1
|
Yuecel G, Zhou X, Terkatz L, Wendel A, Reinhardt J, El-Battrawy I, Sattler K, Cyganek L, Utikal J, Langer H, Scharf R, Duerschmied D, Akin I. Flagellin-Induced Immune Response in Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13933. [PMID: 37762236 PMCID: PMC10531389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are involved in the pathogenesis of septic cardiomyopathy through a toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated immune response. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) can reflect the innate immune abilities of cardiomyocytes. Therefore, hiPSC-CMs may provide an attractive tool with which to study PAMP-induced alterations in cardiomyocytes. HiPSC-CMs from two different healthy donors were exposed to the PAMP flagellin (FLA) at different doses and exposure times. Alterations in the expression levels of distinct inflammation-associated cytokines, intracellular inflammation pathways including TLR5 downstream signaling, reactive oxygen species levels and surface antigen composition were assessed using PCR, ELISA and FACS techniques. Higher doses of flagellin increased the expression levels of inflammation-associated cytokines like TNFα (p < 0.01) and downstream signaling molecules like caspase-8 (p < 0.05). TLR5 expression (p < 0.01) and TLR5 fluorescence proportion (p < 0.05) increased in hiPSC-CMs after prolonged FLA exposure. FLA-induced innate immune response processes in cardiomyocytes might be detectable with an hiPSC-CMs-based in vitro model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goekhan Yuecel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Linda Terkatz
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, Children’s Hospital of Cologne, 50735 Cologne, Germany
| | - Angela Wendel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julius Reinhardt
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ibrahim El-Battrawy
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Katherine Sattler
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lukas Cyganek
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Stem Cell Unit, Clinic for Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology and DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harald Langer
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ruediger Scharf
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Duerschmied
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Akin
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology, Haemostaseology and Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Center Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
- European Center for AngioScience (ECAS) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rhee JH, Khim K, Puth S, Choi Y, Lee SE. Deimmunization of flagellin adjuvant for clinical application. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101330. [PMID: 37084463 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Flagellin is the cognate ligand for host pattern recognition receptors, toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in the cell surface, and NAIP5/NLRC4 inflammasome in the cytosol. TLR5-binding domain is located in D1 domain, where crucial amino acid sequences are conserved among diverse bacteria. The highly conserved C-terminal 35 amino acids of flagellin were proved to be responsible for the inflammasome activation by binding to NAIP5. D2/D3 domains, located in the central region and exposed to the outside surface of flagellar filament, are heterogeneous across bacterial species and highly immunogenic. Taking advantage of TLR5- and NLRC4-stimulating activities, flagellin has been actively developed as a vaccine adjuvant and immunotherapeutic. Because of its immunogenicity, there exist worries concerning diminished efficacy and possible reactogenicity after repeated administration. Deimmunization of flagellin derivatives while preserving the TLR5/NLRC4-mediated immunomodulatory activity should be the most reasonable option for clinical application. This review describes strategies and current achievements in flagellin deimmunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea; Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Koemchhoy Khim
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea; Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sao Puth
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea; Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjoo Choi
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy MRC, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Shee Eun Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea; Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biomolecules Triggering Altered Food Intake during Pathogenic Challenge in Chicks. J Poult Sci 2023; 60:2023009. [PMID: 36969710 PMCID: PMC10031682 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.2023009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake is regulated by several complicated synergistic mechanisms that are affected by a variety of internal and external influences. Some of these factors include those that are released from pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and most of these factors are associated with suppression of the chick's food intake. Although chicks are well-known to decrease their food intake when they experience a pathogenic challenge, the mechanisms that mediate this type of satiety are poorly understood. One of the goals of our research group has been to better understand these mechanisms in chicks. We recently provided evidence that pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, likely contribute to satiety in chicks that are experiencing a pathogenic challenge. Additionally, we identified several inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine 1A, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide, that likely contribute to satiety during a pathogenic challenge. This review summarizes the current knowledge on pathogen-induced satiety in chicks mainly accumulated through our recent research. The research will give good information to improve the loss of production during infection in poultry production in the future.
Collapse
|
4
|
Piazzesi A, Putignani L. Extremely small and incredibly close: Gut microbes as modulators of inflammation and targets for therapeutic intervention. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958346. [PMID: 36071979 PMCID: PMC9441770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark for a variety of disorders and is at least partially responsible for disease progression and poor patient health. In recent years, the microbiota inhabiting the human gut has been associated with not only intestinal inflammatory diseases but also those that affect the brain, liver, lungs, and joints. Despite a strong correlation between specific microbial signatures and inflammation, whether or not these microbes are disease markers or disease drivers is still a matter of debate. In this review, we discuss what is known about the molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can modulate inflammation, both in the intestine and beyond. We identify the current gaps in our knowledge of biological mechanisms, discuss how these gaps have likely contributed to the uncertain outcome of fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic clinical trials, and suggest how both mechanistic insight and -omics-based approaches can better inform study design and therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Piazzesi
- Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic Immunology, Unit of Microbiomics and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lorenza Putignani,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lu Y, Liu Z, Li Y, Deng Z, Fang W, He F. The truncated form of flagellin (tFlic) provides the 2dCap subunit vaccine with better immunogenicity and protective effects in mice. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022; 2:11. [PMID: 35669451 PMCID: PMC9160859 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases, and it causes substantial economic losses in the swine industry each year. It is crucial to develop an effective vaccine against the circulating strain PCV2d, which is prone to substantial degrees of mutation. In this study, a truncated form of flagellin (tFlic: 85-111 aa) was inserted into the C-terminal sequence of 2dCap, and Western blotting results showed that recombinant Cap-tFlic VLPs were successfully expressed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) data indicated that purified recombinant Cap-tFlic fusion proteins existed in the form of polymers and that tFlic could not affect the formation and internalization of VLPs. Integrated Cap-tFlic VLPs induced the expression of antigen presentation-related factors (MHC-II and CD86) by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs), and the expression of TLR5-related factors (TNF-α) was dramatically elevated. Mice intramuscularly immunized with Cap-tFlic VLPs exhibited significantly higher levels of Cap-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than mice immunized with wild-type Cap VLPs. The data obtained in the current study indicate that Cap-tFlic may be a candidate for a subunit vaccine against PCV2 in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zehui Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yingxiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhuofan Deng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine & Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang road, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Côté-Cyr M, Zottig X, Gauthier L, Archambault D, Bourgault S. Self-Assembly of Flagellin into Immunostimulatory Ring-like Nanostructures as an Antigen Delivery System. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:694-707. [PMID: 35080372 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteinaceous nanoparticles represent attractive antigen carriers for vaccination as their size and repetitive antigen displays that mimic most viral particles enable efficient immune processing. However, these nanocarriers are often unable to stimulate efficiently the innate immune system, requiring coadministration with adjuvants to promote long-lasting protective immunity. The protein flagellin, which constitutes the primary constituent of the bacterial flagellum, has been widely evaluated as an antigen carrier due to its intrinsic adjuvant properties involving activation of the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). Although flagellin is known for its ability to self-assemble into micron-scale length nanotubes, few studies have evaluated the potential usage of flagellin-based nanostructures as immunostimulatory antigen carriers. In this study, we reported for the first time a strategy to guide the self-assembly of a flagellin protein from Bacillus subtilis, Hag, into lower aspect ratio nanoparticles by hindering non-covalent interactions responsible for its elongation into nanotubes. We observed that addition of an antigenic sequence derived from the influenza A virus (3M2e) at the C-terminus of this flagellin, as opposed to positioning the epitope into mid-sequence, precluded filament elongation and resulted in low aspect ratio ring-like nanostructures upon salting-out-induced self-assembly. These nanostructures displayed the antigen at their surface and shared morphological and structural characteristics with flagellin nanotubes, with a diameter of approximately 12 nm, and an α-helix-rich secondary structure. Flagellin ring-like nanostructures were efficiently internalized by antigen-presenting cells, and avidly activated the TLR5 in vitro as well as the innate and adaptive immune responses. Intranasal immunization of mice with these nanostructures resulted in the potentiation of the antigen-specific antibody response and protection against a lethal infection with the influenza A virus, illustrating the potential of these intrinsically immunostimulatory nanostructures as antigen carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Côté-Cyr
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Ximena Zottig
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Laurie Gauthier
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Denis Archambault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal H3C 3P8, Canada.,Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Engineering and Applications (PROTEO), Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.,The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA), Saint-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu X, Gao S, Xu J, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Deng N, Lin H, Zhang Y, Lu D. The flagellin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus induces the inflammatory response of Tetraodon nigroviridis through TLR5M. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:102-110. [PMID: 34737057 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important marine pathogen that cause inflammation even death in teleost. It has brought huge economic losses to aquaculture and serious threats to the sustainable development of marine fisheries. Here, we isolated the DNA, RNA, and total flagellin from V. parahaemolyticus, and obtained the primary spleen and head kidney cells (including leukocytes) from Tetraodon nigroviridis. V. parahaemolyticus DNA, RNA, and total flagellin were used to treat the T. nigroviridis primary cells described above. The results show that the nitric oxide (NO) production and respiratory burst response were significantly induced after stimulation with V. parahaemolyticus total flagellin in T. nigroviridis head kidney and spleen cells. And total flagellin could promote the gene expression and protein production of IL-1β in T. nigroviridis leukocytes. T. nigroviridis TLR5M (TnTLR5M) and TLR5S (TnTLR5S) ORF sequences were obtained as the main recognition receptor for flagellin. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression of pattern recognition receptor TnTLR5M and TnTLR5S, the important signal molecule of inflammatory system TnMyD88 and TnTRAF6, and inflammatory cytokines TnIL-1β and TnIFN-γ2. The results show that there were a significant upregulation after challenge with V. parahaemolyticus total flagellin. We further demonstrated that the total flagellin of V. parahaemolyticus could activate the luciferase activity of the NF-κB reporter gene mediated by TnTLR5M. Overall, our results suggest that V. parahaemolyticus total flagellin activated the NO production, respiratory burst response, and inflammatory cytokines expressions, such as TnIL-1β and TnIFN-γ2, through the TnTLR5M-NF-κB signaling pathway in T. nigroviridis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Songze Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jiachang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Yulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Yuyou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Niuniu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, PR China; College of Ocean, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, PR China; Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, PR China.
| | - Danqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ijaz A, Veldhuizen EJA, Broere F, Rutten VPMG, Jansen CA. The Interplay between Salmonella and Intestinal Innate Immune Cells in Chickens. Pathogens 2021; 10:1512. [PMID: 34832668 PMCID: PMC8618210 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a common infection in poultry, which results in huge economic losses in the poultry industry. At the same time, Salmonella infections are a threat to public health, since contaminated poultry products can lead to zoonotic infections. Antibiotics as feed additives have proven to be an effective prophylactic option to control Salmonella infections, but due to resistance issues in humans and animals, the use of antimicrobials in food animals has been banned in Europe. Hence, there is an urgent need to look for alternative strategies that can protect poultry against Salmonella infections. One such alternative could be to strengthen the innate immune system in young chickens in order to prevent early life infections. This can be achieved by administration of immune modulating molecules that target innate immune cells, for example via feed, or by in-ovo applications. We aimed to review the innate immune system in the chicken intestine; the main site of Salmonella entrance, and its responsiveness to Salmonella infection. Identifying the most important players in the innate immune response in the intestine is a first step in designing targeted approaches for immune modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adil Ijaz
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (A.I.); (E.J.A.V.); (F.B.); (V.P.M.G.R.)
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Christine A. Jansen
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tachibana T, Khan MSI, Makino R, Cline MA. Behavioral and physiological responses to peripheral injection of flagellin in chicks. Physiol Behav 2021; 237:113433. [PMID: 33905808 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Flagellin (Flg) is a globular protein, found in bacterial flagella, that serves as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern and also serves as a toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) ligand in vertebrates. Most ligands for TLRs are involved in non-specific effects such as anorexia and hypoactivity in an animal infected by bacteria. However, there is little knowledge on the effects of Flg in birds. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine if intraperitoneal (IP) injection of Flg affects food intake, voluntary activity, cloacal temperature, crop emptying rate, blood constituents, and splenic gene expression of cytokines in chicks (Gallus gallus). The effect of Flg22, an N-terminus fragment of Flg, was also investigated. IP injection of 10 µg Flg significantly increased the splenic gene expression of interleukin-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-like cytokine-1A, suggesting that Flg activated the innate immune system in chicks. The injection of Flg significantly decreased food intake, voluntary activity, blood glucose concentration, and crop emptying rate, and increased cloacal temperature and plasma concentrations of nitrite, nitrate, and corticosterone. However, the injection of Flg22 only affected the splenic gene expression of IFN-γ, indicating that the full-length of Flg is required for its action. These results suggest that Flg, a ligand for TLR5, is related to non-specific symptoms including anorexia, hypoactivity, increase in body temperature, disturbance of food passage in the digestive tract, and the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during bacterial infection in chicks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tachibana
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Md Sakirul Islam Khan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Makino
- Department of Agrobiological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan
| | - Mark A Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 24061, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mthembu N, Ikwegbue P, Brombacher F, Hadebe S. Respiratory Viral and Bacterial Factors That Influence Early Childhood Asthma. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:692841. [PMID: 35387053 PMCID: PMC8974778 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.692841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterised by episodes of shortness of breath due to reduced airway flow. The disease is triggered by a hyperreactive immune response to innocuous allergens, leading to hyper inflammation, mucus production, changes in structural cells lining the airways, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Asthma, although present in adults, is considered as a childhood condition, with a total of about 6.2 million children aged 18 and below affected globally. There has been progress in understanding asthma heterogeneity in adults, which has led to better patient stratification and characterisation of multiple asthma endotypes with distinct, but overlapping inflammatory features. The asthma inflammatory profile in children is not well-defined and heterogeneity of the disease is less described. Although many factors such as genetics, food allergies, antibiotic usage, type of birth, and cigarette smoke exposure can influence asthma development particularly in children, respiratory infections are thought to be the major contributing factor in poor lung function and onset of the disease. In this review, we focus on viral and bacterial respiratory infections in the first 10 years of life that could influence development of asthma in children. We also review literature on inflammatory immune heterogeneity in asthmatic children and how this overlaps with early lung development, poor lung function and respiratory infections. Finally, we review animal studies that model early development of asthma and how these studies could inform future therapies and better understanding of this complex disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nontobeko Mthembu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul Ikwegbue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Health Science Faculty, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sabelo Hadebe
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lei X, Palomero J, de Rink I, de Wit T, van Baalen M, Xiao Y, Borst J. Flagellin/TLR5 Stimulate Myeloid Progenitors to Enter Lung Tissue and to Locally Differentiate Into Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621665. [PMID: 33815375 PMCID: PMC8017192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is the receptor of bacterial Flagellin. Reportedly, TLR5 engagement helps to combat infections, especially at mucosal sites, by evoking responses from epithelial cells and immune cells. Here we report that TLR5 is expressed on a previously defined bipotent progenitor of macrophages (MΦs) and osteoclasts (OCs) that resides in the mouse bone marrow (BM) and circulates at low frequency in the blood. In vitro, Flagellin promoted the generation of MΦs, but not OCs from this progenitor. In vivo, MΦ/OC progenitors were recruited from the blood into the lung upon intranasal inoculation of Flagellin, where they rapidly differentiated into MΦs. Recruitment of the MΦ/OC progenitors into the lung was likely promoted by the CCL2/CCR2 axis, since the progenitors expressed CCR2 and type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) produced CCL2 upon stimulation by Flagellin. Moreover, CCR2 blockade reduced migration of the MΦ/OC progenitors toward lung lavage fluid (LLF) from Flagellin-inoculated mice. Our study points to a novel role of the Flagellin/TLR5 axis in recruiting circulating MΦ/OC progenitors into infected tissue and stimulating these progenitors to locally differentiate into MΦs. The progenitor pathway to produce MΦs may act, next to monocyte recruitment, to fortify host protection against bacterial infection at mucosal sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lei
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jara Palomero
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Iris de Rink
- Genomics Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom de Wit
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Baalen
- Flow Cytometry Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yanling Xiao
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh VK, Seed TM. Entolimod as a radiation countermeasure for acute radiation syndrome. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:17-30. [PMID: 33065293 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High doses of total-body or partial-body radiation exposure can result in a life-threatening acute radiation syndrome as manifested by severe morbidity. Entolimod (CBLB502) is effective in protecting against, and mitigating the development of, the hematopoietic and gastrointestinal subsyndromes of the acute radiation syndrome in rodents and nonhuman primates. Entolimod treatment reduces radiation-induced apoptosis and accelerates the regeneration of progenitors in radiation-damaged tissues. The drug has been evaluated clinically for its pharmacokinetics (PK), toxicity, and biomarkers. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted investigational new drug, fast-track, and orphan drug statuses to entolimod. Its safety, efficacy, and animal-to-human dose conversion data allowed its progression with a pre-emergency use authorization application submission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Singh
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - Thomas M Seed
- Tech Micro Services, 4417 Maple Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ifuku M, Hinkelmann L, Kuhrt LD, Efe IE, Kumbol V, Buonfiglioli A, Krüger C, Jordan P, Fulde M, Noda M, Kettenmann H, Lehnardt S. Activation of Toll-like receptor 5 in microglia modulates their function and triggers neuronal injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:159. [PMID: 32912327 PMCID: PMC7488138 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune-competent cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and sense both pathogen- and host-derived factors through several receptor systems including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Although TLR5 has previously been implicated in different CNS disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, its mode of action in the brain remained largely unexplored. We sought to determine the expression and functional consequences of TLR5 activation in the CNS. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that microglia is the major CNS cell type that constitutively expresses TLR5. Using Tlr5−/− mice and inhibitory TLR5 antibody we found that activation of TLR5 in microglial cells by its agonist flagellin, a principal protein component of bacterial flagella, triggers their release of distinct inflammatory molecules, regulates chemotaxis, and increases their phagocytic activity. Furthermore, while TLR5 activation does not affect tumor growth in an ex vivo GL261 glioma mouse model, it triggers microglial accumulation and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex in vivo. TLR5-mediated microglial function involves the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, as specific inhibitors of this signaling pathway abolish microglial activation. Taken together, our findings establish TLR5 as a modulator of microglial function and indicate its contribution to inflammatory and injurious processes in the CNS.
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Burkholder KM, Fletcher DH, Gileau L, Kandolo A. Lactic acid bacteria decrease Salmonella enterica Javiana virulence and modulate host inflammation during infection of an intestinal epithelial cell line. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5480463. [PMID: 31065694 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Javiana is a leading cause of severe foodborne Salmonellosis. Despite its emergence as a major foodborne pathogen, little is known of how S. Javiana interacts with intestinal epithelial cells, or of potential methods for ameliorating the bacterial-host interaction. Using cell-based adhesion, invasion and lactate dehydrogenase release assays, we observed an invasive and cytotoxic effect of S. Javiana on intestinal epithelial cells. We assessed the effect of probiotic species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the S. Javiana-host cell interaction, and hypothesized that LAB would reduce S. Javiana infectivity. Salmonella enterica Javiana invasion was significantly impaired in host cells pre-treated with live Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. In addition, pre-exposure of host cells to live L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and L. casei reduced S. Javiana-induced cytotoxicity, while heat-killed LAB cultures had no effect on S. Javiana invasion or cytotoxicity. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that S. Javiana exposed to L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus exhibited reduced virulence gene expression. Moreover, pre-treating host cells with LAB prior to S. Javiana infection reduced host cell production of inflammatory cytokines. Data suggest a potential protective effect of L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and L. casei against intestinal epithelial infection and pathogen-induced damage caused by S. Javiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Burkholder
- University of New England, Department of Biology, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, USA 04005
| | - Dylan H Fletcher
- University of New England, Department of Biology, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, USA 04005
| | - Lauren Gileau
- University of New England, Department of Biology, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, USA 04005
| | - Arnold Kandolo
- University of New England, Department of Biology, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, USA 04005
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu A, Wei L, Hu S, Yang C, Chen C, Zhou Z, Pan Z. Characterisation and functional analysis of canine TLR5. Innate Immun 2020; 26:451-458. [PMID: 31986950 PMCID: PMC7491235 DOI: 10.1177/1753425920901862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterised the single exon TLR5 gene of the Chinese rural dog. Sequence analysis revealed a 2577 nucleotide-long open reading frame of canine TLR5, encoding an 858 amino acid-long protein. The putative amino acid sequence of canine TLR5 consisted of a signal peptide sequence, 15 LRR domains, a LRR C-terminal domain, a transmembrane domain and an intracellular Toll-IL-1 receptor domain. The amino acid sequence of the canine TLR5 protein shared 95.4% identity with vulpine, 72.2% with feline and 64.7% with human TLR5. Plasmids expressing canine TLR5 and NF-κB-luciferase were constructed and transfected into HEK293T cells. Expression was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. These HEK293T cells transfected with the canine TLR5- and NF-κB-luciferase plasmids significantly responded to flagellin from Salmonella enteritidis serovar Typhimurium, indicating that it is a functional TLR5 homolog. In response to stimulation with Salmonella enteritidis, the level of TLR5 mRNA significantly increased over the control in PBMCs at 4 h. The levels of IL-8, IL-6 and IL-1β also increased after exposure. The highest levels of TLR5, IL-8 and IL-1β expression were detected at 8, 4 and 12 h after stimulation, respectively. These results imply that the expression of canine TLR5 may participate in the immune response against bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhu
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Lingling Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Sujuan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Cheng Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Caifa Chen
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Zhengkun Zhou
- College of Health Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, PR China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Small molecule inhibitors and stimulators of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cancer cells from natural origin (phytochemicals, marine compounds, antibiotics). Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 176:113792. [PMID: 31926145 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases (NOS) are a family of isoforms, which generate nitric oxide (NO). NO is one of the smallest molecules in nature and acts mainly as a potent vasodilator. It participates in various biological processes ranging from physiological to pathological conditions. Inducible NOS (iNOS, NOS2) is a calcium-independent and inducible isoform. Despite high iNOS expression in many tumors, the role of iNOS is still unclear and complex with both enhancing and prohibiting actions in tumorigenesis. Nature presents a broad variety of natural stimulators and inhibitors, which may either promote or inhibit iNOS response. In the present review, we give an overview of iNOS-modulating agents with a special focus on both natural and synthetic molecules and their effects in related biological processes. The role of iNOS in physiological and pathological conditions is also discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Perna A, Hay E, Contieri M, De Luca A, Guerra G, Lucariello A. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC): Cause or consequence of inflammation, dysbiosis, and rupture of cellular joints in patients with IBD? J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5041-5049. [PMID: 31898324 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There are many factors contributing to the development of gastrointestinal diseases, grouped into genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. In recent years attention has fallen on pathogens; in particular, Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Helicobacter pylori have been studied. Several points remain to be clarified, and above all, as regards the adherent-invasive E. coli strains of E. coli, one wonders if they are a cause or a consequence of the disease. In this review, we have tried to clarify some points by examining a series of recent publications regarding the involvement of the bacterium in the pathology, even if other studies are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Perna
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Eleonora Hay
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Contieri
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio De Luca
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Germano Guerra
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Sport Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rapid Bladder Interleukin-10 Synthesis in Response to Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Is Part of a Defense Strategy Triggered by the Major Bacterial Flagellar Filament FliC and Contingent on TLR5. mSphere 2019; 4:4/6/e00545-19. [PMID: 31776239 PMCID: PMC6881718 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00545-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 is part of the immune response to urinary tract infection (UTI) due to E. coli, and it is important in the early control of infection in the bladder. Defining the mechanism of engagement of the immune system by the bacteria that enables the protective IL-10 response is critical to exploring how we might exploit this mechanism for new infection control strategies. In this study, we reveal part of the bacterial flagellar apparatus (FliC) is an important component that is sensed by and responsible for induction of IL-10 in the response to UPEC. We show this response occurs in a TLR5-dependent manner. Using infection prevention and control trials in mice infected with E. coli, this study also provides evidence that purified FliC might be of value in novel approaches for the treatment of UTI or in preventing infection by exploiting the FliC-triggered bladder transcriptome. Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) engages interleukin-10 (IL-10) as an early innate immune response to regulate inflammation and promote the control of bladder infection. However, the mechanism of engagement of innate immunity by UPEC that leads to elicitation of IL-10 in the bladder is unknown. Here, we identify the major UPEC flagellar filament, FliC, as a key bacterial component sensed by the bladder innate immune system responsible for the induction of IL-10 synthesis. IL-10 responses of human as well as mouse bladder epithelial cell-monocyte cocultures were triggered by flagella of three major UPEC representative strains, CFT073, UTI89, and EC958. FliC purified to homogeneity induced IL-10 in vitro and in vivo as well as other functionally related cytokines, including IL-6. The genome-wide innate immunological context of FliC-induced IL-10 in the bladder was defined using RNA sequencing that revealed a network of transcriptional and antibacterial defenses comprising 1,400 genes that were induced by FliC. Of the FliC-responsive bladder transcriptome, altered expression of il10 and 808 additional genes were dependent on Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), according to analysis of TLR5-deficient mice. Examination of the potential of FliC and associated innate immune signature in the bladder to boost host defense, based on prophylactic or therapeutic administration to mice, revealed significant benefits for the control of UPEC. We conclude that detection of FliC through TLR5 triggers rapid IL-10 synthesis in the bladder, and FliC represents a potential immune modulator that might offer benefit for the treatment or prevention of UPEC UTI. IMPORTANCE Interleukin-10 is part of the immune response to urinary tract infection (UTI) due to E. coli, and it is important in the early control of infection in the bladder. Defining the mechanism of engagement of the immune system by the bacteria that enables the protective IL-10 response is critical to exploring how we might exploit this mechanism for new infection control strategies. In this study, we reveal part of the bacterial flagellar apparatus (FliC) is an important component that is sensed by and responsible for induction of IL-10 in the response to UPEC. We show this response occurs in a TLR5-dependent manner. Using infection prevention and control trials in mice infected with E. coli, this study also provides evidence that purified FliC might be of value in novel approaches for the treatment of UTI or in preventing infection by exploiting the FliC-triggered bladder transcriptome.
Collapse
|
20
|
Psychopharmacology: neuroimmune signaling in psychiatric disease-developing vaccines against abused drugs using toll-like receptor agonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:2899-2907. [PMID: 30726515 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-5176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Since substance use disorders have few or no effective pharmacotherapies, researchers have developed vaccines as immune-therapies against nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids including fentanyl. OBJECTIVES We focus on enhancing antibody (AB) production through stimulation of toll-like receptor-5 (TLR5) during active vaccination. The stimulating adjuvant is Entolimod, a novel protein derivative of flagellin. We review the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Entolimod's actions on TLR5. RESULTS Entolimod shows excellent efficacy for increasing AB levels to levels well beyond those produced by anti-addiction vaccines alone in animal models and humans. These ABs also significantly block the behavioral effects of the targeted drug of abuse. The TLR5 stimulation involves a wide range of immune cell types such as dendritic, antigen presenting, T and B cells. Entolimod binding to TLR5 initiates an intracellular signaling cascade that stimulates cytokine production of tumor necrosis factor and two interleukins (IL-6 and IL-12). While cytokine release can be catastrophic in cytokine storm, Entolimod produces a modulated release with few side effects even at doses 30 times greater than doses needed in these vaccine studies. Entolimod has markedly increased AB responses to all of our anti-addiction vaccines in rodent models, and in normal humans. CONCLUSIONS Entolimod and TLR5 stimulation has broad application to vaccines and potentially to other psychiatric disorders like depression, which has critical inflammatory contributions that Entolimod could reduce.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nakamoto K, Watanabe M, Sada M, Inui T, Nakamura M, Honda K, Wada H, Ishii H, Takizawa H. Pseudomonas aeruginosa-derived flagellin stimulates IL-6 and IL-8 production in human bronchial epithelial cells: A potential mechanism for progression and exacerbation of COPD. Exp Lung Res 2019; 45:255-266. [PMID: 31517562 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2019.1665147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and purpose of the study: Pseudomonas aeruginosa commonly colonizes the airway of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and exacerbates their symptoms. P. aeruginosa carries flagellin that stimulates toll-like receptor (TLR)-5; however, the role of flagellin in the pathogenesis of COPD remains unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate the mechanisms of the flagellin-induced innate immune response in bronchial epithelial cells, and to assess the effects of anti-inflammatory agents for treatment. Materials and methods: We stimulated BEAS-2B cells with P. aeruginosa-derived flagellin, and assessed mRNA expression and protein secretion of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8. We also used mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitors to assess the signaling pathways involved in flagellin stimulation, and investigated the effect of clinically available anti-inflammatory agents against flagellin-induced inflammation. Results: Flagellin promoted protein and mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in BEAS-2B cells and induced phosphorylation of p38, ERK, and JNK; p38 phosphorylation-induced IL-6 production, while IL-8 production resulted from p38 and ERK phosphorylation. Fluticasone propionate (FP) and dexamethasone (DEX) suppressed IL-6 and IL-8 production in BEAS-2B cells, but clarithromycin (CAM) failed to do so. Conclusions: P. aeruginosa-derived flagellin-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in bronchial epithelial cells, which partially explains the mechanisms of progression and exacerbation of COPD. Corticosteroids are the most effective treatment for the suppression of flagellin-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in the bronchial epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Nakamoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masato Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Toshiya Inui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masuo Nakamura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kojiro Honda
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroo Wada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hajime Takizawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Srinivasan P, Anandam KY, Ramesh V, Geltz ET, Said HM. Effect of bacterial flagellin on thiamin uptake by human and mouse pancreatic acinar cells: inhibition mediated at the level of transcription of thiamin transporters 1 and 2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G735-G743. [PMID: 30920302 PMCID: PMC6620585 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00048.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Thiamin (vitamin B1) is essential for normal cellular metabolism and function. Pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) obtain thiamin from the circulation via a specific carrier-mediated process that involves the plasma membrane thiamin transporters 1 and 2 (THTR-1 and THTR-2; products of SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 genes, respectively). There is nothing known about the effect of bacterial products/toxins on thiamin uptake by PACs. We addressed this issue in the present investigation by examining the effect of bacterial flagellin on physiological and molecular parameters of thiamin uptake by PACs. We used human primary PACs, mice in vivo, and cultured mouse-derived pancreatic acinar 266-6 cells in our investigation. The results showed that exposure of human primary PACs to flagellin led to a significant inhibition in thiamin uptake; this inhibition was associated with a significant decrease in expression of THTR-1 and -2 at the protein and mRNA levels. These findings were confirmed in mice in vivo as well as in cultured 266-6 cells. Subsequent studies showed that flagellin exposure markedly suppressed the activity of the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 promoters and that this effect involved the Sp1 regulatory factor. Finally, knocking down Toll-like receptor 5 by use of gene-specific siRNA was found to lead to abrogation in the inhibitory effect of flagellin on PAC thiamin uptake. These results show, for the first time, that exposure of PACs to flagellin negatively impacts the physiological and molecular parameters of thiamin uptake and that this effect is mediated at the level of transcription of the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 genes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrates, for the first time, that prolonged exposure of pancreatic acinar cells to flagellin inhibits uptake of vitamin B1, a micronutrient that is essential for energy metabolism and ATP production. This effect is mediated at the level of transcription of the SLC19A2 and SLC19A3 genes and involves the Sp1 transcription factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Srinivasan
- 1Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California,2Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Kasin Yadunandam Anandam
- 1Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California,2Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| | - Vignesh Ramesh
- 1Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Erica T. Geltz
- 1Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Hamid M. Said
- 1Departments of Medicine and Physiology/Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California,2Medical Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, California
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Acharya D, Sullivan MJ, Duell BL, Eveno T, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Physical Extraction and Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography for Purifying Flagella Filament From Uropathogenic Escherichia coli for Immune Assay. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:118. [PMID: 31069177 PMCID: PMC6491459 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagella are expressed on the surface of a wide range of bacteria, conferring motility and contributing to virulence and innate immune stimulation. Host-pathogen interaction studies of the roles of flagella in infection, including due to uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), have used various methods to purify and examine the biology of the major flagella subunit protein, FliC. These studies have offered insight into the ways in which flagella proteins interact with host cells. However, previous methods used to extract and purify FliC, such as mechanical shearing, ultracentrifugation, heterologous expression in laboratory E. coli strains, and precipitation-inducing chemical treatments have various limitations; as a result, there are few observations based on highly purified, non-denatured FliC in the literature. This is especially relevant to host-pathogen interaction studies such as immune assays that are designed to parallel, as closely as possible, naturally-occurring interactions between host cells and flagella. In this study, we sought to establish a new, carefully optimized method to extract and purify non-denatured, native FliC from the reference UPEC strain CFT073 to be suitable for immune assays. To achieve purification of FliC to homogeneity, we used a mutant CFT073 strain containing deletions in four major chaperone-usher fimbriae operons (type 1, F1C and two P fimbrial gene clusters; CFT073Δ4). A sequential flagella extraction method based on mechanical shearing, ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, protein concentration and endotoxin removal was applied to CFT073Δ4. Protein purity and integrity was assessed using SDS-PAGE, Western blots with anti-flagellin antisera, and native-PAGE. We also generated a fliC-deficient strain, CFT073Δ4ΔfliC, to enable the concurrent preparation of a suitable carrier control to be applied in downstream assays. Innate immune stimulation was examined by exposing J774A.1 macrophages to 0.05-1 μg of purified FliC for 5 h; the supernatants were analyzed for cytokines known to be induced by flagella, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12; the results were assessed in the context of prior literature. Macrophage responses to purified FliC encompassed significant levels of several cytokines consistent with prior literature reports. The purification method described here establishes a new approach to examine highly purified FliC in the context of host-pathogen interaction model systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Acharya
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Duell
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Tanguy Eveno
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Salmonella Fimbrial Protein FimH Is Involved in Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines in a Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent Manner. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00881-18. [PMID: 30602501 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00881-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 fimbriae are proteinaceous filamentous structures present on bacterial surfaces and are mainly composed of the major fimbrial protein subunit FimA and the adhesive protein FimH, which is located at the tip of the fimbrial shaft. Here, we investigated the involvement of type 1 fimbriae in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA was lower in macrophages infected with fimA or fimH mutant strains than in those infected with wild-type Salmonella Treatment of macrophages with purified recombinant FimH protein, but not FimA, resulted in the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor κB signaling pathways, leading to the expression of not only IL-1β but also other proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. However, FimH carrying an N-terminal region deletion or heat-treated FimH did not show such effects. The expression of FimH-induced IL-1β was inhibited by treatment with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK-242 but not by treatment with polymyxin B, a lipopolysaccharide antagonist. Furthermore, FimH treatment stimulated HEK293 cells expressing TLR4 and MD-2/CD14 but did not stimulate HEK293 cells expressing only TLR4. Collectively, FimH is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium that is recognized by TLR4 in the presence of MD-2 and CD14 and plays a significant role in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in Salmonella-infected macrophages.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kumar A, Harjai K, Chhibber S. A multiepitopic theoretical fusion construct based on in-silico epitope screening of known vaccine candidates for protection against wide range of enterobacterial pathogens. Hum Immunol 2019; 80:493-502. [PMID: 30769032 PMCID: PMC7115567 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacterial pathogens that have acquired antibiotic resistance genes are a leading cause of community and hospital acquired infections. In such a situation vaccination is considered as a better option to prevent such infections. In the current study reverse vaccinology approach has been used to select peptides from already known immunogenic proteins to design a chimeric construct. We selected Yersiniabactin receptor of Escherichia coli UMN026 and Flagellin of Stenotrophomonas maltophila. B-cell linear epitopes were predicted using Bepipred prediction tool. Peptide binding with reference sets of 27 alleles of MHC class I and class II was also analyzed. The predicted peptides-MHC complexes were further validated using simulation dynamics. The in-silico construction of chimera was done by restriction mapping and codon optimization. Chimera was evaluated using the immunoinformatic approach as done for the selected proteins. From the 673 amino acids of FyuA protein, a region from 1 to 492 was selected for containing more linear epitopes and the processing scores obtained were significant for MHC class I and class II binding. Similarly, from Flagellin, a region between 60 and 328 amino acids was selected and the peptides present in the selected region showed lower percentile ranks for binding with MHC molecules. The simulation studies validated the predictions of peptide-MHC complexes. The selected gene fragments accommodating maximum part of these peptides were used to design a chimaeric construct of 2454 bp. From the immunoinformatic analysis, the chimera was found to be more immunogenic in terms of increased number of B-cell and T-cell epitopes along with increased coverage of global populations with allelic variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy against Treponema pallidum in New Zealand rabbits immunized with plasmid DNA encoding flagellin. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:177. [PMID: 30405111 PMCID: PMC6220273 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA encoding flagellin FlaB3 was used as a vaccination candidate for the evaluation of immunogenicity and protection against Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum dissemination. First, intramuscular injection of the flagellin encoded by the plasmid DNA into New Zealand rabbits elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses. Total IgG production increased in response to flagellin. In addition, serum IFN-γ secretion and CD8+ cells were substantially greater in the rabbits immunized with the plasmid encoding flagellin FlaB3 than those in the rabbits immunized with recombinant flagellin. The flagellin encoded by the plasmid DNA induced significant upregulation of serum IL-6 and IL-8 compared to that of the control rabbits. Subsequently, intradermal challenge of the vaccinated New Zealand rabbits with 1 × 107T. pallidum resulted in a significant reduction of the bacterial organ burden in the blood, liver, spleen, and testicles in the flagellin plasmid DNA-vaccinated rabbits. Furthermore, the histopathological analysis demonstrated that the rabbits immunized with the plasmid DNA-encoded flagellin (FlaB3) showed better immune protection. These findings provide evidence that plasmid DNA-encoded flagellin (FlaB3) may be useful as a potential immunization route for future development of a vaccine to inhibit T. pallidum dissemination in related animals.
Collapse
|
27
|
Faber E, Tedin K, Speidel Y, Brinkmann MM, Josenhans C. Functional expression of TLR5 of different vertebrate species and diversification in intestinal pathogen recognition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11287. [PMID: 30050158 PMCID: PMC6062626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is activated by bacterial flagellins and plays a crucial role in the first-line defence against pathogenic bacteria and in immune homeostasis, and is highly conserved in vertebrate species. However, little comparative information is available on TLR5 functionality. In this study, we compared TLR5 activation using full-length and chimeric TLR5 of various vertebrate species (human, chicken, mouse, pig, cattle). Chimeric TLR5 receptors, consisting of human transmembrane and intracellular domains, linked to extracellular domains of animal origin, were generated and expressed. The comparison of chimeric TLR5s and their full-length counterparts revealed significant functional disparities. While porcine and chicken full-length TLR5s showed a strongly reduced functionality in human cells, all chimeric receptors were functional when challenged with TLR5 ligand Salmonella FliC. Using chimeric receptors as a tool allowed for the identification of ectodomain-dependent activation potential and partially host species-specific differences in response to various enteric bacterial strains and their purified flagellins. We conclude that both the extra- and intracellular determinants of TLR5 receptors are crucial for compatibility with the species expression background and hence for proper receptor functionality. TLR5 receptors with a common intracellular domain provide a useful system to investigate bacteria- and host-specific differences in receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Faber
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Free University Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Speidel
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Josenhans
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany. .,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany. .,Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu F, Ma R, Wang Y, Zhang L. The Clinical Importance of Campylobacter concisus and Other Human Hosted Campylobacter Species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:243. [PMID: 30087857 PMCID: PMC6066527 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, Campylobacteriosis has been considered to be zoonotic; the Campylobacter species that cause human acute intestinal disease such as Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli originate from animals. Over the past decade, studies on human hosted Campylobacter species strongly suggest that Campylobacter concisus plays a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). C. concisus primarily colonizes the human oral cavity and some strains can be translocated to the intestinal tract. Genome analysis of C. concisus strains isolated from saliva samples has identified a bacterial marker that is associated with active Crohn's disease (one major form of IBD). In addition to C. concisus, humans are also colonized by a number of other Campylobacter species, most of which are in the oral cavity. Here we review the most recent advancements on C. concisus and other human hosted Campylobacter species including their clinical relevance, transmission, virulence factors, disease associated genes, interactions with the human immune system and pathogenic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rena Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yiming Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hamilton AL, Kamm MA, Ng SC, Morrison M. Proteus spp. as Putative Gastrointestinal Pathogens. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00085-17. [PMID: 29899011 PMCID: PMC6056842 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00085-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteus species, members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, are usually considered commensals in the gut and are most commonly recognized clinically as a cause of urinary tract infections. However, the recent identification of Proteus spp. as potential pathogens in Crohn's disease recurrence after intestinal resection serves as a stimulus to examine their potential role as gut pathogens. Proteus species possess many virulence factors potentially relevant to gastrointestinal pathogenicity, including motility; adherence; the production of urease, hemolysins, and IgA proteases; and the ability to acquire antibiotic resistance. Gastrointestinal conditions that have been linked to Proteus include gastroenteritis (spontaneous and foodborne), nosocomial infections, appendicitis, colonization of devices such as nasogastric tubes, and Crohn's disease. The association of Proteus species with Crohn's disease was particularly strong. Proteus species are low-abundance commensals of the human gut that harbor significant pathogenic potential; further investigation is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Hamilton
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael A Kamm
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark Morrison
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ivičak-Kocjan K, Forstnerič V, Panter G, Jerala R, Benčina M. Extension and refinement of the recognition motif for Toll-like receptor 5 activation by flagellin. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:767-776. [PMID: 29920759 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3vma0118-035r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
TLRs sense conserved and essential molecular components of microbes that invade multicellular organisms. The wide range of TLR agonists, differing in size and shape, is recognized either through a single or a pair of binding sites on the ectodomains of TLRs. TLR5 recognizes bacterial flagellin through two distinct binding sites on the ectodomain, the first facilitating primary binding of flagellin and the second guiding receptor dimerization necessary for signaling. The regions of flagellin recognized by TLR5 encompass key functional regions within the D1 domain of flagellin, which is also required for the assembly of functional flagella. In addition to previously identified binding sites at the N-terminal and central segment of the TLR5 ectodomain, we extended the TLR5'-D1 interaction interface on TLR5 and showed a species-specific recognition relevance of this extended region. In addition, we showed that the loop and following β-hairpin region of flagellin, previously proposed to participate in the TLR5-flagellin dimerization interface, is not accountable for these species-specific differences. We further identified residues that contribute to the interaction between two TLR5 ectodomains in an active signaling complex. Our work demonstrates that flagellin is recognized by TLR5 through a more extensive interaction surface than previously characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ivičak-Kocjan
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vida Forstnerič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gabriela Panter
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial flagellin, as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), can activate both innate and adaptive immunity. Its unique structural characteristics endow an effective and flexible adjuvant activity, which allow the design of different types of vaccine strategies to prevent various diseases. This review will discuss recent progress in the mechanism of action of flagellin and its prospects for use as a vaccine adjuvant. AREAS COVERED Herein we summarize various types of information related to flagellin adjuvants from PubMed, including structures, signaling pathways, natural immunity, and extensive applications in vaccines, and it discusses the immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy of flagellin-adjuvanted vaccines in clinical trials. EXPERT COMMENTARY It is widely accepted that as an adjuvant, flagellin can induce an enhanced antigen-specific immune response. Flagellin adjuvants will allow more effective flagellin-based vaccines to enter clinical trials. Furthermore, vaccine formulations containing PAMPs are crucial to exert the maximum potential of vaccine antigens. Therefore, combinations of flagellin-adjuvanted vaccines with other adjuvants that act in a synergistic manner, particularly TLR ligands, represent a promising method for tailoring targeted vaccines to meet specific requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Cui
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Yuzhen Fang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Peng Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| | - Yonglu Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture , Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , China.,b Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang Y, Liao Y, Ma Y, Gong W, Zhu G. The role of major virulence factors of AIEC involved in inflammatory bowl disease—a mini-review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7781-7787. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
33
|
Bacterial flagellin-a potent immunomodulatory agent. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e373. [PMID: 28860663 PMCID: PMC5628280 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flagellin is a subunit protein of the flagellum, a whip-like appendage that enables bacterial motility. Traditionally, flagellin was viewed as a virulence factor that contributes to the adhesion and invasion of host cells, but now it has emerged as a potent immune activator, shaping both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity during microbial infections. In this review, we summarize our understanding of bacterial flagellin and host immune system interactions and the role flagellin as an adjuvant, anti-tumor and radioprotective agent, and we address important areas of future research interests.
Collapse
|
34
|
Jeong J, Kim S, Lim DS, Kim SH, Doh H, Kim SD, Song YS. TLR5 Activation through NF-κB Is a Neuroprotective Mechanism of Postconditioning after Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:213-226. [PMID: 28912644 PMCID: PMC5597552 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.4.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postconditioning has been shown to protect the mouse brain from ischemic injury. However, the neuroprotective mechanisms of postconditioning remain elusive. We have found that toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) plays an integral role in postconditioning-induced neuroprotection through Akt/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation in cerebral ischemia. Compared to animals that received 30 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) group, animals that also underwent postconditioning showed a significant reduction of up to 60.51% in infarct volume. Postconditioning increased phospho-Akt (p-Akt) levels and NF-κB translocation to the nucleus as early as 1 h after tMCAO and oxygen-glucose deprivation. Furthermore, inhibition of Akt by Akt inhibitor IV decreased NF-κB promoter activity after postconditioning. Immunoprecipitation showed that interactions between TLR5, MyD88, and p-Akt were increased from postconditioning both in vivo and in vitro. Similar to postconditioning, flagellin, an agonist of TLR5, increased NF-κB nuclear translocation and Akt phosphorylation. Our results suggest that postconditioning has neuroprotective effects by activating NF-κB and Akt survival pathways via TLR5 after cerebral ischemia. Additionally, the TLR5 agonist flagellin can simulate the neuroprotective mechanism of postconditioning in cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Da-Sol Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Seo-Hea Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Heeju Doh
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - So-Dam Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| | - Yun Seon Song
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fedirko V, Tran HQ, Gewirtz AT, Stepien M, Trichopoulou A, Aleksandrova K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Carbonnel F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Severi G, Kühn T, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Bamia C, Lagiou P, Grioni S, Panico S, Palli D, Tumino R, Naccarati A, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Weiderpass E, Castaño JMH, Barricarte A, Sánchez MJ, Dorronsoro M, Quirós JR, Agudo A, Sjöberg K, Ohlsson B, Hemmingsson O, Werner M, Bradbury KE, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Tsilidis KK, Aune D, Scalbert A, Romieu I, Riboli E, Jenab M. Exposure to bacterial products lipopolysaccharide and flagellin and hepatocellular carcinoma: a nested case-control study. BMC Med 2017; 15:72. [PMID: 28372583 PMCID: PMC5379669 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leakage of bacterial products across the gut barrier may play a role in liver diseases which often precede the development of liver cancer. However, human studies, particularly from prospective settings, are lacking. METHODS We used a case-control study design nested within a large prospective cohort to assess the association between circulating levels of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-flagellin immunoglobulin A (IgA) and G (IgG) (reflecting long-term exposures to LPS and flagellin, respectively) and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. A total of 139 men and women diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma between 1992 and 2010 were matched to 139 control subjects. Multivariable rate ratios (RRs), including adjustment for potential confounders, hepatitis B/C positivity, and degree of liver dysfunction, were calculated with conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Antibody response to LPS and flagellin was associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (highest vs. lowest quartile: RR = 11.76, 95% confidence interval = 1.70-81.40; P trend = 0.021). This finding did not vary substantially by time from enrollment to diagnosis, and did not change after adjustment for chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings, based on exposures up to several years prior to diagnosis, support a role for gut-derived bacterial products in hepatocellular carcinoma development. Further study into the role of gut barrier failure and exposure to bacterial products in liver diseases is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Hao Quang Tran
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Magdalena Stepien
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nutrition, Immunity and Metabolism Start-up Lab, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Franck Carbonnel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
- Department of Gastroenterology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), University hospitals Paris-Sud, Site de Bicêtre, Paris Sud University, Paris XI, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, F-94805, France
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Torino, Italy
- Cancer Council Victoria and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tilman Kühn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Christina Bamia
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, 13 Kaisareias Street, Athens, GR-115 27, Greece
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Via Venezian, 1 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica Echirurgia Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic -M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, ASP, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Alessio Naccarati
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, HuGeF, Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy
| | - Petra H Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - H B Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - José María Huerta Castaño
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María-José Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miren Dorronsoro
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Basque Regional Health Department, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Agudo
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Klas Sjöberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hemmingsson
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Kirurgcentrum, Norrlands Universitetssjukhus, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mårten Werner
- Department of Medicine Sections for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Umeå University Hospital, SE-90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kathryn E Bradbury
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Clinical Gerontology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Romieu
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mazda Jenab
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC-WHO), Lyon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kilroy S, Raspoet R, Martel A, Bosseler L, Appia-Ayme C, Thompson A, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. Salmonella Enteritidis flagellar mutants have a colonization benefit in the chicken oviduct. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 50:23-28. [PMID: 28131374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Egg borne Salmonella Enteritidis is still a major cause of human food poisoning. Eggs can become internally contaminated following colonization of the hen's oviduct. In this paper we aimed to analyze the role of flagella of Salmonella Enteritidis in colonization of the hen's oviduct. Using a transposon library screen we showed that mutants lacking functional flagella are significantly more efficient in colonizing the hen's oviduct in vivo. A micro-array analysis proved that transcription of a number of flagellar genes is down-regulated inside chicken oviduct cells. Flagella contain flagellin, a pathogen associated molecular pattern known to bind to Toll-like receptor 5, activating a pro-inflammatory cascade. In vitro tests using primary oviduct cells showed that flagellin is not involved in invasion. Using a ligated loop model, a diminished inflammatory reaction was seen in the oviduct resulting from injection of an aflagellated mutant compared to the wild-type. It is hypothesized that Salmonella Enteritidis downregulates flagellar gene expression in the oviduct and consequently prevents a flagellin-induced inflammatory response, thereby increasing its oviduct colonization efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kilroy
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ruth Raspoet
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Leslie Bosseler
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Corinne Appia-Ayme
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norwich, United Kingdom; Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
| | - Arthur Thompson
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Saffari M, Behbood S, Irajian G, Khorshidi A, Moniri R, Behrouz B. Antibodies raised against divalent type b flagellin and pilin provide effective immunotherapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of mice with burn wounds. Biologicals 2017; 45:20-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
38
|
Intraluminal Flagellin Differentially Contributes to Gut Dysbiosis and Systemic Inflammation following Burn Injury. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166770. [PMID: 27907005 PMCID: PMC5131931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn injury is associated with a loss of gut barrier function, resulting in systemic dissemination of gut-derived bacteria and their products. The bacterial protein and TLR5 agonist, flagellin, induces non-specific innate immune responses. Because we detected flagellin in the serum of burn patients, we investigated whether gut-derived flagellin was a primary or secondary contributor to intestinal dysfunction and systemic inflammation following burn injury. The apical surface of polarized human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), Caco-2BBe, were exposed to 50 or 500 ng of purified flagellin and 1 x 105 of an intestinal E. coli (EC) isolate as follows: 1) flagellin added 30 min prior to EC, 2) flagellin and EC added simultaneously, or 3) EC added 30 min prior to flagellin. Our results showed that luminal flagellin and EC modulated each other's biological actions, which influenced their ability to induce basolateral secretion of inflammatory cytokines and subsequent translocation of bacteria and their products. A low dose of flagellin accompanied by an enteric EC in the lumen, tempered inflammation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, higher doses of flagellin acted synergistically with EC to induce both intestinal and systemic inflammation that compromised barrier integrity, increasing systemic inflammation following burn injury, a process we have termed flagellemia. In a murine model of burn injury we found that oral gavage of flagellin (1 μg/mouse) significantly affected the gut microbiome after burn injury. In these mice, flagellin disseminated out of the intestine into the serum and to distal organs (mesenteric lymph nodes and lungs) where it induced secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) and CXCL1/KC (mouse equivalent of human IL-8) at 24 and 48h post-burn. Our results illustrated that gut-derived flagellin alone or accompanied by a non-pathogenic enteric EC strain can function as an initiator of luminal and systemic inflammation following burn injury.
Collapse
|
39
|
Sefidi MD, Rasooli I, Owlia P, Talei D, Astaneh SDA, Nazarian S. Adjuvant role of Pseudomonas flagellin for Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm associated protein. World J Methodol 2016; 6:190-199. [PMID: 27679782 PMCID: PMC5031927 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v6.i3.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study immunogenicity of Pseudomonas N terminal flagellin as an adjuvant for Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) biofilm associated protein (Bap).
METHODS The N terminal flagellin gene was amplified. The pET28a (+) and polymerase chain reaction products were digested with HindIII and EcoR I. The ligation of N terminal flagellin into pET28a (+) was performed using T4 DNA ligase and was then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) as a suitable expression host. pET28a (+) vector harboring a conserved region of Bap from our previous work was used. The recombinant proteins were expressed, analyzed by SDS-PAGE method and was purified by affinity chromatography with His-Tag residues followed by confirmation with western blotting. Mice were immunized with recombinant N terminal flagellin and Bap subunits. The immunized animals were intranasally (i.n) challenged with A. baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa).
RESULTS The flagellin enhanced the immunogenicity of Bap causing an increase in specific IgG titers in serum (P < 0.001). Internal organs, i.e., liver, lung and spleen of the Bap-Flagellin immunized group challenged with A. baumannii showed significantly lower bacterial load compared to the control group. The bacterial loads were studied in internal organs. A. baumannii infected immunized animals with Bap-Flagellin exhibited internal organs with minor bacterial load while P. aeruginosa PAO1 infected group showed heavy bacterial load of (4.3 ± 0.12) × 106, (1.1 ± 0.01) × 106 and (2.2 ± 0.22) × 106 per gram of lungs, liver and spleen respectively. Bacterial loads were detected per gram of lungs, liver and spleen of the mice group immunized with Bap were (1.2 ± 0.06) × 107, (11.1 ± 0.041) × 105 and (3.6 ± 0.42) × 106 respectively. In vivo neutralization assay indicated that all experimental mice groups, except for Flagellin administered group was significantly (P < 0.05) protected against A. baumannii.
CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that P. aeruginosa Flagellin as an adjuvant for BapA. baumannii could be a useful model to evaluate new vaccine against A. baumannii.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abreu MT, Thomas LS, Arnold ET, Lukasek K, Michelsen KS, Arditi M. TLR signaling at the intestinal epithelial interface. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519030090050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium provides a critical interface between lumenal bacteria and the mucosal immune system. Whereas normal commensal flora do not trigger acute inflammation, pathogenic bacteria trigger a potent inflammatory response. Our studies emanate from the hypothesis that the intestinal epithelium is normally hyporesponsive to commensal pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as LPS. Our data demonstrate that normal human colonic epithelial cells and lamina propria cells express low levels of TLR4 and its co-receptor MD-2. This expression pattern is mirrored by intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines. Co-expression of TLR4 and MD-2 is necessary and sufficient for LPS responsiveness in IEC. Moreover, LPS sensing occurs along the basolateral membrane of polarized IEC in culture. Expression of MD-2 is regulated by IFN-γ. Cloning of the MD-2 promoter demonstrates that promoter activity is increased by IFN-γ and blocked by the STAT inhibitor SOCS3. We conclude from our studies that the intestinal epithelium down-regulates expression of TLR4 and MD-2 and is LPS unresponsive. The Th1 cytokine IFN-γ up-regulates expression of MD-2 in a STAT-dependent fashion. The results of our studies have important implications for understanding human inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria T. Abreu
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA,
| | - Lisa S. Thomas
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth T. Arnold
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Katie Lukasek
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kathrin S. Michelsen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Steven Spielberg Pediatric Research Center, Burns and Allen Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Forstnerič V, Ivičak-Kocjan K, Ljubetič A, Jerala R, Benčina M. Distinctive Recognition of Flagellin by Human and Mouse Toll-Like Receptor 5. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158894. [PMID: 27391968 PMCID: PMC4938411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is a receptor of the innate immune system that recognizes flagellin from certain bacterial species and triggers an inflammatory response. The Salmonella dublin flagellin in complex with zebrafish TLR5 has been crystallized previously. In the present study, we extrapolate the structure of this complex using structure-guided mutagenesis to determine the recognition modes of human and mouse TLR5 receptors and demonstrate species-specific differences in flagellin recognition. In general, the recognition mode of the mouse receptor can be said to be more robust in comparison to that of the human receptor. All-atom molecular dynamics simulation showed differences between the two receptors within the primary binding region. Using a functional motility assay, we show that although the highly conserved area of the flagellin analyzed in this study encompasses key structural requirements for flagella formation, a direct correlation between immune recognition and structure on the level of amino acid residues is not observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vida Forstnerič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Karolina Ivičak-Kocjan
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ajasja Ljubetič
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roman Jerala
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (RJ); (MB)
| | - Mojca Benčina
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre of Excellence EN-FIST, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail: (RJ); (MB)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kumar B, Cardona ST. Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Medium Regulates Flagellar Biosynthesis through the flhF Gene in Burkholderia cenocepacia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:65. [PMID: 27379216 PMCID: PMC4905959 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia belongs to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), a group of at least 18 distinct species that establish chronic infections in the lung of people with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF). The sputum of CF patients is rich in amino acids and was previously shown to increase flagellar gene expression in B. cenocepacia. We examined flagellin expression and flagellar morphology of B. cenocepacia grown in synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium (SCFM) compared to minimal medium. We found that CF nutritional conditions induce increased motility and flagellin expression. Individual amino acids added at the same concentrations as found in SCFM also increased motility but not flagellin expression, suggesting a chemotactic effect of amino acids. Electron microscopy and flagella staining demonstrated that the increase in flagellin corresponds to a change in the number of flagella per cell. In minimal medium, the ratio of multiple: single: aflagellated cells was 2:3.5:4.5; while under SCFM conditions, the ratio was 7:2:1. We created a deletion mutant, ΔflhF, to study whether this putative GTPase regulates the flagellation pattern of B. cenocepacia K56-2 during growth in CF conditions. The ΔflhF mutant exhibited 80% aflagellated, 14% single and 6% multiple flagellated bacterial subpopulations. Moreover, the ratio of multiple to single flagella in WT and ΔflhF was 3.5 and 0.43, respectively in CF conditions. The observed differences suggest that FlhF positively regulates flagellin expression and the flagellation pattern in B. cenocepacia K56-2 during CF nutritional conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Silvia T Cardona
- Department of Microbiology, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of ManitobaWinnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Behrouz B, Amirmozafari N, Khoramabadi N, Bahroudi M, Legaee P, Mahdavi M. Cloning, Expression, and Purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Flagellin, and Characterization of the Elicited Anti-Flagellin Antibody. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016; 18:e28271. [PMID: 27621933 PMCID: PMC5004508 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.28271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic human pathogen that causes serious infections in immunocompromised hosts. The single polar flagellum is an important factor in both virulence and colonization. OBJECTIVES As flagellin is the major component of the flagellar filament, the main aims of the present study are to identify, clone, express, and purify the recombinant type B flagellin (r-B-flagellin) of P. aeruginosa, as well as to evaluate the functional activity of the rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against this r-B-flagellin. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current experimental study, the r-B-flagellin gene was isolated from the P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain by PCR. It was cloned into the pET-28a vector and then transformed into the E. coli BL21 strain. Next, r-B-flagellin was overexpressed and affinity purified by Ni-NTA agarose-affinity chromatography, followed by on-column resolubilization. Polyclonal antisera against the recombinant flagellin were raised in rabbits, and the functional activity of the anti-r-B-flagellin antibody was determined by in vitro assays. RESULTS The polyclonal antibodies raised against this r-B-flagellin inhibited the motility of the homologous PAO1 strain of P. aeruginosa, which significantly decreased the invasion of the PAO1 strain into the A549 cells and also enhanced the opsonophagocytosis of this strain. However, our polyclonal antibody showed little effect on the heterologous PAK strain. CONCLUSIONS The r-B-flagellin carried antigenic epitopes just like the native flagellin, while the polyclonal antibody raised against it exhibited functional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahador Behrouz
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Nour Amirmozafari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Nour Amirmozafari, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188058649, E-mail:
| | - Nima Khoramabadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Bahroudi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Parisa Legaee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type a and b flagellin vaccines in a burned mouse model. Mol Immunol 2016; 74:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
45
|
Toll-Like Receptor Activation by Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens from Lipid A Mutants of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:304-14. [PMID: 26865597 PMCID: PMC4820502 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00023-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a neglected disease with high mortality in children and HIV-positive individuals in sub-Saharan Africa, caused primarily by Africa-specific strains of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis. A vaccine using GMMA (generalized modules for membrane antigens) from S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis containing lipid A modifications to reduce potential in vivo reactogenicity is under development. GMMA with penta-acylated lipid A showed the greatest reduction in the level of cytokine release from human peripheral blood monocytes from that for GMMA with wild-type lipid A. Deletion of the lipid A modification genes msbB and pagP was required to achieve pure penta-acylation. Interestingly, ΔmsbB ΔpagP GMMA from S. Enteritidis had a slightly higher stimulatory potential than those from S. Typhimurium, a finding consistent with the higher lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) stimulatory potential of the former. Also, TLR5 ligand flagellin was found in Salmonella GMMA. No relevant contribution to the stimulatory potential of GMMA was detected even when the flagellin protein FliC from S. Typhimurium was added at a concentration as high as 10% of total protein, suggesting that flagellin impurities are not a major factor for GMMA-mediated immune stimulation. Overall, the stimulatory potential of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis ΔmsbB ΔpagP GMMA was close to that of Shigellasonnei GMMA, which are currently in phase I clinical trials.
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang B, Bostick RM, Tran HQ, Gewirtz AT, Campbell PT, Fedirko V. Circulating Biomarkers of Gut Barrier Function: Correlates and Nonresponse to Calcium Supplementation among Colon Adenoma Patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 25:318-26. [PMID: 26677212 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut barrier dysfunction contributes to several gastrointestinal disorders, including colorectal cancer, but factors associated with intestinal hyperpermeability have been minimally studied in humans. METHODS We tested the effects of two doses of calcium (1.0 or 2.0 g/d) on circulating biomarkers of gut permeability [anti-flagellin and anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Ig, measured via ELISA] over a 4-month treatment period among colorectal adenoma patients in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial (n = 193), and evaluated the factors associated with baseline levels of these biomarkers. RESULTS Baseline concentrations of anti-flagellin IgA and anti-LPS IgA were, respectively, statistically significantly proportionately higher by 11.8% and 14.1% among men, 31.3% and 39.8% among those with a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m(2), and 19.9% and 22.0% among those in the upper relative to the lowest sex-specific tertile of waist circumference. A combined permeability score (the summed optical densities of all four biomarkers) was 24.3% higher among women in the upper tertile of plasma C-reactive protein (Ptrend < 0.01). We found no appreciable effects of supplemental calcium on anti-flagellin or anti-LPS Igs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that (i) men and those with higher adiposity may have greater gut permeability, (ii) gut permeability and systemic inflammation may be directly associated with one another, and (iii) supplemental calcium may not modify circulating levels of gut permeability biomarkers within 4 months. IMPACT Our findings may improve the understanding of the factors that influence gut permeability to inform development of treatable biomarkers of risk for colorectal cancer and other health outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baiyu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Roberd M Bostick
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hao Quang Tran
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter T Campbell
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Veronika Fedirko
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Small Wonders-The Use of Nanoparticles for Delivering Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:638-61. [PMID: 26350599 PMCID: PMC4586471 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery of many potential antigens for subunit vaccines, universal protection is often lacking due to the limitations of conventional delivery methods. Subunit vaccines primarily induce antibody-mediated humoral responses, whereas potent antigen-specific cellular responses are required for prevention against some pathogenic infections. Nanoparticles have been utilised in nanomedicine and are promising candidates for vaccine or drug delivery. Nanoparticle vehicles have been demonstrated to be efficiently taken up by dendritic cells and induce humoral and cellular responses. This review provides an overview of nanoparticle vaccine development; in particular, the preparation of nanoparticles using a templating technique is highlighted, which would alleviate some of the disadvantages of existing nanoparticles. We will also explore the cellular fate of nanoparticle vaccines. Nanoparticle-based antigen delivery systems have the potential to develop new generation vaccines against currently unpreventable infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
48
|
Lockner JW, Eubanks LM, Choi JL, Lively JM, Schlosburg JE, Collins KC, Globisch D, Rosenfeld-Gunn RJ, Wilson IA, Janda KD. Flagellin as carrier and adjuvant in cocaine vaccine development. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:653-62. [PMID: 25531528 PMCID: PMC4319694 DOI: 10.1021/mp500520r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse is problematic, directly and indirectly impacting the lives of millions, and yet existing therapies are inadequate and usually ineffective. A cocaine vaccine would be a promising alternative therapeutic option, but efficacy is hampered by variable production of anticocaine antibodies. Thus, new tactics and strategies for boosting cocaine vaccine immunogenicity must be explored. Flagellin is a bacterial protein that stimulates the innate immune response via binding to extracellular Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and also via interaction with intracellular NOD-like receptor C4 (NLRC4), leading to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Reasoning that flagellin could serve as both carrier and adjuvant, we modified recombinant flagellin protein to display a cocaine hapten termed GNE. The resulting conjugates exhibited dose-dependent stimulation of anti-GNE antibody production. Moreover, when adjuvanted with alum, but not with liposomal MPLA, GNE-FliC was found to be better than our benchmark GNE-KLH. This work represents a new avenue for exploration in the use of hapten-flagellin conjugates to elicit antihapten immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lockner
- Departments of Chemistry, Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kiss B, Szántó M, Szklenár M, Brunyánszki A, Marosvölgyi T, Sárosi E, Remenyik É, Gergely P, Virág L, Decsi T, Rühl R, Bai P. Poly(ADP) ribose polymerase-1 ablation alters eicosanoid and docosanoid signaling and metabolism in a murine model of contact hypersensitivity. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2861-7. [PMID: 25482287 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase (PARP)‑1 is a pro‑inflammatory protein. The inhibition of PARP‑1 reduces the activity of numerous pro‑inflammatory transcription factors, which results in the reduced production of pro‑inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases and inducible nitric oxide synthase, culminating in reduced inflammation of the skin and other organs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the deletion of PARP‑1 expression on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and PUFA metabolite composition, in mice under control conditions or undergoing an oxazolone (OXA)‑induced contact hypersensitivity reaction (CHS). CHS was elicited using OXA in both the PARP‑1+/+ and PARP‑1/ mice, and the concentration of PUFAs and PUFA metabolites in the diseased skin were assessed using lipidomics experiments. The levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were shown to be increased in the PARP‑1/ mice, as compared with the control, unsensitized PARP‑1+/+ mice. In addition, higher expression levels of fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) were detected in the PARP‑1/ mice. FABP7 is considered to be a specific carrier of DHA and EPA. Furthermore, the levels of the metabolites of DHA and EPA (considered mainly as anti‑inflammatory or pro‑resolving factors) were higher, as compared with the metabolites of arachidonic acid (considered mainly pro‑inflammatory), both in the unsensitized control and OXA‑sensitized PARP‑1/ mice. The results of the present study suggest that the genetic deletion of PARP‑1 may affect the PUFA‑homeostasis of the skin, resulting in an anti‑inflammatory milieu, including increased DHA and EPA levels, and DHA and EPA metabolite levels. This may be an important component of the anti‑inflammatory action of PARP‑1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borbála Kiss
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Szántó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Brunyánszki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Eszter Sárosi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Éva Remenyik
- Department of Dermatology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, H-7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, H‑4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Montero J, Gómez-Casado E, García-Alcázar A, Meseguer J, Mulero V. Flagellin from Marinobacter algicola and Vibrio vulnificus activates the innate immune response of gilthead seabream. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:160-167. [PMID: 25020195 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants have emerged as the best tools to enhance the efficacy of vaccination. However, the traditional adjuvants used in aquaculture may cause adverse alterations in fish making necessary the development of new adjuvants able to stimulate the immune system and offer strong protection against infectious pathogens with minimal undesirable effects. In this respect, flagellin seems an attractive candidate due to its ability to strongly stimulate the immune response of fish. In the present study, we have evaluated the ability of recombinant flagellin from Marinobacter algicola (MA) and Vibrio vulnificus (Vvul), a non-pathogenic and a pathogenic bacteria, respectively, to stimulate the innate immune system of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) and compare the effect with that of the classical flagellin from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium, STF). Intraperitoneal injection of MA and Vvul resulted in a strong inflammatory response characterized by increased reactive oxygen species production and the infiltration of acidophilic granulocytes at the injection site. Interestingly, however, only flagellin from MA consistently induced the expression of the gene encoding pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β. These effects were further confirmed in vitro, where a dose-dependent activation of macrophages and acidophilic granulocytes by MA and Vvul flagellins was observed. In contrast, STF flagellin was found to be less potent in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Our results suggest the potential use of MA and Vvul flagellins as immunostimulants and adjuvants for fish vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Montero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gómez-Casado
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Alcázar
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Oceanographic Institute (IEO), Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|