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Damen H, Tebid C, Viens M, Roy DC, Dave VP. Negative Regulation of Zap70 by Lck Forms the Mechanistic Basis of Differential Expression in CD4 and CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:935367. [PMID: 35860252 PMCID: PMC9289233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.935367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lck and Zap70, two non-receptor tyrosine kinases, play a crucial role in the regulation of membrane proximal TCR signaling critical for thymic selection, CD4/CD8 lineage choice and mature T cell function. Signal initiation upon TCR/CD3 and peptide/MHC interaction induces Lck-mediated phosphorylation of CD3 ITAMs. This is necessary for Zap70 recruitment and its phosphorylation by Lck leading to full Zap70 activation. In its native state Zap70 maintains a closed conformation creating an auto-inhibitory loop, which is relieved by Lck-mediated phosphorylation of Y315/Y319. Zap70 is differentially expressed in thymic subsets and mature T cells with CD8 T cells expressing the highest amount compared to CD4 T cells. However, the mechanistic basis of differential Zap70 expression in thymic subsets and mature T cells is not well understood. Here, we show that Zap70 is degraded relatively faster in DP and mature CD4 T cells compared to CD8 T cells, and inversely correlated with relative level of activated Zap70. Importantly, we found that Zap70 expression is negatively regulated by Lck activity: augmented Lck activity resulting in severe diminution in total Zap70. Moreover, Lck-mediated phosphorylation of Y315/Y319 was essential for Zap70 degradation. Together, these data shed light on the underlying mechanism of Lck-mediated differential modulation of Zap70 expression in thymic subsets and mature T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Damen
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Tebid
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melissa Viens
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Denis-Claude Roy, ; Vibhuti P. Dave,
| | - Vibhuti P. Dave
- Institute for Hematology-Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Hopital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Research Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Denis-Claude Roy, ; Vibhuti P. Dave,
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Kästle M, Merten C, Hartig R, Plaza-Sirvent C, Schmitz I, Bommhardt U, Schraven B, Simeoni L. Type of PaperY192 within the SH2 Domain of Lck Regulates TCR Signaling Downstream of PLC-γ1 and Thymic Selection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137271. [PMID: 35806279 PMCID: PMC9267008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling via the TCR, which is initiated by the Src-family tyrosine kinase Lck, is crucial for the determination of cell fates in the thymus. Because of its pivotal role, ablation of Lck results in a profound block of T-cell development. Here, we show that, in addition to its well-known function in the initiation of TCR signaling, Lck also acts at a more downstream level. This novel function of Lck is determined by the tyrosine residue (Y192) located in its SH2 domain. Thymocytes from knock-in mice expressing a phosphomimetic Y192E mutant of Lck initiate TCR signaling upon CD3 cross-linking up to the level of PLC-γ1 phosphorylation. However, the activation of downstream pathways including Ca2+ influx and phosphorylation of Erk1/2 are impaired. Accordingly, positive and negative selections are blocked in LckY192E knock-in mice. Collectively, our data indicate that Lck has a novel function downstream of PLCγ-1 in the regulation of thymocyte differentiation and selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kästle
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (C.M.); (R.H.); (C.P.-S.); (I.S.); (U.B.)
| | - Camilla Merten
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (C.M.); (R.H.); (C.P.-S.); (I.S.); (U.B.)
| | - Roland Hartig
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (C.M.); (R.H.); (C.P.-S.); (I.S.); (U.B.)
| | - Carlos Plaza-Sirvent
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (C.M.); (R.H.); (C.P.-S.); (I.S.); (U.B.)
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Schmitz
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (C.M.); (R.H.); (C.P.-S.); (I.S.); (U.B.)
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ursula Bommhardt
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (C.M.); (R.H.); (C.P.-S.); (I.S.); (U.B.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Burkhart Schraven
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (C.M.); (R.H.); (C.P.-S.); (I.S.); (U.B.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Luca Simeoni
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (C.M.); (R.H.); (C.P.-S.); (I.S.); (U.B.)
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC-I3), Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (B.S.); (L.S.)
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3
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Zeidan N, Damen H, Roy DC, Dave VP. Critical Role for TCR Signal Strength and MHC Specificity in ThPOK-Induced CD4 Helper Lineage Choice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3211-3225. [PMID: 31036767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sustained TCR signaling is critical for ThPOK induction in MHC class II (MHCII)-signaled thymocytes leading to the CD4 helper lineage commitment. ThPOK suppresses the cytotoxic program in the signaled thymocytes and is shown to be necessary and sufficient for the CD4 helper lineage choice. Accordingly, loss and gain of ThPOK function redirects MHCII- and MHC class I (MHCI)-signaled thymocytes into the CD8 cytotoxic and CD4 helper lineage, respectively. However, the impact of a defined ThPOK level on the CD4 helper lineage choice of MHCII- and MHCI-specific thymocytes and the role of TCR signaling in this process is not evaluated. Equally, it is not clear if suppression of the cytotoxic program by ThPOK is sufficient in redirecting MHCI-restricted thymocytes into the CD4 helper lineage. In this study, we have investigated CD8 to CD4 helper lineage redirection in three independent ThPOK overexpressing transgenic mouse lines. Our analysis shows that one of the transgenic lines, despite overexpressing ThPOK compared with wild-type CD4 mature T cells and compromising cytotoxic program, failed to redirect all MHCI-signaled thymocytes into the CD4 helper lineage, resulting in the continued presence of CD8+ mature T cells and the generation of a large number of double negative mature T cells. Critically, the same ThPOK transgene completely restored the CD4 helper lineage commitment of MHCII-specific Thpok -/- thymocytes. Importantly, augmenting TCR signaling significantly enhanced the ThPOK-mediated CD4 helper lineage choice of MHCI-specific thymocytes but was still substantially less efficient than that of MHCII-specific thymocytes expressing the same amount of ThPOK. Together, these data suggest that the ThPOK-induced CD4 helper lineage commitment is strongly influenced by TCR signal strength and MHC specificity of developing thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Zeidan
- Département d'Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada; and
| | - Hassan Damen
- Département d'Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Département d'Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vibhuti P Dave
- Département d'Immunologie-Oncologie, Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Quebec H1T 2M4, Canada; .,Département de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Infectiologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada; and
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Ye J, Shi H, Shen Y, Peng C, Liu Y, Li C, Deng K, Geng J, Xu T, Zhuang Y, Zheng B, Tao W. PP6 controls T cell development and homeostasis by negatively regulating distal TCR signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1654-64. [PMID: 25609840 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell development and homeostasis are both regulated by TCR signals. Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, which are catalyzed by protein kinases and phosphatases, respectively, serve as important switches controlling multiple downstream pathways triggered by TCR recognition of Ags. It has been well documented that protein tyrosine phosphatases are involved in negative regulation of proximal TCR signaling. However, how TCR signals are terminated or attenuated in the distal TCR signaling pathways is largely unknown. We investigated the function of Ser/Thr protein phosphatase (PP) 6 in TCR signaling. T cell lineage-specific ablation of PP6 in mice resulted in enhanced thymic positive and negative selection, and preferential expansion of fetal-derived, IL-17-producing Vγ6Vδ1(+) T cells. Both PP6-deficient peripheral CD4(+) helper and CD8(+) cytolytic cells could not maintain a naive state and became fast-proliferating and short-lived effector cells. PP6 deficiency led to profound hyperactivation of multiple distal TCR signaling molecules, including MAPKs, AKT, and NF-κB. Our studies demonstrate that PP6 acts as a critical negative regulator, not only controlling both αβ and γδ lineage development, but also maintaining naive T cell homeostasis by preventing their premature activation before Ag stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kejing Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianguo Geng
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701; and
| | - Biao Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wufan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, National Center for International Research of Development and Disease, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
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Buckley MW, Trampont PC, Arandjelovic S, Fond AM, Juncadella IJ, Ravichandran KS. ShcA regulates late stages of T cell development and peripheral CD4+ T cell numbers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1665-76. [PMID: 25595778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cell development in the thymus is a highly regulated process that critically depends upon productive signaling via the preTCR at the β-selection stage, as well as via the TCR for selection from the CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive stage to the CD4 or CD8 single-positive stage. ShcA is an adapter protein expressed in thymocytes, and it is required for productive signaling through the preTCR, with impaired signaling via ShcA leading to a developmental block at the β-selection checkpoint. However, the role of ShcA in subsequent stages of T cell development has not been addressed. In this study, we generated transgenic mice (CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice) that specifically express a phosphorylation-defective dominant-negative ShcA mutant (ShcFFF) in late T cell development. Thymocytes in CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice progressed normally through the β-selection checkpoint, but displayed a significant reduction in the numbers of single-positive CD4(+) and CD8(+) thymocytes. Furthermore, CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice, when bred with transgenic TCR mouse strains, had impaired signaling through the transgenic TCRs. Consistent with defective progression to the single-positive stage, CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice also had significant peripheral lymphopenia. Moreover, these CD4-Cre/ShcFFF mice develop attenuated disease in CD4(+) T cell-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Collectively, these data identify an important role for the adapter protein ShcA in later stages of thymic T cell development and in peripheral T cell-dependent events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica W Buckley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Paul C Trampont
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Sanja Arandjelovic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Aaron M Fond
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Ignacio J Juncadella
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and Center for Cell Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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6
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Abstract
During blood cell development, hematopoietic stem cells generate diverse mature populations via several rounds of binary fate decisions. At each bifurcation, precursors adopt one fate and inactivate the alternative fate either stochastically or in response to extrinsic stimuli and stably maintain the selected fates. Studying of these processes would contribute to better understanding of etiology of immunodeficiency and leukemia, which are caused by abnormal gene regulation during the development of hematopoietic cells. The CD4(+) helper versus CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell fate decision serves as an excellent model to study binary fate decision processes. These two cell types are derived from common precursors in the thymus. Positive selection of their TCRs by self-peptide presented on either MHC class I or class II triggers their fate decisions along with mutually exclusive retention and silencing of two coreceptors, CD4 and CD8. In the past few decades, extensive effort has been made to understand the T-cell fate decision processes by studying regulation of genes encoding the coreceptors and selection processes. These studies have identified several key transcription factors and gene regulatory networks. In this chapter, I will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the binary cell fate decision processes of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Chrobak P, Afkhami S, Priceputu E, Poudrier J, Meunier C, Hanna Z, Sparwasser T, Jolicoeur P. HIV Nef Expression Favors the Relative Preservation of CD4+ T Regulatory Cells That Retain Some Important Suppressive Functions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1681-92. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Blewett HJ, Taylor CG. Dietary zinc deficiency in rodents: effects on T-cell development, maturation and phenotypes. Nutrients 2012; 4:449-66. [PMID: 22822446 PMCID: PMC3397346 DOI: 10.3390/nu4060449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency is one of the leading risk factors for developing disease and yet we do not have a clear understanding of the mechanisms behind the increased susceptibility to infection. This review will examine the interrelationships among the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal stress axis, p56lck, and T-cell maturation in both zinc deficiency and responses during zinc repletion. We will highlight differences between the adult mouse model (wasting malnutrition) and growing rat model (stunting malnutrition) of dietary zinc deficiency and discuss the use of various controls to separate out the effects of zinc deficiency from the associated malnutrition. Elevated serum corticosterone in both zinc deficient and pair-fed rats does not support the hypothesis that zinc deficiency per se leads to corticosterone-induced apoptosis and lymphopenia. In fact, the zinc deficient rat does not have lymphopenia. Thymocytes from zinc deficient mice and rats have elevated levels of p56lck, a signalling protein with a zinc clasp structure, but this does not appear to affect thymocyte maturation. However, post-thymic T-cell maturation appears to be altered based on the lower proportion of splenic late thymic emigrants in zinc deficient rats. Fewer new T-cells in the periphery could adversely affect the T-cell repertoire and contribute to immunodeficiency in zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J. Blewett
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada;
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Carla G. Taylor
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada;
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-204-258-1361; Fax: +1-204-237-4018
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9
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Chrobak P, Simard MC, Bouchard N, Ndolo TM, Guertin J, Hanna Z, Dave V, Jolicoeur P. HIV-1 Nef Disrupts Maturation of CD4+T Cells through CD4/Lck Modulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3948-59. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Singer A, Adoro S, Park JH. Lineage fate and intense debate: myths, models and mechanisms of CD4- versus CD8-lineage choice. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:788-801. [PMID: 18802443 DOI: 10.1038/nri2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Following successful gene rearrangement at alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR) loci, developing thymocytes express both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors and undergo a life-or-death selection event, which is known as positive selection, to identify cells that express TCRs with potentially useful ligand specificities. Positively selected thymocytes must then differentiate into either CD4(+) helper T cells or CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, a crucial decision known as CD4/CD8-lineage choice. In this Review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular events involved in lineage-fate decision and discuss them in the context of the major models of CD4/CD8-lineage choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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11
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McNeill L, Salmond RJ, Cooper JC, Carret CK, Cassady-Cain RL, Roche-Molina M, Tandon P, Holmes N, Alexander DR. The differential regulation of Lck kinase phosphorylation sites by CD45 is critical for T cell receptor signaling responses. Immunity 2007; 27:425-37. [PMID: 17719247 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 05/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms whereby the CD45 tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) regulates T cell receptor (TCR) signaling responses remain to be elucidated. To investigate this question, we have reconstituted CD45 (encoded by Ptprc)-deficient mice, which display severe defects in thymic development, with five different expression levels of transgenic CD45RO, or with mutant PTPase null or PTPase-low CD45R0. Whereas CD45 PTPase activity was absolutely required for the reconstitution of thymic development, only 3% of wild-type CD45 activity restored T cell numbers and normal cytotoxic T cell responses. Lowering the CD45 expression increased CD4 lineage commitment. Peripheral T cells with very low activity of CD45 phosphatase displayed reduced TCR signaling, whereas intermediate activity caused hyperactivation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results are explained by a rheostat mechanism whereby CD45 differentially regulates the negatively acting pTyr-505 and positively acting pTyr-394 p56(lck) tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites. We propose that high wild-type CD45 expression is necessary to dephosphorylate p56(lck) pTyr-394, suppressing CD4 T+ cell lineage commitment and hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise McNeill
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK
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12
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Wrenshall LE, Stevens ET, Smith DR, Miller JD. Maternal microchimerism leads to the presence of interleukin-2 in interleukin-2 knock out mice: implications for the role of interleukin-2 in thymic function. Cell Immunol 2007; 245:80-90. [PMID: 17524378 PMCID: PMC1950576 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in thymic development is uncertain. Not surprisingly, IL-2 knockout (KO) mice have been used to address this question. However, as we report here, such mice are chimeric, containing both IL-2 KO cells and IL-2-expressing cells transferred in utero from their heterozygous mothers. These cells produce IL-2 in amounts detectable by conventional means, and their presence in lymphoid tissues confounds efforts to define the true IL-2 KO phenotype. To minimize the amount of IL-2 available to the thymus, we subjected recombinase activating gene-1 KO mice to bone marrow transplantation using IL-2 KO donors, and then followed the reconstitution of the thymus. The thymuses of these mice became increasingly aberrant over time, including abnormalities in both stromal cells and thymocytes. These results demonstrate that IL-2 is critical to several aspects of thymic function, a finding previously obscured by the presence of IL-2 in IL-2 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile E Wrenshall
- Division of Transplantation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 983285 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3285, USA.
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13
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Fragoso RC, Pyarajan S, Irie HY, Burakoff SJ. A CD8/Lck transgene is able to drive thymocyte differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6007-17. [PMID: 17056525 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient development of thymocytes requires participation of a CD8 or CD4 coreceptor in the TCR:MHC interaction. Both CD8 and CD4 coreceptor cytoplasmic domains associate with Lck. In this study, we attempted to delineate the role of CD8alpha-associated Lck in driving CD8 single positive (SP) thymocyte development. We used a chimeric molecule encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of CD8alpha fused to full-length Lck. In mice deficient for CD8alpha and transgenic for 2C, a MHC class I-restricted TCR, robust reconstitution of CD8 SP thymocytes occurred both centrally and peripherally. The reconstituted CD8 SP population was phenotypically and functionally comparable to 2C wild-type counterparts expressing endogenous CD8alpha. A CD8alpha/Lck kinase-dead chimera also resulted in reconstitution of CD8 SP thymocytes. Our results suggest that CD8alpha-associated Lck is sufficient to drive CD8 SP thymocyte development. Furthermore, this CD8 SP development may not necessarily depend on Lck kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben C Fragoso
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Matesic LE, Haines DC, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA. Itch genetically interacts with Notch1 in a mouse autoimmune disease model. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:3485-97. [PMID: 17095521 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous itchy mice develop a fatal, late-onset autoimmune-like disease due to a loss of function mutation in an ubiquitin protein ligase. Phylogenetic and in vitro analyses suggest that Itch is a negative regulator of Notch signaling. Since Notch proteins have many important functions in the immune system, we determined whether Itch regulates Notch signaling in vivo. This was accomplished by breeding homozygous itch mice to mice carrying an activated Notch1 transgene that was specifically overexpressed in developing thymocytes. Interestingly, all itch mice carrying this transgene were smaller than their littermates and died by 12 weeks of age. These mice had a similar autoimmune disease to that seen in itch animals. However, the lesions were more severe with a much earlier age of onset, supporting the assertion that these mutations genetically interact. In addition, the combination of these mutations produced novel phenotypes including a perturbation in T cell development, with a reduction in the number of double-positive (DP) and an increase in the number of double-negative and single-positive T cells. TUNEL staining showed reduced apoptosis in the thymus of itch animals that carry the Notch1 transgene. Antibody staining displayed increased levels of full-length Notch1 and phospho-AKT specifically in DP thymocytes but no change in other signaling pathways including MAPK, p38 and JNK. These results provide the first direct demonstration that increased AKT-mediated Notch1 signaling results in autoimmunity and may provide insight into the treatment of a group of diseases that affect a significant proportion of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E Matesic
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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15
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Owens BM, Hawley TS, Spain LM, Kerkel KA, Hawley RG. TLX1/HOX11-mediated disruption of primary thymocyte differentiation prior to the CD4+CD8+ double-positive stage. Br J Haematol 2006; 132:216-29. [PMID: 16398656 PMCID: PMC2431114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The TLX1/HOX11 homeobox gene is frequently activated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) by the t(10;14)(q24;q11) and t(7;10)(q35;q24) chromosomal translocations or by as yet unknown transcriptional mechanisms in the absence of 10q24 cytogenetic abnormalities. Almost all TLX1(+) T-ALLs exhibit a CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) phenotype. To investigate the role of TLX1 as an initiating oncogene in T-ALL pathogenesis, we assessed the consequences of retroviral vector-directed TLX1 expression during the differentiation of murine and human thymocytes in fetal thymic organ cultures. Interestingly, enforced expression of TLX1 disrupted the differentiation of murine fetal liver precursors and human cord blood CD34(+) stem/progenitor cells prior to the DP thymocyte stage. Although differentiation arrest was associated with an increased percentage of apoptotic thymocytes, it could only be partially bypassed by coexpression of transgenic BCL2. Mutation of the invariant asparagine residue at position 51 of the homeodomain - which is required for efficient DNA binding - released the block, consistent with the notion that TLX1 inhibits thymocyte differentiation and promotes T-cell oncogenesis by functioning as a transcription factor. The relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of activating NOTCH1 mutations and the other genetic lesions implicated in the multistep transformation process of TLX1(+) T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M. Owens
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC
| | - Teresa S. Hawley
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC
| | - Lisa M. Spain
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristi A. Kerkel
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC
| | - Robert G. Hawley
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington DC
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16
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Tran DD, Edgar CE, Heckman KL, Sutor SL, Huntoon CJ, van Deursen J, McKean DL, Bram RJ. CAML is a p56Lck-interacting protein that is required for thymocyte development. Immunity 2005; 23:139-52. [PMID: 16111633 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcium modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) is a ubiquitously expressed protein implicated in T cell signaling, although its mechanism and physiologic role in the immune system are unknown. We show here that CAML is essential for peripheral T cell development. Inactivation of CAML in mouse thymocytes lowered the numbers of double-positive and single-positive thymocytes, concomitant with reduced positive and enhanced negative selection. We found that CAML interacts with p56Lck and appears to regulate subcellular localization of the kinase in both resting and T cell receptor (TCR)-stimulated cells. CAML-deficient cells displayed enhanced p56lck and ZAP-70 phosphorylation and increased IL2 production and cell death after TCR stimulation, suggesting that CAML may act as a negative regulator of p56lck. Our data establish a novel role for CAML as an essential mediator of T cell survival during thymopoiesis and indicate that its loss deregulates p56Lck signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Tran
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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17
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Bosselut R. CD4/CD8-lineage differentiation in the thymus: from nuclear effectors to membrane signals. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:529-40. [PMID: 15229472 DOI: 10.1038/nri1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Bosselut
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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18
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Singer A, Bosselut R. CD4/CD8 coreceptors in thymocyte development, selection, and lineage commitment: analysis of the CD4/CD8 lineage decision. Adv Immunol 2004; 83:91-131. [PMID: 15135629 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(04)83003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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19
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Liu X, Bosselut R. Duration of TCR signaling controls CD4-CD8 lineage differentiation in vivo. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:280-8. [PMID: 14770180 DOI: 10.1038/ni1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Accepted: 12/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The duration of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is thought to be important for thymocyte differentiation into the CD4 or CD8 lineage. However, the in vivo relevance of this hypothesis is unclear. Here we divided T cell positive selection into genetically separable developmental steps by confining TCR signal transduction to discrete thymocyte developmental windows. TCR signals confined to the double-positive thymocyte stage promoted CD8, but not CD4, lineage differentiation. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted thymocytes were, instead, redirected into the CD8 lineage. These findings support the hypothesis that distinct kinetics of MHC class I- and MHC class II-induced TCR signals direct intrathymic developmental decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Liu
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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20
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Sade H, Krishna S, Sarin A. The Anti-apoptotic Effect of Notch-1 Requires p56 -dependent, Akt/PKB-mediated Signaling in T Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:2937-44. [PMID: 14583609 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309924200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch family of transmembrane receptors have been implicated in a variety of cellular decisions in different cell types. Here we investigate the mechanism underlying Notch-1-mediated anti-apoptotic function in T cells using model cell lines as the experimental system. Ectopic expression of the intracellular domain of Notch-1/activated Notch (AcN1) increases expression of anti-apoptotic proteins of the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) family, the Bcl-2 family, and the FLICE-like inhibitor protein (FLIP) and inhibits death triggered by multiple stimuli that activate intrinsic or extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in human and murine T cell lines. Numb inhibited the AcN1-dependent induction of anti-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic function. Using pharmacological inhibitors and dominant-negative approaches, we describe a functional role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent activation of the serine-threonine kinase Akt/PKB in the regulation of AcN1-mediated anti-apoptotic function and the expression of FLIP and IAP family proteins. Using a cell line deficient for the T cell-specific, Src family protein, the tyrosine kinase p56(lck) and by reconstitution approaches we demonstrate that p56(lck) is required for the Notch-1-mediated activation of Akt/PKB function. Furthermore, the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PP2, abrogated ectopically expressed AcN1-mediated anti-apoptotic function and phosphorylation of p56(lck). We present evidence that endogenous Notch-1 associates with p56(lck) and PI3K but that Akt/PKB does not co-immunoprecipitate with the Notch1.p56(lck).PI3K complex. Finally, we demonstrate that the Notch1.p56(lck).PI3K complex is present in primary T cells that have been activated in vitro and sustained in culture with the cytokine interleukin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadassah Sade
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences-Gandhi Krishi Vignan Kendra Campus, New Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India
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21
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Abstract
A functional immune system requires the selection of T lymphocytes expressing receptors that are major histocompatibility complex restricted but tolerant to self-antigens. This selection occurs predominantly in the thymus, where lymphocyte precursors first assemble a surface receptor. In this review we summarize the current state of the field regarding the natural ligands and molecular factors required for positive and negative selection and discuss a model for how these disparate outcomes can be signaled via the same receptor. We also discuss emerging data on the selection of regulatory T cells. Such cells require a high-affinity interaction with self-antigens, yet differentiate into regulatory cells instead of being eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Starr
- Center for Immunology and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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22
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Huynh NT, Ffrench RA, Boadle RA, Manolios N. Transmembrane T-cell receptor peptides inhibit B- and natural killer-cell function. Immunology 2003; 108:458-64. [PMID: 12667207 PMCID: PMC1782915 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthetic hydrophobic peptide (core peptide; CP) containing two positively charged amino acids, lysine and arginine was derived from the transmembrane sequence of the T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain and has been shown to inhibit T-cell-mediated inflammation. In this study, we investigated the specificity of CP (10 microm) on lymphocyte function and found that it significantly inhibited interleukin-2 production in T cells and natural killer cytotoxicity by 46-58% compared to positive control. CP had no effects on B-cell proliferative responses when used at these concentrations; however, it suppressed B-cell proliferation at higher concentrations (50 microm). Inhibition by CP was not the result of membrane pore formation or cytotoxicity when examined by trypan blue, propidium iodide staining or transmission electron microscopy. CP analogues, with both lysine and arginine replaced by neutral or negatively charged amino acids, or by randomly distributing charges in the peptide sequence, had no effect on lymphocyte function. These results suggest that peptide inhibition is affected by its structure and charge interactions, and may involve common signalling molecules in T, B and natural killer cells. The potential of the immuno-inhibitory effects of CP as a novel anti-inflammatory peptide in therapy should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nghi T Huynh
- Department of Rheumatology, Westmead HospitalSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosemary A Ffrench
- Paediatric Research Laboratories, Sydney Children's HospitalSydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ross A Boadle
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Westmead Millennium Institute and Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead HospitalSydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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Abstract
T cell lineage commitment as the double-positive (DP) thymocyte matures into the single-positive (SP) T cell requires the irreversible repression or maintenance of CD4 gene expression. Signals transmitted from the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) during thymic selection are believed to be linked to the transcriptional regulation of the CD4 gene; thus, a study of the factors that control CD4 gene expression may lead to further insight into the molecular mechanisms that drive T cell development. This review discusses the work conducted to date to identify and characterize the transcriptional control elements in the CD4 locus and the factors that mediate their function. From these studies, it is clear that the molecular mechanisms controlling CD4 gene expression are very complex and are controlled by many different signals as the thymocyte develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Siu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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24
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Zaldumbide A, Carlotti F, Pognonec P, Boulukos KE. The role of the Ets2 transcription factor in the proliferation, maturation, and survival of mouse thymocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4873-81. [PMID: 12391198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of Ets2 expression on the proliferation, maturation, and survival of thymocytes by establishing transgenic mice that specifically express Ets2 or a dominant negative form of Ets2, Deltaets2, in the thymus. We show that, in young animals, there are fewer T cells in Deltaets2 transgenic thymi and that the maturation of these T cells is affected at the CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative to CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive transition compared with wild-type littermate mice. Partial recovery in the number of thymocytes and full T cell maturation are restored with increasing age of Deltaets2 transgenic animals. However, thymocytes from adult Deltaets2 transgenic mice cultured ex vivo are more sensitive to cell death and to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis than are T cells from control littermate mice. We also show that T cells from adult ets2 transgenic mice proliferate faster than their wild-type littermates. The proliferation and survival of these T cells are clearly affected upon apoptotic signals: glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis induces T cells from ets2 transgenic mice to continue to proliferate in vivo and to survive better ex vivo than T cells from control littermates. It has been shown that c-Myc expression is required for thymic proliferation and improves thymocyte survival of dexamethasone-treated animals. We show that the expression of c-Myc, an Ets2 target, is elevated in T cells freshly isolated from thymi of ets2 transgenic mice pretreated with dexamethasone. Together, these results show that Ets2 plays a role in the proliferation and survival of thymocytes, implicating a Myc-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Center de Biochimie, Université de Nice, Parc Valrose, France
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25
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Inngjerdingen M, Torgersen KM, Maghazachi AA. Lck is required for stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (CXCL12)-induced lymphoid cell chemotaxis. Blood 2002; 99:4318-25. [PMID: 12036857 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.12.4318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (CXCL12) induces chemotaxis of lymphocytes through its receptor CXCR4. We examined the role of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in CXCL12-induced chemotaxis of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Damnacanthal, a specific Lck inhibitor, but not the Syk inhibitor piceatannol, inhibited CXCL12-induced chemotaxis of both lymphocyte subsets. Similarly, damnacanthal was shown to inhibit CXCL12-induced chemotaxis of the Jurkat T-cell line. Stimulating T and NK cells with CXCL12 increased both the tyrosine phosphorylation and the kinase activity of Lck. A direct involvement of Lck in CXCL12-induced chemotaxis was demonstrated in the Lck-deficient Jurkat-derived cell line JCaM1.6. Although JCaM1.6 cells express CXCR4, no significant migration was detected after CXCL12 stimulation. Reconstitution with wild-type Lck restored both CXCL12-induced chemotaxis and Lck activation. Furthermore, cotransfection of wild-type Lck with C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) into JCaM1.6 failed to restore the chemotactic response induced by CXCL12. Finally, by targeting critical residues in the Src homology-2 (SH2) or SH3 domains of Lck, we observed that the SH3 domain is important for the function of Lck in CXCL12-mediated chemotaxis. Together, these results suggest a role for Lck in CXCL12-induced signaling pathways leading to lymphocyte chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Inngjerdingen
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
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26
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Yamazaki K, Boyse EA, Bard J, Curran M, Kim D, Ross SR, Beauchamp GK. Presence of mouse mammary tumor virus specifically alters the body odor of mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5612-5. [PMID: 11929982 PMCID: PMC122818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.082093099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that various genetic and metabolic human disorders alter body odor, which is not surprising because they may alter body chemistry. Thus, it has been suggested that some human diseases may be diagnosed by odor alone. In that regard, the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and its tumors of mice, which may have human counterparts, are of special interest because of the need for basic research possible only in inbred and genetically defined animals. Accordingly, we now show that the mouse MMTV, whether obtained environmentally or genetically transmitted, alters the body odor of mice in both males and females, and regardless of the presence or absence of tumors. These observations, together with the prospect of artificial human odor discrimination, may aid in the search for early human diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Yamazaki
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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27
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Spain LM, Liu P. TCRbeta transmembrane tyrosines are required for pre-TCR function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:127-33. [PMID: 11751955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.1.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pre-TCR promotes thymocyte development in the alphabeta lineage. Productive rearrangement of the TCRbeta locus triggers the assembly of the pre-TCR, which includes the pTalpha chain and CD3 epsilongammadeltazeta subunits. This complex receptor signals the up-regulation of CD4 and CD8 expression, thymocyte proliferation/survival, and the cessation of TCRbeta rearrangements (allelic exclusion). In this study, we investigate the function of two conserved tyrosine residues located in the TCRbeta chain transmembrane region of the pre-TCR. We show that replacement of both tyrosines with alanine and expression of the mutant receptor in RAG-1(null) thymocytes prevents surface expression and abolishes pre-TCR function relative to wild-type receptor. Replacement of both tyrosines with phenylalanines (YF double mutant) generates a complex phenotype in which thymocyte survival and proliferation are severely disrupted, differentiation is moderately disrupted, and allelic exclusion is unaffected. We further show that the YF double mutant receptor is expressed on the cell surface and associates with pTalpha and CD3epsilon at the same level as does wild-type TCRbeta, while association of the YF double mutant with CD3zeta is slightly reduced relative to wild type. These data demonstrate that pre-TCR signaling pathways leading to proliferation and survival, differentiation, and allelic exclusion are differently sensitive to subtle mutation-induced alterations in pre-TCR structure.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Survival
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, RAG-1
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Tyrosine/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Spain
- Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for Biomedical Research, American Red Cross, 15601 Crabbs Branch Way, Rockville, MD 20855, USA.
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28
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Abstract
This review examines the value of transgenic studies in mice for the genetic dissection of signal-transduction pathways relevant to thymus development. T-cell development in the thymus is controlled by an ordered sequence of differentiation and proliferation checkpoints that culminate in the production of correctly selected, non-autoreactive, peripheral T lymphocytes. Work in transgenic mice has been fundamental for the preparation of genetic maps of signal-transduction pathways that control T-cell development. This review discusses how tyrosine kinases, guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins and transcription factors converge to control T-cell differentiation and proliferation in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen A Cantrell
- Lymphocyte Activation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, UK.
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29
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Schmeissner PJ, Xie H, Smilenov LB, Shu F, Marcantonio EE. Integrin functions play a key role in the differentiation of thymocytes in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3715-24. [PMID: 11564787 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
T cells express a variety of surface proteins as they develop to maturity in the thymus. In addition to the TCR-CD3 complex and the two major coreceptors, CD4 and CD8, other surface proteins expressed include receptors for cytokines, growth factors, counterreceptors, and extracellular matrix molecules. To determine the role of integrin adhesion receptors in T cell development, we have expressed a trans-dominant inhibitor of integrin function in the thymus. This inhibitor leads to a block of adhesion to fibronectin due to reduced activation of integrin receptors. This reduced adhesion leads to a partial block in differentiation from CD4-CD8- cells to CD4+CD8+ cells, after the CD25+ stage, suggesting that integrins are important during Lck-mediated differentiation. Furthermore, the overall production of CD4+ cells is reduced compared with that of CD8+ cells without changes in negative selection, suggesting that integrins may be involved in the determination of the fate of the cell as well. These results demonstrate that integrin receptor function is required for proper thymocyte development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Schmeissner
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Black Building 1422, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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