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Mengrelis K, Muckenhuber M, Wekerle T. Chimerism-based Tolerance Induction in Clinical Transplantation: Its Foundations and Mechanisms. Transplantation 2023; 107:2473-2485. [PMID: 37046378 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic chimerism remains the most promising strategy to bring transplantation tolerance into clinical routine. The concept of chimerism-based tolerance aims to extend the recipient's mechanisms of self-tolerance (ie, clonal deletion, anergy, and regulation) to include the tolerization of donor antigens that are introduced through the cotransplantation of donor hematopoietic cells. For this to be successful, donor hematopoietic cells need to engraft in the recipient at least temporarily. Three pioneering clinical trials inducing chimerism-based tolerance in kidney transplantation have been published to date. Within this review, we discuss the mechanisms of tolerance that are associated with the specific therapeutic protocols of each trial. Recent data highlight the importance of regulation as a mechanism that maintains tolerance. Insufficient regulatory mechanisms are also a likely explanation for situations of tolerance failure despite persisting donor chimerism. After decades of preclinical development of chimerism protocols, mechanistic data from clinical trials have recently become increasingly important. Better understanding of the required mechanisms for tolerance to be induced in humans will be a key to design more reliable and less invasive chimerism protocols in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mengrelis
- Division of Transplantation, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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The importance of MHC class II in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and chimerism-based solid organ tolerance in a rat model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233497. [PMID: 32442182 PMCID: PMC7244129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed hematopoietic chimerism enables donor-specific tolerance for solid organ grafts. This study evaluated the influence of different serological major histocompatibility complex disparities on chimerism development, graft-versus-host disease incidence and subsequently on solid organ tolerance in a rat model. For bone marrow transplantation conditioning total body irradiation was titrated using 10, 8 or 6 Gray. Bone marrow transplantation was performed across following major histocompatibility complex mismatched barriers: complete disparity, MHC class II, MHC class I or non-MHC mismatch. Recipients were clinically monitored for graft-versus-host disease and analyzed for chimerism using flow cytometry. After a reconstitution of 100 days, composition of peripheral leukocytes was determined. Mixed chimeras were challenged with heart grafts from allogeneic donor strains to define the impact of donor MHC class disparities on solid organ tolerance on the basis of stable chimerism. After myeloablation with 10 Gray of total body irradiation, chimerism after bone marrow transplantation was induced independent of MHC disparity. MHC class II disparity increased the incidence of graft-versus-host disease and reduced induction of stable chimerism upon myelosuppressive total body irradiation with 8 and 6 Gray, respectively. Stable mixed chimeras showed tolerance towards heart grafts from donors with MHC matched to either bone marrow donors or recipients. Isolated matching of MHC class II with bone marrow donors likewise led to stable tolerance as opposed to matching of MHC class I. In summary, MHC class II disparity was critically associated with the onset of graft-versus host disease and was identified as obstacle for successful development of chimerism after bone marrow transplantation and subsequent donor-specific solid organ tolerance.
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Borges TJ, Murakami N, Machado FD, Murshid A, Lang BJ, Lopes RL, Bellan LM, Uehara M, Antunes KH, Pérez-Saéz MJ, Birrane G, Vianna P, Gonçalves JIB, Zanin RF, Azzi J, Abdi R, Ishido S, Shin JS, Souza APD, Calderwood SK, Riella LV, Bonorino C. March1-dependent modulation of donor MHC II on CD103 + dendritic cells mitigates alloimmunity. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3482. [PMID: 30154416 PMCID: PMC6113260 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In transplantation, donor dendritic cells (do-DCs) initiate the alloimmune response either by direct interaction with host T cells or by transferring intact donor MHC to host DCs. However, how do-DCs can be targeted for improving allograft survival is still unclear. Here we show CD103+ DCs are the major do-DC subset involved in the acute rejection of murine skin transplants. In the absence of CD103+ do-DCs, less donor MHC-II is carried to host lymph nodes, fewer allogenic T cells are primed and allograft survival is prolonged. Incubation of skin grafts with the anti-inflammatory mycobacterial protein DnaK reduces donor MHC-II on CD103+DCs and prolongs graft survival. This effect is mediated through IL-10-induced March1, which ubiquitinates and decreases MHC-II levels. Importantly, in vitro pre-treatment of human DCs with DnaK reduces their ability to prime alloreactive T cells. Our findings demonstrate a novel therapeutic approach to dampen alloimmunity by targeting donor MHC-II on CD103+DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago J Borges
- School of Biosciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690, IPB, 2nd floor, lab 6, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Felipe D Machado
- School of Biosciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690, IPB, 2nd floor, lab 6, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ayesha Murshid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Benjamin J Lang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Rafael L Lopes
- School of Biosciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690, IPB, 2nd floor, lab 6, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura M Bellan
- School of Biosciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690, IPB, 2nd floor, lab 6, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mayuko Uehara
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Krist H Antunes
- School of Pharmacy and Centro Infant, Biomedical Research Institute, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690, IPB, 2nd floor, lab 31, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria José Pérez-Saéz
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Gabriel Birrane
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Priscila Vianna
- Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Ismael B Gonçalves
- School of Biosciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690, IPB, 2nd floor, lab 6, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Health and Human Development, La Salle University, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael F Zanin
- School of Biosciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690, IPB, 2nd floor, lab 6, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Department of Health and Human Development, La Salle University, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Department of Microbiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSE-201, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0414, USA
| | - Ana Paula D Souza
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stuart K Calderwood
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Cristina Bonorino
- School of Biosciences and Biomedical Research Institute, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS. Av. Ipiranga, 6690, IPB, 2nd floor, lab 6, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Yolcu ES, Shirwan H, Askenasy N. Mechanisms of Tolerance Induction by Hematopoietic Chimerism: The Immune Perspective. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:700-712. [PMID: 28186688 PMCID: PMC5442770 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic chimerism is one of the effective approaches to induce tolerance to donor‐derived tissue and organ grafts without administration of life‐long immunosuppressive therapy. Although experimental efforts to develop such regimens have been ongoing for decades, substantial cumulative toxicity of combined hematopoietic and tissue transplants precludes wide clinical implementation. Tolerance is an active immunological process that includes both peripheral and central mechanisms of mutual education of coresident donor and host immune systems. The major stages include sequential suppression of early alloreactivity, establishment of hematopoietic chimerism and suppressor cells that sustain the state of tolerance, with significant mechanistic and temporal overlap along the tolerization process. Efforts to devise less toxic transplant strategies by reduction of preparatory conditioning focus on modulation rather than deletion of residual host immunity and early reinstitution of regulatory subsets at the central and peripheral levels. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:700–712
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma S Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory of Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation, Petach Tikva, Israel
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Application of allogeneic bone marrow cells in view of residual alloreactivity: sirolimus but not cyclosporine evolves tolerogenic properties. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119950. [PMID: 25836261 PMCID: PMC4383565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Application of bone marrow cells (BMC) is a promising strategy for tolerance induction, but usually requires strong depletion of the host immune system. This study evaluates the ability of immunosuppressants to evolve tolerogenic properties of BMC in view of residual alloreactivity. METHODS The rat model used a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II disparate bone marrow transplantation (BMT) setting (LEW.1AR1 (RT1auu) → LEW.1AR2 (RT1aau)). Heart grafts (LEW.1WR1 (RT1uua)) were disparate for the complete MHC to recipients and for MHC class I to BMC donors. Limited conditioning was performed by total body irradiation of 6 Gy. Cyclosporine (CsA) or Sirolimus (Srl) were administered for 14 or 28 days. Transplantation of heart grafts (HTx) was performed at day 16 or at day 100 after BMT. Chimerism and changes in the T cell pool were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Mixed chimeras accepted HTx indefinitely, although the composition of the regenerated T cell pool was not changed to a basically donor MHC class II haplotype. Non-chimeric animals rejected HTx spontaneously. BMC recipients, who received HTx during T cell recovery at day 16, accepted HTx only after pre-treatment with Srl, although chimerism was lost. CsA pre-treatment led to accelerated HTx rejection as did isolated application of BMC. CONCLUSION Srl evolves tolerogenic properties of allogeneic BMC to achieve indefinite acceptance of partly MHC disparate HTx despite residual alloreactivity and in particular loss of chimerism.
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Tolerance induction in HLA disparate living donor kidney transplantation by donor stem cell infusion: durable chimerism predicts outcome. Transplantation 2013; 95:169-76. [PMID: 23222893 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182782fc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently reported that durable chimerism can be safely established in mismatched kidney recipients through nonmyeloablative conditioning followed by infusion of a facilitating cell (FC)-based hematopoietic stem cell transplantation termed FCRx. Here we provide intermediate-term follow-up on this phase II trial. METHODS Fifteen human leukocyte antigen-mismatched living donor renal transplant recipients underwent low-intensity conditioning (fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, 200 cGy TBI), received a living donor kidney transplant on day 0, then infusion of cryopreserved FCRx on day +1. Maintenance immunosuppression, consisting of tacrolimus and mycophenolate, was weaned over 1 year. RESULTS All but one patient demonstrated peripheral blood macrochimerism after transplantation. Engraftment failure occurred in a highly sensitized (panel reactive antibody [PRA] of 52%) recipient. Chimerism was lost in three patients at 2, 3, and 6 months after transplantation. Two of these subjects had received either a reduced cell dose or incomplete conditioning; the other two had PRA greater than 20%. All demonstrated donor-specific hyporesponsiveness and were weaned from full-dose immunosuppression. Complete immunosuppression withdrawal at 1 year after transplantation was successful in all patients with durable chimerism. There has been no graft-versus-host disease or engraftment syndrome. Renal transplantation loss occurred in one patient who developed sepsis following an atypical viral infection. Two subjects with only transient chimerism demonstrated subclinical rejection on protocol biopsy despite donor-specific hyporesponsiveness. CONCLUSIONS Low-intensity conditioning plus FCRx safely achieved durable chimerism in mismatched allograft recipients. Sensitization represents an obstacle to successful induction of chimerism. Sustained T-cell chimerism is a more robust biomarker of tolerance than donor-specific hyporeactivity.
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LeGuern C, Akiyama Y, Germana S, Tanaka K, Fernandez L, Iwamoto Y, Houser S, Benichou G. Intracellular MHC class II controls regulatory tolerance to allogeneic transplants. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2394-400. [PMID: 20100928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II (MHCII) genes have been implicated in the regulation of T lymphocyte responses. However, the mechanism of MHCII-driven regulation remains unknown. Matching for MHCII between donors and recipients of allografts favors regulatory T cell tolerance to transplants and provides a unique opportunity to study this regulation. In this study, we investigated MHCII regulation using transfer of donor MHCII genes in recipients of cardiac allografts. Transfer of MHCII IA(b) genes in the bone marrow of CBA mice (H-2(k)) prior to the grafting of IA(b+) fully allogeneic C57BL/6 (B6, H-2(b)) heart transplants resulted in donor-specific tolerance associated with long-term survival of B6, but not third-party, allografts without sustained immunosuppression. Strikingly, the majority of accepted heart transplants (>170 d) were devoid of allograft vasculopathy. Further studies indicated that intracellular IA(b) initiated the tolerogenic process, which was mediated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) that polarized antigraft responses to Th2 cytokine producers. This mechanism seems to be unique to MHCII genes, because previous MHC class I gene-based therapies failed to produce Tregs. These results demonstrate the key role of MHCII in the induction of Tregs. They also underscore a potential mechanism of specific inactivation of T cells in this model; when activated by IA(b+) grafts, IA(b)-specific Tregs repress the entire alloresponse to C57BL/6 transplants (including MHC I and minor Ags), thus mediating T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian LeGuern
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, MGH-East, Building 149-9019, 13th Street, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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Zhang S, Dai H, Wan N, Moore Y, Dai Z. Manipulating IL-2 availability amid presentation of donor MHC antigens suppresses murine alloimmune responses by inducing regulatory T cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8756. [PMID: 20090908 PMCID: PMC2807454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are important for alloimmune responses as well as immune tolerance. Previous studies have shown that presentation of donor MHC antigens by donor-specific transfusion prior to or upon transplantation promotes transplant tolerance induced by other agents. However, it is unclear whether presentation of donor MHC antigens by DNA vaccination induces long-term allograft survival. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated whether presentation of MHC class-II and/or class-I donor antigens by DNA vaccination suppresses alloimmune responses and promotes long-term allograft acceptance. We initially found that presentation of both MHC donor antigens by DNA vaccination itself prior to transplantation fails to significantly prolong islet allograft survival in otherwise untreated mice. However, islet allograft survival was significantly prolonged when MHC class-II DNA vaccination was accompanied with IL-2 administration (MHCII + IL-2) while MHC class-I DNA vaccination was followed by IL-2 and subsequent neutralizing anti-IL-2 treatments (MHCI + IL-2/anti-IL-2). Especially, this protocol promoted long-term allograft survival in the majority of recipients (57%) when combined with low doses of rapamycin post-transplantation. Importantly, MHCII + IL-2 induced FoxP3+ Treg cells in both spleens and grafts and suppressed graft-infiltrating CD4+ cell proliferation, whereas MHCI + IL-2/anti-IL-2 mainly inhibited graft-infiltrating CD8+ cell proliferation and donor-specific CTL activity. The combined protocol plus rapamycin treatment further reduced both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation as well as donor-specific CTL activity but spared FoxP3+ Treg cells. Depleting CD25+ Treg cells or adoptive transfer of pre-sensitized CD8+ T cells abolished this long-term allograft survival. Conclusions/Significance Manipulating IL-2 availability during presentation of MHC class-II and class-I donor antigens by DNA vaccination pre-transplantation induces Treg cells, suppresses alloimmune responses and promotes long-term allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzi Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hehua Dai
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ni Wan
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yolonda Moore
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zhenhua Dai
- Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rahhal DN, Xu H, Huang WC, Wu S, Wen Y, Huang Y, Ildstad ST. Dissociation between peripheral blood chimerism and tolerance to hindlimb composite tissue transplants: preferential localization of chimerism in donor bone. Transplantation 2009; 88:773-81. [PMID: 19920776 PMCID: PMC2780434 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181b47cfa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mixed chimerism induces donor-specific tolerance to composite tissue allotransplants (CTAs). In the present studies, we used a nonmyeloablative conditioning approach to establish chimerism and promote CTA acceptance. METHODS Wistar Furth (RT1A(u)) rats were conditioned with 600 to 300 cGy total body irradiation (TBI, day-1), and 100 x 10(6) T-cell-depleted ACI (RT1A(abl)) bone marrow cells were transplanted on day 0, followed by a 11-day course of tacrolimus and one dose of antilymphocyte serum (day 10). Heterotopic osteomyocutaneous flap transplantation was performed 4 to 6 weeks after bone marrow transplantation. RESULTS Mixed chimerism was initially achieved in almost all recipients, but long-term acceptance of CTA was only achieved in rats treated with 600 cGy TBI. When anti-alphabeta-T-cell receptor (TCR) monoclonal antibody (mAb) (day-3) was added into the regimens, donor chimerism was similar to recipients preconditioned without anti-alphabeta-TCR mAb. However, the long-term CTA survival was significantly improved in chimeras receiving more than or equal to 300 cGy TBI plus anti-alphabeta-TCR mAb. Higher levels of donor chimerism were associated with CTA acceptance. The majority of flap acceptors lost peripheral blood chimerism within 6 months. However, donor chimerism persisted in the transplanted bone at significantly higher levels compared with other hematopoietic compartments. The compartment donor chimerism may be responsible for the maintenance of tolerance to CTA. Long-term acceptors were tolerant to a donor skin graft challenge even in the absence of peripheral blood chimerism. CONCLUSIONS Mixed chimerism established by nonmyeloablative conditioning induces long-term acceptance of CTA, which is associated with persistent chimerism preferentially in the transplanted donor bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina N Rahhal
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202-1760, USA.
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Priddle H, Jones DRE, Burridge PW, Patient R. Hematopoiesis from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Overcoming the Immune Barrier in Stem Cell Therapies. Stem Cells 2009; 24:815-24. [PMID: 16306149 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The multipotency and proliferative capacity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) make them a promising source of stem cells for transplant therapies and of vital importance given the shortage in organ donation. Recent studies suggest some immune privilege associated with hESC-derived tissues. However, the adaptability of the immune system makes it unlikely that fully differentiated tissues will permanently evade immune rejection. One promising solution is to induce a state of immune tolerance to a hESC line using tolerogenic hematopoietic cells derived from it. This could provide acceptance of other differentiated tissues from the same line. However, this approach will require efficient multilineage hematopoiesis from hESCs. This review proposes that more efficient differentiation of hESCs to the tolerogenic cell types required is most likely to occur through applying knowledge gained of the ontogeny of complex regulatory signals used by the embryo for definitive hematopoietic development in vivo. Stepwise formation of mesoderm, induction of definitive hematopoietic stem cells, and the application of factors key to their self-renewal may improve in vitro production both quantitatively and qualitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Priddle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Human Development, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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Casiraghi F, Azzollini N, Cassis P, Imberti B, Morigi M, Cugini D, Cavinato RA, Todeschini M, Solini S, Sonzogni A, Perico N, Remuzzi G, Noris M. Pretransplant infusion of mesenchymal stem cells prolongs the survival of a semiallogeneic heart transplant through the generation of regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:3933-46. [PMID: 18768848 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.3933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) had immunomodulatory properties in solid organ allotransplantation, using a semiallogeneic heart transplant mouse model, and studied the mechanism(s) underlying MSC tolerogenic effects. Either single (portal vein, day -7) or double (portal vein, day -7 and tail vein, day -1) pretransplant infusions of donor-derived B6C3 MSC in B6 recipients induced a profound T cell hyporesponsiveness and prolonged B6C3 cardiac allograft survival. The protolerogenic effect was abrogated when donor-derived MSC were injected together with B6C3 hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), suggesting that HSC negatively impact MSC immunomodulatory properties. Both the induction (pretransplant) and the maintenance phase (>100 days posttransplant) of donor-derived MSC-induced tolerance were associated with CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg expansion and impaired anti-donor Th1 activity. MSC-induced regulatory T cells (Treg) were donor-specific since adoptive transfer of splenocytes from tolerant mice prevented the rejection of fully MHC-mismatched donor-specific secondary allografts but not of third-party grafts. In addition, infusion of recipient-derived B6 MSC tolerized a semiallogeneic B6C3 cardiac allograft, but not a fully MHC-mismatched BALB/c graft, and expanded Treg. A double i.v. pretransplant infusion of recipient-derived MSC had the same tolerogenic effect as the combined intraportal/i.v. MSC infusions, which makes the tolerogenic protocol applicable in a clinical setting. In contrast, single MSC infusions given either peritransplant or 1 day after transplant were less effective. Altogether these findings indicate that MSC immunomodulatory properties require HSC removal, partial sharing of MHC Ags between the donor and the recipient and pretransplant infusion, and are associated with expansion of donor-specific Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Casiraghi
- Transplant Research Center, "Chiara Cucchi De Alessandri & Gilberto Crespi," Ranica, Italy
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Batten P, Sarathchandra P, Antoniw JW, Tay SS, Lowdell MW, Taylor PM, Yacoub MH. Human mesenchymal stem cells induce T cell anergy and downregulate T cell allo-responses via the TH2 pathway: relevance to tissue engineering human heart valves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:2263-73. [PMID: 16968166 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To generate an ''off the shelf'' tissue-engineered heart valve, the cells would need to be of allogeneic origin. Here, we report the possibility of using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a suitable allogeneic cell source for tissue-engineered heart valves. Proliferative responses of primary and primed CD4+ T cells to allogeneic MSCs were examined. A protein microarray system was used to detect soluble factors from supernatants collected from the T cell assays. MSCs are poor stimulators of primary and primed CD4+ T cell proliferation, despite provision of B7-1 trans-co-stimulation. MSCs not only directly inhibited primary and primed T cell responses to allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but 24-h pre-culture of T cells with MSCs suppressed subsequent T cell proliferative responses to allogeneic PBMCs in a contact-dependent manner. Analysis of supernatants revealed a distinctly different cytokine profile after co-culture of T cells with MSCs than with PBMCs or endothelial cells. Pro-inflammatory Th1 cytokines interleukin (IL)-1alpha and beta, interferon (IFN)gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha were downregulated, whereas, anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokines IL-3, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 and the Th2 chemokine I-309, a chemoattractant for regulatory T cells, were upregulated. Further analysis revealed that after co-culture with MSCs, the T cells exhibited a regulatory phenotype (CD4+ CD25(lo) CD69(lo) FoxP3+). MSCs downregulate T cell responses through direct contact and secretion of anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic cytokines, which may involve the recruitment of regulatory T cells. This implies that allogeneic MSCs could be a suitable cell source for tissue engineering a heart valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa Batten
- Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London at Harefield Hospital, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom.
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13
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Liu B, Hao J, Pan Y, Luo B, Westgard B, Heremans Y, Sutherland DER, Hering BJ, Guo Z. Increasing donor chimerism and inducing tolerance to islet allografts by post-transplant donor lymphocyte infusion. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:933-46. [PMID: 16611329 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inducing donor chimerism is the most consistently successful approach to achieve transplant tolerance. We found that a low level of donor chimerism, which was induced by a relatively non-toxic approach, induced donor-specific tolerance to islet allografts in chemically induced diabetic mice. However, a similar level of donor chimerism could not protect donor islet allografts in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice that spontaneously developed autoimmune diabetes. Rejection of donor islet allografts in diabetic NOD mice with a low level of donor chimerism was mediated by recurrent autoimmunity. We used post-transplant donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) to increase donor chimerism and to induce tolerance to islet allografts. DLI significantly increased donor chimerism and promoted donor-specific tolerance to islet allografts in diabetic NOD mice. Self-tolerance to islet autoantigens was restored and restoring self-tolerance is mediated by immunoregulation. Thus, our data showed that adoptive immunotherapy with post-transplant DLI after establishing a low level of donor chimerism as a platform enhances donor chimerism, induces donor-specific tolerance to islet allografts and restores self-tolerance in the setting of autoimmune diabetes. Our data also showed that central tolerance is not sufficient to induce tolerance and peripheral tolerance through immunoregulation for restoring self-tolerance is required in the setting of autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- Department of Surgery, Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, and Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, China
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14
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Powell JD, Fitzhugh C, Kang EM, Hsieh M, Schwartz RH, Tisdale JF. Low-dose radiation plus rapamycin promotes long-term bone marrow chimerism. Transplantation 2006; 80:1541-5. [PMID: 16371922 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000185299.72295.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to achieve significant donor engraftment without fully myeloablative conditioning has revolutionized allogeneic stem cell transplantation. These nonmyeloablative approaches may allow extension of this potentially curative modality to an increasing number of patients including those with non-malignant diseases. Although a number of regimens have been explored, the optimal means of conditioning has not been determined. METHODS We previously demonstrated that rapamycin (RAPA) has the ability to promote T-cell tolerance even in the presence of costimulation. In the current study, we examine the ability of rapamycin or the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A (CSA) to promote chimerism in a murine haploidentical bone marrow transplantation model. Mice were conditioned with 300 cGy and received either RAPA at 3 mg/kg/day IP, CSA at 20 mg/kg/day IP, or no immunosuppression starting on the day before the transplant and continued for 4 weeks. RESULTS There was no apparent toxicity, and animals maintained normal blood counts throughout. More importantly, long-term macrochimerism was observed only in the RAPA-treated group. CONCLUSIONS These results establish a simple, nontoxic, irradiation-based regimen that facilitates engraftment without ablation. This strategy may prove useful in nonmalignant disorders such as hemoglobinopathies in which moderate levels of donor chimerism could prove curative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Powell
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Abstract
The morbidity and mortality associated with chronic immunosuppression provide a strong motivation for development of clinical tolerance. This paper discusses the definition(s) of clinical (operational) tolerance, the role of chimerism in experimental and clinical tolerance, and the special role of bone marrow in tolerance induction. The states of microchimerism and macrochimerism are defined and related to certain clinical observations in solid organ transplantation. Current clinical strategies already being tested in the clinic are briefly reviewed. Certain principles for induction of clinical (operational) tolerance are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Monaco
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Abstract
The principle that the induction of (mixed) hematopoietic chimerism can lead to transplantation tolerance to another organ from the same donor has been verified in rodents, in large animals including non-human primates and recently in a selected group of renal transplant recipients. The wide application of this tool depends on the development of more gentle, non-toxic induction protocols and reliable assays with which to detect the establishment of stable donor-specific tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Claas
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Albinusdreef 2, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
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17
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Xu H, Chilton PM, Huang Y, Schanie CL, Ildstad ST. Production of donor T cells is critical for induction of donor-specific tolerance and maintenance of chimerism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1463-71. [PMID: 14734723 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonmyeloablative conditioning has significantly reduced the morbidity associated with bone marrow transplantation. The donor hemopoietic cell lineage(s) responsible for the induction and maintenance of tolerance in nonmyeloablatively conditioned recipients is not defined. In the present studies we evaluated which hemopoietic stem cell-derived components are critical to the induction of tolerance in a total body irradiation-based model. Recipient B10 mice were pretreated with mAbs and transplanted with allogeneic B10.BR bone marrow after conditioning with 100-300 cGy total body irradiation. The proportion of recipients engrafting increased in a dose-dependent fashion. All chimeric recipients exhibited multilineage donor cell production. However, induction of tolerance correlated strictly with early production of donor T cells. The chimeras without donor T cells rejected donor skin grafts and demonstrated strong antidonor reactivity in vitro, while possessing high levels of donor chimerism. These animals lost chimerism within 8 mo. Differentiation into T cells was aborted at a prethymic stage in recipients that did not produce donor T cells. Moreover, donor Ag-driven clonal deletion of recipient T cells occurred only in chimeras with donor T cells. These results demonstrate that donor T cell production is critical in the induction of transplantation tolerance and the maintenance of durable chimerism. In addition, donor T cell production directly correlates with the deletion of potentially alloreactive cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/pathology
- CD24 Antigen
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Radiation Chimera/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Transplantation Conditioning/methods
- Transplantation Tolerance/genetics
- Whole-Body Irradiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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18
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Kanamoto A, Maki T. Chimeric Donor Cells Play an Active Role in Both Induction and Maintenance Phases of Transplantation Tolerance Induced by Mixed Chimerism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1444-8. [PMID: 14734720 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Donor hemopoietic cell engraftment is considered to be an indicator of allograft tolerance. We depleted chimerism with cells specifically presensitized to the bone marrow donor to investigate its role in mixed chimera-induced tolerance. Three experimental models were used: model A, B10.A cells presensitized to B6 (a anti-b cells) were injected into (B6 x D2)F(1) --> B10.A mixed chimeras grafted with DBA/2 skin; model B, anti-B6 presensitized cells prepared in DBA/2 --> B10.A mixed chimeras, thus unresponsive to DBA/2 (a anti-b/tol-d cells), were injected into (B6 x D2)F(1) --> B10.A mixed chimeras grafted with DBA/2 skin; and model C, (BALB/c x B6)F(1) cells presensitized to CBA (d/b anti-k cells) were injected into (B6 x CBA)F(1) --> BALB/c mixed chimeras grafted with B6 skin. Skin was grafted on day 30. Injection of each cell type before skin grafting abolished hemopoietic cell engraftment and prevented allograft acceptance. Injection of presensitized cells after skin grafting resulted in different outcomes depending on the models. In model A, injection of a anti-b cells completely depleted chimerism and caused allograft rejection. In model B, injection of a anti-b/tol-d cells markedly reduced, but did not deplete, peripheral chimerism and maintained skin allograft survival. In model C, d/b anti-k cells reduced chimerism to the background levels but failed to cause graft rejection, probably due to persistence of injected cells which share MHC with skin grafts. Together, the results show that presence of chimeric donor cells is essential in both the induction and maintenance phases of tolerance induced by mixed chimerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kanamoto
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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19
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Abstract
The concepts of chimerism has influenced our thinking about tolerance and rejection of organs and tissues since the beginning of modern transplantation. In macrochimerism, persisting donor-specific cells are easily detectable by flow cytometry at levels of several to 100%, usually after transient lymphoablation and bone marrow (or other cell) transplantation. Microchimerism refers to a state in which donor cells persist at low levels (1 cell per 10(4) or 10(5) or less), frequently detectable by molecular techniques and usually consisting of class II dendritic cells. Although macrochimerism is frequently associated with donor-specific tolerance in many experimental animals and people, instances occur in which macrochimerism can be produced, but tolerance is not achieved. Also, in large animal models, macrochimerism and associated tolerance can be produced but macrochimerism can then disappear, yet tolerance persists. Clinically, states of microchimerism can exist, but rejection still occurs. Also, persisting microchimerism does not necessarily correlate with clinical tolerance or the ability to wean from or reduce immunosuppressive drugs. Recent experiments in several rodents using bone marrow to induce macrochimerism and tolerance have shown that establishment of the macrochimeric state does not necessarily produce tolerance. The presence of class II positive cells in the donor bone marrow inoculum is essential for tolerance induction in these models.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Monaco
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Kittur DS, Wilasrusmee C, Han WF, Xu R, Burdick JF, Adler W. Locally derived cytokines and upregulation of MHC class II genes in allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21:882-9. [PMID: 12163088 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(02)00407-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro, various cytokines can modulate the level of expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II antigens. Major histocompatibility complex Class II hyperexpression occurs in many immunologic disorders in vivo, but the cytokines that affect this are difficult to analyze because they are produced in small amounts, they act locally, and their mRNAs have short half-lives. METHODS We studied the expression of cytokines known to up-regulate MHC Class II genes in heart allografts in mice from B10.BR donors to B10.D2 recipients by reverse transcription of mRNA and polymerase chain reaction amplification. The I-Abeta(k) gene expression was also studied in the same fully MHC incompatible strain combination. RESULTS Messenger RNA for interferon (INF)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, known inducers of MHC Class II expression in vitro, could be detected in allografts either 24 hours before or simultaneously with massive induction of graft specific I-Abeta mRNA. Interleukin-6 mRNA could be detected as early as 1 day after grafting. CONCLUSION These data suggest that known cytokine up-regulators of MHC Class II genes, i.e., IFN-gamma, IL-4, and TNF-alpha may contribute to the upregulation of graft-specific MHC Class II antigens during an allograft reaction. Also, IL-6 expression in allografts may result from the stress of the grafting procedure, as it is evident very early after grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip S Kittur
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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22
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Abe M, Qi J, Sykes M, Yang YG. Mixed chimerism induces donor-specific T-cell tolerance across a highly disparate xenogeneic barrier. Blood 2002; 99:3823-9. [PMID: 11986242 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.10.3823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of tolerance is likely to be essential for successful xenotransplantation because immune responses across xenogeneic barriers are vigorous. Although mixed hematopoietic chimerism leads to stable donor-specific tolerance in allogeneic and closely related xenogeneic (eg, rat-to-mouse) combinations, the ability of this approach to induce tolerance across a highly disparate xenogeneic barrier has not yet been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the immune responses of murine T cells that developed in mice with pre-established porcine hematopoietic chimerism. Our results show for the first time that induction of porcine hematopoietic chimerism can eliminate the development of antiporcine donor responses in a highly disparate xenogeneic species. Porcine hematopoietic chimeras showed donor-specific nonresponsiveness in the mixed lymphocyte reaction, lack of antidonor IgG antibody production, and acceptance of donor skin grafts. Thus, mixed chimerism is capable of inducing tolerance in a highly disparate xenogeneic combination and may have clinical potential to prevent xenograft rejection. (Blood. 2002;99:3823-3829)
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Abe
- Transplantation Biology Research Center, Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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23
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Noris M, Cugini D, Casiraghi F, Azzollini N, Moraes LDDV, Mister M, Pezzotta A, Cavinato RA, Aiello S, Perico N, Remuzzi G. Thymic microchimerism correlates with the outcome of tolerance-inducing protocols for solid organ transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12:2815-2826. [PMID: 11729252 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v12122815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study found that pretransplant infusion of donor peripheral blood leukocytes, either total leukocytes (peripheral blood leukocytes) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), under appropriate immunomodulating conditions was more effective than donor bone marrow (BM) in prolonging the survival of rats that received kidney grafts. A higher percentage of MHCII(+) cells was found in donor PBMC than in BM cells, and depletion of MHCII(+) cells from donor PBMC abolished their tolerogenic potential. By the analysis of microchimerism in rats infused with donor cells and killed at different time points thereafter, the better tolerogenic potential of leukocyte infusion related to a higher capability of these cells to engraft the recipient thymus. PCR analysis on OX6-immunopurified cells revealed the presence of donor MHCII(+) cells in the thymus of these animals. The role of intrathymic microchimerism was reinforced by findings that thymectomy at the time of transplant prevented tolerance induction by donor leukocytes. Donor DNA was found in the thymus of most long-term graft animals that survived, but in none of those that rejected their grafts. The presence of intrathymic microchimerism correlated with graft survival, and microchimerism in other tissues was irrelevant. PCR analysis of DNA from thymic cell subpopulations revealed the presence of donor MHCII(+) cells in the thymus of long-term surviving animals. Thus, in rats, donor leukocyte infusion is better than donor BM for inducing graft tolerance, defined by long-term graft survival, donor-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness, and reduced interferon gamma production. This effect appears to occur through migration of donor MHCII(+) cells in the host thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Noris
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Daniela Cugini
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Federica Casiraghi
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nadia Azzollini
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Luciana De Deus Viera Moraes
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marilena Mister
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Angela Pezzotta
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Regiane Aparecida Cavinato
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sistiana Aiello
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Norberto Perico
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Department of Immunology and Clinics of Organ Transplantation, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, via Gavazzeni 11, 24125 Bergamo, Italy
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24
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Monaco AP, Maki T, Hale D, Umemura A, Morita H. The enigma of tolerance and chimerism: variable role of T cells and chimerism in induction of tolerance with bone marrow. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:3837-9. [PMID: 11750635 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)02625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A P Monaco
- Transplant Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Umemura A, Morita H, Li XC, Tahan S, Monaco AP, Maki T. Dissociation of hemopoietic chimerism and allograft tolerance after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3043-8. [PMID: 11544287 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.6.3043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Creation of stable hemopoietic chimerism has been considered to be a prerequisite for allograft tolerance after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). In this study, we demonstrated that allogeneic BMT with bone marrow cells (BMC) prepared from either knockout mice deficient in both CD4 and CD8 T cells or CD3E-transgenic mice lacking both T cells and NK cells maintained a high degree of chimerism, but failed to induce tolerance to donor-specific wild-type skin grafts. Lymphocytes from mice reconstituted with T cell-deficient BMC proliferated when they were injected into irradiated donor strain mice, whereas lymphocytes from mice reconstituted with wild-type BMC were unresponsive to donor alloantigens. Donor-specific allograft tolerance was restored when donor-type T cells were adoptively transferred to recipient mice given T cell-deficient BMC. These results show that donor T cell engraftment is required for induction of allograft tolerance, but not for creation of continuous hemopoietic chimerism after allogeneic BMT, and that a high degree of chimerism is not necessarily associated with specific allograft tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Umemura
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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26
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Umemura A, Monaco AP, Maki T. Essential role of MHC class II antigens in tolerance induction in allogeneic radiation chimera. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:112. [PMID: 11266732 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Umemura
- Transplant Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Jäger MD, Tsui T, Timrott K, Aselmann H, Deiwick A, Neipp M, Wonigeit K, Klempnauer J, Schlitt HJ. MHC class II compatibility between donor bone marrow and secondary organ grafts is required for tolerance based on mixed chimerism. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:176. [PMID: 11266766 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Jäger
- Klinik für Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Monaco
- Harvard Medical School Director, The Transplant Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Umemura A, Monaco AP, Maki T. Donor T cells are not required for induction of allograft tolerance in mice treated with antilymphocyte serum, rapamycin, and donor bone marrow cells. Transplantation 2000; 70:1005-9. [PMID: 11045634 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-200010150-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postgraft infusion of donor bone marrow cells (BMC) effectively induces tolerance to skin allografts in antilymphocyte serum- and rapamycin-treated recipients in fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched mouse strain combinations. We used various gene knockout mice to examine the role of donor T cells and B cells in BMC-induced allograft tolerance. METHODS All recipient mice received ALS on days -1 and 2 and rapamycin (6 mg/kg) on day 7 relative to fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched skin grafting on day 0. Donor BMC prepared either from mice lacking CD4- and/or CD8a-, or CD3epsilon-expressing cells or B cells, or from corresponding wildtype mice, were given on day 7. The level and phenotypes of chimerism was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS All T cell- and B cell-deficient BMC were as effective as wild-type BMC in inducing prolongation of skin graft survival. A low degree of chimerism without donor type T cells was detected in tolerant mice given T cell-deficient BMC or wild-type BMC 60 days after transplantation. Chimeric cells were composed of B cells and macrophages/monocytes. Low level chimerism without donor T or B cells was also present in tolerant mice given B cell-deficient BMC. CONCLUSION Donor type T cells and T cell chimerism are not required for induction of allograft tolerance by the antilymphocyte serum/rapamycin/donor BMC-infusion protocol. Donor B cells also do not participate in tolerance induction. Thus, infusion of T cell-depleted BMC in conjunction with conventional immunosuppressive regimens will be a simple, safe, and effective way to induce allograft tolerance in clinical organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Umemura
- Transplant Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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