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Hu X, Zhou W, Pi R, Zhao X, Wang W. Genetically modified cancer vaccines: Current status and future prospects. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1492-1517. [PMID: 35235212 DOI: 10.1002/med.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can stimulate the immune system to protect individuals from infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccines have also been applied to the prevention and treatment of cancers. Due to advances in genetic engineering technology, cancer vaccines could be genetically modified to increase antitumor efficacy. Various genes could be inserted into cells to boost the immune response, such as cytokines, T cell costimulatory molecules, tumor-associated antigens, and tumor-specific antigens. Genetically modified cancer vaccines utilize innate and adaptive immune responses to induce durable antineoplastic capacity and prevent the recurrence. This review will discuss the major approaches used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and explore recent advances to increase the understanding of engineered cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruyu Pi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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2
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New disease old vaccine: Is recombinant BCG vaccine an answer for COVID-19? Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104187. [PMID: 32745670 PMCID: PMC7386780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis BCG, a live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine offers protection against disseminated TB in children. BCG exhibits heterologous protective effects against unrelated infections and reduces infant mortality due to non-mycobacterial infections. Recent reports have suggested that BCG vaccination might have protective effects against COVID-19, however it is highly unlikely that BCG vaccine in its current form can offer complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the lack of specific immunity. Nonetheless, recombinant BCG strains expressing antigens of SARS-CoV-2 may offer protection against COVID-19 due to the activation of innate as well as specific adaptive immune response. Further proven safety records of BCG in humans, its adjuvant activity and low cost manufacturing makes it a frontrunner in the vaccine development to stop this pandemic. In this review we discuss about the heterologous effects of BCG, induction of trained immunity and its implication in development of a potential vaccine against COVID-19 pandemic.
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3
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Arora D, Sharma C, Jaglan S, Lichtfouse E. Live-Attenuated Bacterial Vectors for Delivery of Mucosal Vaccines, DNA Vaccines, and Cancer Immunotherapy. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2019. [PMCID: PMC7123696 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01881-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines save millions of lives each year from various life-threatening infectious diseases, and there are more than 20 vaccines currently licensed for human use worldwide. Moreover, in recent decades immunotherapy has become the mainstream therapy, which highlights the tremendous potential of immune response mediators, including vaccines for prevention and treatment of various forms of cancer. However, despite the tremendous advances in microbiology and immunology, there are several vaccine preventable diseases which still lack effective vaccines. Classically, weakened forms (attenuated) of pathogenic microbes were used as vaccines. Although the attenuated microbes induce effective immune response, a significant risk of reversion to pathogenic forms remains. While in the twenty-first century, with the advent of genetic engineering, microbes can be tailored with desired properties. In this review, I have focused on the use of genetically modified bacteria for the delivery of vaccine antigens. More specifically, the live-attenuated bacteria, derived from pathogenic bacteria, possess many features that make them highly suitable vectors for the delivery of vaccine antigens. Bacteria can theoretically express any heterologous gene or can deliver mammalian expression vectors harboring vaccine antigens (DNA vaccines). These properties of live-attenuated microbes are being harnessed to make vaccines against several infectious and noninfectious diseases. In this regard, I have described the desired features of live-attenuated bacterial vectors and the mechanisms of immune responses manifested by live-attenuated bacterial vectors. Interestingly anaerobic bacteria are naturally attracted to tumors, which make them suitable vehicles to deliver tumor-associated antigens thus I have discussed important studies investigating the role of bacterial vectors in immunotherapy. Finally, I have provided important discussion on novel approaches for improvement and tailoring of live-attenuated bacterial vectors for the generation of desired immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Arora
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, CSIR, Jammu, India
| | - Chetan Sharma
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Sundeep Jaglan
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, CSIR, Jammu, India
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix en Provence, France
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4
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Maqsood I, Shi W, Wang L, Wang X, Han B, Zhao H, Nadeem A, Moshin B, Saima K, Jamal S, Din M, Xu Y, Tang L, Li Y. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of orally administered recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing VP2 protein against IBDV in chicken. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1670-1681. [PMID: 30118165 PMCID: PMC7166448 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop an effective oral vaccine against the very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV), we generated two recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum strains (pPG612-VP2/LP and pPG612-T7g10-VP2/LP, which carried the T7g10 translational enhancer) that displayed the VP2 protein on the surface, and compared the humoral and cellular immune responses against vvIBDV in chickens. METHODS AND RESULTS We genetically engineered the L. plantarum strains pPG612-VP2/LP and pPG612-T7g10-VP2/LP constitutively expressing the VP2 protein of vvIBDV. We found that the T7g10 enhancer efficiently upregulates VP2 expression in pPG612-T7g10-VP2/LP. Orally administered, pPG612-T7g10-VP2/LP exhibited significant levels of protection (87·5%) against vvIBDV in chickens, indicating improved immunogenicity. Chickens in the pPG612-T7g10-VP2/LP group produced higher levels of interferons (IFN-γ) and interleukins (IL-2 and IL-4) than those in the pPG612-VP2/LP group. CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocyte counts indicated greater stimulation in the pPG612-T7g10-VP2/LP group (13·3 and 21·0% respectively) than in the pPG612-VP2/LP group (10·4 and 14·0% respectively). Thus, pPG612-T7g10-VP2/LP could induce strong humoral and cellular immune responses against vvIBDV. CONCLUSIONS The recombinant L. plantarum that expresses pPG612-T7g10-VP2 is a promising candidate for oral vaccine development against vvIBDV. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The recombinant Lactobacillus delivery system provides a promising strategy for vaccine development against vvIBDV in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Maqsood
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - W. Shi
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - L. Wang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - X. Wang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - B. Han
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - H. Zhao
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - A.M. Nadeem
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - B.S. Moshin
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - K. Saima
- College of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefeiChina
| | - S.S. Jamal
- Department of ManagementHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - M.F. Din
- Department of Molecular GeneticsChinese Academy of Science (CAS)University of Science and Technology (USTC)HefeiChina
| | - Y. Xu
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - L. Tang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Y. Li
- College of Veterinary MedicineNortheast Agricultural UniversityHarbinChina
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5
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Oliveira TL, Rizzi C, Dellagostin OA. Recombinant BCG vaccines: molecular features and their influence in the expression of foreign genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:6865-6877. [PMID: 28779291 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG vaccines (rBCG) were first developed in the 1990s as a means of expressing antigens from multiple pathogens. This review examines the key structural factors of recombinant M. bovis that influence the expression of the heterologous antigens and the generation of genetic and functional stability in rBCG, which are crucial for inducing strong and lasting immune responses. The fundamental aim of this paper is to provide an overview of factors that affect the expression of recombinant proteins in BCG and the generation of the immune response against the target antigens, including mycobacterial promoters, location of foreign antigens, and stability of the vectors. The reporter systems that have been employed for evaluation of these molecular features in BCG are also reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Larré Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rizzi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Odir Antônio Dellagostin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. .,Unidade de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 354, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil.
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6
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Zheng YQ, Naguib YW, Dong Y, Shi YC, Bou S, Cui Z. Applications of bacillus Calmette–Guerin and recombinant bacillus Calmette–Guerin in vaccine development and tumor immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1068124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-qiang Zheng
- 1Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, China
| | - Youssef W Naguib
- 2Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yixuan Dong
- 2Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yan-chun Shi
- 1Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, China
| | - Shorgan Bou
- 3National Research Center for Animal Transgenic Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- 1Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, China
- 2Pharmaceutics Division, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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7
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Delogu G, Provvedi R, Sali M, Manganelli R. Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence: insights and impact on vaccine development. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1177-94. [PMID: 26119086 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The existing TB vaccine, the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG, is effective in protecting infants from severe forms of the disease, while its efficacy in protecting adults from pulmonary TB is poor. In the last two decades, a renewed interest in TB resulted in the development of several candidate vaccines that are now entering clinical trials. However, most of these vaccines are based on a common rationale and aim to induce a strong T-cell response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recent advancements in the understanding of M. tuberculosis virulence determinants and associated pathogenic strategies are opening a new and broader view of the complex interaction between this remarkable pathogen and the human host, providing insights at molecular level that could lead to a new rationale for the design of novel antitubercular vaccines. A vaccination strategy that simultaneously targets different steps in TB pathogenesis may result in improved protection and reduced TB transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Delogu
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Provvedi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Aristide Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Manganelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Aristide Gabelli 63, 35121, Padova, Italy
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8
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Protective immunity induced by a recombinant BCG vaccine encoding the cyclophilin gene of Toxoplasma gondii. Vaccine 2013; 31:6065-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Th1 cytokine-secreting recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin and prospective use in immunotherapy of bladder cancer. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:728930. [PMID: 21941579 PMCID: PMC3173967 DOI: 10.1155/2011/728930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Intravesical instillation of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used for treating bladder cancer for 3 decades. However, BCG therapy is ineffective in approximately 30–40% of cases. Since evidence supports the T helper type 1 (Th1) response to be essential in BCG-induced tumor destruction, studies have focused on enhancing BCG induction of Th1 immune responses. Although BCG in combination with Th1 cytokines (e.g., interferon-α) has demonstrated improved efficacy, combination therapy requires multiple applications and a large quantity of cytokines. On the other hand, genetic manipulation of BCG to secrete Th1 cytokines continues to be pursued with considerable interest. To date, a number of recombinant BCG (rBCG) strains capable of secreting functional Th1 cytokines have been developed and demonstrated to be superior to BCG. This paper discusses current rBCG research, concerns, and future directions with an intention to inspire the development of this very promising immunotherapeutic modality for bladder cancer.
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10
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Mutations in the regulatory network underlie the recent clonal expansion of a dominant subclone of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing genotype. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:587-97. [PMID: 21277396 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Beijing genotype family is an epidemiologically important sub-group of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has been suggested that the high frequency of the Beijing isolates in some areas could be explained by selective advantages. Some evidence suggests that the emerging and most frequently isolated "Typical Beijing" lineage has the ability to circumvent BCG-induced immunity. To investigate the phylogeny of the Beijing genotype of M. tuberculosis, the genome of six Beijing strains from three different countries was sequenced with next-generation sequencing. The phylogeny of these strains was established using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The three Typical Beijing strains clustered very tightly in the Beijing phylogeny suggesting that Typical Beijing strains represent a monophyletic lineage and resulted from recent diversification. Typing of 150 M. tuberculosis strains with a subset of the SNPs and comparison of the IS6110 restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of these strains to a database of 1522 Beijing RFLP patterns revealed that about 80% of all Beijing strains belong to the Typical Beijing subclone, which indicates clonal expansion. To identify the genomic changes that are characteristic for all Typical Beijing strains and to reconstruct their most recent common ancestor, the presence of SNPs was assayed in other Beijing strains. We identified 51 SNPs that define the minimal set of polymorphisms for all Typical Beijing strains. Nonsynonymous polymorphisms in genes coding for the regulatory network were over-represented in this set of mutations. We suggest that alterations in the response to environmental signals may have enabled Typical Beijing strains to develop the emerging phenotype.
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11
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Abstract
Bacterial lipoproteins are a set of membrane proteins with many different functions. Due to this broad-ranging functionality, these proteins have a considerable significance in many phenomena, from cellular physiology through cell division and virulence. Here we give a general overview of lipoprotein biogenesis and highlight examples of the roles of lipoproteins in bacterial disease caused by a selection of medically relevant Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Neisseria meningitidis. Lipoproteins have been shown to play key roles in adhesion to host cells, modulation of inflammatory processes, and translocation of virulence factors into host cells. As such, a number of lipoproteins have been shown to be potential vaccines. This review provides a summary of some of the reported roles of lipoproteins and of how this knowledge has been exploited in some cases for the generation of novel countermeasures to bacterial diseases.
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12
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Surface expression of MPT64 as a fusion with the PE domain of PE_PGRS33 enhances Mycobacterium bovis BCG protective activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Infect Immun 2010; 78:5202-13. [PMID: 20921146 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00267-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the current vaccine against tuberculosis, a recombinant strain of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing a Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine candidate antigen (MPT64) in strong association with the mycobacterial cell wall was developed. To deliver the candidate antigen on the surface, we fused the mpt64 gene to the sequence encoding the PE domain of the PE_PGRS33 protein of M. tuberculosis (to create strain (H)PE-ΔMPT64-BCG), which we have previously shown to transport proteins to the bacterial surface. In a series of protection experiments in the mouse model of tuberculosis, we showed that (i) immunization of mice with (H)PE-ΔMPT64-BCG provides levels of protection significantly higher than those afforded by the parental BCG strain, as assessed by bacterial colonization in lungs and spleens and by lung involvement (at both 28 and 70 days postchallenge), (ii) rBCG strains expressing MPT64 provide better protection than the parental BCG strain only when this antigen is surface expressed, and (iii) the (H)PE-ΔMPT64-BCG-induced MPT64-specific T cell repertoire when characterized by β chain variable region-β chain joining region (BV-BJ) spectratyping indicates that protection is correlated with the ability to recruit gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting T cells carrying the BV8.3-BJ1.5 (172 bp) shared rearrangement. These results demonstrate that (H)PE-ΔMPT64-BCG is one of the most effective new vaccines tested so far in the mouse model of tuberculosis and underscore the impact of antigen cellular localization on the induction of the specific immune response induced by rBCG.
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13
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Yuan S, Shi C, Liu L, Han W. MUC1-based recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccines as candidates for breast cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1037-48. [PMID: 20420512 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.485185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The challenge in breast cancer vaccine development is to find the best combination of antigen, adjuvant and delivery system to produce a strong and long-lasting immune response. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a potential candidate target for breast cancer immunotherapy. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is used widely in human vaccines. Furthermore, it can potentially offer unique advantages for developing a safe and effective multi-vaccine vehicle. Due to these properties, the development of MUC1 based recombinant BCG (rBCG) vaccines for breast cancer immunotherapy has gained great momentum in recent years. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Our aim is to discuss the recent progress in MUC1-based breast cancer immunotherapy and to highlight the advantages of MUC1-based rBCG vaccines as the new breast cancer vaccines. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Several promising MUC1-based rBCG vaccines have been shown to induce MUC1-specific antitumor immune responses in pre-clinical studies. This review updates and evaluates this very important and rapidly developing field, and provides a critical perspective and information source for its potential clinical applications. TAKE HOME MESSAGE MUC1-based rBCG vaccines have been shown to elicit an effective anti-tumor immune response in vivo demonstrating its potential utility in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifang Yuan
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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14
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The second Geneva Consensus: Recommendations for novel live TB vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 28:2259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Beverley PCL, Tchilian EZ. Lessons for tuberculosis vaccines from respiratory virus infection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1165-72. [PMID: 18844591 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.8.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is a worldwide epidemic of increasingly drug-resistant TB. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination provides partial protection against disseminated disease in infants but poor protection against later pulmonary TB. Cell-mediated protection against respiratory virus infections requires the presence of T cells in lung tissues, and the most effective prime-boost immunizations for Mycobacterium tuberculosis also induce lung-resident lymphocytes. These observations need to be taken into account when designing future vaccines against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Charles Leonard Beverley
- The University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK.
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16
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Cascioferro A, Delogu G, Colone M, Sali M, Stringaro A, Arancia G, Fadda G, Palù G, Manganelli R. PE is a functional domain responsible for protein translocation and localization on mycobacterial cell wall. Mol Microbiol 2007; 66:1536-47. [PMID: 18028308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.06023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The PE family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis includes 98 proteins which share a highly homologous N-terminus sequence of about 110 amino acids (PE domain). Depending on the C-terminal domain, the PE family can be divided in three subfamilies, the largest of which is the PE_PGRS with 61 members. In this study, we determined the cellular localization of three PE proteins by cell fractionation and immunoelectron microscopy by expressing chimeric epitope-tagged recombinant proteins in Mycobacterium smegmatis. We demonstrate that the PE domain of PE_PGRS33 and PE11 (a protein constituted by the only PE domain) contains the information necessary for cell wall localization, and that they can be used as N-terminal fusion partners to deliver a sufficiently long C-terminus-linked protein domain on the mycobacterial cell surface. Indeed, we demonstrate that PE_PGRS33 and Rv3097c (a lipase belonging to the PE family) are surface exposed and localize in the mycobacterial cell wall. Moreover, we found that PE_PGRS33 is easily extractable by detergents suggesting its localization in the mycobacterial outer membrane. Beyond defining the cellular localization of these proteins, and a function for their PE domains, these data open the interesting possibility to construct recombinant mycobacteria expressing heterologous antigens on their surface for vaccine purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cascioferro
- Department of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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17
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Doherty TM, Dietrich J, Billeskov R. Tuberculosis subunit vaccines: from basic science to clinical testing. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1539-49. [PMID: 17916046 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.10.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
More than 80 years after the introduction of Bacillus Calmette-GuErin, the first tuberculosis vaccine, new vaccines for tuberculosis are finally in clinical trials. The selection of antigens on which new subunit vaccines are based represent the first fulfillment of the promise of proteomics and genomics, and the delivery systems for these antigens are likewise the first fruits of the improved understanding of how the host immune system recognizes pathogens. However, clinical trials are still at Phase I and there remain formidable obstacles to the registration of the first new TB vaccines. Here the authors review the vaccines in clinical trials and discuss the different approaches they take to stimulating immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, focusing on recombinant subunit vaccines. The challenges that confront these approaches and how they are being addressed are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mark Doherty
- Statens Serum Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Cho HJ, Shin HJ, Han IK, Jung WW, Kim YB, Sul D, Oh YK. Induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses following oral immunization of mice with Lactococcus lactis expressing human papillomavirus type 16 L1. Vaccine 2007; 25:8049-57. [PMID: 17936447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 L1 (HPV16 L1) has shown considerable promise as a parenteral vaccine for prevention of cervical cancers. Here, we report the possibility of oral vaccination for HPV16 L1 using Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) as a live vector. L. lactis MG1363 was transformed with two types of HPV16 L1-encoding plasmids for intracellular expression or secretion. L. lactis transformed with HPV16 L1-encoding plasmids retained biochemical lactic acid production capability. The mucosal and systemic immune responses were affected by the cellular location of expressed HPV16 L1 proteins in L. lactis. Serum IgG responses were induced after oral immunizations of L. lactis secreting HPV16 L1. Vaginal IgA immune responses were observed following oral immunization with L. lactis expressing HPV16 L1 in an intracellular form, but not with L. lactis secreting HPV16 L1. Furthermore, induction of HPV16 L1-specific mucosal immune responses was affected by immunization frequency. Six immunizations over 5 weeks were required to induce vaginal immune responses. The levels of HPV16 L1-specific vaginal IgA were maintained until 12 weeks after the first vaccination. These results suggest the feasibility of L. lactis as an oral vaccine vehicle of HPV16 L1 and demonstrate the importance of cellular loci of expressed antigen for induction of vaginal and systemic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jeong Cho
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
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19
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Dennehy M, Bourn W, Steele D, Williamson AL. Evaluation of recombinant BCG expressing rotavirus VP6 as an anti-rotavirus vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:3646-57. [PMID: 17339069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant BCG expressing rotavirus VP6 was explored as an anti-rotavirus vaccine in a mouse model. Three promoters and five ribosome-binding sites were used in episomal and integrative E. coli-mycobacterium shuttle vectors to express VP6 in BCG. The VP6 gene was configured for accumulation within the BCG cytoplasm, secretion from the BCG cell or targeting to the BCG cell membrane. Vectors were assessed in terms of stability, levels of antigen production, immunogenicity and protection in mice. Gross instability occurred in episomal vectors utilizing the hsp60 promoter. However, three integrative vectors using the same expression system and two episomal vectors using inducible promoters were successfully recovered from BCG. Growth rates of the former were not detectably reduced. Growth rates of the latter were considerably reduced, implying the existence of a significant metabolic load. In the absence of selection, loss rate of these plasmids was high. VP6 production levels (0.04-1.78% of total cytoplasmic protein) were on the lower end of the range reported for other rBCG. One episomal and one integrated vaccine reduced viral shedding in intraperitoneally vaccinated mice challenged with rotavirus. Compared to controls, infection-associated faecal shedding of virus was reduced by 66% and 62%, respectively. These protective vectors differ in promoter, ribosome-binding site and antigen production level, but both link the VP6 protein to the 19kDa lipoprotein signal sequence, suggesting that transport of VP6 to the BCG membrane is important for induction of a protective immune response. Protection occurred in the absence of detectable anti-rotavirus antibody in serum or faeces, implicating cellular immunity in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Dennehy
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, and National Health Laboratory Service, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
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20
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Santangelo MP, McIntosh D, Bigi F, Armôa GRG, Campos ASD, Ruybal P, Dellagostin OA, McFadden J, Mendum T, Gicquel B, Winter N, Farber M, Cataldi A. Mycobacterium bovis BCG as a delivery system for the RAP-1 antigen from Babesia bovis. Vaccine 2007; 25:1104-13. [PMID: 17049681 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Babesia bovis is the causative agent of babesiosis, a tick-borne disease that is a major cause of loss to livestock production in Latin America. Vaccination against Babesia species represents a major challenge against cattle morbidity and mortality in enzootic areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) to deliver the rhoptry associated protein (RAP-1) antigen of B. bovis and to stimulate specific cellular and humoral immune responses in mice. Two of five mycobacterial expression vectors efficiently expressed the antigen. These constructs were subsequently studied in vivo following three immunization protocols. The construct with the greatest in vivo stability proved to be the one that induced the strongest immune responses. Our data support the hypothesis that specific T lymphocyte priming by rBCG can be employed as a component of a combined vaccine strategy to induce long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responsiveness towards B. bovis and encourage further work on the application of rBCG to the development of Babesia vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Santangelo
- Institute of Biotechnology, CICVyA-INTA, Los Reseros y Las Cabañas, 1712 Castelar, Argentina
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21
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Alaniz RC, Cummings LA, Bergman MA, Rassoulian-Barrett SL, Cookson BT. Salmonella typhimurium coordinately regulates FliC location and reduces dendritic cell activation and antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3983-93. [PMID: 16951361 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During infection, Salmonella transitions from an extracellular-phase (STEX, growth outside host cells) to an intracellular-phase (STIN, growth inside host cells): changes in gene expression mediate survival in the phagosome and modifies LPS and outer membrane protein expression, including altered production of FliC, an Ag recognized by immune CD4+ T cells. Previously, we demonstrated that systemic STIN bacteria repress FliC below the activation threshold of FliC-specific T cells. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that changes in FliC compartmentalization and bacterial responses triggered during the transition from STEX to STIN combine to reduce the ability of APCs to present FliC to CD4+ T cells. Approximately 50% of the Salmonella-specific CD4+ T cells from Salmonella-immune mice were FliC specific and produced IFN-gamma, demonstrating the potent immunogenicity of FliC. FliC expressed by STEX bacteria was efficiently presented by splenic APCs to FliC-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro. However, STIN bacteria, except when lysed, expressed FliC within a protected intracellular compartment and evaded stimulation of FliC-specific T cells. The combination of STIN-mediated responses that reduced FliC bioavailability were overcome by dendritic cells (DCs), which presented intracellular FliC within heat-killed bacteria; however, this ability was abrogated by live bacterial infection. Furthermore, STIN bacteria, unlike STEX, limited DC activation as measured by increased MHC class II, CD86, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 expression. These data indicate that STIN bacteria restrict FliC bioavailability by Ag compartmentalization, and together with STIN bacterial responses, limit DC maturation and cytokine production. Together, these mechanisms may restrain DC-mediated activation of FliC-specific CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Alaniz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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22
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Medeiros MA, Armôa GRG, Dellagostin OA, McIntosh D. Induction of humoral immunity in response to immunization with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing the S1 subunit of Bordetella pertussis toxin. Can J Microbiol 2006; 51:1015-20. [PMID: 16462859 DOI: 10.1139/w05-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG (rBCG) vaccine strains were developed for the expression of cytoplasmically located S1 subunit of pertussis toxin, with expression driven by the hsp60 promoter of M. bovis (rBCG/pPB10) or the pAN promoter of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (rBCG/pPB12). Both strains showed stable expression of equivalent levels of recombinant S1 in vitro and induced long-term (up to 8 months) humoral immune responses in BALB/c mice, although these responses differed quantitatively and qualitatively. Specifically, rBCG/pPB12 induced markedly higher levels of IgG1 than did rBCG/pPB10, and mice immunized with the former strain developed specific long-term memory to S1, as indicated by the production of high levels of S1-specific IgG in response to a sublethal challenge with pertussis toxin 15 months after initial immunization. When considered in combination with previous studies, our data encourage further evaluation of rBCG as a potential means of developing a low-cost whooping cough vaccine based on defined antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Medeiros
- Laboratory of Recombinant Technology, Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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23
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Cayabyab MJ, Hovav AH, Hsu T, Krivulka GR, Lifton MA, Gorgone DA, Fennelly GJ, Haynes BF, Jacobs WR, Letvin NL. Generation of CD8+ T-cell responses by a recombinant nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis vaccine vector expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env. J Virol 2006; 80:1645-52. [PMID: 16439521 PMCID: PMC1367151 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.4.1645-1652.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Because the vaccine vectors currently being evaluated in human populations all have significant limitations in their immunogenicity, novel vaccine strategies are needed for the elicitation of cell-mediated immunity. The nonpathogenic, rapidly growing mycobacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis was engineered as a vector expressing full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) HXBc2 envelope protein. Immunization of mice with recombinant M. smegmatis led to the expansion of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted HIV-1 epitope-specific CD8(+) T cells that were cytolytic and secreted gamma interferon. Effector and memory T lymphocytes were elicited, and repeated immunization generated a stable central memory pool of virus-specific cells. Importantly, preexisting immunity to Mycobacterium bovis BCG had only a marginal effect on the immunogenicity of recombinant M. smegmatis. This mycobacterium may therefore be a useful vaccine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Cayabyab
- Department of Medicine, Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02130, USA
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24
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Abstract
Three-quarters of a century after the introduction of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, the first tuberculosis vaccine, new vaccines for tuberculosis are finally entering clinical trials. This breakthrough is based not only on advances in proteomics and genomics which have made the construction of new vaccines possible, but also on a greatly expanded knowledge of the immunology of tuberculosis. Here we review our current understanding of how Mycobacterium tuberculosis subverts or survives the host's immune response to cause disease and why the current vaccination strategy, which relies on BCG, is only partially successful in countering the pathogen. This provides a background for describing the new generation of vaccines designed to supplement or replace the current vaccine and the different approaches they take to stimulate immunity against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mark Doherty
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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25
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Andersen P, Doherty TM. The success and failure of BCG - implications for a novel tuberculosis vaccine. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005; 3:656-62. [PMID: 16012514 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) has maintained its position as the world's most widely used vaccine, despite showing highly variable efficacy (0-80%) in different trials. The efficacy of BCG in adults is particularly poor in tropical and subtropical regions. Studies in animal models of TB, supported by data from clinical BCG trials in humans, indicate that this failure is related to pre-existing immune responses to antigens that are common to environmental mycobacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we discuss the potential mechanisms behind the variation of BCG efficacy and their implications for an improved TB vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
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26
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Anwar A, Chandrasekaran A, Ng ML, Marques E, August JT. West Nile premembrane-envelope genetic vaccine encoded as a chimera containing the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of a lysosome-associated membrane protein: increased cellular concentration of the transgene product, targeting to the MHC II compartment, and enhanced neutralizing antibody response. Virology 2005; 332:66-77. [PMID: 15661141 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A genetic vaccine for West Nile virus (WN) has been synthesized with the WN premembrane-envelope (WN preM-E) gene sequences encoded as a chimera with the transmembrane and carboxyl terminal domains of the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP). The LAMP sequences are used to direct the antigen protein to the major histocompatibility class II (MHC II) vesicular compartment of transfected professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Vaccine constructs encoding the native WN preM-E and WN preM-E/LAMP chimera were synthesized in pVAX1 and pITR plasmid backbones. Extracts of human fibroblast 293 and monkey kidney COS-7 cells transfected with the WN preM-E/LAMP chimera constructs contained much greater amounts of E than did the cells transfected with constructs encoding the native WN preM-E. This difference in the concentration of native E and the E/LAMP chimera in transfected cells is attributed to the secretion of native E. The amount of preM protein in cell extracts, in contrast to the E protein, and the levels of DNA and RNA transcripts, did not differ between WN preM-E- and WN preM-E/LAMP-transfected cells. Additionally, confocal and immunoelectron microscopic analyses of transfected B cells showed localization of the WN preM-E/LAMP chimera in vesicular compartments containing endogenous LAMP, MHC II, and H2-M, whereas native viral preM-E lacking the LAMP sequences was distributed within the cellular vesicular network with little LAMP or MHC II association. Mice immunized with a DNA construct expressing the WN preM-E/LAMP antigen induced significant antibody and long-term neutralization titers in contrast to the minimal and short-lived neutralization titer of mice vaccinated with a plasmid expressing the untargeted antigen. These results underscore the utility of LAMP targeting of the WN envelope to the MHC II compartments in the design of a genetic WN vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azlinda Anwar
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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27
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Cheadle EJ, O'Donnell D, Selby PJ, Jackson AM. Closely related mycobacterial strains demonstrate contrasting levels of efficacy as antitumor vaccines and are processed for major histocompatibility complex class I presentation by multiple routes in dendritic cells. Infect Immun 2005; 73:784-94. [PMID: 15664917 PMCID: PMC546964 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.2.784-794.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria expressing recombinant antigens are already being developed as vaccines against both infections and tumors. Little is known about how dendritic cells might process such antigens. Two different mycobacterial species, the fast-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis and the slow-growing M. bovis M. bovis BCG, were engineered to express a model tumor antigen, the K(b)-restricted dominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope OVA(257-264). Recombinant M. bovis BCG but not recombinant M. smegmatis conferred protection to mice challenged with the B16-OVA tumor cell line. We went on to investigate whether the contrast in antitumor efficacy could be due to differences in how dendritic cells process antigen from the two mycobacterial strains for class I presentation. Both strains of mycobacteria caused phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells, but recombinant M. smegmatis infection led to a greater degree of dendritic cell maturation than recombinant M. bovis BCG infection. Antigen from recombinant M. smegmatis was processed and presented as OVA(257-264) on K(b) molecules by the dendritic cell line DC2.4 but not by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) or splenic dendritic cells. In contrast, antigen from recombinant M. bovis BCG was presented by all three dendritic cell types as long as the mycobacteria were viable. Such presentation was dependent on proteasome function and nascent major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules in DC2.4 cells but independent of the proteasome and transporter associated with antigen processings (TAP) in BMDC and splenic dendritic cells. These data demonstrate for the first time that antigen vectored by the slow-growing M. bovis BCG but not that vectored by fast-growing, readily destroyed M. smegmatis is processed and presented on MHC class I by in vitro-generated dendritic cells, which has implications for recombinant microbial vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Cheadle
- Department of Medical Oncology, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom.
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28
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Dennehy M, Williamson AL. Factors influencing the immune response to foreign antigen expressed in recombinant BCG vaccines. Vaccine 2005; 23:1209-24. [PMID: 15652663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of recombinant BCG vaccine candidates containing foreign viral, bacterial, parasite or immunomodulatory genetic material have been developed and evaluated, primarily in animal models, for immune response to the foreign antigen. This review considers some of the factors that may influence the immunogenicity of these vaccines. The influence of levels and timing of expression of the foreign antigen and the use of targeting sequences are considered in the first section. Genetic and functional stability of rBCG is reviewed in the second section. In the last section, the influence of dose and route of immunization, strain of BCG and the animal model used are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Dennehy
- The Biovac Institute, Private Bag X3, Pinelands, 7430 Cape Town, South Africa.
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29
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Mollenkopf HJ, Grode L, Mattow J, Stein M, Mann P, Knapp B, Ulmer J, Kaufmann SHE. Application of mycobacterial proteomics to vaccine design: improved protection by Mycobacterium bovis BCG prime-Rv3407 DNA boost vaccination against tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6471-9. [PMID: 15501778 PMCID: PMC523041 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.11.6471-6479.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Information from comparative proteome analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) principally allows prediction of potential vaccine candidates. Thirty-six M. tuberculosis DNA vaccine candidates identified by comparative proteome analysis were evaluated in the mouse model for protection against low-dose aerosol M. tuberculosis infection. We identified the DNA vaccine candidate Rv3407 as a protective antigen and analyzed putative major histocompatibility complex class I epitopes by computational predictions and gamma interferon Elispot assays. Importantly, we discovered that the DNA vaccine Rv3407 improved the efficacy of BCG vaccination in a heterologous prime-boost vaccination protocol. Our data demonstrate the rationale of a combination of proteomics, epitope prediction, and broad screening of putative antigens for identification of novel DNA vaccine candidates. Furthermore, our experiments show that heterologous prime-boost vaccination with a defined antigen boost "on top" of a BCG primer provides superior protection against tuberculosis over vaccination with BCG alone.
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30
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Varaldo PB, Leite LCC, Dias WO, Miyaji EN, Torres FIG, Gebara VC, Armôa GRG, Campos AS, Matos DCS, Winter N, Gicquel B, Vilar MM, McFadden J, Almeida MS, Tendler M, McIntosh D. Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing the Sm14 antigen of Schistosoma mansoni protects mice from cercarial challenge. Infect Immun 2004; 72:3336-43. [PMID: 15155638 PMCID: PMC415698 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.6.3336-3343.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Sm14 antigen of Schistosoma mansoni was cloned and expressed in Mycobacterium bovis BCG as a fusion with the Mycobacterium fortuitum beta-lactamase protein under the control of its promoter, pBlaF*; the protein was localized in the bacterial cell wall. The rBCG-Sm14 strain was shown to be relatively stable in cultured murine and bovine monocytes in terms of infectivity, bacterial persistence, and plasmid stability. The immunization of mice with rBCG-Sm14 showed no induction of anti-Sm14 antibodies; however, splenocytes of immunized mice released increased levels of gamma interferon upon stimulation with recombinant Sm14 (rSm14), indicating an induction of a Th1-predominant cellular response against Sm14. Mice immunized with one or two doses of rBCG-Sm14 and challenged with live S. mansoni cercaria showed a 48% reduction in worm burden, which was comparable to that obtained by immunization with three doses of rSm14 purified from Escherichia coli. The data presented here further enhance the status of Sm14 as a promising candidate antigen for the control of schistosomiasis and indicate that a one-dose regimen of rBCG-Sm14 could be considered a convenient means to overcome many of the practical problems associated with the successful implementation of a multiple-dose vaccine schedule in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula B Varaldo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo SP, Brazil
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31
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Abstract
CD8 T cells respond to viral infections but also participate in defense against bacterial and protozoal infections. In the last few years, as new methods to accurately quantify and characterize pathogen-specific CD8 T cells have become available, our understanding of in vivo T cell responses has increased dramatically. Pathogen-specific T cells, once thought to be quite rare following infection, are now known to be present at very high frequencies, particularly in peripheral, nonlymphoid tissues. With the ability to visualize in vivo CD8 T cell responses has come the recognition that T cell expansion is programmed and, to a great extent, independent of antigen concentrations. Comparison of CD8 T cell responses to different pathogens also highlights the intricate relationship between microbially induced innate inflammatory responses and the kinetics, magnitude, and character of long-term T cell responses. This review describes recent progress in some of the major murine models of CD8 T cell-mediated immunity to viral, bacterial, and protozoal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Wong
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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32
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Buddle BM, Pollock JM, Skinner MA, Wedlock DN. Development of vaccines to control bovine tuberculosis in cattle and relationship to vaccine development for other intracellular pathogens. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:555-66. [PMID: 12782055 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(03)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of cattle against bovine tuberculosis could be an important strategy for the control of disease either where there is a wildlife reservoir of Mycobacterium bovis infection or in developing countries where it is not economically feasible to implement a 'test and slaughter' control program. Advances in the understanding of protective immune responses to M. bovis infection in cattle and the advent of new molecular biological techniques, coupled with the sequencing of the M. bovis genome have provided opportunities for the rational development of improved tuberculosis vaccines. A number of new tuberculosis vaccines including attenuated M. bovis strains, killed mycobacteria, protein and DNA vaccines are under development and many are being assessed in cattle. Recent results have revealed several promising vaccine candidates and vaccination strategies. Ways of distinguishing between vaccinated and infected cattle are becoming available and the possibility of new approaches to the eradication of tuberculosis from domestic livestock is discussed. Similarities between the mechanisms of protective immunity against M. bovis and against other intracellular parasites continue to be found and discoveries from vaccine studies on bovine tuberculosis may provide helpful insights into requirements for vaccines against other intracellular pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Animals, Wild/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Cattle
- Developing Countries
- Genome, Bacterial
- Immunity, Cellular/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/genetics
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Mycobacterium bovis/pathogenicity
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/therapeutic use
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, P.O. Box 40063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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33
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Dietrich G, Viret JF, Hess J. Novel vaccination strategies based on recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Int J Med Microbiol 2003; 292:441-51. [PMID: 12635927 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we will review the utilization of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) as a vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) and as a carrier system for heterologous antigens. BCG is one of the most widely used vaccines. Novel techniques in genome manipulation allow the construction of virulence-attenuated recombinant (r)-BCG strains that can be employed as homologous vaccines, or as heterologous antigen delivery systems, for priming pathogen-specific immunity against infectious diseases, including TB. Several approaches are available for heterologous antigen expression and compartmentalization in BCG and recent findings show the potential to modulate and direct the immune responses induced by r-BCG strains as desired. Recent achievements in complete genome analysis of various target pathogens, combined with a better understanding of protective pathogen-specific immune responses, form the basis for the rational design of a new generation of recombinant mycobacterial vaccines against a multitude of infectious diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/genetics
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Cattle
- Communicable Disease Control
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Mycobacterium bovis/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Tuberculosis/prevention & control
- Tuberculosis Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Dietrich
- Bacterial Vaccine Research, Berna Biotech Ltd., Berne, Switzerland.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Cheadle
- Applied Immunology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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