1
|
James CA, Xu Y, Aguilar MS, Jing L, Layton ED, Gilleron M, Minnaard AJ, Scriba TJ, Day CL, Warren EH, Koelle DM, Seshadri C. CD4 and CD8 co-receptors modulate functional avidity of CD1b-restricted T cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:78. [PMID: 35013257 PMCID: PMC8748927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells recognize mycobacterial glycolipid (mycolipid) antigens presented by CD1b molecules, but the role of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors in mycolipid recognition is unknown. Here we show CD1b-mycolipid tetramers reveal a hierarchy in which circulating T cells expressing CD4 or CD8 co-receptor stain with a higher tetramer mean fluorescence intensity than CD4-CD8- T cells. CD4+ primary T cells transduced with mycolipid-specific T cell receptors bind CD1b-mycolipid tetramer with a higher fluorescence intensity than CD8+ primary T cells. The presence of either CD4 or CD8 also decreases the threshold for interferon-γ secretion. Co-receptor expression increases surface expression of CD3ε, suggesting a mechanism for increased tetramer binding and activation. Targeted transcriptional profiling of mycolipid-specific T cells from individuals with active tuberculosis reveals canonical markers associated with cytotoxicity among CD8+ compared to CD4+ T cells. Thus, expression of co-receptors modulates T cell receptor avidity for mycobacterial lipids, leading to in vivo functional diversity during tuberculosis disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A James
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program (M3D), Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuexin Xu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edus H Warren
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program (M3D), Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.
Collapse
|
3
|
James CA, Seshadri C. T Cell Responses to Mycobacterial Glycolipids: On the Spectrum of "Innateness". Front Immunol 2020; 11:170. [PMID: 32117300 PMCID: PMC7026021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases due to mycobacteria, including tuberculosis, leprosy, and Buruli ulcer, rank among the top causes of death and disability worldwide. Animal studies have revealed the importance of T cells in controlling these infections. However, the specific antigens recognized by T cells that confer protective immunity and their associated functions remain to be definitively established. T cells that respond to mycobacterial peptide antigens exhibit classical features of adaptive immunity and have been well-studied in humans and animal models. Recently, innate-like T cells that recognize lipid and metabolite antigens have also been implicated. Specifically, T cells that recognize mycobacterial glycolipid antigens (mycolipids) have been shown to confer protection to tuberculosis in animal models and share some biological characteristics with adaptive and innate-like T cells. Here, we review the existing data suggesting that mycolipid-specific T cells exist on a spectrum of “innateness,” which will influence how they can be leveraged to develop new diagnostics and vaccines for mycobacterial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A James
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease (M3D) PhD Program, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bagchi S, Genardi S, Wang CR. Linking CD1-Restricted T Cells With Autoimmunity and Dyslipidemia: Lipid Levels Matter. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1616. [PMID: 30061888 PMCID: PMC6055000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, or altered blood lipid content, is a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis, are correlated highly with dyslipidemia. One common thread between both autoimmune diseases and altered lipid levels is the presence of inflammation, suggesting that the immune system might act as the link between these related pathologies. Deciphering the role of innate and adaptive immune responses in autoimmune diseases and, more recently, obesity-related inflammation, have been active areas of research. The broad picture suggests that antigen-presenting molecules, which present self-peptides to autoreactive T cells, can result in either aggravation or amelioration of inflammation. However, very little is known about the role of self-lipid reactive T cells in dyslipidemia-associated autoimmune events. Given that a range of autoimmune diseases are linked to aberrant lipid profiles and a majority of lipid-specific T cells are reactive to self-antigens, it is important to examine the role of these T cells in dyslipidemia-related autoimmune ailments and determine if dysregulation of these T cells can be drivers of autoimmune conditions. CD1 molecules present lipids to T cells and are divided into two groups based on sequence homology. To date, most of the information available on lipid-reactive T cells comes from the study of group 2 CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells while T cells reactive to group 1 CD1 molecules remain understudied, despite their higher abundance in humans compared to NKT cells. This review evaluates the mechanisms by which CD1-reactive, self-lipid specific T cells contribute to dyslipidemia-associated autoimmune disease progression or amelioration by examining available literature on NKT cells and highlighting recent progress made on the study of group 1 CD1-restricted T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
For decades, proteins were thought to be the sole or at least the dominant source of antigens for T cells. Studies in the 1990s demonstrated that CD1 proteins and mycobacterial lipids form specific targets of human αβ T cells. The molecular basis by which T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize CD1-lipid complexes is now well understood. Many types of mycobacterial lipids function as antigens in the CD1 system, and new studies done with CD1 tetramers identify T-cell populations in the blood of tuberculosis patients. In human populations, a fundamental difference between the CD1 and major histocompatibility complex systems is that all humans express nearly identical CD1 proteins. Correspondingly, human CD1 responsive T cells show evidence of conserved TCRs. In addition to natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT cells), conserved TCRs define other subsets of human T cells, including germline-encoded mycolyl-reactive (GEM) T cells. The simple immunogenetics of the CD1 system and new investigative tools to measure T-cell responses in humans now creates a situation in which known lipid antigens can be developed as immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic reagents for tuberculosis disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Schaik B, Klarenbeek P, Doorenspleet M, van Kampen A, Moody DB, de Vries N, Van Rhijn I. Discovery of invariant T cells by next-generation sequencing of the human TCR α-chain repertoire. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5338-44. [PMID: 25339678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During infection and autoimmune disease, activation and expansion of T cells take place. Consequently, the TCR repertoire contains information about ongoing and past diseases. Analysis and interpretation of the human TCR repertoire are hampered by its size and stochastic variation and by the diversity of Ags and Ag-presenting molecules encoded by the MHC, but are highly desirable and would greatly impact fundamental and clinical immunology. A subset of the TCR repertoire is formed by invariant T cells. Invariant T cells express interdonor-conserved TCRs and recognize a limited set of Ags, presented by nonpolymorphic Ag-presenting molecules. Discovery of the three known invariant T cell populations has been a tedious and slow process, identifying them one by one. Because conservation of the TCR α-chain of invariant T cells is much higher than the β-chain, and because the TCR α-chain V gene segment TRAV1-2 is used by two of the three known invariant TCRs, we employed next-generation sequencing of TCR α-chains that contain the TRAV1-2 gene segment to identify 16 invariant TCRs shared among many blood donors. Frequency analysis of individual clones indicates these T cells are expanded in many donors, implying an important role in human immunity. This approach extends the number of known interdonor-conserved TCRs and suggests that many more exist and that these TCR patterns can be used to systematically evaluate human Ag exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbera van Schaik
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Klarenbeek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Doorenspleet
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Niek de Vries
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DD Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lagrange PH, Thangaraj SK, Dayal R, Deshpande A, Ganguly NK, Girardi E, Joshi B, Katoch K, Katoch VM, Kumar M, Lakshmi V, Leportier M, Longuet C, Malladi SVS, Mukerjee D, Nair D, Raja A, Raman B, Rodrigues C, Sharma P, Singh A, Singh S, Sodha A, Kabeer BSA, Vernet G, Goletti D. A toolbox for tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis: an Indian multi-centric study (2006-2008); evaluation of serological assays based on PGL-Tb1 and ESAT-6/CFP10 antigens for TB diagnosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96367. [PMID: 24797271 PMCID: PMC4010510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this multi-centric prospective study in India was to assess the accuracy of a serological test as an additional tool for diagnosing active tuberculosis (ATB). In particular, an assay based on ELISA using a phenolic glycolipid (PGL-Tb1) or a fusion protein (ESAT-6/CFP10) was compared to the tuberculin skin test (TST) and the microbiological results according to HIV status. METHODS Individuals with and without ATB and HIV infection were enrolled. Serology and TST results were analyzed per se and in combination with the microbiological data. RESULTS Among the 778 ATB patients, 102 were HIV-infected, 316 HIV-uninfected and 360 had an HIV-unknown status. Of the 945 non-ATB subjects, 559 were at low risk (community adults) and 386 at high risk of M. tuberculosis exposure. Among those with ATB, the sensitivity of ELISA-PGL-Tb1 for ATB was higher than that of ELISA-ESAT-6/CFP10, both in HIV-infected (72.3% versus 63.7%, p = 0.29) and HIV-uninfected/HIV-unknown groups (40.5% versus 28.6%; p<0.0001), whereas the specificity was around 91% for both tests. Sensitivity for ATB increased when the results of the two ELISA were combined, reaching 75.5% in the HIV-infected and 50.9% in the group of HIV-uninfected/HIV-unknown ATB, with a significant decrease of the global specificity (83.9%). Analyzing the ELISA results with the microbiological results, we observed that the sensitivity of both serology tests was independent of the ATB patients' smear microscopy (SM) status and grade. Combining the results of SM with both ELISA, the detection of ATB patients significantly increased (p<0.0001), particularly in those with extrapulmonary TB (up to 45.1%) or HIV infection (up to 83.3%). No significant association was observed between TST and serology results. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective multi-centric study, the combination of two rapid tests, such as SM and serology, might be useful in detecting ATB, especially in HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alaka Deshpande
- Sir J.J. Group of Govt Hosp. & Grant Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Enrico Girardi
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| | - Beenu Joshi
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycrobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Kiran Katoch
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycrobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Vishwa M. Katoch
- National JALMA Institute of Leprosy & Other Mycrobacterial Diseases, Agra, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vemu Lakshmi
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alamelu Raja
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Center), Chetput, Chennai, India
| | - Balambal Raman
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (formerly Tuberculosis Research Center), Chetput, Chennai, India
| | - Camilla Rodrigues
- Microbiology Section, P D Hinduja Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Veer Savarkar Marg Mahim, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Sarman Singh
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Sodha
- Microbiology Section, P D Hinduja Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Veer Savarkar Marg Mahim, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Delia Goletti
- Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, L. Spallanzani National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kelly H, Mandraju R, Coelho-dos-Reis JGA, Tsuji M. Effects of HIV-1-induced CD1c and CD1d modulation and endogenous lipid presentation on CD1c-restricted T-cell activation. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:4. [PMID: 23347583 PMCID: PMC3571928 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection induces the production of endogenous lipids required for effective viral production, and the cluster of differentiation (CD)1 molecule CD1d is downregulated by HIV-1 infection. However, the role of endogenous lipid presentation and the implications of CD1 downregulation by HIV-1 infection have not yet been characterized. Results In this study, we observed downregulation of both CD1c and CD1d expression through a Vpu-dependent and Nef-independent mechanism, and the concomitant HIV-1-induced production of host cholesterol decreased the extent of CD1c and CD1d modulation. While the modest downregulation of CD1c by HIV-1 infection decreased the ability of CD1c-restricted T cells to respond and secrete interferon-γ, the cholesterol upregulation in the same cells by HIV-1 infection appears to limit the downregulation of CD1c. Conclusions The two conflicting HIV-1-mediated changes in CD1c expression appear to minimize the modulation of CD1c expression, thus leading the host to maintain a CD1c-restricted T-cell response against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halonna Kelly
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Van Rhijn I, Ly D, Moody DB. CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c in immunity against mycobacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:181-97. [PMID: 23468110 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 system is composed of five types of human CD1 proteins, CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e, and their mammalian orthologs. Each type of CD1 protein has a distinct antigen binding groove and shows differing patterns of expression within cells and in different tissues. Here we review the molecular mechanisms by which CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c capture distinct classes of self- and mycobacterial antigens. We discuss how CD1-restricted T cells participate in the immune response, emphasizing new evidence for mycobacterial recognition in vivo in human and non-human models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Autoreactive CD1b-restricted T cells: a new innate-like T-cell population that contributes to immunity against infection. Blood 2011; 118:3870-8. [PMID: 21860021 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-03-341941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, -b, and -c) presents self and foreign lipid antigens to multiple T-cell subsets in humans. However, in the absence of a suitable animal model, the specific functions and developmental requirements of these T cells remain unknown. To study group 1 CD1-restricted T cells in vivo, we generated double transgenic mice (HJ1Tg/hCD1Tg) that express group 1 CD1 molecules in a similar pattern to that observed in humans (hCD1Tg) as well as a TCR derived from a CD1b-autoreactive T-cell line (HJ1Tg). Using this model, we found that similar to CD1d-restricted NKT cells, HJ1 T cells exhibit an activated phenotype (CD44(hi)CD69(+)CD122(+)) and a subset of HJ1 T cells expresses NK1.1 and is selected by CD1b-expressing hematopoietic cells. HJ1 T cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with CD1b-expressing dendritic cells derived from humans as well as hCD1Tg mice, suggesting that they recognize species conserved self-lipid antigen(s). Importantly, this basal autoreactivity is enhanced by TLR-mediated signaling and HJ1 T cells can be activated and confer protection against Listeria infection. Taken together, our data indicate that CD1b-autoreactive T cells, unlike mycobacterial lipid antigen-specific T cells, are innate-like T cells that may contribute to early anti-microbial host defense.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lockridge JL, Chen X, Zhou Y, Rajesh D, Roenneburg DA, Hegde S, Gerdts S, Cheng TY, Anderson RJ, Painter GF, Moody DB, Burlingham WJ, Gumperz JE. Analysis of the CD1 antigen presenting system in humanized SCID mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21701. [PMID: 21738769 PMCID: PMC3128084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 molecules are glycoproteins that present lipids and glycolipids for recognition by T cells. CD1-dependent immune activation has been implicated in a wide range of immune responses, however, our understanding of the role of this pathway in human disease remains limited because of species differences between humans and other mammals: whereas humans express five different CD1 gene products (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e), muroid rodents express only one CD1 isoform (CD1d). Here we report that immune deficient mice engrafted with human fetal thymus, liver, and CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells develop a functional human CD1 compartment. CD1a, b, c, and d isoforms were highly expressed by human thymocytes, and CD1a(+) cells with a dendritic morphology were present in the thymic medulla. CD1(+) cells were also detected in spleen, liver, and lungs. APCs from spleen and liver were capable of presenting bacterial glycolipids to human CD1-restricted T cells. ELISpot analyses of splenocytes demonstrated the presence of CD1-reactive IFN-γ producing cells. CD1d tetramer staining directly identified human iNKT cells in spleen and liver samples from engrafted mice, and injection of the glycolipid antigen α-GalCer resulted in rapid elevation of human IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in the blood indicating that the human iNKT cells are biologically active in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that the human CD1 system is present and functionally competent in this humanized mouse model. Thus, this system provides a new opportunity to study the role of CD1-related immune activation in infections to human-specific pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Lockridge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiuxu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deepika Rajesh
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Drew A. Roenneburg
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Subramanya Hegde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah Gerdts
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Regan J. Anderson
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William J. Burlingham
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jenny E. Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Montamat-Sicotte DJ, Millington KA, Willcox CR, Hingley-Wilson S, Hackforth S, Innes J, Kon OM, Lammas DA, Minnikin DE, Besra GS, Willcox BE, Lalvani A. A mycolic acid-specific CD1-restricted T cell population contributes to acute and memory immune responses in human tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2493-503. [PMID: 21576820 DOI: 10.1172/jci46216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current tuberculosis (TB) vaccine strategies are largely aimed at activating conventional T cell responses to mycobacterial protein antigens. However, the lipid-rich cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is essential for pathogenicity and provides targets for unconventional T cell recognition. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells recognize mycobacterial lipids, but their function in human TB is unclear and their ability to establish memory is unknown. Here, we characterized T cells specific for mycolic acid (MA), the predominant mycobacterial cell wall lipid and key virulence factor, in patients with active TB infection. MA-specific T cells were predominant in TB patients at diagnosis, but were absent in uninfected bacillus Calmette-Guérin-vaccinated (BCG-vaccinated) controls. These T cells were CD1b restricted, detectable in blood and disease sites, produced both IFN-γ and IL-2, and exhibited effector and central memory phenotypes. MA-specific responses contracted markedly with declining pathogen burden and, in patients followed longitudinally, exhibited recall expansion upon antigen reencounter in vitro long after successful treatment, indicative of lipid-specific immunological memory. T cell recognition of MA is therefore a significant component of the acute adaptive and memory immune response in TB, suggesting that mycobacterial lipids may be promising targets for improved TB vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien J Montamat-Sicotte
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Exogenous control of the expression of Group I CD1 molecules competent for presentation of microbial nonpeptide antigens to human T lymphocytes. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:790460. [PMID: 21603161 PMCID: PMC3095450 DOI: 10.1155/2011/790460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Group I CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c) glycoproteins expressed on immature and mature dendritic cells present nonpeptide antigens (i.e., lipid or glycolipid molecules mainly of microbial origin) to T cells. Cytotoxic CD1-restricted T lymphocytes recognizing mycobacterial lipid antigens were found in tuberculosis patients. However, thanks to a complex interplay between mycobacteria and CD1 system, M. tuberculosis possesses a successful tactic based, at least in part, on CD1 downregulation to evade CD1-dependent immunity. On the ground of these findings, it is reasonable to hypothesize that modulation of CD1 protein expression by chemical, biological, or infectious agents could influence host's immune reactivity against M. tuberculosis-associated lipids, possibly affecting antitubercular resistance. This scenario prompted us to perform a detailed analysis of the literature concerning the effect of external agents on Group I CD1 expression in order to obtain valuable information on the possible strategies to be adopted for driving properly CD1-dependent immune functions in human pathology and in particular, in human tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
de Jong A, Peña-Cruz V, Cheng TY, Clark RA, Van Rhijn I, Moody DB. CD1a-autoreactive T cells are a normal component of the human αβ T cell repertoire. Nat Immunol 2010; 11:1102-9. [PMID: 21037579 PMCID: PMC3131223 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CD1 activates T cells, but the function and size of the possible human T cell repertoires that recognize each of the CD1 antigen-presenting molecules remain unknown. Using an experimental system that bypasses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction and the requirement for defined antigens, we show that polyclonal T cells responded at higher rates to cells expressing CD1a than to those expressing CD1b, CD1c or CD1d. Unlike the repertoire of invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells, the CD1a-autoreactive repertoire contained diverse T cell antigen receptors (TCRs). Functionally, many CD1a-autoreactive T cells homed to skin, where they produced interleukin 22 (IL-22) in response to CD1a on Langerhans cells. The strong and frequent responses among genetically diverse donors define CD1a-autoreactive cells as a normal part of the human T cell repertoire and CD1a as a target of the T(H)22 subset of helper T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke de Jong
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mukai T, Maeda Y, Tamura T, Matsuoka M, Tsukamoto Y, Makino M. Enhanced Activation of T Lymphocytes by Urease-Deficient Recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Producing Heat Shock Protein 70-Major Membrane Protein-II Fusion Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6234-43. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Xu C, de Vries R, Visser L, Diepstra A, Gadola SD, Poppema S, van den Berg A. Expression of CD1d and presence of invariant NKT cells in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Am J Hematol 2010; 85:539-41. [PMID: 20575029 PMCID: PMC7159439 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riemer de Vries
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia Visser
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Diepstra
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan D. Gadola
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sibrand Poppema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Saposins or sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs) are small, nonenzymatic glycoproteins that are ubiquitously present in lysosomes. SAPs comprise the five molecules saposins A-D and the GM2 activator protein. Saposins are essential for sphingolipid degradation and membrane digestion. On the one hand, they bind the respective hydrolases required to catabolize sphingolipid molecules; on the other hand, saposins can interact with intralysosomal membrane structures to render lipids accessible to their degrading enzymes. Thus, saposins bridge the physicochemical gap between lipid substrate and hydrophilic hydrolases. Accordingly, defects in saposin function can lead to lysosomal lipid accumulation. In addition to their specific functions in sphingolipid metabolism, saposins have membrane-perturbing properties. At the low pH of lysosomes, saposins get protonated and exhibit a high binding affinity for anionic phospholipids. Based on their universal principle to interact with membrane bilayers, we present the immunological functions of saposins with regard to lipid antigen presentation to CD1-restricted T cells, processing of apoptotic bodies for antigen delivery and cross-priming, as well as their potential antimicrobial impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Darmoise
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital, Immune Disease Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mukai T, Maeda Y, Tamura T, Matsuoka M, Tsukamoto Y, Makino M. Induction of cross-priming of naive CD8+ T lymphocytes by recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guerin that secretes heat shock protein 70-major membrane protein-II fusion protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:6561-8. [PMID: 19846882 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Because Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) unconvincingly activates human naive CD8(+) T cells, a rBCG (BCG-70M) that secretes a fusion protein comprising BCG-derived heat shock protein (HSP)70 and Mycobacterium leprae-derived major membrane protein (MMP)-II, one of the immunodominant Ags of M. leprae, was newly constructed to potentiate the ability of activating naive CD8(+) T cells through dendritic cells (DC). BCG-70M secreted HSP70-MMP-II fusion protein in vitro, which stimulated DC to produce IL-12p70 through TLR2. BCG-70M-infected DC activated not only memory and naive CD8(+) T cells, but also CD4(+) T cells of both types to produce IFN-gamma. The activation of these naive T cells by BCG-70M was dependent on the MHC and CD86 molecules on BCG-70M-infected DC, and was significantly inhibited by pretreatment of DC with chloroquine. Both brefeldin A and lactacystin significantly inhibited the activation of naive CD8(+) T cells by BCG-70M through DC. Thus, the CD8(+) T cell activation may be induced by cross-presentation of Ags through a TAP- and proteosome-dependent cytosolic pathway. When naive CD8(+) T cells were stimulated by BCG-70M-infected DC in the presence of naive CD4(+) T cells, CD62L(low)CD8(+) T cells and perforin-producing CD8(+) T cells were efficiently produced. MMP-II-reactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells were efficiently produced in C57BL/6 mice by infection with BCG-70M. These results indicate that BCG-70M activated DC, CD4(+) T cells, and CD8(+) T cells, and the combination of HSP70 and MMP-II may be useful for inducing better T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsu Mukai
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Felio K, Nguyen H, Dascher CC, Choi HJ, Li S, Zimmer MI, Colmone A, Moody DB, Brenner MB, Wang CR. CD1-restricted adaptive immune responses to Mycobacteria in human group 1 CD1 transgenic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2497-509. [PMID: 19808251 PMCID: PMC2768849 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)–restricted T cells recognize mycobacterial lipid antigens and are found at higher frequencies in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)–infected individuals. However, their role and dynamics during infection remain unknown because of the lack of a suitable small animal model. We have generated human group 1 CD1 transgenic (hCD1Tg) mice that express all three human group 1 CD1 isoforms and support the development of group 1 CD1–restricted T cells with diverse T cell receptor usage. Both mycobacterial infection and immunization with Mtb lipids elicit group 1 CD1–restricted Mtb lipid–specific T cell responses in hCD1Tg mice. In contrast to CD1d-restricted NKT cells, which rapidly respond to initial stimulation but exhibit anergy upon reexposure, group 1 CD1–restricted T cells exhibit delayed primary responses and more rapid secondary responses, similar to conventional T cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that group 1 CD1–restricted T cells participate in adaptive immune responses upon mycobacterial infection and could serve as targets for the development of novel Mtb vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyrie Felio
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Young DC, Kasmar A, Moraski G, Cheng TY, Walz AJ, Hu J, Xu Y, Endres GW, Uzieblo A, Zajonc D, Costello CE, Miller MJ, Moody DB. Synthesis of dideoxymycobactin antigens presented by CD1a reveals T cell fine specificity for natural lipopeptide structures. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25087-96. [PMID: 19605355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival in cells requires mycobactin siderophores. Recently, the search for lipid antigens presented by the CD1a antigen-presenting protein led to the discovery of a mycobactin-like compound, dideoxymycobactin (DDM). Here we synthesize DDMs using solution phase and solid phase peptide synthesis chemistry. Comparison of synthetic standards to natural mycobacterial mycobactins by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry allowed identification of an unexpected alpha-methyl serine unit in natural DDM. This finding further distinguishes these pre-siderophores as foreign compounds distinct from conventional peptides, and we provide evidence that this chemical variation influences the T cell response. One synthetic DDM recapitulated natural structures and potently stimulated T cells, making it suitable for patient studies of CD1a in infectious disease. DDM analogs differing in the stereochemistry of their butyrate or oxazoline moieties were not recognized by human T cells. Therefore, we conclude that T cells show precise specificity for both arms of the peptide, which are predicted to lie at the CD1a-T cell receptor interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Young
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nguyen TKA, Koets AP, Santema WJ, van Eden W, Rutten VPMG, Van Rhijn I. The mycobacterial glycolipid glucose monomycolate induces a memory T cell response comparable to a model protein antigen and no B cell response upon experimental vaccination of cattle. Vaccine 2009; 27:4818-25. [PMID: 19538998 PMCID: PMC2719691 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids are presented to T cells by human group 1 CD1 proteins, but are not used as subunit vaccines yet. Experimental immunizations with pure mycobacterial glucose monomycolate (GMM) and keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) in cattle, a species which, unlike mice, expresses group 1 CD1, showed that GMM was equally efficient as KLH in generating T cell responses in blood, but not in the draining lymph node. Also, KLH induced strong antibody responses whereas GMM did not. These data suggest that non-overlapping T cell populations are targeted and demonstrate the potential of glycolipids as a special class of subunit vaccine candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi Kim Anh Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Mycobacterial glycoconjugates as vaccine candidates against tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 2008; 16:456-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
24
|
Abstract
The classic concept of self-non-self discrimination by the immune system focused on the recognition of fragments from proteins presented by classical MHC molecules. However, the discovery of MHC-class-I-like CD1 antigen-presentation molecules now explains how the immune system also recognizes the abundant and diverse universe of lipid-containing antigens. The CD1 molecules bind and present amphipathic lipid antigens for recognition by T-cell receptors. Here, we outline the recent advances in our understanding of how the processes of CD1 assembly, trafficking, lipid-antigen binding and T-cell activation are achieved and the new insights into how lipid antigens differentially elicit CD1-restricted innate and adaptive T-cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duarte C Barral
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 1 Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Behar SM, Porcelli SA. CD1-restricted T cells in host defense to infectious diseases. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 314:215-50. [PMID: 17593663 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69511-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CD1 has been clearly shown to function as a microbial recognition system for activation of T cell responses, but its importance for mammalian protective responses against infections is still uncertain. The function of the group 1 CD1 isoforms, including human CD1a, CDlb, and CDLc, seems closely linked to adaptive immunity. These CD1 molecules control the responses of T cells that are highly specific for particular lipid antigens, the best known of which are abundantly expressed by pathogenic mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. Studies done mainly on human circulating T cells ex vivo support a significant role for group I CD1-restricted T cells in protective immunity to mycobacteria and potentially other pathogens, although supportive data from animal models is currently limited. In contrast, group 2 CD1 molecules, which include human CD1d and its orthologs, have been predominantly associated with the activation of CD1d-restricted NKT cells, which appear to be more appropriately viewed as a facet of the innate immune system. Whereas the recognition of certain self-lipid ligands by CD d-restricted NKT cells is well accepted, the importance of these T cells in mediating adaptive immune recognition of specific microbial lipid antigens remains controversial. Despite continuing uncertainty about the role of CD 1d-restricted NKT cells in natural infections, studies in mouse models demonstrate the potential of these T cells to exert various effects on a wide spectrum of infectious diseases, most likely by serving as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Behar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Smith Building Room 518, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Willcox BE, Willcox CR, Dover LG, Besra G. Structures and Functions of Microbial Lipid Antigens Presented by CD1. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2007; 314:73-110. [PMID: 17593658 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69511-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The CD1 family of proteins has evolved to bind a range of endogenous and foreign lipids and present these at the cell surface for antigen-specific recognition by T cells. The distinct intracellular trafficking pathways of CD 1 molecules indicate that collectively, they have the potential to survey the endocytic system widely for antigen, consistent with a role in the presentation of lipids derived from intracellular microbial pathogens. In keeping with this idea, CDla, CDlb, CDlc and CDld have now been shown to present foreign lipid antigens derived from mycobacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and also protozoan species to T cells. These antigens are extremely diverse chemically, and include naturally occurring lipopeptide, glycolipid and phospholipid structures that are distinct from mammalian lipids. CD1-restricted mycobacterial lipids defined to date derive from the highly complex microbial cell envelope. They play a variety of physiological roles for the microbe, including formation of the plasma membrane and protective cell wall and as metabolic intermediates in iron-scavenging pathways. In each case, alkyl chains of CD 1-restricted lipid antigens are accommodated within a deep hydrophobic groove in the membrane-distal alphal-alpha2 domains of the CD1 molecule, with hydrophilic elements solvent-exposed and accessible for recognition by the T cell receptor. Variation in the number, length and saturation of alkyl chains, and the precise chemistry and chirality of the lipid headgroup, clearly exert dominant influences on antigenicity, mediated by effects on CD1 binding and T cell receptor recognition. In the context of structural studies of CD1-lipid complexes, these data suggest that the CD1 isoforms have evolved binding specificities for different classes of foreign lipids, and strongly support a model for antigen recognition involving fine discrimination of lipid headgroup components by the alpha beta T cell receptor. In this review, we summarise our current knowledge of foreign lipid antigens bound by CD 1, focusing on the roles their distinct structural features play in presentation and T cell antigen recognition, and their likely function in antimicrobial T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B E Willcox
- CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, Edgbaston, B 15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Winau F, Hegasy G, Weiskirchen R, Weber S, Cassan C, Sieling PA, Modlin RL, Liblau RS, Gressner AM, Kaufmann SHE. Ito Cells Are Liver-Resident Antigen-Presenting Cells for Activating T Cell Responses. Immunity 2007; 26:117-29. [PMID: 17239632 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Here we identified Ito cells (hepatic stellate cells, HSC), known for storage of vitamin A and participation in hepatic fibrosis, as professional liver-resident antigen-presenting cells (APC). Ito cells efficiently presented antigens to CD1-, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I-, and MHC-II-restricted T cells. Ito cells presented lipid antigens to CD1-restricted T lymphocytes such as natural killer T (NKT) cells and promoted homeostatic proliferation of liver NKT cells through interleukin-15. Moreover, Ito cells presented antigenic peptides to CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells and mediated crosspriming of CD8(+) T cells. Peptide-specific T cells were activated by transgenic Ito cells presenting endogenous neoantigen. Upon bacterial infection, Ito cells elicited antigen-specific T cells and mediated protection. In contrast to other liver cell types that have been implicated in induction of immunological tolerance, our data identify Ito cells as professional intrahepatic APCs activating T cells and eliciting a multitude of T cell responses specific for protein and lipid antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Winau
- Department of Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Raftery MJ, Winau F, Kaufmann SHE, Schaible UE, Schönrich G. CD1 Antigen Presentation by Human Dendritic Cells as a Target for Herpes Simplex Virus Immune Evasion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6207-14. [PMID: 17056550 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to MHC molecules, which present peptides, the CD1 molecules have been discovered to present lipid Ags to T cells. CD1-restricted T lymphocytes have been recently associated with resistance to virus infection. The mechanisms underlying activation of CD1-restricted T cells in the course of virus infection are not defined. In this study, we wanted to investigate the interaction of HSV with the antiviral CD1 Ag presentation system in human dendritic cells (DC). In response to low titers of HSV, the surface expression of CD1b and CD1d on human DC was up-regulated. These phenotypic changes enhanced the capacity of infected DC to stimulate proliferation of CD1-restricted T lymphocytes. High titers of HSV, however, lead to strong down-regulation of all surface CD1 molecules. This modulation of surface expression was associated with intracellular accumulation, colocalization with viral proteins, and disruption of the CD1 recycling machinery. Finally, even at low titers HSV interfered with the capacity of infected DC to stimulate the release of important cytokines by CD1d-restricted NKT cells. Thus, we demonstrate both the existence of a CD1 pathway allowing human DC to react to viral infection, as well as its blockage by a human herpesvirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Raftery
- Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Humboldt University Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Simonney N, Chavanet P, Perronne C, Leportier M, Revol F, Herrmann JL, Lagrange PH. B-cell immune responses in HIV positive and HIV negative patients with tuberculosis evaluated with an ELISA using a glycolipid antigen. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2006; 87:109-22. [PMID: 17030018 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The diagnostic value of the PGL-Tb1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) was established following a survey study using sera from 220 Tuberculosis patients (including 69 HIV coinfected) and 324 controls. A higher percentage (76.8%) of the HIV-seropositive compared to the HIV-seronegative (58.9%) TB patients were ELISA positive (p=0.02) with a specificity of 94%. In HIV-positive TB patients, ELISA sensitivity was identical for all sites of disease and antibody levels were not affected by the CD4+ counts, PPD results, age or bacterial yield. Combining data for both the smear microscopy and ELISA maximized sensitivity. The kinetics of anti-PGL-Tb1 antibody was evaluated in cohort studies using sera collected before, during and after treatment for clinical TB for 79 TB patients (including 39 HIV coinfected). Statistically significant ELISA signals were observed in 51.3% of HIV-seropositive TB patients prior to the diagnosis of clinical TB and elevated antibody levels persisting 18 months after the end of antituberculous chemotherapy. Asymptomatic development of antibody also occurred in 22.7% of a cohort of 44 HIV-positive patients with a high risk of tuberculosis, but no correlation was found between persisting elevated antibody levels and progression to active disease. This antibody response in absence of disease, might reflect the control of an incipient tuberculosis infection by antituberculous prophylaxis or through an improved protective immune response associated with antiretroviral therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Simonney
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris VII Denis Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Martino A, Volpe E, Auricchio G, Colizzi V, Baldini PM. Influence of Pertussis toxin on CD1a Isoform Expression in Human Dendritic Cells. J Clin Immunol 2006; 26:153-9. [PMID: 16598657 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-006-9009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PTX) is an exotoxin produced by Bordetella pertussis. It is known to exert adjuvant activities inducing Th1-launched immune responses. In this study, we show that PTX can selectively block the expression of CD1a isoform during the differentiation of human monocytes into dendritic cells. In fact, dendritic cells differentiated from monocytes in the presence of PTX do not express CD1a on their surface, unlike CD1b and CD1c isoforms, which are normally regulated. The impaired CD1a expression on cell membrane depends, at least partially, on decreased mRNA transcription and does not affect cellular capability to respond to other maturation stimuli. Since CD1a(+) dendritic cells are involved in the early steps of primary immune response, the interference of PTX in the CD1a expression may be relevant for its employment as adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Martino
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, "Lazzaro Spallanzani," IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vincent MS, Xiong X, Grant EP, Peng W, Brenner MB. CD1a-, b-, and c-restricted TCRs recognize both self and foreign antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:6344-51. [PMID: 16272286 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Individual CD1-restricted T cells can recognize either endogenous or foreign lipid Ags, but the extent to which the same CD1-restricted TCR can react to both self and microbial lipids is unknown. In this study, we have identified CD1a-, CD1b-, and CD1c-restricted T cells from normal human donors that induce cytolysis and secrete copious IFN-gamma in response to self-CD1 expressed on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Remarkably, microbial Ags presented by CD1 are even more potent agonists for these same T cells. The alphabeta T cell receptors from such clones are diverse and confer specificity for both self-CD1 and foreign lipid Ags. The dual reactivity of these CD1-restricted cells suggests that the capacity for rapid responses to inflammatory stimuli without memory coexists with the capacity for strong Ag-specific responses and the generation of memory in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Vincent
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Giabbai B, Sidobre S, Crispin MDM, Sanchez-Ruìz Y, Bachi A, Kronenberg M, Wilson IA, Degano M. Crystal structure of mouse CD1d bound to the self ligand phosphatidylcholine: a molecular basis for NKT cell activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:977-84. [PMID: 16002697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.2.977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NKT cells are immunoregulatory lymphocytes whose activation is triggered by the recognition of lipid Ags in the context of the CD1d molecules by the TCR. In this study we present the crystal structure to 2.8 A of mouse CD1d bound to phosphatidylcholine. The interactions between the ligand acyl chains and the CD1d molecule define the structural and chemical requirements for the binding of lipid Ags to CD1d. The orientation of the polar headgroup toward the C terminus of the alpha1 helix provides a rationale for the structural basis for the observed Valpha chain bias in invariant NKT cells. The contribution of the ligand to the protein surface suggests a likely mode of recognition of lipid Ags by the NKT cell TCR.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/chemistry
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- Cell Line
- Complementarity Determining Regions/metabolism
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Drosophila melanogaster
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry
- Phosphatidylcholines/immunology
- Phosphatidylcholines/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/chemistry
- Protein Isoforms/immunology
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Surface Properties
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Giabbai
- Biocrystallography Unit and Mass Spectrometry Unit, DIBIT San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the recognition of lipid antigens by the immune system is important for defence against infection and other diseases, and that lipid-specific responses occur at higher frequencies than previously suspected. Thanks to several recent advances in this field, we now have a better appreciation of the molecular and cellular requirements of T-cell stimulation by lipids. These findings have raised new questions about the mechanisms of lipid presentation, the priming and clonal expansion of lipid-specific T cells, and their differentiation into memory cells. A greater understanding of lipid-specific T cells and the molecular mechanisms of lipid immunogenicity should facilitate the development of lipid-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University Hospital, Basel 4031, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sieling PA, Torrelles JB, Stenger S, Chung W, Burdick AE, Rea TH, Brennan PJ, Belisle JT, Porcelli SA, Modlin RL. The human CD1-restricted T cell repertoire is limited to cross-reactive antigens: implications for host responses against immunologically related pathogens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:2637-44. [PMID: 15728470 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The repertoires of CD1- and MHC-restricted T cells are complementary, permitting the immune recognition of both lipid and peptide Ags, respectively. To compare the breadth of the CD1-restricted and MHC-restricted T cell repertoires, we evaluated T cell responses against lipid and peptide Ags of mycobacteria in leprosy, comparing tuberculoid patients, who are able to restrict the pathogen, and lepromatous patients, who have disseminated infection. The striking finding was that in lepromatous leprosy, T cells did not efficiently recognize lipid Ags from the leprosy pathogen, Mycobacterium leprae, or the related species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, yet were able to efficiently recognize peptide Ags from M. tuberculosis, but not M. leprae. To identify a mechanism for T cell unresponsiveness against mycobacterial lipid Ags in lepromatous patients, we used T cell clones to probe the species specificity of the Ags recognized. We found that the majority of M. leprae-reactive CD1-restricted T cell clones (92%) were cross-reactive for multiple mycobacterial species, whereas the majority of M. leprae-reactive MHC-restricted T cells were species specific (66%), with a limited number of T cell clones cross-reactive (34%) with M. tuberculosis. In comparison with the MHC class II-restricted T cell repertoire, the CD1-restricted T cell repertoire is limited to recognition of cross-reactive Ags, imparting a distinct role in the host response to immunologically related pathogens.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD1/blood
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/immunology
- Leprosy, Lepromatous/microbiology
- Lipids/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Mycobacterium leprae/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/microbiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Sieling
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yamashita Y, Maeda Y, Takeshita F, Brennan PJ, Makino M. Role of the polypeptide region of a 33kDa mycobacterial lipoprotein for efficient IL-12 production. Cell Immunol 2004; 229:13-20. [PMID: 15331324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 06/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae lipoprotein, LpK, induced IL-12 production from human monocytes. To determine the components essential for cytokine production and the relative role of lipidation in the activation process, we produced lipidated and non-lipidated truncated forms of LpK. While 0.5nM of lipidated LpK-a having N-terminal 60 amino acids of LpK produced more than 700pg/ml IL-12 p40, the non-lipidated LpK-b having the same amino acids as that of LpK-a required more than 20nM of the protein to produce an equivalent dose of cytokine. Truncated protein having the C-terminal 192 amino acids of LpK did not induce any cytokine production. Fifty nanomolar of the synthetic lipopeptide of LpK produced only about 200pg/ml IL-12. Among the truncated LpK, only LpK-a and lipopeptide stimulated NF-kB-dependent reporter activity in TLR-2 transfectant. However, when monocytes were stimulated with lipopeptide in the presence of non-lipidated protein, they produced IL-12 synergistically. Therefore, both peptide regions of LpK and lipid residues are necessary for efficient IL-12 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yamashita
- Department of Microbiology, Leprosy Research Center,National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-2-1 Aobacho,Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0002, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hagge DA, Ray NA, Krahenbuhl JL, Adams LB. An in vitro model for the lepromatous leprosy granuloma: fate of Mycobacterium leprae from target macrophages after interaction with normal and activated effector macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7771-9. [PMID: 15187161 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The lepromatous leprosy granuloma is a dynamic entity requiring a steady influx of macrophages (Mphi) for its maintenance. We have developed an in vitro model to study the fate of Mycobacterium leprae in a LL lesion, with and without immunotherapeutic intervention. Target cells, consisting of granuloma Mphi harvested from the footpads of M. leprae-infected athymic nu/nu mice, were cocultured with normal or IFN-gamma-activated (ACT) effector Mphi. The bacilli were recovered and assessed for viability by radiorespirometry. M. leprae recovered from target Mphi possessed high metabolic activity, indicating a viable state in this uncultivable organism. M. leprae recovered from target Mphi incubated with normal effector Mphi exhibited significantly higher metabolism. In contrast, bacilli recovered from target Mphi cocultured with ACT effector Mphi displayed a markedly decreased metabolic activity. Inhibition by ACT Mphi required an E:T ratio of at least 5:1, a coculture incubation period of 3-5 days, and the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates, but not reactive oxygen intermediates. Neither IFN-gamma nor TNF-alpha were required during the cocultivation period. However, cell-to-cell contact between the target and effector Mphi was necessary for augmentation of M. leprae metabolism by normal effector Mphi as well as for inhibition of M. leprae by ACT effector Mphi. Conventional fluorescence microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that the bacilli from the target Mphi were acquired by the effector Mphi. Thus, the state of Mphi infiltrating the granuloma may markedly affect the viability of M. leprae residing in Mphi in the lepromatous lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Hagge
- National Hansen's Disease Programs, Laboratory Research Branch, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bevers RFM, Kurth KH, Schamhart DHJ. Role of urothelial cells in BCG immunotherapy for superficial bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 91:607-12. [PMID: 15266312 PMCID: PMC2364784 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is used for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, both to reduce the recurrence rate of bladder tumour and to diminish the risk of progression. Since its first therapeutic application in 1976, major research efforts have been directed to decipher the exact mechanism of action of the BCG-associated antitumour effect. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin causes an extensive local inflammatory reaction in the bladder wall. Of this, the massive appearance of cytokines in the urine of BCG-treated patients stands out. Activated lymphocytes and macrophages are the most likely sources of these cytokines, but at present other cellular sources such as urothelial tumour cells cannot be ruled out. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is internalised and processed both by professional antigen-presenting cells and urothelial tumour cells, resulting in an altered gene expression of these cells that accumulates in the presentation of BCG antigens and secretion of particular cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R F M Bevers
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center J3-P, PB 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
This review summarizes the major features of CD1 genes and proteins, the patterns of intracellular trafficking of CD1 molecules, and how they sample different intracellular compartments for self- and foreign lipids. We describe how lipid antigens bind to CD1 molecules with their alkyl chains buried in hydrophobic pockets and expose their polar lipid headgroup whose fine structure is recognized by the TCR of CD1-restricted T cells. CD1-restricted T cells carry out effector, helper, and adjuvant-like functions and interact with other cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, T cells, and B cells, thereby contributing to both innate and adaptive immune responses. Insights gained from mice and humans now delineate the extensive range of diseases in which CD1-restricted T cells play important roles and reveal differences in the role of CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c in contrast to CD1d. Invariant TCR alpha chains, self-lipid reactivity, and rapid effector responses empower a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells (NKT cells) to have unique effector functions without counterpart among MHC-restricted T cells. This review describes the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and in regulating the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Brigl
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Winau F, Schwierzeck V, Hurwitz R, Remmel N, Sieling PA, Modlin RL, Porcelli SA, Brinkmann V, Sugita M, Sandhoff K, Kaufmann SHE, Schaible UE. Saposin C is required for lipid presentation by human CD1b. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:169-74. [PMID: 14716313 DOI: 10.1038/ni1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 12/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lipids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis are presented through CD1 proteins to T lymphocytes in humans, but the accessory molecules required for antigen loading and presentation remain unidentified. Here we show that fibroblasts deficient in sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs) transfected with CD1b failed to activate lipid-specific T cells. However, the T cell response was restored when fibroblasts were reconstituted with SAP-C but not other SAPs. Lipid antigen and SAP-C colocalized in lysosomal compartments, and liposome assays showed that SAP-C efficiently extracts antigen from membranes. Coprecipitation demonstrated direct molecular interaction between SAP-C and CD1b. We propose a model in which SAP-C exposes lipid antigens from intralysosomal membranes for loading onto CD1b. Thus, SAP-C represents a missing link in antigen presentation of lipids through CD1b to human T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Winau
- Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
CD1 molecules bind foreign lipid antigens as they survey the endosomal compartments of infected antigen-presenting cells. Unlike T cells that recognize CD1-restricted foreign lipids, CD1-restricted T cells that are self-antigen-reactive function as 'auto-effectors' that are rapidly stimulated to carry out helper and effector functions upon interaction with CD1-expressing antigen-presenting cells. The functional distinctions between subsets of CD1-restricted T cells, and the pathways by which these cells both influence the inflammatory and tolerogenic effects of dendritic cells and activate natural killer cells and other lymphocytes, provide insight into how CD1-restricted T cells regulate antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity and the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Vincent
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, One Jimmy Fund Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ulrichs T, Moody DB, Grant E, Kaufmann SHE, Porcelli SA. T-cell responses to CD1-presented lipid antigens in humans with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Infect Immun 2003; 71:3076-87. [PMID: 12761085 PMCID: PMC155760 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.6.3076-3087.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1-restricted presentation of lipid or glycolipid antigens derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been demonstrated by in vitro experiments using cultured T-cell lines. In the present work, the frequency of T-cell responses to natural mycobacterial lipids was analyzed in ex vivo studies of peripheral blood lymphocytes from human patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, from asymptomatic individuals with known contact with M. tuberculosis documented by conversion of their tuberculin skin tests, and from healthy tuberculin skin test-negative individuals or individuals vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Proliferation and gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assays using peripheral blood lymphocytes and autologous CD1(+) immature dendritic cells revealed that T cells from asymptomatic M. tuberculosis-infected donors responded with significantly greater magnitude and frequency to mycobacterial lipid antigen preparations than lymphocytes from uninfected healthy donors. By use of these methods, lipid-antigen-specific proliferative responses were minimally detectable or absent in blood samples from patients with active tuberculosis prior to chemotherapy but became detectable in blood samples drawn 2 weeks after the start of treatment. Lipid antigen-reactive T cells were detected predominantly in the CD4-enriched T-cell fractions of circulating lymphocytes, and anti-CD1 antibody blocking experiments confirmed the CD1 restriction of these T-cell responses. Our results provide further support for the hypothesis that lipid antigens serve as targets of the recall response to M. tuberculosis, and they indicate that CD1-restricted T cells responding to these antigens comprise a significant portion of the circulating pool of M. tuberculosis-reactive T cells in healthy individuals with previous exposure to M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Ulrichs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bleharski JR, Kiessler V, Buonsanti C, Sieling PA, Stenger S, Colonna M, Modlin RL. A role for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in host defense during the early-induced and adaptive phases of the immune response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:3812-8. [PMID: 12646648 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.7.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 is a cell surface molecule expressed on neutrophils and monocytes implicated in the propagation of the inflammatory response. To further characterize the function of this molecule in different phases of the immune response, we examined TREM-1 in the context of host defense against microbial pathogens. In primary human monocytes TREM-1 activation did not trigger innate antimicrobial pathways directed against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and only minimally improved phagocytosis. However, activation of TREM-1 on monocytes did drive robust production of proinflammatory chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and IL-8. Engagement of TREM-1 in combination with microbial ligands that activate Toll-like receptors also synergistically increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and GM-CSF, while inhibiting production of IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Expression of TREM-1 was up-regulated in response to TLR activation, an effect further enhanced by GM-CSF and TNF-alpha but inhibited by IL-10. Functionally, primary monocytes differentiated into immature dendritic cells following activation through TREM-1, evidenced by higher expression of CD1a, CD86, and MHC class II molecules. These cells had an improved ability to elicit T cell proliferation and production of IFN-gamma. Our data suggest that activation of TREM-1 on monocytes participates during the early-induced and adaptive immune responses involved in host defense against microbial challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Bleharski
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hashimoto K, Maeda Y, Kimura H, Suzuki K, Masuda A, Matsuoka M, Makino M. Mycobacterium leprae infection in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and its influence on antigen-presenting function. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5167-76. [PMID: 12183567 PMCID: PMC128241 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.9.5167-5176.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2002] [Revised: 04/08/2002] [Accepted: 05/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense against Mycobacterium leprae infection is chiefly mediated by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting cytotoxic T cells. Since which antigen-presenting cell populations act to stimulate these T cells is not fully understood, we addressed the role of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The DCs phagocytosed M. leprae and expressed bacterially derived antigens (Ags), such as phenolic glycolipid 1 (PGL-1), in the cytoplasm, as well as on the cell surface. The expression of HLA-ABC and -DR Ags on DCs was down-regulated by M. leprae infection, and that of CD86 was up-regulated, but not as fully as by Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. Induction of CD83 expression required a large number of M. leprae cells. When a multiplicity of infection of >40 was used, the DCs induced a significant proliferative and IFN-gamma-producing response in autologous T cells. However, these responses were significantly lower than those induced by BCG- or Mycobacterium avium-infected DCs. A CD40-mediated signaling in M. leprae-infected DCs up-regulated the expression of HLA Ags, CD86, and CD83 but did not enhance T-cell-stimulating ability. Therefore, M. leprae-infected DCs are less efficient at inducing T-cell responses. However, when the surface PGL-1 on M. leprae-infected DCs was masked by a monoclonal antibody, the DCs induced enhanced responses in both CD4(+)- and CD8(+)-T-cell subsets. M. leprae is a unique pathogen which remains resistant to DC-mediated T-cell immunity, at least in the early stages of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Hashimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schleicher GK, Feldman C, Vermaak Y, Verschoor JA. Prevalence of anti-mycolic acid antibodies in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis co-infected with HIV. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002; 40:882-7. [PMID: 12435104 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2002.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Isolation and purification of mycolic acids from Mycobacterium tuberculosis have allowed them to be applied as antigen in an ELISA-based assay to detect specific antibodies in human sera. Tuberculosis patients have previously been shown to contain antimycolic acids antibodies. The aim of this study was to determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection increases false-negative testing rate and whether other random diseases for which hospitalisation is normally required will contribute to false-positive results. Sera from 118 human subjects were tested for the presence of antibodies to mycolic acids; 59 were patients with proven pulmonary tuberculosis and 59 were control hospitalised patients without evidence of tuberculosis. Each group consisted of HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative subjects. The endpoint was the detection of specific antibodies to mycolic acids in the sera, before and after precipitation of immune complexes. The two groups of subjects were well matched for age, gender, race and HIV status. On average, humans infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis showed a specific antibody response to mycolic acids that was not affected by low CD4 T-lymphocyte counts in HIV-seropositive patients but was compromised by various other serious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunther K Schleicher
- Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Hospital, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hiromatsu K, Dascher CC, LeClair KP, Sugita M, Furlong ST, Brenner MB, Porcelli SA. Induction of CD1-restricted immune responses in guinea pigs by immunization with mycobacterial lipid antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:330-9. [PMID: 12077262 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 molecules have been shown to present lipid and glycolipid Ags of mycobacteria to human T cells. However, a suitable animal model for the investigation of this component of antimycobacterial immunity has not yet been established. Previously, we found that guinea pigs express multiple isoforms of group 1 CD1 proteins that are homologous to human CD1b and CD1c. In this study, we show that CD1-restricted T cell responses can be generated in guinea pigs following immunization with lipid Ags from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Splenic T cells from lipid Ag-immunized guinea pigs showed strong proliferative responses to total lipid Ags and partially purified glycolipid fractions from M. tuberculosis. These lipid Ag-reactive T cells were enriched in CD4-negative T cell fractions and showed cytotoxic activity against CD1-expressing guinea pig bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pulsed with M. tuberculosis lipid Ags. Using guinea pig cell lines transfected with individual CD1 isoforms as target cells in cytotoxic T cell assays, we found that guinea pig CD1b and CD1c molecules presented M. tuberculosis glycolipid Ags to T cells raised by mycobacterial lipid immunization. These results were confirmed using a T cell line derived from M. tuberculosis lipid Ag-immunized guinea pigs, which also showed CD1-restricted responses and cytolytic activity. Our results demonstrate that CD1-restricted responses against microbial glycolipid Ags can be generated in vivo by specific immunization and provide support for the use of the guinea pig as a relevant small animal model for the study of CD1-restricted immune responses to mycobacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hiromatsu
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
van Crevel R, Ottenhoff THM, van der Meer JWM. Innate immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002; 15:294-309. [PMID: 11932234 PMCID: PMC118070 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.15.2.294-309.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The different manifestations of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis reflect the balance between the bacillus and host defense mechanisms. Traditionally, protective immunity to tuberculosis has been ascribed to T-cell-mediated immunity, with CD4(+) T cells playing a crucial role. Recent immunological and genetic studies support the long-standing notion that innate immunity is also relevant in tuberculosis. In this review, emphasis is on these natural, innate host defense mechanisms, referring to experimental data (e.g., studies in gene knockout mice) and epidemiological, immunological, and genetic studies in human tuberculosis. The first step in the innate host defense is cellular uptake of M. tuberculosis, which involves different cellular receptors and humoral factors. Toll-like receptors seem to play a crucial role in immune recognition of M. tuberculosis, which is the next step. The subsequent inflammatory response is regulated by production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Different natural effector mechanisms for killing of M. tuberculosis have now been identified. Finally, the innate host response is necessary for induction of adaptive immunity to M. tuberculosis. These basic mechanisms augment our understanding of disease pathogenesis and clinical course and will be of help in designing adjunctive treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Giuliani A, Prete SP, Graziani G, Aquino A, Balduzzi A, Sugita M, Brenner MB, Iona E, Fattorini L, Orefici G, Porcelli SA, Bonmassar E. Influence of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guérin on in vitro induction of CD1 molecules in human adherent mononuclear cells. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7461-70. [PMID: 11705921 PMCID: PMC98835 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.12.7461-7470.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonpeptide antigens (including glycolipids of microbial origin) can be presented to T cells by CD1 molecules expressed on monocyte-derived dendritic cells. These HLA unrestricted responses appear to play a role in host immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogenic bacteria. It is known that vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has limited efficacy in many clinical settings, although the reasons for its inadequacy remain unclear. Here we have investigated the influence of BCG on the induction of CD1b on human monocytes by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which is believed to be the principal inducer of this antigen-presenting molecule. Although BCG alone led to a slight induction of CD1b expression, this agent reduced markedly the ability of GM-CSF to induce high levels of CD1b that were typically observed in uninfected cells. Inhibition of CD1b expression in BCG-infected monocytes was apparent at both the mRNA transcript and CD1b protein levels. Down-regulation of CD1b expression by BCG was mediated, at least in part, by one or more soluble factors and could not be reversed with high concentrations of GM-CSF or a variety of other cytokines. The present results suggest that BCG could diminish the efficiency of CD1-restricted T-cell responses against nonpeptide mycobacterial antigens by reducing CD1 expression on antigen-presenting cells. These findings have potential implications for understanding the nature of the immune response elicited by BCG in humans and suggest potential strategies that could be important for the development of better vaccines for the prevention of tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Giuliani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
CD1 molecules are a family of cell surface-associated glycoproteins now recognized as having a role in antigen presentation. These glycoproteins are distinct from yet have some similarities to classical major histocompatibility complex class I and class II molecules. The role of these molecules has been studied in detail over recent years, with an explosion of interest following the demonstration that they can present nonprotein antigens to certain subpopulations of T cells. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of current knowledge of the function of the CD1 family with specific emphasis on the potential role in the pathogenesis of certain diseases. Although much of the current research in this field has inevitably concentrated on mice and humans, this work also has potential significance for veterinary species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Rhind
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The resurgence of tuberculosis worldwide has intensified research efforts directed at examining the host defense and pathogenic mechanisms operative in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This review summarizes our current understanding of the host immune response, with emphasis on the roles of macrophages, T cells, and the cytokine/chemokine network in engendering protective immunity. Specifically, we summarize studies addressing the ability of the organism to survive within macrophages by controlling phagolysosome fusion. The recent studies on Toll-like receptors and the impact on the innate response to M. tuberculosis are discussed. We also focus on the induction, specificity, and effector functions of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and the roles of cytokines and chemokines in the induction and effector functions of the immune response. Presentation of mycobacterial antigens by MHC class I, class II, and CD1 as well as the implications of these molecules sampling various compartments of the cell for presentation to T cells are discussed. Increased attention to this disease and the integration of animal models and human studies have afforded us a greater understanding of tuberculosis and the steps necessary to combat this infection. The pace of this research must be maintained if we are to realize an effective vaccine in the next decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Flynn
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|