijo NF. Evasion of the complement system by Leishmania through the uptake of C4bBP, a complement regulatory protein, and probably by the action of GP63 on C4b molecules deposited on parasite surface. Acta Trop 2023; 242:106908. [PMID: 36963597 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a primary component of the vertebrate innate immune system, and its activity is harmful to microorganisms and parasites. To evade complement attack, some pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, can interact with complement regulatory proteins from their hosts. Our research group has described the ability of Leishmania species to bind Factor H from human serum and use it as a tool to evade the complement system. However, there is no description of the interaction of Leishmania with other complement regulatory proteins, such as the C4b-binding protein (C4bBP), a negative regulator of classical and lectins complement system pathways. The results presented in this manuscript suggest that Leishmania infantum, L. amazonensis, and L. braziliensis recruit C4bBP from human serum. The uptake of C4bBP by L. infantum was studied in detail to improve our understanding of this inhibitory mechanism. When exposed to this complement regulator, parasites with inactivated GP63 bind to C4bBP and inactivate C4b deposited on their surface after serum exposure. This inactivation occurs by the action of Factor I, a complement system protease. In addition to the C4bBP-Factor I inactivation mechanism, the surface parasite protease GP63 can also inactivate soluble C4b molecules and probably that C4b molecules deposited on the parasites surface. This manuscript shows that Leishmania has two independent strategies to inactivate C4b molecules, preventing the progress of classical and lectin pathways. The identification of theC4bBP receptor on the Leishmania membrane may provide a new vaccine target to fight leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalberto Alves Pereira-Filho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Costa Queiroz
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Natália Alvim Araújo Saab
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Grasielle Caldas D'Ávila Pessoa
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Barbosa Koerich
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Horácio Pereira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio Roberto Viana Sant'Anna
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Nascimento Araújo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Daniella Castanheira Bartholomeu
- Laboratório de Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Nelder Figueiredo Gontijo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia de Insetos Hematófagos, Departamento de Parasitologia/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa postal 486, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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7
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Chen J. Coupled binding and folding of disordered SPIN N-terminal region in myeloperoxidase inhibition. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1130189. [PMID: 36845554 PMCID: PMC9948029 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1130189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus express and secret staphylococcal peroxidase inhibitor (SPIN) proteins to help evade neutrophil-mediated immunity by inhibiting the activity of the main oxidative-defense player myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme. SPIN contains a structured 3-helix bundle C-terminal domain, which can specifically bind to MPO with high affinity, and an intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain (NTD), which folds into a structured β-hairpin and inserts itself into the active site of MPO for inhibition. Mechanistic insights of the coupled folding and binding process are needed in order to better understand how residual structures and/or conformational flexibility of NTD contribute to the different strengths of inhibition of SPIN homologs. In this work, we applied atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on two SPIN homologs, from S. aureus and S. delphini, respectively, which share high sequence identity and similarity, to explore the possible mechanistic basis for their different inhibition efficacies on human MPO. Direct simulations of the unfolding and unbinding processes at 450 K reveal that these two SPIN/MPO complexes systems follow surprisingly different mechanisms of coupled binding and folding. While coupled binding and folding of SPIN-aureus NTD is highly cooperative, SPIN-delphini NTD appears to mainly utilize a conformational selection-like mechanism. These observations are in contrast to an overwhelming prevalence of induced folding-like mechanisms for intrinsically disordered proteins that fold into helical structures upon binding. Further simulations of unbound SPIN NTDs at room temperature reveal that SPIN-delphini NTD has a much stronger propensity of forming β-hairpin like structures, consistent with its preference to fold and then bind. These may help explain why the inhibition strength is not well correlated with binding affinity for different SPIN homologs. Altogether, our work establishes the relationship between the residual conformational stability of SPIN-NTD and their inhibitory function, which can help us develop new strategies towards treating Staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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8
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Gido CD, Herdendorf TJ, Geisbrecht BV. Characterization of two distinct neutrophil serine protease-binding modes within a Staphylococcus aureus innate immune evasion protein family. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102969. [PMID: 36736422 PMCID: PMC9996362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adherence protein domain (EAPs) proteins are a class of innate immune evasion proteins secreted by the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. EAPs are potent and selective inhibitors of cathepsin-G (CG) and neutrophil elastase (NE), which are the two most abundant neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs). Previous work from our group has shown that the prototypical EAP, EapH1, relies on plasticity within a single inhibitory site to block the activities of CG and NE. However, whether other EAPs follow similar structure-function relationships is unclear. To address this question, we studied the inhibitory properties of the first (Eap1) and second (Eap2) domains of the modular extracellular adherence protein of S. aureus and determined their structures when bound to CG and NE, respectively. We observed that both Eap1 and Eap2 displayed time-dependent inhibition of CG (on the order of 10-9 M) and of NE (on the order of 10-10 M). We also found that whereas the structures of Eap1 and Eap2 bound to CG showed an overall inhibitory mode like that seen previously for EapH1, the structures of Eap1 and Eap2 bound to NE revealed a new inhibitory mode involving a distal region of the EAP domain. Using site-directed mutagenesis of Eap1 and Eap2, along with enzyme assays, we confirmed the roles of interfacial residues in NSP inhibition. Taken together, our work demonstrates that EAPs can form structurally divergent complexes with two closely related serine proteases and further suggests that certain EAPs may be capable of inhibiting two NSPs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson D Gido
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Timothy J Herdendorf
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.
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9
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Ermis Akyuz E, Bell SM. The Diverse Role of CUB and Sushi Multiple Domains 1 (CSMD1) in Human Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122332. [PMID: 36553598 PMCID: PMC9778380 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CUB and Sushi Multiple Domains 1 (CSMD1), a tumour suppressor gene, encodes a large membrane-bound protein including a single transmembrane domain. This transmembrane region has a potential tyrosine phosphorylation site, suggesting that CSMD1 is involved in controlling cellular functions. Although the specific mechanisms of action for CSMD1 have not yet been uncovered, it has been linked to a number of processes including development, complement control, neurodevelopment, and cancer progression. In this review, we summarise CSMD1 functions in the cellular processes involved in the complement system, metastasis, and Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and also in the diseases schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Clarifying the association between CSMD1 and the aforementioned diseases will contribute to the development of new diagnosis and treatment methods for these diseases. Recent studies in certain cancer types, e.g., gastric cancer, oesophageal cancer, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, have indicated the involvement of CSMD1 in response to immunotherapy.
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10
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Haque HME, Ejemel M, Vance DJ, Willsey G, Rudolph MJ, Cavacini LA, Wang Y, Mantis NJ, Weis DD. Human B Cell Epitope Map of the Lyme Disease Vaccine Antigen, OspA. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2515-2528. [PMID: 36350351 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Lyme disease (LD) vaccine formerly approved for use in the United States consisted of recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss), the bacterial genospecies responsible for the vast majority of LD in North America. OspA is an ∼30 kDa lipoprotein made up of 21 antiparallel β-strands and a C-terminal α-helix. In clinical trials, protection against LD following vaccination correlated with serum antibody titers against a single epitope near the C-terminus of OspA, as defined by the mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb), LA-2. However, the breadth of the human antibody response to OspA following vaccination remains undefined even as next-generation multivalent OspA-based vaccines are under development. In this report, we employed hydrogen exchange-mass spectrometry (HX-MS) to localize the epitopes recognized by a unique panel of OspA human MAbs, including four shown to passively protect mice against experimental B. burgdorferi infection and one isolated from a patient with antibiotic refractory Lyme arthritis. The epitopes grouped into three spatially distinct bins that, together, encompass more than half the surface-exposed area of OspA. The bins corresponded to OspA β-strands 8-10 (bin 1), 11-13 (bin 2), and 16-20 plus the C-terminal α-helix (bin 3). Bin 3 was further divided into sub-bins relative to LA-2's epitope. MAbs with complement-dependent borreliacidal activity, as well as B. burgdorferi transmission-blocking activity in the mouse model were found within each bin. Therefore, the resulting B cell epitope map encompasses functionally important targets on OspA that likely contribute to immunity to B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Emranul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Monir Ejemel
- MassBiologics, Boston, Massachusetts02126, United States
| | - David J Vance
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York12208, United States
| | - Graham Willsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York12208, United States
| | - Michael J Rudolph
- New York Structural Biology Center, New York, New York10027, United States
| | | | - Yang Wang
- MassBiologics, Boston, Massachusetts02126, United States
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York12208, United States
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
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11
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Garrigues RJ, Thomas S, Leong JM, Garcia BL. Outer surface lipoproteins from the Lyme disease spirochete exploit the molecular switch mechanism of the complement protease C1s. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102557. [PMID: 36183830 PMCID: PMC9637899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic cascades comprise several important physiological systems, including a primary arm of innate immunity called the complement cascade. To safeguard against complement-mediated attack, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borreliella burgdorferi, produces numerous outer surface-localized lipoproteins that contribute to successful complement evasion. Recently, we discovered a pair of B. burgdorferi surface lipoproteins of the OspEF-related protein family-termed ElpB and ElpQ-that inhibit antibody-mediated complement activation. In this study, we investigate the molecular mechanism of ElpB and ElpQ complement inhibition using an array of biochemical and biophysical approaches. In vitro assays of complement activation show that an independently folded homologous C-terminal domain of each Elp protein maintains full complement inhibitory activity and selectively inhibits the classical pathway. Using binding assays and complement component C1s enzyme assays, we show that binding of Elp proteins to activated C1s blocks complement component C4 cleavage by competing with C1s-C4 binding without occluding the active site. C1s-mediated C4 cleavage is dependent on activation-induced binding sites, termed exosites. To test whether these exosites are involved in Elp-C1s binding, we performed site-directed mutagenesis, which showed that ElpB and ElpQ binding require C1s residues in the anion-binding exosite located on the serine protease domain of C1s. Based on these results, we propose a model whereby ElpB and ElpQ exploit activation-induced conformational changes that are normally important for C1s-mediated C4 cleavage. Our study expands the known complement evasion mechanisms of microbial pathogens and reveals a novel molecular mechanism for selective C1s inhibition by Lyme disease spirochetes.
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12
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Song S, Regan B, Ereifej ES, Chan ER, Capadona JR. Neuroinflammatory Gene Expression Analysis Reveals Pathways of Interest as Potential Targets to Improve the Recording Performance of Intracortical Microelectrodes. Cells 2022; 11:2348. [PMID: 35954192 PMCID: PMC9367362 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes are a critical component of brain-machine interface (BMI) systems. The recording performance of intracortical microelectrodes used for both basic neuroscience research and clinical applications of BMIs decreases over time, limiting the utility of the devices. The neuroinflammatory response to the microelectrode has been identified as a significant contributing factor to its performance. Traditionally, pathological assessment has been limited to a dozen or so known neuroinflammatory proteins, and only a few groups have begun to explore changes in gene expression following microelectrode implantation. Our initial characterization of gene expression profiles of the neuroinflammatory response to mice implanted with non-functional intracortical probes revealed many upregulated genes that could inform future therapeutic targets. Emphasis was placed on the most significant gene expression changes and genes involved in multiple innate immune sets, including Cd14, C3, Itgam, and Irak4. In previous studies, inhibition of Cluster of Differentiation 14 (Cd14) improved microelectrode performance for up to two weeks after electrode implantation, suggesting CD14 can be explored as a potential therapeutic target. However, all measures of improvements in signal quality and electrode performance lost statistical significance after two weeks. Therefore, the current study investigated the expression of genes in the neuroinflammatory pathway at the tissue-microelectrode interface in Cd14-/- mice to understand better how Cd14 inhibition was connected to temporary improvements in recording quality over the initial 2-weeks post-surgery, allowing for the identification of potential co-therapeutic targets that may work synergistically with or after CD14 inhibition to improve microelectrode performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.S.); (E.S.E.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brianna Regan
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Evon S. Ereifej
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.S.); (E.S.E.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Veteran Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - E. Ricky Chan
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (S.S.); (E.S.E.)
- Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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13
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Garrigues RJ, Powell-Pierce AD, Hammel M, Skare JT, Garcia BL. A Structural Basis for Inhibition of the Complement Initiator Protease C1r by Lyme Disease Spirochetes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:2856-2867. [PMID: 34759015 PMCID: PMC8612984 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Complement evasion is a hallmark of extracellular microbial pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Lyme disease spirochetes express nearly a dozen outer surface lipoproteins that bind complement components and interfere with their native activities. Among these, BBK32 is unique in its selective inhibition of the classical pathway. BBK32 blocks activation of this pathway by selectively binding and inhibiting the C1r serine protease of the first component of complement, C1. To understand the structural basis for BBK32-mediated C1r inhibition, we performed crystallography and size-exclusion chromatography-coupled small angle X-ray scattering experiments, which revealed a molecular model of BBK32-C in complex with activated human C1r. Structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis was combined with surface plasmon resonance binding experiments and assays of complement function to validate the predicted molecular interface. Analysis of the structures shows that BBK32 inhibits activated forms of C1r by occluding substrate interaction subsites (i.e., S1 and S1') and reveals a surprising role for C1r B loop-interacting residues for full inhibitory activity of BBK32. The studies reported in this article provide for the first time (to our knowledge) a structural basis for classical pathway-specific inhibition by a human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Garrigues
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Alexandra D Powell-Pierce
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan/College Station, TX; and
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Jon T Skare
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan/College Station, TX; and
| | - Brandon L Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC;
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14
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Poppelaars F, Faria B, Schwaeble W, Daha MR. The Contribution of Complement to the Pathogenesis of IgA Nephropathy: Are Complement-Targeted Therapies Moving from Rare Disorders to More Common Diseases? J Clin Med 2021; 10:4715. [PMID: 34682837 PMCID: PMC8539100 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure for which there is no disease-specific treatment. However, this could change, since novel therapeutic approaches are currently being assessed in clinical trials, including complement-targeting therapies. An improved understanding of the role of the lectin and the alternative pathway of complement in the pathophysiology of IgAN has led to the development of these treatment strategies. Recently, in a phase 2 trial, treatment with a blocking antibody against mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2, a crucial enzyme of the lectin pathway) was suggested to have a potential benefit for IgAN. Now in a phase 3 study, this MASP-2 inhibitor for the treatment of IgAN could mark the start of a new era of complement therapeutics where common diseases can be treated with these drugs. The clinical development of complement inhibitors requires a better understanding by physicians of the biology of complement, the pathogenic role of complement in IgAN, and complement-targeted therapies. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the role of complement in IgAN, including the recent discovery of new mechanisms of complement activation and opportunities for complement inhibitors as the treatment of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Poppelaars
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.F.); (M.R.D.)
| | - Bernardo Faria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.F.); (M.R.D.)
- Nephrology and Infectious Disease R&D Group, INEB, Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Wilhelm Schwaeble
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK;
| | - Mohamed R. Daha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands; (B.F.); (M.R.D.)
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Leiden, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Type III secretion system effector subnetworks elicit distinct host immune responses to infection. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:19-26. [PMID: 34537517 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium, a natural mouse pathogen which colonises the colon of immuno-competent mice, provides a robust model for interrogating host-pathogen-microbiota interactions in vivo. This model has been key to providing new insights into local host responses to enteric infection, including changes in intestinal epithelial cell immunometabolism and mucosal immunity. C. rodentium injects 31 bacterial effectors into epithelial cells via a type III secretion system (T3SS). Recently, these effectors were shown to be able to form multiple intracellular subnetworks which can withstand significant contractions whilst maintaining virulence. Here we highlight recent advances in understanding gut mucosal responses to infection and effector biology, as well as potential uses for artificial intelligence (AI) in understanding infectious disease and speculate on the role of T3SS effector networks in host adaption.
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16
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Abstract
Antibody-dependent complement activation plays a major role in various pathophysiological processes in our body, including infection, inflammation, autoimmunity, and transplant rejection. In order to activate complement, antibodies should bind to target cells and recruit complement component C1. C1 is a large, multimolecular complex that consists of the antibody recognition protein C1q and a heterotetramer of proteases (C1r2s2). Although it is believed that interactions between C1 and IgGs are solely mediated by C1q, we here show that C1r2s2 proteases affect the capacity of C1q to form an avid complex with surface-bound IgG molecules. Furthermore, we demonstrate that C1q–IgG stability is influenced by IgG oligomerization and that promoting IgG oligomerization improves phagocytosis of the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Complement is an important effector mechanism for antibody-mediated clearance of infections and tumor cells. Upon binding to target cells, the antibody’s constant (Fc) domain recruits complement component C1 to initiate a proteolytic cascade that generates lytic pores and stimulates phagocytosis. The C1 complex (C1qr2s2) consists of the large recognition protein C1q and a heterotetramer of proteases C1r and C1s (C1r2s2). While interactions between C1 and IgG-Fc are believed to be mediated by the globular heads of C1q, we here find that C1r2s2 proteases affect the capacity of C1q to form an avid complex with surface-bound IgG molecules (on various 2,4-dinitrophenol [DNP]-coated surfaces and pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus). The extent to which C1r2s2 contributes to C1q–IgG stability strongly differs between human IgG subclasses. Using antibody engineering of monoclonal IgG, we reveal that hexamer-enhancing mutations improve C1q–IgG stability, both in the absence and presence of C1r2s2. In addition, hexamer-enhanced IgGs targeting S. aureus mediate improved complement-dependent phagocytosis by human neutrophils. Altogether, these molecular insights into complement binding to surface-bound IgGs could be important for optimal design of antibody therapies.
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Zewde NT, Hsu RV, Morikis D, Palermo G. Systems Biology Modeling of the Complement System Under Immune Susceptible Pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2021; 9:603704. [PMID: 35145963 PMCID: PMC8827490 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2021.603704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is assembled from a network of proteins that function to bring about the first line of defense of the body against invading pathogens. However, complement deficiencies or invasive pathogens can hijack complement to subsequently increase susceptibility of the body to infections. Moreover, invasive pathogens are increasingly becoming resistant to the currently available therapies. Hence, it is important to gain insights into the highly dynamic interaction between complement and invading microbes in the frontlines of immunity. Here, we developed a mathematical model of the complement system composed of 670 ordinary differential equations with 328 kinetic parameters, which describes all three complement pathways (alternative, classical, and lectin) and includes description of mannose-binding lectin, collectins, ficolins, factor H-related proteins, immunoglobulin M, and pentraxins. Additionally, we incorporate two pathogens: (type 1) complement susceptible pathogen and (type 2) Neisseria meningitidis located in either nasopharynx or bloodstream. In both cases, we generate time profiles of the pathogen surface occupied by complement components and the membrane attack complex (MAC). Our model shows both pathogen types in bloodstream are saturated by complement proteins, whereas MACs occupy <<1.0% of the pathogen surface. Conversely, the MAC production in nasopharynx occupies about 1.5-10% of the total N. meningitidis surface, thus making nasal MAC levels at least about eight orders of magnitude higher. Altogether, we predict complement-imbalance, favoring overactivation, is associated with nasopharynx homeostasis. Conversely, orientating toward complement-balance may cause disruption to the nasopharynx homeostasis. Thus, for sporadic meningococcal disease, our model predicts rising nasal levels of complement regulators as early infection biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehemiah T. Zewde
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rohaine V. Hsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dimitrios Morikis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Correspondence: Giulia Palermo, , Dimitrios Morikis,
| | - Giulia Palermo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
- Correspondence: Giulia Palermo, , Dimitrios Morikis,
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18
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Hower S, McCormack R, Bartra SS, Alonso P, Podack ER, Shembade N, Plano GV. LPS modifications and AvrA activity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are required to prevent Perforin-2 expression by infected fibroblasts and intestinal epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104852. [PMID: 33762201 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular Perforin-2 (MPEG1) is a pore-forming MACPF family protein that plays a critical role in the defense against bacterial pathogens. Macrophages, neutrophils, and several other cell types that are part of the front line of innate defenses constitutively express high levels of Perforin-2; whereas, most other cell types must be induced to express Perforin-2 by interferons (α, β and γ) and/or PAMPs such as LPS. In this study, we demonstrate that many bacterial pathogens can limit the expression of Perforin-2 in cells normally inducible for Perforin-2 expression, while ordinarily commensal or non-pathogenic bacteria triggered high levels of Perforin-2 expression in these same cell types. The mechanisms by which pathogens suppress Perforin-2 expression was explored further using Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and cultured MEFs as well as intestinal epithelial cell lines. These studies identified multiple factors required to minimize the expression of Perforin-2 in cell types inducible for Perforin-2 expression. These included the PmrAB and PhoPQ two-component systems, select LPS modification enzymes and the Type III secretion effector protein AvrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Hower
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ryan McCormack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Sara Schesser Bartra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Patricia Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Eckhard R Podack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Noula Shembade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Gregory V Plano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Zarantonello A, Pedersen H, Laursen NS, Andersen GR. Nanobodies Provide Insight into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Complement Cascade and Offer New Therapeutic Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020298. [PMID: 33671302 PMCID: PMC7922070 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is part of the innate immune response, where it provides immediate protection from infectious agents and plays a fundamental role in homeostasis. Complement dysregulation occurs in several diseases, where the tightly regulated proteolytic cascade turns offensive. Prominent examples are atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic intervention targeting complement activation may allow treatment of such debilitating diseases. In this review, we describe a panel of complement targeting nanobodies that allow modulation at different steps of the proteolytic cascade, from the activation of the C1 complex in the classical pathway to formation of the C5 convertase in the terminal pathway. Thorough structural and functional characterization has provided a deep mechanistic understanding of the mode of inhibition for each of the nanobodies. These complement specific nanobodies are novel powerful probes for basic research and offer new opportunities for in vivo complement modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zarantonello
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Henrik Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Nick S. Laursen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Gregers R. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.Z.); (H.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-30256646
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20
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Ghosh S, Das S, Mukherjee J, Abdullah S, Mondal R, Sultana S, Sehgal A, Behl T. Enumerating the role of properdin in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and its possible therapies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107429. [PMID: 33571820 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has become the most prevalent form of glomerulonephritis affecting almost 1.3% of the total population worldwide. It is an autoimmune disorder where the host autoantibody forms an immune complex with the defective galactose-deficient IgA1 and gets deposited at the mesangium and endocapillary region of glomeruli. IgA has the capability to activate alternative and lectin complement cascades which even aggravates the condition. Properdin is directly associated with IgAN by activating and stabilising the alternative complement pathway at the mesangium, thereby causing progressive renal damage. OBJECTIVE The present review mainly focuses on correlating the influence of properdin in activating the complement cascade at glomeruli which is the major cause of disease exacerbation. Secondly, we have described the probable therapies and new targets that are under trials to check their efficacy in IgAN. METHODS An in-depth research was carried out from different peer-reviewed articles till December 2020 from several renowned databases like PubMed, Frontier, and MEDLINE, and the information was analysed and written in a simplified manner. RESULTS Co-deposition of properdin is observed along with IgA and C3 in 75%-100% of the patients. It is not yet fully understood whether properdin inhibition can attenuate IgAN, as many conflicting reports have revealed worsening of IgAN after impeding properdin. CONCLUSION With no specific cure still available, the treatment strategies are of great concern to find a better target to restrict the disease progression. More research and clinical trials are required to find out a prominent target to combat IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijit Ghosh
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Srijita Das
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Joy Mukherjee
- Bengal School of Technology, Sugandha, Hooghly 712102, West Bengal, India
| | - Salik Abdullah
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupsa Mondal
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Shirin Sultana
- Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata 700114, West Bengal, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Patiala 140401, Punjab, India.
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21
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Baidya F, Bohra M, Datta A, Sarmah D, Shah B, Jagtap P, Raut S, Sarkar A, Singh U, Kalia K, Borah A, Wang X, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Neuroimmune crosstalk and evolving pharmacotherapies in neurodegenerative diseases. Immunology 2021; 162:160-178. [PMID: 32939758 PMCID: PMC7808166 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is characterized by gradual onset and limited availability of specific biomarkers. Apart from various aetiologies such as infection, trauma, genetic mutation, the interaction between the immune system and CNS is widely associated with neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases. The immune system plays a distinct role in disease progression and cellular homeostasis. It induces cellular and humoral responses, and enables tissue repair, cellular healing and clearance of cellular detritus. Aberrant and chronic activation of the immune system can damage healthy neurons. The pro-inflammatory mediators secreted by chief innate immune components, the complement system, microglia and inflammasome can augment cytotoxicity. Furthermore, these inflammatory mediators accelerate microglial activation resulting in progressive neuronal loss. Various animal studies have been carried out to unravel the complex pathology and ascertain biomarkers for these harmful diseases, but have had limited success. The present review will provide a thorough understanding of microglial activation, complement system and inflammasome generation, which lead the healthy brain towards neurodegeneration. In addition to this, possible targets of immune components to confer a strategic treatment regime for the alleviation of neuronal damage are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Baidya
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Mariya Bohra
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Aishika Datta
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Birva Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Priya Jagtap
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Swapnil Raut
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Ankan Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Upasna Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and BioinformaticsAssam UniversitySilcharAssamIndia
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryBrigham and Women’s HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad (NIPER‐A)GandhinagarGujaratIndia
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22
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Targeting the Initiator Protease of the Classical Pathway of Complement Using Fragment-Based Drug Discovery. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25174016. [PMID: 32899120 PMCID: PMC7504721 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiating protease of the complement classical pathway, C1r, represents an upstream and pathway-specific intervention point for complement-related autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Yet, C1r-targeted therapeutic development is currently underrepresented relative to other complement targets. In this study, we developed a fragment-based drug discovery approach using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and molecular modeling to identify and characterize novel C1r-binding small-molecule fragments. SPR was used to screen a 2000-compound fragment library for binding to human C1r. This led to the identification of 24 compounds that bound C1r with equilibrium dissociation constants ranging between 160–1700 µM. Two fragments, termed CMP-1611 and CMP-1696, directly inhibited classical pathway-specific complement activation in a dose-dependent manner. CMP-1611 was selective for classical pathway inhibition, while CMP-1696 also blocked the lectin pathway but not the alternative pathway. Direct binding experiments mapped the CMP-1696 binding site to the serine protease domain of C1r and molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies, combined with C1r autoactivation assays, suggest that CMP-1696 binds within the C1r active site. The group of structurally distinct fragments identified here, along with the structure–activity relationship profiling of two lead fragments, form the basis for future development of novel high-affinity C1r-binding, classical pathway-specific, small-molecule complement inhibitors.
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Sharma S, Bhatnagar R, Gaur D. Complement Evasion Strategies of Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:283-296. [PMID: 32655196 PMCID: PMC7329968 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00872-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pathogens need to overcome an elaborate network of host defense mechanisms in order to establish their infection, colonization, proliferation and eventual dissemination. The interaction of pathogens with different effector molecules of the immune system results in their neutralization and elimination from the host. The complement system is one such integral component of innate immunity that is critically involved in the early recognition and elimination of the pathogen. Hence, under this immune pressure, all virulent pathogens capable of inducing active infections have evolved immune evasive strategies that primarily target the complement system, which plays an essential and central role for host defense. Recent reports on several bacterial pathogens have elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying complement evasion, inhibition of opsonic phagocytosis and cell lysis. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the recent findings on the various strategies adopted by pathogenic bacteria to escape complement-mediated clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikhar Sharma
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Gaur
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Mellors J, Tipton T, Longet S, Carroll M. Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1450. [PMID: 32733480 PMCID: PMC7363932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity which readily responds to invading microorganisms. Activation of the complement system typically occurs via three main pathways and can induce various antimicrobial effects, including: neutralization of pathogens, regulation of inflammatory responses, promotion of chemotaxis, and enhancement of the adaptive immune response. These can be vital host responses to protect against acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Consequently, many viruses (including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Nipah virus) have evolved mechanisms for evasion or dysregulation of the complement system to enhance viral infectivity and even exacerbate disease symptoms. The complement system has multifaceted roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, with both intracellular and extracellular functions, that can be relevant to all stages of viral infection. A better understanding of this virus-host interplay and its contribution to pathogenesis has previously led to: the identification of genetic factors which influence viral infection and disease outcome, the development of novel antivirals, and the production of safer, more effective vaccines. This review will discuss the antiviral effects of the complement system against numerous viruses, the mechanisms employed by these viruses to then evade or manipulate this system, and how these interactions have informed vaccine/therapeutic development. Where relevant, conflicting findings and current research gaps are highlighted to aid future developments in virology and immunology, with potential applications to the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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25
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Herdendorf TJ, Stapels DAC, Rooijakkers SHM, Geisbrecht BV. Local structural plasticity of the Staphylococcus aureus evasion protein EapH1 enables engagement with multiple neutrophil serine proteases. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7753-7762. [PMID: 32303641 PMCID: PMC7261791 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the EAP family of Staphylococcus aureus immune evasion proteins potently inhibit the neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) neutrophil elastase, cathepsin-G, and proteinase-3. Previously, we determined a 1.8 Å resolution crystal structure of the EAP family member EapH1 bound to neutrophil elastase. This structure revealed that EapH1 blocks access to the enzyme's active site by forming a noncovalent complex with this host protease. To determine how EapH1 inhibits other NSPs, we studied here the effects of EapH1 on cathepsin-G. We found that EapH1 inhibits cathepsin-G with a Ki of 9.8 ± 4.7 nm Although this Ki value is ∼466-fold weaker than the Ki for EapH1 inhibition of neutrophil elastase, the time dependence of inhibition was maintained. To define the physical basis for EapH1's inhibition of cathepsin-G, we crystallized EapH1 bound to this protease, solved the structure at 1.6 Å resolution, and refined the model to Rwork and Rfree values of 17.4% and 20.9%, respectively. This structure revealed a protease-binding mode for EapH1 with cathepsin-G that was globally similar to that seen in the previously determined EapH1-neutrophil elastase structure. The nature of the intermolecular interactions formed by EapH1 with cathepsin-G differed considerably from that with neutrophil elastase, however, with far greater contributions from the inhibitor backbone in the cathepsin-G-bound form. Together, these results reveal that EapH1's ability to form high-affinity interactions with multiple NSP targets is due to its remarkable level of local structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Herdendorf
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Daphne A. C. Stapels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Rd., Manhattan, KS 66506. Tel.:
785-532-3154; Fax:
785-532-7278; E-mail:
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26
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Futoma-Kołoch B, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Dudek B, Dorotkiewicz-Jach A, Drulis-Kawa Z, Gamian A. Outer Membrane Proteins of Salmonella as Potential Markers of Resistance to Serum, Antibiotics and Biocides. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1960-1978. [PMID: 30378478 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031130851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis continues to be a significant worldwide health problem. Despite rapid progress in identifying mechanisms of Salmonella virulence and resistance to chemicals, our knowledge of these mechanisms remains limited. Furthermore, it appears that the resistance to antibiotics can be amplified by ubiquitous usage of the disinfectants (biocides), both by industry and by ordinary households. Salmonella, as other Gram-negative bacteria possess outer membrane proteins (OMPs), which participate in maintaining cell integrity, adapting to environment, and interacting with infected host. Moreover, the OMPs may also contribute to resistance to antibacterials. This review summarizes the role of OMPs in Salmonella serum resistance, antibiotics resistance and cross-resistance to biocides. Although collected data do not allow to assign OMPs as markers of the Salmonella susceptibility to the above-mentioned factors, some of these proteins retain a dominant presence in certain types of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Futoma-Kołoch
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Dorotkiewicz-Jach
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Drulis-Kawa
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63-77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolfa Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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27
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Herrera AI, Dubey A, Geisbrecht BV, Arthanari H, Prakash O. Backbone resonance assignments of innate immune evasion protein EapH2 from the S. aureus. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2019; 13:219-222. [PMID: 30729401 PMCID: PMC6440808 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-019-09880-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a ubiquitous and persistent pathogen of humans and livestock. The bacterium disrupts the host's innate immune system's ability to recognize and clear bacteria with optimal efficiency by expressing a wide variety of virulence proteins. Two single domain protein homologs (EapH1, EapH2) of the extracellular adherence protein (Eap) have been reported. Eap is a multidomain protein that participates in various protein-protein interactions that inhibit the innate immune response, including both the complement and Neutrophil Serine Proteases (NSPs). EapH1 and EapH2 are also inhibitors of NSPs (Stapels et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci 111:13187-13192, 2014), but lack the ability to inhibit the classical, and lectin pathways of the complement activation system (Woehl et al., J Immunol 193:6161-6171, 2014). We continue the characterization of Eap domains, here with the experiments on EapH2, we acquired a series of 2D and 3D NMR spectra of EapH2 in solution. We completed 99% of expected non-proline backbone 1H, 15N, and 13C resonance assignments of EapH2 and predicted secondary structure via the TALOS-N server. The assignment data have been deposited in the BMRB data bank under Accession Number 27540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro I Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Abhinav Dubey
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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28
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Structural determination of the complement inhibitory domain of Borrelia burgdorferi BBK32 provides insight into classical pathway complement evasion by Lyme disease spirochetes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007659. [PMID: 30897158 PMCID: PMC6445466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The carboxy-terminal domain of the BBK32 protein from Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, termed BBK32-C, binds and inhibits the initiating serine protease of the human classical complement pathway, C1r. In this study we investigated the function of BBK32 orthologues of the Lyme-associated Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, designated BAD16 from B. afzelii strain PGau and BGD19 from B. garinii strain IP90. Our data show that B. afzelii BAD16-C exhibits BBK32-C-like activities in all assays tested, including high-affinity binding to purified C1r protease and C1 complex, and potent inhibition of the classical complement pathway. Recombinant B. garinii BGD19-C also bound C1 and C1r with high-affinity yet exhibited significantly reduced in vitro complement inhibitory activities relative to BBK32-C or BAD16-C. Interestingly, natively produced BGD19 weakly recognized C1r relative to BBK32 and BAD16 and, unlike these proteins, BGD19 did not confer significant protection from serum killing. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to convert BBK32-C to resemble BGD19-C at three residue positions that are identical between BBK32 and BAD16 but different in BGD19. The resulting chimeric protein was designated BXK32-C and this BBK32-C variant mimicked the properties observed for BGD19-C. To query the disparate complement inhibitory activities of BBK32 orthologues, the crystal structure of BBK32-C was solved to 1.7Å limiting resolution. BBK32-C adopts an anti-parallel four-helix bundle fold with a fifth alpha-helix protruding from the helical core. The structure revealed that the three residues targeted in the BXK32-C chimera are surface-exposed, further supporting their potential relevance in C1r binding and inhibition. Additional binding assays showed that BBK32-C only recognized C1r fragments containing the serine protease domain. The structure-function studies reported here improve our understanding of how BBK32 recognizes and inhibits C1r and provide new insight into complement evasion mechanisms of Lyme-associated spirochetes of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex.
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Milani M, Annoni A, Bartolaccini S, Biffi M, Russo F, Di Tomaso T, Raimondi A, Lengler J, Holmes MC, Scheiflinger F, Lombardo A, Cantore A, Naldini L. Genome editing for scalable production of alloantigen-free lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene therapy. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:1558-1573. [PMID: 28835507 PMCID: PMC5666310 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LV) are powerful and versatile vehicles for gene therapy. However, their complex biological composition challenges large-scale manufacturing and raises concerns for in vivo applications, because particle components and contaminants may trigger immune responses. Here, we show that producer cell-derived polymorphic class-I major histocompatibility complexes (MHC-I) are incorporated into the LV surface and trigger allogeneic T-cell responses. By disrupting the beta-2 microglobulin gene in producer cells, we obtained MHC-free LV with substantially reduced immunogenicity. We introduce this targeted editing into a novel stable LV packaging cell line, carrying single-copy inducible vector components, which can be reproducibly converted into high-yield LV producers upon site-specific integration of the LV genome of interest. These LV efficiently transfer genes into relevant targets and are more resistant to complement-mediated inactivation, because of reduced content of the vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein G compared to vectors produced by transient transfection. Altogether, these advances support scalable manufacturing of alloantigen-free LV with higher purity and increased complement resistance that are better suited for in vivo gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Milani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Bartolaccini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Russo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziano Di Tomaso
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Angelo Lombardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Cantore
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy .,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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30
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Ceylan K, Jahns LJ, Lode BN, Ehlert K, Kietz S, Troschke-Meurer S, Siebert N, Lode HN. Inflammatory response and treatment tolerance of long-term infusion of the anti-GD 2 antibody ch14.18/CHO in combination with interleukin-2 in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e26967. [PMID: 29350486 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The monoclonal anti-GD2 antibody ch14.18/CHO in combination with IL-2 is active and effective in high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) patients. Here, we investigated the inflammatory response and treatment tolerance of long-term infusion (LTI) of ch14.18/CHO (10 × 10 mg/m2 ; 24 hr) in combination with subcutaneous (s.c.) IL-2 in a single center program. METHODS Fifty-three NB patients received up to six cycles of 100 mg/m2 ch14.18/CHO (d8-18, where d represents day(s)) as LTI combined with 6 × 106 IU/m2 s.c. IL-2 (d1-5; 8-12) and 160 mg/m2 oral 13-cis retinoic acid (RA) (d19-32). Side effects of ch14.18/CHO and IL-2 treatment require hospitalization of patients on d8. Treatment tolerance was evaluated daily with clinical parameters (body temperature, vital signs, Lansky performance status, requirement of i.v. concomitant medication) to define an outpatient candidate status. sIL-2-R and C-reactive protein values were determined to assess the inflammatory response. RESULTS LTI of ch14.18/CHO (d8-18) in combination with s.c.IL-2 (d8-12) showed an acceptable treatment tolerance that allowed all patients to receive part of the treatment as an outpatient (median time point of discharge: d15 for all cycles). The treatment tolerance improved from cycle to cycle and the time to become an outpatient candidate decreased from d15 to d13 in subsequent cycles. Clinical and laboratory parameters indicate a maximum inflammatory response at d11 of each cycle. Interestingly, the soluble IL-2 receptor remained increased at baseline of the next cycle indicating immune activation over the entire treatment period of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS LTI of ch14.18/CHO combined with s.c.IL-2 shows an improved tolerance in subsequent cycles allowing outpatient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiraz Ceylan
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luciana J Jahns
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bjoern N Lode
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karoline Ehlert
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silke Kietz
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Nikolai Siebert
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger N Lode
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Zhi H, Xie J, Skare JT. The Classical Complement Pathway Is Required to Control Borrelia burgdorferi Levels During Experimental Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:959. [PMID: 29867944 PMCID: PMC5949333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the classical complement pathway occurs to varying degrees within strains of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex, which contain a group of pathogenic spirochetes that cause tick-borne Lyme borreliosis, including the agent of Lyme disease in the United States, B. burgdorferi. Despite this information, details related to the control of B. burgdorferi by the classical pathway are not clear. To address this question, we infected C1qα-/- mice, which cannot assemble the C1 complex and thus fail to activate the classical pathway, with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto strain B31. Using bioluminescent in vivo imaging, we found that C1qα-/- mice harbored more B. burgdorferi following 10 days of infection relative to their isogenic C57BL/6 parent. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) demonstrated that C1qα-/- mice harbored significantly more B. burgdorferi than parent mice did within lymph nodes, skin, heart, and joints. The increased B. burgdorferi load in C1qα-/- mice was observed at 21 and 28 days of infection, consistent with the classical pathway promoting complement-dependent, antibody-mediated killing following the development of a B. burgdorferi-specific humoral immune response. In addition, circulating borrelial-specific IgM was higher in C1qα-/- mice relative to their parent mouse strain and did not decrease at 21 and 28 days post-infection, indicating that IgG class switching was delayed in C1qα-/- mice. At day 28, both Borrelia-specific IgG1 and IgG3 levels were higher in infected C1qα-/- mice, but that these antibodies were not sufficient to control borrelial infection in the absence of the classical pathway. Furthermore, the lack of C1q also altered the balance of the Th1/Th2 response, as both circulating Th1 (MIP-1α, IL-2, IL-12, and TNFα), Th2 (IL-4, IL-10, and MCP-1), and Th17 (IL-17) cytokines were elevated in infected C1qα-/- mice. These data imply that C1q and the classical pathway play important roles in controlling borrelial infection via antibody and complement-dependent killing, as well as altering both antibody maturation processes and the T cell response following exposure to infectious B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Jialei Xie
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Jon T Skare
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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32
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Ploscariu NT, de Jong NWM, van Kessel KPM, van Strijp JAG, Geisbrecht BV. Identification and structural characterization of a novel myeloperoxidase inhibitor from Staphylococcus delphini. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 645:1-11. [PMID: 29524428 PMCID: PMC5899673 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and related species are highly adapted to their hosts and have evolved numerous strategies to evade the immune system. S. aureus shows resistance to killing following uptake into the phagosome, which suggests that the bacterium evades intracellular killing mechanisms used by neutrophils. We recently discovered an S. aureus protein (SPIN for Staphylococcal Peroxidase INhibitor) that binds to and inhibits myeloperoxidase (MPO), a major player in the oxidative defense of neutrophils. To allow for comparative studies between multiple SPIN sequences, we identified a panel of homologs from species closely related to S. aureus. Characterization of these proteins revealed that SPIN molecules from S. agnetis, S. delphini, S. schleiferi, and S. intermedius all bind human MPO with nanomolar affinities, and that those from S. delphini, S. schleiferi, and S. intermedius inhibit human MPO in a dose-dependent manner. A 2.4 Å resolution co-crystal structure of SPIN-delphini bound to recombinant human MPO allowed us to identify conserved structural features of SPIN proteins, and to propose sequence-dependent physical explanations for why SPIN-aureus binds human MPO with higher affinity than SPIN-delphini. Together, these studies expand our understanding of MPO binding and inhibition by a recently identified component of the staphylococcal innate immune evasion arsenal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta T Ploscariu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Nienke W M de Jong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kok P M van Kessel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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33
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Herrera AI, Ploscariu NT, Geisbrecht BV, Prakash O. 1H, 15N, and 13C resonance assignments of the third domain from the S. aureus innate immune evasion protein Eap. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2018; 12:175-178. [PMID: 29372458 PMCID: PMC5871566 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-018-9804-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread and persistent pathogen of humans and livestock. The bacterium expresses a wide variety of virulence proteins, many of which serve to disrupt the host's innate immune system from recognizing and clearing bacteria with optimal efficiency. The extracellular adherence protein (Eap) is a multidomain protein that participates in various protein-protein interactions that inhibit the innate immune response, including both the complement system (Woehl et al in J Immunol 193:6161-6171, 2014) and Neutrophil Serine Proteases (NSPs) (Stapels et al in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:13187-13192, 2014). The third domain of Eap, Eap3, is an ~ 11 kDa protein that was recently shown to bind complement component C4b (Woehl et al in Protein Sci 26:1595-1608, 2017) and therefore play an essential role in inhibiting the classical and lectin pathways of complement (Woehl et al in J Immunol 193:6161-6171, 2014). Since structural characterization of Eap3 is still incomplete, we acquired a series of 2D and 3D NMR spectra of Eap3 in solution. Here we report the backbone and side-chain 1H, 15N, and 13C resonance assignments of Eap3 and its predicted secondary structure via the TALOS-N server. The assignment data have been deposited in the BMRB data bank under accession number 27087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro I Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Nicoleta T Ploscariu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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The role of complement components C1q, MBL and C1 inhibitor in pathogenesis of endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 297:1495-1501. [PMID: 29572748 PMCID: PMC5945730 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-018-4754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the work was to evaluate possible associations between the complement components C1q, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and C1 inhibitor (C1INH) with pathogenesis of endometriosis. Methods Concentrations of C1q, MBL and C1INH were measured by ELISA in peritoneal fluid (PF) in 80 women with or without endometriosis. Results Significantly higher PF levels of C1q, MBL and C1INH in women with endometriosis compared to control group were observed (p < 0.0001). A higher concentration of the studied parameter was found in PF of women at the early stage of the disease, as compared to women with advanced endometriosis (p < 0.0001). Conclusions Our research suggests that in the peritoneal cavity in women with endometriosis there are abnormal regulations of both the classical and lectin pathways of the complement system. This can suggest impairments in purification of peritoneal cavity from ectopic endometrial cells and augmented local inflammation in endometriosis patients.
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de Jong NWM, Ploscariu NT, Ramyar KX, Garcia BL, Herrera AI, Prakash O, Katz BB, Leidal KG, Nauseef WM, van Kessel KPM, van Strijp JAG, Geisbrecht BV. A structurally dynamic N-terminal region drives function of the staphylococcal peroxidase inhibitor (SPIN). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2260-2271. [PMID: 29306874 PMCID: PMC5818189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heme-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is critical for optimal antimicrobial activity of human neutrophils. We recently discovered that the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus expresses a novel immune evasion protein, called SPIN, that binds tightly to MPO, inhibits MPO activity, and contributes to bacterial survival following phagocytosis. A co-crystal structure of SPIN bound to MPO suggested that SPIN blocks substrate access to the catalytic heme by inserting an N-terminal β-hairpin into the MPO active-site channel. Here, we describe a series of experiments that more completely define the structure/function relationships of SPIN. Whereas the SPIN N terminus adopts a β-hairpin confirmation upon binding to MPO, the solution NMR studies presented here are consistent with this region of SPIN being dynamically structured in the unbound state. Curiously, whereas the N-terminal β-hairpin of SPIN accounts for ∼55% of the buried surface area in the SPIN-MPO complex, its deletion did not significantly change the affinity of SPIN for MPO but did eliminate the ability of SPIN to inhibit MPO. The flexible nature of the SPIN N terminus rendered it susceptible to proteolytic degradation by a series of chymotrypsin-like proteases found within neutrophil granules, thereby abrogating SPIN activity. Degradation of SPIN was prevented by the S. aureus immune evasion protein Eap, which acts as a selective inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases. Together, these studies provide insight into MPO inhibition by SPIN and suggest possible functional synergy between two distinct classes of S. aureus immune evasion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke W. M. de Jong
- From Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoleta T. Ploscariu
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Kasra X. Ramyar
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Brandon L. Garcia
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Alvaro I. Herrera
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Om Prakash
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Benjamin B. Katz
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Kevin G. Leidal
- the Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, and
| | - William M. Nauseef
- the Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, and ,the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- From Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- From Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, , To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Rd., Manhattan, KS 66506. Tel.:
785-532-3154; Fax:
785-532-7278; E-mail:
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Hovingh ES, van den Broek B, Kuipers B, Pinelli E, Rooijakkers SHM, Jongerius I. Acquisition of C1 inhibitor by Bordetella pertussis virulence associated gene 8 results in C2 and C4 consumption away from the bacterial surface. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006531. [PMID: 28742139 PMCID: PMC5542704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a contagious disease of the respiratory tract that is re-emerging worldwide despite high vaccination coverage. The causative agent of this disease is the Gram-negative Bordetella pertussis. Knowledge on complement evasion strategies of this pathogen is limited. However, this is of great importance for future vaccine development as it has become apparent that a novel pertussis vaccine is needed. Here, we unravel the effect of Virulence associated gene 8 (Vag8) of B. pertussis on the human complement system at the molecular level. We show that both recombinant and endogenously secreted Vag8 inhibit complement deposition on the bacterial surface at the level of C4b. We reveal that Vag8 binding to human C1-inhibitor (C1-inh) interferes with the binding of C1-inh to C1s, C1r and MASP-2, resulting in the release of active proteases that subsequently cleave C2 and C4 away from the bacterial surface. We demonstrate that the depletion of these complement components in the bacterial surrounding and subsequent decreased deposition on B. pertussis leads to less complement-mediated bacterial killing. Vag8 is the first protein described that specifically prevents C1s, C1r and MASP-2 binding to C1-inh and thereby mediates complement consumption away from the bacterial surface. Unravelling the mechanism of this unique complement evasion strategy of B. pertussis is one of the first steps towards understanding the interactions between the first line of defense complement and B. pertussis. Despite wide-spread vaccination, whooping cough caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis remains a public health problem and has been re-emerging in the past decades. To this end, new vaccination strategies are being explored including the use of complement evasion molecules as vaccine candidates. Autotransporter Virulence associated gene 8 (Vag8) was previously shown to be involved in complement evasion. However, the molecular mechanism of this immune evasion was not understood. Considering knowledge on molecular mechanisms is crucial for further studies regarding vaccine development, we investigated the underlying mechanism of Vag8 induced complement evasion of B. pertussis. We show that both recombinant Vag8 as well as endogenously secreted Vag8 inhibits complement activation via the classical and lectin complement pathway at the level of C4 and C2. We identified a novel bacterial complement evasion strategy initiated by the binding of Vag8 to C1-inhibitor. This binding interferes with the interactions between C1-inhibitor and the proteases C1s, C1r and MASP-2 resulting in the release of active proteases that cleave C4 and C2 away from the bacterial surface. This environmental consumption of C4 and C2 leads to decreased complement deposition on the bacterial surface and hence inhibits complement-mediated killing of B. pertussis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise S. Hovingh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bryan van den Broek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Betsy Kuipers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Pinelli
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Jongerius
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Woehl JL, Ramyar KX, Katz BB, Walker JK, Geisbrecht BV. The structural basis for inhibition of the classical and lectin complement pathways by S. aureus extracellular adherence protein. Protein Sci 2017; 26:1595-1608. [PMID: 28512867 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular adherence protein (Eap) plays a crucial role in pathogenesis and survival of Staphylococcus aureus by inhibiting the classical and lectin pathways of complement. We have previously shown that Eap binds with nanomolar affinity to complement C4b and disrupts the initial interaction between C4b and C2, thereby inhibiting formation of the classical and lectin pathway C3 pro-convertase. Although an underlying mechanism has been identified, the structural basis for Eap binding to C4b is poorly understood. Here, we show that Eap domains 3 and 4 each contain a low-affinity, but saturable binding site for C4b. Taking advantage of the high lysine content of Eap, we used a zero-length crosslinking approach to map the Eap binding site to both the α'- and γ-chains of C4b. We also probed the C4b/Eap interface through a chemical footprinting approach involving lysine modification, proteolytic digestion, and mass spectrometry. This identified seven lysines in Eap that undergo changes in solvent exposure upon C4b binding. We found that simultaneous mutation of these lysines to either alanine or glutamate diminished C4b binding and complement inhibition by Eap. Together, our results provide insight into Eap recognition of C4b, and suggest that the repeating domains that comprise Eap are capable of multiple ligand-binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Woehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506
| | - Kasra X Ramyar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506
| | - Benjamin B Katz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506
| | - John K Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104
| | - Brian V Geisbrecht
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506
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Rosbjerg A, Genster N, Pilely K, Garred P. Evasion Mechanisms Used by Pathogens to Escape the Lectin Complement Pathway. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 28553281 PMCID: PMC5427104 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a crucial defensive network that protects the host against invading pathogens. It is part of the innate immune system and can be initiated via three pathways: the lectin, classical and alternative activation pathway. Overall the network compiles a group of recognition molecules that bind specific patterns on microbial surfaces, a group of associated proteases that initiates the complement cascade, and a group of proteins that interact in proteolytic complexes or the terminal pore-forming complex. In addition, various regulatory proteins are important for controlling the level of activity. The result is a pro-inflammatory response meant to combat foreign microbes. Microbial elimination is, however, not a straight forward procedure; pathogens have adapted to their environment by evolving a collection of evasion mechanisms that circumvent the human complement system. Complement evasion strategies features different ways of exploiting human complement proteins and moreover features different pathogen-derived proteins that interfere with the normal processes. Accumulated, these mechanisms target all three complement activation pathways as well as the final common part of the cascade. This review will cover the currently known lectin pathway evasion mechanisms and give examples of pathogens that operate these to increase their chance of invasion, survival and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Section 7631, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
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Bennett KM, Rooijakkers SHM, Gorham RD. Let's Tie the Knot: Marriage of Complement and Adaptive Immunity in Pathogen Evasion, for Better or Worse. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:89. [PMID: 28197139 PMCID: PMC5281603 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is typically regarded as an effector arm of innate immunity, leading to recognition and killing of microbial invaders in body fluids. Consequently, pathogens have engaged in an arms race, evolving molecules that can interfere with proper complement responses. However, complement is no longer viewed as an isolated system, and links with other immune mechanisms are continually being discovered. Complement forms an important bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. While its roles in innate immunity are well-documented, its function in adaptive immunity is less characterized. Therefore, it is no surprise that the field of pathogenic complement evasion has focused on blockade of innate effector functions, while potential inhibition of adaptive immune responses (via complement) has been overlooked to a certain extent. In this review, we highlight past and recent developments on the involvement of complement in the adaptive immune response. We discuss the mechanisms by which complement aids in lymphocyte stimulation and regulation, as well as in antigen presentation. In addition, we discuss microbial complement evasion strategies, and highlight specific examples in the context of adaptive immune responses. These emerging ties between complement and adaptive immunity provide a catalyst for future discovery in not only the field of adaptive immune evasion but in elucidating new roles of complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila M Bennett
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ronald D Gorham
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
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Kolev M, Kemper C. Keeping It All Going-Complement Meets Metabolism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1. [PMID: 28149297 PMCID: PMC5241319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is an evolutionary old and crucial component of innate immunity, which is key to the detection and removal of invading pathogens. It was initially discovered as a liver-derived sentinel system circulating in serum, the lymph, and interstitial fluids that mediate the opsonization and lytic killing of bacteria, fungi, and viruses and the initiation of the general inflammatory responses. Although work performed specifically in the last five decades identified complement also as a critical instructor of adaptive immunity—indicating that complement’s function is likely broader than initially anticipated—the dominant opinion among researchers and clinicians was that the key complement functions were in principle defined. However, there is now a growing realization that complement activity goes well beyond “classic” immune functions and that this system is also required for normal (neuronal) development and activity and general cell and tissue integrity and homeostasis. Furthermore, the recent discovery that complement activation is not confined to the extracellular space but occurs within cells led to the surprising understanding that complement is involved in the regulation of basic processes of the cell, particularly those of metabolic nature—mostly via novel crosstalks between complement and intracellular sensor, and effector, pathways that had been overlooked because of their spatial separation. These paradigm shifts in the field led to a renaissance in complement research and provide new platforms to now better understand the molecular pathways underlying the wide-reaching effects of complement functions in immunity and beyond. In this review, we will cover the current knowledge about complement’s emerging relationship with the cellular metabolism machinery with a focus on the functional differences between serum-circulating versus intracellularly active complement during normal cell survival and induction of effector functions. We will also discuss how taking a closer look into the evolution of key complement components not only made the functional connection between complement and metabolism rather “predictable” but how it may also give clues for the discovery of additional roles for complement in basic cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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