1
|
Zhou B, Liao Y, Guo Y, Tarner IH, Liao C, Chen S, Kermany MH, Tu H, Zhong S, Chen P. Adoptive Cellular Gene Therapy for the Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Polychondritis Ear Disease. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2017; 79:166-177. [PMID: 28463837 DOI: 10.1159/000452767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past, the clinical therapy for autoimmune diseases, such as autoimmune polychondritis ear disease, was mostly limited to nonspecific immunosuppressive agents, which could lead to variable responses. Currently, gene therapy aims at achieving higher specificity and less adverse effects. This concept utilizes the adoptive transfer of autologous T cells that have been retrovirally transduced ex vivo to express and deliver immunoregulatory gene products to sites of autoimmune inflammation. In the animal model of collagen-induced autoimmune polychondritis ear disease (CIAPED), the adoptive transfer of IL-12p40-expressing collagen type II (CII)-specific CD4+ T-cell hybridomas resulted in a significantly lower disease incidence and severity compared with untreated or vector-only-treated animals. In vivo cell detection using bioluminescent labels showed that transferred CII-reactive T-cell hybridomas accumulated in the inflamed earlobes of the mice with CIAPED. In vitro analysis demonstrated that IL-12p40-transduced T cells did not affect antigen-specific T-cell activation or systemic anti-CII Ab responses. However, IL-12p40-transduced T cells suppressed IFN-γ and augmented IL-4 production, indicating their potential to act therapeutically by interrupting Th1-mediated inflammatory responses via augmenting Th2 responses. These results indicate that the local delivery of IL-12p40 by T cells could inhibit CIAPED by suppressing autoimmune responses at the site of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kennedy JL, Steinke JW, Liu L, Negri J, Borish L, Payne SC. Failure of itraconazole to prevent T-helper type 2 cell immune deviation: Implications for chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2017; 30:379-384. [PMID: 28124646 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2016.30.4362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-helper (Th) type 2 cell inflammation is the hallmark of several disease processes, including asthma, atopic dermatitis, and some forms of chronic rhinosinusitis. Itraconazole has been used as both an antifungal and an anti-inflammatory agent, with some success in many of these diseases, in part, by altering Th2 cytokine expression by T cells. It is not known whether this merely reflects inhibition of established Th2-like cells or the inhibition of differentiation of naive T cells into Th2-like cells. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of itraconazole in the differentiation of naive T cells during activation. METHODS Naive CD45RA+ T cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers. Th1 and Th2 type cells were differentiated in the presence of varying concentrations of itraconazole. After stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 beads, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dilution was performed to evaluate proliferation and intracellular cytokine staining for interleukin (IL) 4 and interferon (IFN) gamma within proliferating T cells was measured along with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for secreted IL-5, IL-13, and IFN gamma. RESULTS Itraconazole had no effect on proliferation of unbiased, Th1, or Th2 cells. Similarly, there was no effect of itraconazole on either intracellular cytokine staining of IL-4 and IFN gamma or secreted cytokine expression of IFN gamma, IL-5, and IL-13 in any of the cell populations. CONCLUSION Itraconazole did not alter the ability of naive T cells to proliferate or secrete cytokines under Th1 or Th2 deviating conditions in vitro. As such, reported inhibition of Th2-like lymphocyte function by itraconazole reflected action on mature effector cells and may have underscored why antifungal treatment failed in many clinical trials of eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Coomes SM, Pelly VS, Kannan Y, Okoye IS, Czieso S, Entwistle LJ, Perez-Lloret J, Nikolov N, Potocnik AJ, Biró J, Langhorne J, Wilson MS. IFNγ and IL-12 Restrict Th2 Responses during Helminth/Plasmodium Co-Infection and Promote IFNγ from Th2 Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004994. [PMID: 26147567 PMCID: PMC4493106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths establish chronic infections in mammalian hosts. Helminth/Plasmodium co-infections occur frequently in endemic areas. However, it is unclear whether Plasmodium infections compromise anti-helminth immunity, contributing to the chronicity of infection. Immunity to Plasmodium or helminths requires divergent CD4+ T cell-driven responses, dominated by IFNγ or IL-4, respectively. Recent literature has indicated that Th cells, including Th2 cells, have phenotypic plasticity with the ability to produce non-lineage associated cytokines. Whether such plasticity occurs during co-infection is unclear. In this study, we observed reduced anti-helminth Th2 cell responses and compromised anti-helminth immunity during Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Plasmodium chabaudi co-infection. Using newly established triple cytokine reporter mice (Il4gfpIfngyfpIl17aFP635), we demonstrated that Il4gfp+ Th2 cells purified from in vitro cultures or isolated ex vivo from helminth-infected mice up-regulated IFNγ following adoptive transfer into Rag1–/– mice infected with P. chabaudi. Functionally, Th2 cells that up-regulated IFNγ were transcriptionally re-wired and protected recipient mice from high parasitemia. Mechanistically, TCR stimulation and responsiveness to IL-12 and IFNγ, but not type I IFN, was required for optimal IFNγ production by Th2 cells. Finally, blockade of IL-12 and IFNγ during co-infection partially preserved anti-helminth Th2 responses. In summary, this study demonstrates that Th2 cells retain substantial plasticity with the ability to produce IFNγ during Plasmodium infection. Consequently, co-infection with Plasmodium spp. may contribute to the chronicity of helminth infection by reducing anti-helminth Th2 cells and converting them into IFNγ-secreting cells. Approximately a third of the world’s population is burdened with chronic intestinal parasitic helminth infections, causing significant morbidities. Identifying the factors that contribute to the chronicity of infection is therefore essential. Co-infection with other pathogens, which is extremely common in helminth endemic areas, may contribute to the chronicity of helminth infections. In this study, we used a mouse model to test whether the immune responses to an intestinal helminth were impaired following malaria co-infection. These two pathogens induce very different immune responses, which, until recently, were thought to be opposing and non-interchangeable. This study identified that the immune cells required for anti-helminth responses are capable of changing their phenotype and providing protection against malaria. By identifying and blocking the factors that drive this change in phenotype, we can preserve anti-helminth immune responses during co-infection. Our studies provide fresh insight into how immune responses are altered during helminth and malaria co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Coomes
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria S. Pelly
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yashaswini Kannan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel S. Okoye
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Czieso
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J. Entwistle
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jimena Perez-Lloret
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay Nikolov
- Division of Systems Biology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre J. Potocnik
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Biró
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Langhorne
- Division of Parasitology, Mill Hill Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION STAT4, which acts as the major signaling transducing STATs in response to IL-12, is a central mediator in generating inflammation during protective immune responses and immune-mediated diseases. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes that STAT4 is essential for the differentiation and function of a wide variety of immune cells, including natural killer cells, mast cells, dendritic cells and T helper cells. In addition, STAT4-mediated signaling promoted the production of autoimmune-associated components, which are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and psoriasis. EXPERT OPINION Due to its crucial roles in inflammation and autoimmunity, STAT4 may have promise as an effective therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving STAT4, together with knowledge on the ability of current immunosuppressive treatment to target this process, may open an avenue to novel therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Anhui Medical University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , Anhui, PR China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
T cells employ a cell surface heterodimeric molecule, the T cell receptor (TCR), to recognize specific antigens (Ags) presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and carry out adaptive immune responses. Most T cells possess a TCR with an α and a β chain. However, a TCR constituted by a γ and a δ chain has been described, defining a novel subset of T cells. γδ TCRs specific for a wide variety of ligands, including bacterial phosphoantigens, nonclassical MHC-I molecules and unprocessed proteins, have been found, greatly expanding the horizons of T cell immune recognition. This review aims to provide background in γδ T cell history and function in mouse and man, as well as to provide a critical view of some of the latest developments on this still enigmatic class of immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Differential distribution of both IL-12Rbeta chains in the plasma membrane of human T cells. J Membr Biol 2008; 227:1-12. [PMID: 19067026 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-008-9127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is a cytokine that stimulates the expression of CD26, a T cell- and raft-associated ectopeptidase. IL-12 also enhances the interaction between CD26 and CD45RO, which removes the phosphatase CD45RO from raft microdomains. Since Janus kinases are known CD45 substrates, our hypothesis was that this relocation of CD45RO in nonraft areas of the membrane could be important to switch off the signaling via cytokine receptors, e.g., the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R). Accordingly, both IL-12R and CD45RO should be equally positioned in the cell membrane upon IL-12R ligation. However, there were no data available on the membrane distribution of IL-12R on human T cells. Working with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) lymphoblasts, we tried to fill that gap. The high-affinity IL-12R is made of two chains: IL-12Rbeta1 and IL-12Rbeta2. Using flow cytometry, Western blot and confocal microscopy, we obtained data suggesting that IL-12Rbeta1 is mainly associated to phospholipid-rich membrane areas, a location even enhanced upon IL-12 incubation of PHA blasts. Instead, IL-12Rbeta2 is found more segregated into membrane rafts, which could explain why two IL-12-triggered events, T-cell proliferation and ERK1/2 activation, are both methyl-beta-cyclodextrin-sensitive events. Ligation of IL-12R with IL-12 seems to induce a partial enrichment of IL-12Rbeta2 in phospholipid-rich areas, where according to our data IL-12Rbeta1 is already present. Therefore, although new data will be required, the present results support the initial hypothesis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Serra A, Nuti S, Tavarini S, Sammicheli C, Rosa D, Saletti G, Soldaini E, Abrignani S, Wack A. Coligation of the hepatitis C virus receptor CD81 with CD28 primes naive T lymphocytes to acquire type 2 effector function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:174-85. [PMID: 18566382 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Costimuli provide supplementary signals required by naive T cells to become fully activated upon Ag encounter. Tetraspanins are a large family of transmembrane proteins that can costimulate T cells when engaged in vitro. In this study, we describe for the first time that coligation of the tetraspanins CD81, CD82, or CD9 with the costimulatory molecule CD28 in vitro leads to proliferation of naive T cells. When activated through this pathway, both CD4+ and CD8+ naive T cells differentiate into type 2 effector cells, which produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10, together with IL-2 and TNF-alpha, but little to no IFN-gamma. These effector cells descend from precursors that display early and strong production of IL-4, STAT6 phosphorylation, and up-regulation of the transcription factor GATA-3, suggesting a direct skewing toward Th2 differentiation without a Th0 intermediate. The hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 is the only ligand known for CD81. Therefore, we propose that this new type of Ag-independent T cell activation may occur in hepatitis C virus-infected individuals, contributing to liver inflammation, impaired type 1 immune responses, and recurrent flares of type 2 immunity associated with chronic infection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lehto M, Kotovuori A, Palosuo K, Varjonen E, Lehtimäki S, Kalkkinen N, Palosuo T, Reunala T, Alenius H. Hev b 6.01 and Hev b 5 induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in latex allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:133-40. [PMID: 17210051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hev b 6.01 (prohevein) and Hev b 5 [acidic natural rubber latex (NRL) protein] are major IgE-binding allergens in NRL allergy. OBJECTIVE To examine allergen-specific cytokine and chemokine responses in NRL-allergic patients. METHODS Fourteen NRL-allergic patients and 10 healthy controls participated in the study. Hev b 6.01 and Hev b 5 were purified under non-denaturating conditions by chromatographic methods. Specific IgE antibodies were measured by ELISA and proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by (3)H-thymidine incorporation assay. Allergen-specific induction of cytokine and chemokine mRNA in PBMC was measured by real-time PCR and protein levels by ELISA. Surface expression of chemokine receptors was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Twelve (86%) NRL-allergic patients had positive skin prick test reactions and IgE antibodies against Hev b 6.01, but less than 30% responded to Hev b 5. Cell proliferation against Hev b 6.01, but not against Hev b 5, was significantly increased. Both allergens elicited significantly higher expression of pro-inflammatory and T-helper type 2 cytokines (TNF, IL-12p40, IL-13) and chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL20) in the NRL-allergic patients than in controls. Interestingly, mRNA expression of the regulatory cytokine TGF-beta1 was reduced, whereas IL-10 expression was enhanced after allergen stimulations in patients with NRL allergy. Finally, the NRL-allergic patients showed increased CCR4 expression on CD3(+)CD8(-) T cells and decreased CXCR3 expression on CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSION Allergen-specific induction of cytokines and chemokines in PBMC and chemokine receptor expression on circulating T cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of NRL allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lehto
- Unit of Excellence for Immunotoxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grémy O, Benderitter M, Linard C. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester modifies the Th1/Th2 balance in ileal mucosa after γ-irradiation in the rat by modulating the cytokine pattern. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:4996-5004. [PMID: 16937495 PMCID: PMC4087402 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i31.4996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To pharmacologically modulate Th polarization in the ileum exposed to ionizing radiation by using the immuno-modulatory/apoptotic properties of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE).
METHODS: Rats received CAPE (30 mg/kg) treatment ip 15 min prior to intestinal 10 Gy γ-irradiation and once a day for a 6 d period after irradiation. Expression of genes implicated in Th differentiation in ileal mucosa (IL-23/IL-12Rβ2), Th cytokine responses (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-13), Th migratory behaviour (CXCR3, CCR5, CCR4), Th signalling suppressors (SOCS1, SOCS3), transcription factor (T-Bet, GATA-3) and apoptosis (FasL/Fas, TNF/TNFR, XIAP, Bax, caspase-3) was analyzed by RT-PCR 6 h and 7 d post-irradiation. CD4+ and TUNEL positive cells were visualized by immunostaining.
RESULTS: The expression of Th1-related cytokine/chemokine receptors (IFN-γ, IL-2, CXCR3, CCR5) was repressed at 7 d post-irradiation while Th2 cell cytokine/chemokines (IL-4, IL-13, CCR4) were not repressed or even upregulated. The irradiation-induced Th2 profile was confirmed by the upregulation of both Th2-specific transcription factor GATA-3 and SOCS3. Although an apoptosis event occurred 6 h after 10 Gy of intestinal γ-irradiation, apoptotic mediator analysis showed a tendency to apoptotic resistance 7 d post-irradiation. CAPE amplified apoptotic events at 6h and normalized Bax/ FasL expressions at 7 d.
CONCLUSION: CAPE prevented the ileal Th2 immune response by modulating the irradiation-influenced cytokine environment and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Grémy
- Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety, IRSN, BP no. 17, F-92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mendoza L. A network model for the control of the differentiation process in Th cells. Biosystems 2005; 84:101-14. [PMID: 16386358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T helper cells differentiate from a precursor type, Th0, to either the Th1 or Th2 phenotypes. While a number of molecules are known to participate in this process, it is not completely understood how they regulate each other to ensure differentiation. This article presents the core regulatory network controlling the differentiation of Th cells, reconstructed from published molecular data. This network encompasses 17 nodes, namely IFN-gamma, IL-4, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-beta, IFN-gammaR, IL-4R, IL-12R, IL-18R, IFN-betaR, STAT-1, STAT-6, STAT-4, IRAK, SOCS-1, GATA-3, and T-bet, as well as their cross-regulatory interactions. The reconstructed network was modeled as a discrete dynamical system, and analyzed in terms of its constituent feedback loops. The stable steady states of the Th network model are consistent with the stable molecular patterns of activation observed in wild type and mutant Th0, Th1 and Th2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mendoza
- Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 14, Chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
T-helper 1 cell (Th1) development participates in immunity to many pathogens in part by providing a source of interferon (IFN)-gamma that contributes numerous protective effects. The process of Th1 development involves signals provided by antigen-presenting cells and cytokines produced in response to pathogens, with IFN-gamma itself, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-18 each promoting the process in some way. Despite the rapid progress into mechanisms of Th1 development in recent years, there are still a number of important unresolved issues in this area. The precise sequence of effector and cellular mechanisms represents a relatively recent avenue of research but is still the subject of current debate, as is the basis of mechanisms that may stabilize a Th1 response. Another unresolved issue is the role of type I IFNs in substituting for IL-12-mediated activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (Stat4) and induction of IFN-gamma in either murine or human T cells. It is now clear that Th1 cells acquire the property of being capable of nonantigen-dependent activation through the coordinate signaling of IL-12 and IL-18, but the precise order of intracellular signaling events and the uniqueness of this pathway's reliance on the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway are still issues in need of resolution. Finally, the process of verifying the effects of Stat4 mutations on functional responses has led to the recognition of an unexpected action of the STAT N-domain that may apply generally to other STAT proteins as well. None of these areas is static or resolved fully, and they likely will remain topics of rapid progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Berenson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Leishmania are digenetic protozoa which inhabit two highly specific hosts, the sandfly where they grow as motile, flagellated promastigotes in the gut, and the mammalian macrophage where they grow intracellularly as non-flagellated amastigotes. Leishmaniasis is the outcome of an evolutionary 'arms race' between the host's immune system and the parasite's evasion mechanisms which ensure survival and transmission in the population. The spectrum of disease manifestations and severity reflects the interaction between the genome of the host and that of the parasite, and the pathology is caused by a combination of host and parasite molecules. This chapter examines the genetic basis of host susceptibility to disease in humans and animal models. It describes the genetic tools used to map and identify susceptibility genes, and the lessons learned from murine and human cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Handman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Post Office, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sundrud MS, Grill SM, Ni D, Nagata K, Alkan SS, Subramaniam A, Unutmaz D. Genetic reprogramming of primary human T cells reveals functional plasticity in Th cell differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3542-9. [PMID: 14500650 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Activation of naive T cells through the TCR and cytokine signals directs their differentiation into effector or memory subsets with different cytokine profiles. Here, we tested the flexibility of human Th1 or Th2 differentiation by forced expression of transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3. Ectopic expression of T-bet and GATA-3 in freshly isolated human T(N) cells resulted in their differentiation to a Th1 and Th2 phenotype, respectively, in the absence of polarizing cytokines. Introduction of GATA-3 into lineage-committed Th1 cells induced the expression of Th2-specific cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) and chemotactic receptors (CCR4, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). However, these cells partially maintained their Th1-specific profile (IFN-gamma and IL-12Rbeta2 expression). Conversely, expression of T-bet in lineage-committed Th2 cells caused a more profound switch to the Th1 phenotype, including the up-regulation of CXCR3 and down-regulation of CCR4 and CRTH2. Interestingly, similar to the naive T cell subset, central memory T cells were also largely programmed toward Th1 or Th2 effector cells upon expression of T-bet and GATA-3, respectively. However, expression of these transcription factors in effector memory T cells was much less influential on cytokine and chemokine receptor expression profiles. Our results reveal remarkable plasticity in the differentiation programs of human memory T cells. This flexibility is progressively diminished as cells mature from naive to effector T cells. These findings have important implications in understanding the molecular mechanisms of human T cell differentiation and for devising novel therapeutic strategies aimed at immunomodulation of skewed effector T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Sundrud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Anne O'Garra
- National Institute for Medical Research London NW7 1AA, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The T helper lymphocyte is responsible for orchestrating the appropriate immune response to a wide variety of pathogens. The recognition of the polarized T helper cell subsets Th1 and Th2 has led to an understanding of the role of these cells in coordinating a variety of immune responses, both in responses to pathogens and in autoimmune and allergic disease. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that control lineage commitment to the Th1 phenotype. What has recently emerged is a rich understanding of the cytokines, receptors, signal transduction pathways, and transcription factors involved in Th1 differentiation. Although the picture is still incomplete, the basic pathways leading to Th1 differentiation can now be understood in in vitro and a number of infection and disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J Szabo
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Usui T, Nishikomori R, Kitani A, Strober W. GATA-3 suppresses Th1 development by downregulation of Stat4 and not through effects on IL-12Rbeta2 chain or T-bet. Immunity 2003; 18:415-28. [PMID: 12648458 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To further understand the interaction among GATA-3, Stat4, and T-bet in helper T cell development, we first showed that retroviral expression of GATA-3 in developing Th1 cells suppresses Th1 development through downregulation of Stat4 rather through downregulation of the IL-12Rbeta2 chain. Correspondingly, Stat4 levels are greatly suppressed during physiological Th2 development. Then, using cells doubly infected with GFP- and YFP-expressing retroviruses, we showed that retroviral GATA-3 expression in developing Th1 cells does not block Th1 development in cells coexpressing Stat4 but does so in cells coexpressing T-bet. Finally, we showed that retroviral Stat4 expression could facilitate Th2-->Th1 conversion in cells bearing an IL-12Rbeta2 transgene, even in cells lacking T-bet. These findings reassert that Stat4 signaling is a central element of Th1/Th2 development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Usui
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:133-46. [PMID: 12563297 DOI: 10.1038/nri1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2738] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), favours the differentiation of T helper 1 (T(H)1) cells and forms a link between innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) and phagocytes produce IL-12 in response to pathogens during infection. Production of IL-12 is dependent on differential mechanisms of regulation of expression of the genes encoding IL-12, patterns of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and cross-regulation between the different DC subsets, involving cytokines such as IL-10 and type I IFN. Recent data, however, argue against an absolute requirement for IL-12 for T(H)1 responses. Our understanding of the relative roles of IL-12 and other factors in T(H)1-type maturation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is discussed here, including the participation in this process of IL-23 and IL-27, two recently discovered members of the new family of heterodimeric cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 27 Chemin des Peupliers, B.P. 11, 69571 Dardilly, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003. [DOI: 10.1038/nri1001 'a=0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Chesler DA, Reiss CS. The role of IFN-gamma in immune responses to viral infections of the central nervous system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2002; 13:441-54. [PMID: 12401479 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(02)00044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-gamma, is not only a marker of T(H)1 CD4, CD8 and natural killer (NK) cells, it is also a critical antiviral mediator which is central to the elimination of viruses from the CNS. In this review, we describe IFN-gamma, its receptor, signal transduction from receptor engagement, and antiviral downstream mediators. We demonstrate that although neurons are post-mitotic and non-renewing, they respond to IFN-gamma in a fashion similar to peripheral fibroblasts or lymphocytes. We have illustrated this review with details about studies on the role(s) of IFN-gamma in the pathogenesis of measles virus (MV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1, and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infections of the CNS. For VSV infection, IFN-gamma signals through Jaks 1 and 2 and STAT1 to activate (interferon regulatory factor) IRF-1; although viral protein synthesis is inhibited, PKR is not a critical mediator in the antiviral response to VSV in murine neurons. In contrast, induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) type 1 and its production of nitric oxide is essential in the elimination of viruses from neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Chesler
- Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Main Building, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
After encountering antigen, helper T (T(H)) cells undergo differentiation to effector cells, which can secrete high levels of interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10 and other immunomodulators. How T(H) cells acquire, and remember, new patterns of gene expression is an area of intensive investigation. The process is remarkably plastic, with cytokines being key regulators. Extrinsic signals seem to be integrated into cell-intrinsic programming, in what is becoming an intriguing story of regulated development. We summarize the latest insights into mechanisms that govern the lineage choices that are made during T(H)-cell responses to foreign pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Murphy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Memory is one of the key features of the adaptive immune system. Specific T and B lymphocytes are primed for a particular antigen and upon challenge with it will react faster than naive lymphocytes. They also memorize the expression of key effector molecules, in particular cytokines, which determine the type and scale of an immune reaction. While in primary activations differential expression of cytokine genes is dependent on antigen-receptor signaling and differentiation signals, in later activations the expression is triggered by antigen-receptor signaling and dependent on the cytokine memory. The molecular basis of the cytokine memory implies differential expression of transcription factors and epigenetic modifications of cytokine genes and gene loci. GATA-3 for Th2 and T-bet for Th1 cells expressing interleukin-4 or interferon-gamma, respectively, are prime candidates for key transcription factors of cytokine memory. The essential role of epigenetic modifications is suggested by the requirement of DNA synthesis for the establishment of a cytokine memory in Th lymphocytes. At present the molecular link between transcription factors and epigenetic modifications of cytokine genes in the establishment and maintenance of cytokine memory is not clear. The initial cytokine memory is not stable against adverse differentiation signals, while in repeatedly stimulated lymphocytes it is stabilized by a variety of mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Löhning
- Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Smeltz RB, Chen J, Ehrhardt R, Shevach EM. Role of IFN-gamma in Th1 differentiation: IFN-gamma regulates IL-18R alpha expression by preventing the negative effects of IL-4 and by inducing/maintaining IL-12 receptor beta 2 expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:6165-72. [PMID: 12055229 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two key events occur during the differentiation of IFN-gamma-secreting Th1 cells: up-regulation of IL-12Rbeta2 and IL-12-driven up-regulation of IL-18Ralpha. We previously demonstrated that IL-12-driven up-regulation of IL-18Ralpha expression is severely impaired in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. However, it was unclear from these studies how IFN-gamma influenced IL-18Ralpha since IFN-gamma alone had no direct effect on IL-18Ralpha expression. In the absence of IL-4, IL-12-dependent up-regulation of IL-18Ralpha/IL-12Rbeta2 was independent of IFN-gamma. However, in the presence of IL-4, IFN-gamma functions to limit the negative effects of IL-4 on both IL-18Ralpha and IL-12Rbeta2. Neutralization of IL-4 restored IL-12-driven up-regulation of IL-18Ralpha/IL-12Rbeta2 in an IFN-gamma-independent fashion. In the absence of both IL-12 and IL-4, IFN-gamma up-regulates IL-12beta2 expression and primes IFN-gamma-producing Th1 cells. When T cells were primed in the presence of IL-4, no correlation was found between the levels of expression of the IL-18Ralpha or the IL-12Rbeta2 and the capacity of these cells to produce IFN-gamma, suggesting that IL-4 may also negatively affect IL-12-mediated signal transduction and thus Th1 differentiation. These data clarify the role of IFN-gamma in regulation of IL-18Ralpha/IL-12Rbeta2 during both IL-12-dependent and IL-12-independent Th1 differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Smeltz
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heath VL, Kurata H, Lee HJ, Arai N, O'Garra A. Checkpoints in the regulation of T helper 1 responses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002; 266:23-39. [PMID: 12014201 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04700-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V L Heath
- Department of Immunobiology, DNAX Research Institute, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gorelik L, Constant S, Flavell RA. Mechanism of transforming growth factor beta-induced inhibition of T helper type 1 differentiation. J Exp Med 2002; 195:1499-505. [PMID: 12045248 PMCID: PMC2193549 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20012076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta plays an important role in immune homeostasis. TGF-beta inhibits T cell functions by blocking both proliferation and differentiation. Here we show that TGF-beta blocks Th1 differentiation by inhibiting the expression of T-bet, the apparent masterregulator of T helper (Th)1 differentiation. Restoration of T-bet expression through retroviral transduction of T-bet into developing Th1 cells abrogated the inhibitory effect of TGF-beta. In addition, we show that, contrary to prior suggestions, downregulation of interleukin 12 receptor beta2 chain is not key to the TGF-beta-mediated effect. Furthermore, we show that the direct inhibitory effect of TGF-beta on T cells is responsible, at least in part, for the inability of BALB/c mice to mount a Leishmania-specific Th1 response and to clear Leishmanial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Gorelik
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Parham C, Chirica M, Timans J, Vaisberg E, Travis M, Cheung J, Pflanz S, Zhang R, Singh KP, Vega F, To W, Wagner J, O'Farrell AM, McClanahan T, Zurawski S, Hannum C, Gorman D, Rennick DM, Kastelein RA, de Waal Malefyt R, Moore KW. A receptor for the heterodimeric cytokine IL-23 is composed of IL-12Rbeta1 and a novel cytokine receptor subunit, IL-23R. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5699-708. [PMID: 12023369 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 980] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of the IL-12p40 "soluble receptor" subunit and a novel cytokine-like subunit related to IL-12p35, termed p19. Human and mouse IL-23 exhibit some activities similar to IL-12, but differ in their capacities to stimulate particular populations of memory T cells. Like IL-12, IL-23 binds to the IL-12R subunit IL-12Rbeta1. However, it does not use IL-12Rbeta2. In this study, we identify a novel member of the hemopoietin receptor family as a subunit of the receptor for IL-23, "IL-23R." IL-23R pairs with IL-12Rbeta1 to confer IL-23 responsiveness on cells expressing both subunits. Human IL-23, but not IL-12, exhibits detectable affinity for human IL-23R. Anti-IL-12Rbeta1 and anti-IL-23R Abs block IL-23 responses of an NK cell line and Ba/F3 cells expressing the two receptor chains. IL-23 activates the same Jak-stat signaling molecules as IL-12: Jak2, Tyk2, and stat1, -3, -4, and -5, but stat4 activation is substantially weaker and different DNA-binding stat complexes form in response to IL-23 compared with IL-12. IL-23R associates constitutively with Jak2 and in a ligand-dependent manner with stat3. The ability of cells to respond to IL-23 or IL-12 correlates with expression of IL-23R or IL-12Rbeta2, respectively. The human IL-23R gene is on human chromosome 1 within 150 kb of IL-12Rbeta2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christi Parham
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Tight control of Th1 immunity is essential to prevent immunopathology. Central to control of the IFN-gamma gene is the transcription factor T-bet, whose induction is Stat-1 dependent. IL-12 is dominant in directing Th1 development, while synergizing with IL-18 for IFNgamma production from differentiated Th1 cells. In this issue of Immunity, IL-27 is described, which acts in synergy with IL-12 early in Th1 development from naive T cells via the receptor TCCR/WSX-1. We review the coordination of these checkpoints in Th1 development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Robinson
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, SW7 2AK, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM, Matsui S, Berzofsky JA. Signals delivered through TCR instruct IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) expression: IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergize for IL-12R expression at low antigen dose. Int Immunol 2001; 13:1433-42. [PMID: 11675375 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/13.11.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) beta2 chain has been suggested to function as a molecular switch in determining T cell phenotype. However, because most studies have been carried out under conditions in which cell proliferation was occurring, it has been difficult to distinguish between instructive and selective mechanisms in regulating this key receptor. Here, in the course of trying to understand the mechanism for synergy between IL-12 and TNF-alpha in up-regulating IFN-gamma production, we find that when the stimulus through the TCR is too weak to induce cell proliferation, which would be needed for selection, IL-12 and TNF-alpha synergize to up-regulate not only IFN-gamma, but also the IL-12Rbeta2 chain, which triggers IFN-gamma production. Neither cytokine alone was sufficient. This observation held true both in the absence of antigen-presenting cells (APC), when the stimulus was anti-CD3 on plastic, and in the presence of APC presenting ovalbumin peptide to TCR-transgenic T cells. In contrast, when the TCR signal was stronger, no cytokines were necessary to up-regulate the IL-12R. Our results support the strength of signal model in instructing Th phenotype, and suggest both an instructive role and, later, through the production of IFN-gamma, a selective role, of this synergistic combination of cytokines in the preferential differentiation and expansion of Th1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Ahlers
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nishikomori R, Gurunathan S, Nishikomori K, Strober W. BALB/c mice bearing a transgenic IL-12 receptor beta 2 gene exhibit a nonhealing phenotype to Leishmania major infection despite intact IL-12 signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 166:6776-83. [PMID: 11359836 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major, early secretion of IL-4 leads to a Th2-type response and nonhealing. We explored the role of IL-4-induced down-regulation of the IL-12Rbeta2 chain in the establishment of this Th2 response. First, we showed that the draining lymph nodes of resistant C57BL/6 mice infected with L. major were enriched in CD4+/IL-12Rbeta2 chain+ cells producing IFN-gamma. Next, we demonstrated that BALB/c background mice bearing an IL-12Rbeta2-chain transgene manifested a nonhealing phenotype similar to wild-type littermates despite the persistence of their ability to undergo STAT4 activation. Finally, we found that such transgenic mice display more severe infection than wild-type littermates when treated with IL-12 7 days after infection, and under this condition, the mice display increased Leishmania Ag-induced IL-4 secretion. These studies indicate that although CD4+/IL-12Rbeta2 chain+ T cells are important components of the Th1 response, maintenance of IL-12Rbeta2 chain expression is not sufficient to change a Th2 response to a Th1 response in vivo and thus to allow BALB/c mice to heal L. major infection.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Genetic Markers/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/genetics
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Severity of Illness Index
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Transgenes/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nishikomori
- Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The past year has seen remarkable progress in the field of helper T cell differentiation, including discovery of a novel transcription factor as well as a novel cytokine receptor of the Th1 lineage. The year has also brought new perspectives on the genetic and epigenetic control of gene expression. It is likely that mechanisms of immunity will continue to provide insight into the general problem of cellular decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S L Reiner
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and Department of Medicine, 421 Curie Boulevard, Room 414, University of Pennsylvania, 19104, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Specialized effector activities that are required to eliminate various pathogens involve cytokines produced by specialized CD4(+) T cells subsets, dogmatically termed Th1 and Th2 cells. Despite some oversimplifications, this paradigm is useful for organizing the complex pathways that control forward and backward movements along the road of T cell differentiation. Effective immune memory relies, in part, on the maintenance of the T helper phenotype. This review will address basic issues that relate to the maintenance or reversibility of Th1/Th2 states within the CD4(+) T cell lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Asnagli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Smits HH, van Rietschoten JG, Hilkens CM, Sayilir R, Stiekema F, Kapsenberg ML, Wierenga EA. IL-12-induced reversal of human Th2 cells is accompanied by full restoration of IL-12 responsiveness and loss of GATA-3 expression. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:1055-65. [PMID: 11298330 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200104)31:4<1055::aid-immu1055>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is a potent inducer of IFN-gamma production and drives the development of Th1 cells. Human polarized Th2 cells do not express the signaling beta2-subunit of the IL-12R and, therefore, do not signal in response to IL-12. The question was raised as to what extent the loss of the IL-12Rbeta2 chain in Th2 cells has bearing on the stability of the human Th2 phenotype. In the present report, we show that restimulation of human fully polarized Th2 cells in the presence of IL-12 primes for a shift towards Th0/Th1 phenotypes, accompanied by suppression of GATA-3 expression and induction of T-bet expression. These reversed cells are further characterized by a marked IL-12Rbeta2 chain expression and fully restored IL-12-inducible STAT4 activation. The IL-12-induced phenotypic shift proved to be stable as a subsequent restimulation in the presence of IL-4 and in the absence of IL-12 could not undo the accomplished changes. Identical results were obtained with cells from atopic patients, both with polyclonal Th2 cell lines and allergen-specific Th2 cell clones. These findings suggest the possibility of restoring IL-12 responsiveness in established Th2 cells of atopic patients by stimulation in the presence of IL-12, and that IL-12-promoting immunotherapy can be beneficial for Th2-mediated immune disorders, targeting both naive and memory effector T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Smits
- Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yokoe T, Suzuki N, Minoguchi K, Adachi M, Sakane T. Analysis of IL-12 receptor beta 2 chain expression of circulating T lymphocytes in patients with atopic asthma. Cell Immunol 2001; 208:34-42. [PMID: 11277617 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Th2 cell predominance relative to Th1 cells contributes to pathological immune responses in patients with atopic asthma. IL-12 is a key cytokine in the induction of Th1 cells, and downregulation of IL-12 production is reported in these patients. However, IL-12 receptor expression of their T lymphocytes has not been clarified. In this study, expression of IL-12 receptor beta 2 on T cells and secretion of cytokines which affect IL-12 receptor beta 2 expression by their PBMC were examined. We found that IL-12 receptor beta 2 expression of the T cells is reduced. This is partly due to the diminished production of IL-12 and enhanced secretion of IL-4 by their PBMC. IL-18 production is not significantly modulated in these patients. Furthermore, intrinsic defects of the CD4(+) T cells, which reduce their IL-12 receptor beta 2 expression in response to IL-12 and/or IL-18 stimulation, are evident and are importantly involved in the Th1/Th2 imbalance of patients with atopic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yokoe
- Department of Immunology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8511, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Cytokines such as interleukin 12 (IL-12) and IL-4 are dominant factors in driving the development of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, respectively, through specific signalling pathways. In addition, it has been demonstrated more recently that T helper-cell-specific transcription factors exist that determine the commitment of Th1 and Th2 cells for the production of distinct profiles of cytokines. In addition to the expression of distinct cytokine genes and transcription factors, the molecular basis for commitment to a Th1 or Th2 phenotype can probably be explained by multiple mechanisms, including differential cytokine signalling, exclusive cytokine receptor expression, differential expression of transcription factors and/or differential chromatin remodelling of Th1- and Th2-specific genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A O'Garra
- DNAX Research Institute, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto CA 94304-1104, USA. Anne.O'
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Oppmann B, Lesley R, Blom B, Timans JC, Xu Y, Hunte B, Vega F, Yu N, Wang J, Singh K, Zonin F, Vaisberg E, Churakova T, Liu M, Gorman D, Wagner J, Zurawski S, Liu Y, Abrams JS, Moore KW, Rennick D, de Waal-Malefyt R, Hannum C, Bazan JF, Kastelein RA. Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12. Immunity 2000; 13:715-25. [PMID: 11114383 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2043] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel sequence discovered in a computational screen appears distantly related to the p35 subunit of IL-12. This factor, which we term p19, shows no biological activity by itself; instead, it combines with the p40 subunit of IL-12 to form a novel, biologically active, composite cytokine, which we term IL-23. Activated dendritic cells secrete detectable levels of this complex. IL-23 binds to IL-12R beta 1 but fails to engage IL-12R beta 2; nonetheless, IL-23 activates Stat4 in PHA blast T cells. IL-23 induces strong proliferation of mouse memory (CD4(+)CD45Rb(low)) T cells, a unique activity of IL-23 as IL-12 has no effect on this cell population. Similar to IL-12, human IL-23 stimulates IFN-gamma production and proliferation in PHA blast T cells, as well as in CD45RO (memory) T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Oppmann
- DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen Q, Ghilardi N, Wang H, Baker T, Xie MH, Gurney A, Grewal IS, de Sauvage FJ. Development of Th1-type immune responses requires the type I cytokine receptor TCCR. Nature 2000; 407:916-20. [PMID: 11057672 DOI: 10.1038/35038103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On antigen challenge, T-helper cells differentiate into two functionally distinct subsets, Th1 and Th2, characterized by the different effector cytokines that they secrete. Th1 cells produce interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and lymphotoxin-beta, which mediate pro-inflammatory functions critical for the development of cell-mediated immune responses, whereas Th2 cells secrete cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10 that enhance humoral immunity. This process of T-helper cell differentiation is tightly regulated by cytokines. Here we report a new member of the type I cytokine receptor family, designated T-cell cytokine receptor (TCCR). When challenged in vivo with protein antigen, TCCR-deficient mice had impaired Th1 response as measured by IFN-gamma production. TCCR-deficient mice also had increased susceptibility to infection with an intracellular pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. In addition, levels of antigen-specific immunoglobulin-gamma2a, which are dependent on Th1 cells, were markedly reduced in these mice. Our results demonstrate the existence of a new cytokine receptor involved in regulating the adaptive immune response and critical to the generation of a Th1 response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Avice MN, Rubio M, Sergerie M, Delespesse G, Sarfati M. CD47 ligation selectively inhibits the development of human naive T cells into Th1 effectors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4624-31. [PMID: 11035105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.8.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The CD47 Ag, also named integrin-associated protein, was recently reported to regulate the production of IL-12 by human monocytes and dendritic cells. The present study shows that CD47 ligation by CD47 mAb in primary cultures of cord blood mononuclear cells inhibits IL-12-driven Th1 cell development, as revealed by the cytokine secretion profile at restimulation and IFN-gamma production at the single-cell level. F(ab')(2) fragments of CD47 mAb or the synthetic peptide 4N1K, corresponding to the CD47 binding site of thrombospondin, display the same activity. CD47 engagement does not change the phenotype of IL-12-primed cells from Th1 to Th2 or affect IL-4-induced Th2 cell development. Moreover, CD47 mAb inhibits IL-12- but not IL-4-induced IL-2 production as well as IFN-gamma in primary cultures, which was correlated with a decrease of the IL-12Rbeta2 chain expression. Inclusion of exogenous IL-2 at priming corrects IL-12R expression as well as the inhibition of Th1 cell development. The data thus underline the role of IL-2 in Th1 cell development and further suggest that targeting IL-2 and IL-12 simultaneously may have some therapeutic advantage in Th1 autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/biosynthesis
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- CD47 Antigen
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Growth Inhibitors/physiology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Th1 Cells/cytology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/cytology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M N Avice
- Allergy Research Laboratory, Research Center of CHUM, Notre-Dame Hospital, University of Montreal, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Varga EM, Wachholz P, Nouri-Aria KT, Verhoef A, Corrigan CJ, Till SJ, Durham SR. T cells from human allergen-induced late asthmatic responses express IL-12 receptor beta 2 subunit mRNA and respond to IL-12 in vitro. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:2877-85. [PMID: 10946321 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.5.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 suppresses proallergic Th2-type cytokine production and induces Th1-type cytokine production by peripheral blood T cells from subjects with allergic disease. The objective of the present study was to examine the relevance of these findings to target organ T cell responses in human asthma. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and PBMC were collected from atopic asthmatics 24 h after fiberoptic allergen challenge of a segmental bronchus. BAL T cells and PBMC were cultured with allergen in the presence of recombinant IL-12 or IFN-gamma, and cytokines were measured in culture supernatants after 6 days. IL-5 production by BAL T cells and PBMC was inhibited by IL-12 and, to a lesser extent, by IFN-gamma. IL-12 also induced IFN-gamma production by BAL T cells and PBMC. The effects of IL-12 nor IFN-gamma on IL-5 production could not be reversed by neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma or anti-IL-12 mAbs, respectively. Thus, the effect of neither IL-12 nor IFN-gamma appeared to be mediated through induction of the other cytokine. In situ hybridization revealed that approximately one-third of BAL T cells expressed mRNA transcripts encoding the IL-12R beta 2 subunit following allergen challenge. Thus, human T cells obtained from BAL during asthmatic late responses, like T cells in the peripheral circulation, remain susceptible to immunomodulation by IL-12. These findings raise the possibility that IL-12 may hold therapeutic potential in allergic diseases such as asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E M Varga
- Upper Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jones DE, Buxbaum LU, Scott P. IL-4-independent inhibition of IL-12 responsiveness during Leishmania amazonensis infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:364-72. [PMID: 10861073 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis induces a nonhealing infection in C3H mice, whereas infection with Leishmania major is self-healing. We found that C3H mice infected with L. amazonensis exhibited decreased IL-12 production, which could account for the susceptibility to this organism. However, exogenous IL-12 administration failed to induce a healing immune response. The failure of L. amazonensis-infected C3H mice to respond to IL-12 was associated with a specific defect in IL-12 receptor beta2 (IL-12Rbeta2) mRNA expression by CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, decreased IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA expression correlated with a decrease in the IL-12-signaling capacity of the lymph node (LN) cells. IL-4 did not contribute to susceptibility or down-regulation of the IL-12Rbeta2 subunit, because IL-4-/- mice remained susceptible to L. amazonensis infection, even after IL-12 administration, and CD4+ cells from infected IL-4-/- mice also had reduced expression of IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA. These results demonstrate that regulation of the IL-12 receptor, independent of IL-4, is a point of control for the immune response to leishmaniasis. In contrast to experimental L. major infections, where host genetics control susceptibility, these studies demonstrate that the lack of IL-12 responsiveness may be dictated by the pathogen, rather than the host.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/parasitology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-4/deficiency
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Leishmania major/immunology
- Leishmania mexicana/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/etiology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/parasitology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Jones
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Cytokines are dominant factors in driving the development of T helper cell subsets via specific signaling pathways. Transcription factors specific to the T helper cell lineages have also been shown to determine the commitment of Th1 and Th2 cells to the production of distinct profiles of cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A O'Garra
- Division of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|