1
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Frørup C, Jensen MH, Haupt-Jorgensen M, Buschard K, Størling J, Pociot F, Fløyel T. Elevated Cathepsin S Serum Levels in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes and Autoantibody-Positive Siblings. Diabetes 2024; 73:1278-1284. [PMID: 38701365 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest a role for the lysosomal protease cathepsin S (CTSS) in type 1 diabetes. Circulating CTSS is increased in type 1 diabetes; however, whether CTSS has protective or deleterious effects is unclear. The study's objectives were to examine the biomarker potential of CTSS in new-onset type 1 diabetes, and to investigate the expression and secretion of CTSS in human islets and β-cells. The CTSS level was analyzed in serum from children with new-onset type 1 diabetes and autoantibody-positive and -negative siblings by ELISA. The expression and secretion of CTSS were evaluated in isolated human islets and EndoC-βH5 cells by real-time qPCR, immunoblotting, and ELISA. The CTSS serum level was elevated in children with new-onset type 1 diabetes and positively associated with autoantibody status in healthy siblings. Human islets and EndoC-βH5 cells demonstrated induction and secretion of CTSS after exposure to proinflammatory cytokines, a model system of islet inflammation. Analysis of publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data on human islets showed that elevated CTSS expression was exclusive for the β-cells in donors with type 1 diabetes as compared with nondiabetic donors. These findings suggest a potential of CTSS as a diagnostic biomarker in type 1 diabetes. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Frørup
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Program, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mathias Høj Jensen
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Karsten Buschard
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Størling
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Fløyel
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical and Translational Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- The Bartholin Institute, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Zhang Y, Jia W, Wang X, Mao Q, Luo L, Kong L, Guo Y, Mo R, Bu W, Li C. Inflammatory loop involving Staphylococcus aureus, IL-36γ, and cathepsin S drives immunity disorders in familial acne inversa keratinocytes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31509. [PMID: 38947455 PMCID: PMC11214400 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Acne inversa (AI) is an inflammatory skin disease associated with nicastrin (NCSTN) mutations. Despite the dysregulated bacterial-host immune interactions being an essential event in AI, the interaction between bacteria and keratinocytes in AI pathophysiology remains unclear. In this study, the NCSTN gene was suppressed using short hairpin RNA in HaCaT cells. Using RNA sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting, the expression of IL-36 cytokines was analyzed. The impact of Staphylococcus aureus on AI keratinocyte inflammation and underlying regulatory molecules was investigated by exposing the HaCaT cells to S. aureus. By stimulating NCSTN knockdown HaCaT cells with IFN-γ, the expression and regulatory mechanism of Cathepsin S (Cat S), an IL-36γ cleavage and activating protease, were investigated. After NCSTN knockdown, the IL-36α expression increased, and the IL-36Ra expression was downregulated. NCSTN/MEK/ERK impairment-induced Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) up-regulation in concert with S. aureus-induced nuclear factor kappa B elevation acts synergistically to promote IL-36γ production with the subsequent IL-8 activation in HaCaT cells. NCSTN/MEK/ERK impairment was also observed in familial AI lesions. IFN-γ-induced Cat S in keratinocytes was enhanced after NCSTN knockdown. The expression of IFN-II pathway molecules was significantly upregulated in both NCSTN knockdown HaCaT cells and familial AI lesions. The Cat S expression was significantly elevated in the patient's AI lesions. Our findings suggested a synergistic relationship between S. aureus and NCSTN/MAPK/KLF4 axis in IL-36γ-induced familial AI keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Weixue Jia
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Qiuxia Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Jiangyin Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin, Jiangsu, 214400, China
| | - Lingling Luo
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Lingzhuo Kong
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Youming Guo
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Ran Mo
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Wenbo Bu
- Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Chengrang Li
- Hospital for Skin Diseases (Institute of Dermatology), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
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3
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Smyth P, Sasiwachirangkul J, Williams R, Scott CJ. Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity in health and disease - A treasure trove of untapped clinical potential. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101106. [PMID: 35868042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amongst the lysosomal cysteine cathepsin family of proteases, cathepsin S (CTSS) holds particular interest due to distinctive properties including a normal restricted expression profile, inducible upregulation and activity at a broad pH range. Consequently, while CTSS is well-established as a member of the proteolytic cocktail within the lysosome, degrading unwanted and damaged proteins, it has increasingly been shown to mediate a number of distinct, more selective roles including antigen processing and antigen presentation, and cleavage of substrates both intra and extracellularly. Increasingly, aberrant CTSS expression has been demonstrated in a variety of conditions and disease states, marking it out as both a biomarker and potential therapeutic target. This review seeks to contextualise CTSS within the cysteine cathepsin family before providing an overview of the broad range of pathologies in which roles for CTSS have been identified. Additionally, current clinical progress towards specific inhibitors is detailed, updating the position of the field in exploiting this most unique of proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Smyth
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Jutharat Sasiwachirangkul
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Rich Williams
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Christopher J Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK.
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4
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Harryvan TJ, Visser M, de Bruin L, Plug L, Griffioen L, Mulder A, van Veelen PA, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Jongsma ML, Meeuwsen MH, Wiertz EJ, Santegoets SJ, Hardwick JC, Van Hall T, Neefjes J, Van der Burg SH, Hawinkels LJ, Verdegaal EM. Enhanced antigen cross-presentation in human colorectal cancer-associated fibroblasts through upregulation of the lysosomal protease cathepsin S. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003591. [PMID: 35264435 PMCID: PMC8915372 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cross-presentation of exogenous antigens in HLA-class I molecules by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) is crucial for CD8+ T cell function. Recent murine studies show that several non-professional APCs, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) also possess this capacity. Whether human CAFs are able to cross-present exogenous antigen, which molecular pathways are involved in this process and how this ultimately affects tumor-specific CD8+ T cell function is unknown. Methods In this study, we investigated the ability of human colorectal cancer (CRC)-derived CAFs to cross-present neoantigen-derived synthetic long peptides (SLPs), corresponding to tumor-derived mutant peptides, and how this affects tumor-specific T-cell function. Processing of the SLP was studied by targeting components of the cross-presentation machinery through CRISPR/Cas9 and siRNA-mediated genetic ablation to identify the key molecules involved in fibroblast-mediated cross-presentation. Multispectral flow cytometry and killing assays were performed to study the effect of fibroblast cross-presentation on T cell function. Results Here, we show that human CRC-derived CAFs display an enhanced capacity to cross-present neoantigen-derived SLPs when compared with normal colonic fibroblasts. Cross-presentation of antigens by fibroblasts involved the lysosomal protease cathepsin S. Cathepsin S expression by CAFs was detected in situ in human CRC tissue, was upregulated in ex vivo cultured CRC-derived CAFs and showed increased expression in normal fibroblasts after exposure to CRC-conditioned medium. Cognate interaction between CD8+ T cells and cross-presenting CAFs suppressed T cell function, reflected by decreased cytotoxicity, reduced activation (CD137) and increased exhaustion (TIM3, LAG3 and CD39) marker expression. Conclusion These data indicate that CAFs may directly suppress tumor-specific T cell function in an antigen-dependent fashion in human CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Harryvan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Visser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda de Bruin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Léonie Plug
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Griffioen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Mulder
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marlieke Lm Jongsma
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda H Meeuwsen
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Jhj Wiertz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia J Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James Ch Hardwick
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thorbald Van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell & Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H Van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Jac Hawinkels
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Els Me Verdegaal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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5
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Zhang XY, Zhuo X, Cheng J, Wang X, Liang K, Chen X. PU.1 Regulates Cathepsin S Expression in Large Yellow Croaker ( Larimichthys crocea) Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 12:819029. [PMID: 35069603 PMCID: PMC8766968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.819029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different morphologies have been detected in teleost macrophages. In this study, two macrophage cell lines were sub-cloned from a large yellow croaker head kidney cell line, LYCK. One type of sub-cloned cells was fusiform but the other was round, named LYC-FM and LYC-RM cells respectively, based on their morphologies. Both types showed the characteristics of macrophages, including expression of macrophage-specific marker genes, possession of phagocytic and bactericidal activities, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). The transcription factor PU.1, crucial for the development of macrophages in mammals, was found to exist in two transcripts, PU.1a and PU.1b, in large yellow croaker, and constitutively expressed in LYC-FM and LYC-RM cells. The expression levels of PU.1a and PU.1b could be upregulated by recombinant large yellow croaker IFN-γ protein (rLcIFN-γ). Further studies showed that both PU.1a and PU.1b increased the expression of cathepsin S (CTSS) by binding to different E26−transformation−specific (Ets) motifs of the CTSS promoter. Additionally, we demonstrated that all three domains of PU.1a and PU.1b were essential for initiating CTSS expression by truncated mutation experiments. Our results therefore provide the first evidence that teleost PU.1 has a role in regulating the expression of CTSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kexin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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6
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Yoo Y, Choi E, Kim Y, Cha Y, Um E, Kim Y, Kim Y, Lee YS. Therapeutic potential of targeting cathepsin S in pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112245. [PMID: 34772578 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CTSS), a lysosomal protease, belongs to a family of cysteine cathepsin proteases that promote degradation of damaged proteins in the endolysosomal pathway. Aberrant CTSS expression and regulation are associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including lung diseases. CTSS overexpression causes a variety of pathological processes, including pulmonary fibrosis, with increased CTSS secretion and accelerated extracellular matrix remodeling. Compared to many other cysteine cathepsin family members, CTSS has unique features that it presents limited tissue expression and retains its enzymatic activity at a neutral pH, suggesting its decisive involvement in disease microenvironments. In this review, we investigated the role of CTSS in lung disease, exploring recent studies that have indicated that CTSS mediates fibrosis in unique ways, along with its structure, substrates, and distinct regulation. We also outlined examples of CTSS inhibitors in clinical and preclinical development and proposed CTSS as a potential therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungJo Yoo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Choi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunyoung Cha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Um
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwa Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunji Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-720, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Wu J, Wu Z, He A, Zhang T, Zhang P, Jin J, Li S, Li G, Li X, Liang S, Pei L, Liu R, Tian Q, He X, Lu Y, Tang Z, Li H. Genome-Wide Screen and Validation of Microglia Pro-Inflammatory Mediators in Stroke. Aging Dis 2021; 12:786-800. [PMID: 34094642 PMCID: PMC8139211 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke activates microglia pro-inflammatory response that not only induces the early neuronal injuries but also causes the secondary brain infarction. Yet, the underlying mechanisms for how microglia become activated in stroke are still unknown. Here, using the next-generation of RNA sequencing we find a total of 778 genes increasingly expressed in brain of stroke mice. Of these, we identified Hmgb2 as a microglia pro-inflammatory mediator by promoting the transcription of Ctss. Inhibition of either Hmgb2 or Ctss blocks microglia pro-inflammatory response and protects against brain damages and improves the neurological functions of stroke mice. This study uncovers Hmgb2 and Ctss as the major microglia inflammatory response mediators in stroke and hence warrants the promising targets for stroke therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wu
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,3Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoze Wu
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Aodi He
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tongmei Zhang
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- 2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,4Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Jin
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sisi Li
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaigai Li
- 2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,4Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiqi Liang
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Pei
- 2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,5Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Liu
- 2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,6Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Tian
- 2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,6Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ximiao He
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Youming Lu
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhouping Tang
- 2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,4Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji College of Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Li
- 1Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,2The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Deng JJ, Xu S, Li YW, Xu DD, Mo ZQ, Li JZ, Dan XM, Luo XC. Role of major histocompatibility complex II antigen-presentation pathway genes in orange-spotted grouper infected with Cryptocaryon irritans. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:1541-1552. [PMID: 32924190 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryptocaryon irritans, a pathogen model for fish mucosal immunity, causes skin mucosal and systematic humoral immune response. Where and how MHC II antigen presentation occurs in fish infected with C. irritans remain unknown. In this study, the full-length cDNA of the grouper cysteine protease CTSS was cloned. The expression distributions of six genes (CTSB, CTSL, CTSS, GILT, MHC IIA and MHC IIB) involved in MHC II antigen presentation pathway were tested. These genes were highly expressed in systematic immune tissues and skin and gill mucosal-associated immune tissues. All six genes were upregulated in skin at most time points. Five genes expected CTSS was upregulated in spleen at most time points. CTSB, CTSL and MHC IIA were upregulated in the gill and head kidney at some time points. These results indicate that the presentation of MHC II antigen intensively occurred in local infected skin and gill. Spleen, not head kidney, had the most extensive systematic antigen presentation. In skin, six genes most likely peaked at day 2, earlier than in spleen (5-7 days), marking an earlier skin antibody peak than any recorded in serum previously. This significant and earlier mucosal antigen presentation indicates that specific immune response occurs in local mucosal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jin Deng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shun Xu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Li
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Dong Xu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Quan Mo
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Zhou Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ming Dan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Grimholt U, Fosse JH, Sundaram AYM. Selective Stimulation of Duplicated Atlantic Salmon MHC Pathway Genes by Interferon-Gamma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571650. [PMID: 33123146 PMCID: PMC7573153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of cellular immune responses rely on Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules presenting pathogenic peptides to T cells. Peptide processing, transport, loading and editing is a constitutive process in most cell types, but is accelerated upon infection. Recently, an unexpected complexity in the number of functional genes involved in MHC class I peptide cleavage, peptide transport, peptide loading and editing was found in teleosts, originating from the second and third whole genome duplication events. Salmonids have expanded upon this with functional duplicates also from a fourth unique salmonid whole genome duplication. However, little is known about how individual gene duplicates respond in the context of stimulation. Here we set out to investigate how interferon gamma (IFNg) regulates the transcription of immune genes in Atlantic salmon with particular focus on gene duplicates and MHC pathways. We identified a range of response patterns in Atlantic salmon gene duplicates, with upregulation of all duplicates for some genes, like interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and interferon induced protein 44-like (IFI44.L), but only induction of one or a few duplicates of other genes, such as TAPBP and ERAP2. A master regulator turned out to be the IRF1 and not the enhanceosome as seen in mammals. If IRF1 also collaborates with CIITA and possibly NLRC5 in regulating IFNg induction of MHCI and MHCII expression in Atlantic salmon, as in zebrafish, remains to be established. Altogether, our results show the importance of deciphering between gene duplicates, as they often respond very differently to stimulation and may have different biological functions.
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10
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Clotet-Freixas S, McEvoy CM, Batruch I, Pastrello C, Kotlyar M, Van JAD, Arambewela M, Boshart A, Farkona S, Niu Y, Li Y, Famure O, Bozovic A, Kulasingam V, Chen P, Kim SJ, Chan E, Moshkelgosha S, Rahman SA, Das J, Martinu T, Juvet S, Jurisica I, Chruscinski A, John R, Konvalinka A. Extracellular Matrix Injury of Kidney Allografts in Antibody-Mediated Rejection: A Proteomics Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2705-2724. [PMID: 32900843 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2020030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) accounts for >50% of kidney allograft loss. Donor-specific antibodies (DSA) against HLA and non-HLA antigens in the glomeruli and the tubulointerstitium cause AMR while inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα trigger graft injury. The mechanisms governing cell-specific injury in AMR remain unclear. METHODS Unbiased proteomic analysis of laser-captured and microdissected glomeruli and tubulointerstitium was performed on 30 for-cause kidney biopsy specimens with early AMR, acute cellular rejection (ACR), or acute tubular necrosis (ATN). RESULTS A total of 107 of 2026 glomerular and 112 of 2399 tubulointerstitial proteins was significantly differentially expressed in AMR versus ACR; 112 of 2026 glomerular and 181 of 2399 tubulointerstitial proteins were significantly dysregulated in AMR versus ATN (P<0.05). Basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins were significantly decreased in both AMR compartments. Glomerular and tubulointerstitial laminin subunit γ-1 (LAMC1) expression decreased in AMR, as did glomerular nephrin (NPHS1) and receptor-type tyrosine-phosphatase O (PTPRO). The proteomic analysis revealed upregulated galectin-1, which is an immunomodulatory protein linked to the ECM, in AMR glomeruli. Anti-HLA class I antibodies significantly increased cathepsin-V (CTSV) expression and galectin-1 expression and secretion in human glomerular endothelial cells. CTSV had been predicted to cleave ECM proteins in the AMR glomeruli. Glutathione S-transferase ω-1, an ECM-modifying enzyme, was significantly increased in the AMR tubulointerstitium and in TNFα-treated proximal tubular epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Basement membranes are often remodeled in chronic AMR. Proteomic analysis performed on laser-captured and microdissected glomeruli and tubulointerstitium identified early ECM remodeling, which may represent a new therapeutic opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Clotet-Freixas
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitriona M McEvoy
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Anh Dung Van
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madhurangi Arambewela
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alex Boshart
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sofia Farkona
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yun Niu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanhong Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olusegun Famure
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Bozovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vathany Kulasingam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peixuen Chen
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Joseph Kim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emilie Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sajad Moshkelgosha
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Syed Ashiqur Rahman
- Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jishnu Das
- Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Systems Immunology, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tereza Martinu
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Juvet
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrzej Chruscinski
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rohan John
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Konvalinka
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Soham and Shaila Ajmera Family Transplant Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Brown R, Nath S, Lora A, Samaha G, Elgamal Z, Kaiser R, Taggart C, Weldon S, Geraghty P. Cathepsin S: investigating an old player in lung disease pathogenesis, comorbidities, and potential therapeutics. Respir Res 2020; 21:111. [PMID: 32398133 PMCID: PMC7216426 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression and activity of cathepsin S (CTSS), a lysosomal protease and a member of the cysteine cathepsin protease family, is linked to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, including a number of conditions affecting the lungs. Extracellular CTSS has potent elastase activity and by processing cytokines and host defense proteins, it also plays a role in the regulation of inflammation. CTSS has also been linked to G-coupled protein receptor activation and possesses an important intracellular role in major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation. Modulated CTSS activity is also associated with pulmonary disease comorbidities, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. CTSS is expressed in a wide variety of immune cells and is biologically active at neutral pH. Herein, we review the significance of CTSS signaling in pulmonary diseases and associated comorbidities. We also discuss CTSS as a plausible therapeutic target and describe recent and current clinical trials examining CTSS inhibition as a means for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sridesh Nath
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alnardo Lora
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ghassan Samaha
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ziyad Elgamal
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Kaiser
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Clifford Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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12
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Petushkova AI, Savvateeva LV, Korolev DO, Zamyatnin AA. Cysteine Cathepsins: Potential Applications in Diagnostics and Therapy of Malignant Tumors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:746-761. [PMID: 31509726 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791907006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are proteolytic enzymes involved in protein degradation in lysosomes and endosomes. Cysteine cathepsins have been also found in the tumor microenvironment during carcinogenesis, where they are implicated in proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells through the degradation of extracellular matrix, suppression of cell-cell interactions, and promotion of angiogenesis. In this regard, cathepsins can have a diagnostic value and represent promising targets for antitumor drugs aimed at inhibition of these proteases. Moreover, cysteine cathepsins can be used as activators of novel targeted therapeutic agents. This review summarizes recent discovered roles of cysteine cathepsins in carcinogenesis and discusses new trends in cancer therapy and diagnostics using cysteine cathepsins as markers, targets, or activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Petushkova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L V Savvateeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - D O Korolev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Uronephrology and Human Reproductive Health, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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13
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Andrault PM, Schamberger AC, Chazeirat T, Sizaret D, Renault J, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Hennen E, Petit-Courty A, Wartenberg M, Saidi A, Baranek T, Guyetant S, Courty Y, Eickelberg O, Lalmanach G, Lecaille F. Cigarette smoke induces overexpression of active human cathepsin S in lungs from current smokers with or without COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L625-L638. [PMID: 31553637 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00061.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has marked effects on lung tissue, including induction of oxidative stress, inflammatory cell recruitment, and a protease/antiprotease imbalance. These effects contribute to tissue remodeling and destruction resulting in loss of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Cathepsin S (CatS) is a cysteine protease that is involved in the remodeling/degradation of connective tissue and basement membrane. Aberrant expression or activity of CatS has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular, and lung diseases. However, little is known about the effect of cigarette smoking on both CatS expression and activity, as well as its role in smoking-related lung diseases. Here, we evaluated the expression and activity of human CatS in lung tissues from never-smokers and smokers with or without COPD. Despite the presence of an oxidizing environment, CatS expression and activity were significantly higher in current smokers (both non-COPD and COPD) compared with never-smokers, and correlated positively with smoking history. Moreover, we found that the exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells to cigarette smoke extract triggered the activation of P2X7 receptors, which in turns drives CatS upregulation. The present data suggest that excessive CatS expression and activity contribute, beside other proteases, to the deleterious effects of cigarette smoke on pulmonary homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Andrault
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Team Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Andrea C Schamberger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Thibault Chazeirat
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Team Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Damien Sizaret
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Tours, France
| | | | - Claudia A Staab-Weijnitz
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hennen
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnès Petit-Courty
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Team Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Mylène Wartenberg
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Team Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Team Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Thomas Baranek
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Team Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Serge Guyetant
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Tours, France
| | - Yves Courty
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Team Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Team Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France.,INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Team Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Tours, France
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14
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Doherty DF, Nath S, Poon J, Foronjy RF, Ohlmeyer M, Dabo AJ, Salathe M, Birrell M, Belvisi M, Baumlin N, Kim MD, Weldon S, Taggart C, Geraghty P. Protein Phosphatase 2A Reduces Cigarette Smoke-induced Cathepsin S and Loss of Lung Function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 200:51-62. [PMID: 30641028 PMCID: PMC6603057 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201808-1518oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: CTSS (cathepsin S) is a cysteine protease that is observed at higher concentrations in BAL fluid and plasma of subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: To investigate whether CTSS is involved in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced COPD and determine whether targeting upstream signaling could prevent the disease. Methods: CTSS expression was investigated in animal and human tissue and cell models of COPD. Ctss-/- mice were exposed to long-term cigarette smoke and forced oscillation and expiratory measurements were recorded. Animals were administered chemical modulators of PP2A (protein phosphatase 2A) activity. Measurements and Main Results: Here we observed enhanced CTSS expression and activity in mouse lungs after exposure to cigarette smoke. Ctss-/- mice were resistant to cigarette smoke-induced inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, airspace enlargements, and loss of lung function. CTSS expression was negatively regulated by PP2A in human bronchial epithelial cells isolated from healthy nonsmokers and COPD donors and in monocyte-derived macrophages. Modulating PP2A expression or activity, with silencer siRNA or a chemical inhibitor or activator, during acute smoke exposure in mice altered inflammatory responses and CTSS expression and activity in the lung. Enhancement of PP2A activity prevented chronic smoke-induced COPD in mice. Conclusions: Our study indicates that the decrease in PP2A activity that occurs in COPD contributes to elevated CTSS expression in the lungs and results in impaired lung function. Enhancing PP2A activity represents a feasible therapeutic approach to reduce CTSS activity and counter smoke-induced lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan F. Doherty
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sridesh Nath
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Justin Poon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Robert F. Foronjy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Michael Ohlmeyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Atux Iskay LLC, Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Abdoulaye J. Dabo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Matthias Salathe
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Mark Birrell
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Belvisi
- Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; and
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Baumlin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael D. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Clifford Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Geraghty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Centre, Brooklyn, New York
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15
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Soond SM, Kozhevnikova MV, Zamyatnin AA. 'Patchiness' and basic cancer research: unravelling the proteases. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1687-1701. [PMID: 31213124 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1632639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent developments in Cathepsin protease research have unveiled a number of key observations which are fundamental to further our understanding of normal cellular homeostasis and disease. By far, the most interesting and promising area of Cathepsin biology stems from how these proteins are linked to the fate of living cells through the phenomenon of Lysosomal Leakage and Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilisation. While extracellular Cathepsins are generally believed to be of central importance in tumour progression, through their ability to modulate the architecture of the Extracellular Matrix, intracellular Cathepsins have been established as being of extreme significance in mediating cell death through Apoptosis. With these two juxtaposed key research areas in mind, the focus of this review highlights recent advancements in how this fast-paced area of Cathepsin research has recently evolved in the context of their mechanistic regulation in cancer research. Abbreviations : ECM, Extracellular Matrix; MMP, Matrix Metalloproteases; LL, Lysosomal Leakage; LMP, Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilisation; LMA, Lysosomorphic Agents; BC, Breast Cancer; ASM, Acid Sphingomyelinase; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; LAMP, Lysosomal Associated membrane Protein; PCD, Programmed Cell Death; PDAC, Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; aa, amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- a Institute of Molecular Medicine , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russian Federation.,b Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russian Federation
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16
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Soond SM, Kozhevnikova MV, Townsend PA, Zamyatnin AA. Cysteine Cathepsin Protease Inhibition: An update on its Diagnostic, Prognostic and Therapeutic Potential in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12020087. [PMID: 31212661 PMCID: PMC6630828 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In keeping with recent developments in basic research; the importance of the Cathepsins as targets in cancer therapy have taken on increasing importance and given rise to a number of key areas of interest in the clinical setting. In keeping with driving basic research in this area in a translational direction; recent findings have given rise to a number of exciting developments in the areas of cancer diagnosis; prognosis and therapeutic development. As a fast-moving area of research; the focus of this review brings together the latest findings and highlights the translational significance of these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder M Soond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- Federal State Autonomous Edu-cational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Sechenovskiy University), Hospital Therapy Department No. 1, 6-1 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya str, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Paul A Townsend
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, and the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK.
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya str. 8-2, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
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17
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Robertsen B, Greiner-Tollersrud L, Jørgensen LG. Analysis of the Atlantic salmon genome reveals a cluster of Mx genes that respond more strongly to IFN gamma than to type I IFN. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:80-89. [PMID: 30195710 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mx proteins are antiviral GTPases, which are induced by type I IFN and virus infection. Analysis of the Atlantic salmon genome revealed the presence of 9 Mx genes localized to three chromosomes. A cluster of three Mx genes (SsaMx1 - SsaMx3), which includes previously cloned Mx genes, is present on chromosome (Chr) 12. A cluster of five Mx genes (SsaMx4-SsaMx8) is present on Chr25 while one Mx gene (SsaMx9) is present on Chr9. Phylogenetic and gene synteny analyses showed that SsaMx1-SsaMx3 are most closely related to the main group of teleost Mx proteins. In contrast, SsaMx 4-SsaMx9 formed a separate group together with zebrafish MxD and MxG and eel MxB. The Mx cluster in Chr25 showed gene synteny similar to a Mx gene cluster in the gar genome. Expression of Mx genes in cell lines stimulated with recombinant IFNs showed that Mx genes in Chr12 responded more strongly to type I IFN than to type II IFN (IFN gamma) whilst Mx genes in Chr25 responded more strongly to IFN gamma than to type I IFNs. SsaMx9 showed no response to the IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Børre Robertsen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Linn Greiner-Tollersrud
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lars Gaute Jørgensen
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Cytokines IL-17, TNF and IFN-γ Alter the Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins Disparately: A Targeted Proteomics Analysis using SOMAscan Technology. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6030051. [PMID: 30087279 PMCID: PMC6161169 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides, also known as host defence peptides, are immunomodulatory molecules required to resolve infections. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins (APPs) are important in the control of infections in the lungs. Despite evidence that APPs exhibit a wide range of immune functions and modulate inflammation, the effect of inflammatory cytokines on the expression of APPs is not completely defined. In this study, we profiled the expression of 39 different APPs in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) using Slow Off-rate Modified Aptamer (SOMAmer)-based protein array, in the presence and absence of three different inflammatory cytokines (IL-17, TNF and IFN-γ). Expression of 13 different APPs was altered in response to IL-17, TNF or IFN-γ. Independent validations of selected proteins from the proteomics screen i.e., those that were significantly enhanced by >2-fold change (p < 0.01) using western blots conclusively demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines alter the expression of APPs differentially. For example, the abundance of cathepsin S was enhanced by only IFN-γ, whereas lipocalin-2 was increased by IL-17 alone. Abundance of elafin increased in presence of IL-17 or TNF, but decreased in response to IFN-γ. Whereas the abundance of cathepsin V decreased following stimulation with IL-17, TNF and IFN-γ. The results of this study demonstrate that inflammatory cytokines alter the expression of APPs disparately. This suggests that the composition of the inflammatory cytokine milieu may influence APPs abundance and thus alter the processes required for infection control and regulation of inflammation in the lungs.
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James LM, Christova P, Lewis SM, Engdahl BE, Georgopoulos A, Georgopoulos AP. Protective Effect of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Allele DRB1*13:02 on Age-Related Brain Gray Matter Volume Reduction in Healthy Women. EBioMedicine 2018; 29:31-37. [PMID: 29452862 PMCID: PMC5925575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduction of brain volume (brain atrophy) during healthy brain aging is well documented and dependent on genetic, lifestyle and environmental factors. Here we investigated the possible dependence of brain gray matter volume reduction in the absence of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) allele DRB1*13:02 which prevents brain atrophy in Gulf War Illness (James et al., 2017). METHODS Seventy-one cognitively healthy women (32-69years old) underwent a structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) scan to measure the volumes of total gray matter, cerebrocortical gray matter, and subcortical gray matter. Participants were assigned to two groups, depending on whether they lacked the DRB1*13:02 allele (No DRB1*13:02 group, N=60) or carried the DRB1*13:02 allele (N=11). We assessed the change of brain gray matter volume with age in each group by performing a linear regression where the brain volume (adjusted for total intracranial volume) was the dependent variable and age was the independent variable. FINDINGS In the No DRB1*13:02 group, the volumes of total gray matter, cerebrocortical gray matter, and subcortical gray matter were reduced highly significantly. In contrast, none of these volumes showed a statistically significant reduction with age in the DRB1*13:02 group. INTERPRETATION These findings document the protective effect of DRB1*13:02 on age-dependent reduction of brain gray matter in healthy individuals. Since the role of this allele is to connect to matching epitopes of external antigens for the subsequent production of antibodies and elimination of the offending antigen, we hypothesize that its protective effect may be due to the successful elimination of such antigens to which we are exposed during the lifespan, antigens that otherwise would persist causing gradual brain atrophy. In addition, we consider a possible beneficial role of DRB1*13:02 attributed to its binding to cathepsin S, a known harmful substance in brain aging (Wendt et al., 2008). Of course, other factors covarying with the presence of DRB1*13:02 could be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M James
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 5541, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peka Christova
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 5541, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Scott M Lewis
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 5541, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian E Engdahl
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 5541, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Angeliki Georgopoulos
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 5541, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Cognitive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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20
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Pires D, Bernard EM, Pombo JP, Carmo N, Fialho C, Gutierrez MG, Bettencourt P, Anes E. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Modulates miR-106b-5p to Control Cathepsin S Expression Resulting in Higher Pathogen Survival and Poor T-Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1819. [PMID: 29326705 PMCID: PMC5741618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of tuberculosis (TB) bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), relies on the ability to survive in host cells and escape to immune surveillance and activation. We recently demonstrated that Mtb manipulation of host lysosomal cathepsins in macrophages leads to decreased enzymatic activity and pathogen survival. In addition, while searching for microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in posttranscriptional gene regulation during mycobacteria infection of human macrophages, we found that selected miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p were specifically upregulated by pathogenic mycobacteria. Here, we show that miR-106b-5p is actively manipulated by Mtb to ensure its survival in macrophages. Using an in silico prediction approach, we identified miR-106b-5p with a potential binding to the 3'-untranslated region of cathepsin S (CtsS) mRNA. We demonstrated by luminescence-based methods that miR-106b-5p indeed targets CTSS mRNA resulting in protein translation silencing. Moreover, miR-106b-5p gain-of-function experiments lead to a decreased CtsS expression favoring Mtb intracellular survival. By contrast, miR-106b-5p loss-of-function in infected cells was concomitant with increased CtsS expression, with significant intracellular killing of Mtb and T-cell activation. Modulation of miR-106b-5p did not impact necrosis, apoptosis or autophagy arguing that miR-106b-5p directly targeted CtsS expression as a way for Mtb to avoid exposure to degradative enzymes in the endocytic pathway. Altogether, our data suggest that manipulation of miR-106b-5p as a potential target for host-directed therapy for Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elliott M. Bernard
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - João Palma Pombo
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Carmo
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Fialho
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Bettencourt
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Profiling of the transcriptional response to all-trans retinoic acid in breast cancer cells reveals RARE-independent mechanisms of gene expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16684. [PMID: 29192143 PMCID: PMC5709375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids, derivatives of vitamin A, are key physiological molecules with regulatory effects on cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. As a result, they are of interest for cancer therapy. Specifically, models of breast cancer have varied responses to manipulations of retinoid signaling. This study characterizes the transcriptional response of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells to retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1A3 (ALDH1A3) and all-trans retinoic acid (atRA). We demonstrate limited overlap between ALDH1A3-induced gene expression and atRA-induced gene expression in both cell lines, suggesting that the function of ALDH1A3 in breast cancer progression extends beyond its role as a retinaldehyde dehydrogenase. Our data reveals divergent transcriptional responses to atRA, which are largely independent of genomic retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) and consistent with the opposing responses of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 to in vivo atRA treatment. We identify transcription factors associated with each gene set. Manipulation of the IRF1 transcription factor demonstrates that it is the level of atRA-inducible and epigenetically regulated transcription factors that determine expression of target genes (e.g. CTSS, cathepsin S). This study provides a paradigm for complex responses of breast cancer models to atRA treatment, and illustrates the need to characterize RARE-independent responses to atRA in a variety of models.
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22
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Meng Z, Klinngam W, Edman MC, Hamm-Alvarez SF. Interferon-γ treatment in vitro elicits some of the changes in cathepsin S and antigen presentation characteristic of lacrimal glands and corneas from the NOD mouse model of Sjögren's Syndrome. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184781. [PMID: 28902875 PMCID: PMC5597228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and impaired secretion by lacrimal and salivary glands are hallmarks of the autoimmune disease, Sjögren’s Syndrome. These changes in the lacrimal gland promote dryness and inflammation of the ocular surface, causing pain, irritation and corneal damage. The changes that initiate and sustain autoimmune inflammation in the lacrimal gland are not well-established. Here we demonstrate that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is significantly elevated in lacrimal gland and tears of the male NOD mouse, a model of autoimmune dacryoadenitis which exhibits many ocular characteristics of Sjögren’s Syndrome, by 12 weeks of age early in lacrimal gland inflammation. Working either with primary cultured lacrimal gland acinar cells from BALB/c mice and/or rabbits, in vitro IFN-γ treatment for 48 hr decreased expression of Rab3D concurrent with increased expression of cathepsin S. Although total cellular cathepsin S activity was not commensurately increased, IFN-γ treated lacrimal gland acinar cells showed a significant increase in carbachol-stimulated secretion of cathepsin S similar to the lacrimal gland in disease. In vitro IFN-γ treatment did not increase the expression of most components of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-mediated antigen presentation although antigen presentation was slightly but significantly stimulated in primary cultured lacrimal gland acinar cells. However, exposure of cultured human corneal epithelial cells to IFN-γ more robustly increased expression and activity of cathepsin S in parallel with increased expression and function of MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation. We propose that early elevations in IFN-γ contribute to specific features of ocular disease pathology in Sjögren’s Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Wannita Klinngam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Edman
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah F. Hamm-Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Dekita M, Wu Z, Ni J, Zhang X, Liu Y, Yan X, Nakanishi H, Takahashi I. Cathepsin S Is Involved in Th17 Differentiation Through the Upregulation of IL-6 by Activating PAR-2 after Systemic Exposure to Lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:470. [PMID: 28769800 PMCID: PMC5511830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive links have been found between periodontitis and numerous diseases in humans via persistent inflammation throughout the body. However, the main factors responsible for maintaining this pro-inflammatory condition are poorly understood. The spleen, the largest secondary immune organ, is a central hub regulating the immune response/inflammation due to the dendritic cell (DC) response to CD4+ T cell subtype differentiation, and lysosomal proteinase cathepsin S (CatS) is known to be involved in DC functions. In the present study, we found that CatS-induced IL-6 production by splenic DCs subsequently promotes Th17 differentiation, in response to systemic exposure to lipopolysaccharide derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis (PgLPS). The population of CD11c+ DCs was significantly increased in the splenic marginal zone (MZ) locally of wild-type (DBA/2) mice with splenomegaly but not in that of CatS deficient (CatS-/-) mice after systemic exposure to PgLPS for 7 consecutive days (5 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal). Similarly, the population of Th17+CD4+ T cells was also significantly increased in the splenic MZ of wild-type mice but not in that of CatS-/- mice after PgLPS exposure. Furthermore, the increase in the Th17+ CD4+ T cell population paralleled increases in the levels of CatS and IL-6 in CD11c+ cells in the splenic MZ. In isolated primary splenic CD11c+ cells, the mRNA expression and the production of IL-6 was dramatically increased in wild-type mice but not in CatS-/- mice after direct stimulation with PgLPS (1 μg/ml), and this PgLPS-induced increase in the IL-6 expression was completely abolished by pre-treatment with Z-Phe-Leu-COCHO (Z-FL), the specific inhibitor of CatS. The PgLPS activated protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 in the isolated splenic CD11c+ cells was also significantly inhibited by CatS deficiently. In addition, the PgLPS-induced increase in the IL-6 production by splenic CD11c+ cells was completely abolished by pre-treatment with FSLLRY-NH2, a PAR2 antagonist, as well as Akti, a specific inhibitor of Akt. These findings indicate that CatS plays a critical role in driving splenic DC-dependent Th17 differentiation through the upregulation of IL-6 by activating PAR2 after exposure to components of periodontal bacteria. Therefore, CatS-specific inhibitors may be effective in alleviating periodontitis-related immune/inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Dekita
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Zhou Wu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan.,OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Junjun Ni
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan.,Center of Implant Dentistry, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yicong Liu
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Xu Yan
- The VIP Department, School of Stomatology, China Medical UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takahashi
- Section of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
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Olson OC, Joyce JA. Cysteine cathepsin proteases: regulators of cancer progression and therapeutic response. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:712-29. [PMID: 26597527 DOI: 10.1038/nrc4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsin protease activity is frequently dysregulated in the context of neoplastic transformation. Increased activity and aberrant localization of proteases within the tumour microenvironment have a potent role in driving cancer progression, proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have also uncovered functions for cathepsins in the suppression of the response to therapeutic intervention in various malignancies. However, cathepsins can be either tumour promoting or tumour suppressive depending on the context, which emphasizes the importance of rigorous in vivo analyses to ascertain function. Here, we review the basic research and clinical findings that underlie the roles of cathepsins in cancer, and provide a roadmap for the rational integration of cathepsin-targeting agents into clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oakley C Olson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Löser R, Pietzsch J. Cysteine cathepsins: their role in tumor progression and recent trends in the development of imaging probes. Front Chem 2015; 3:37. [PMID: 26157794 PMCID: PMC4477214 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2015.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Papain-like cysteine proteases bear an enormous potential as drug discovery targets for both infectious and systemic human diseases. The considerable progress in this field over the last two decades has also raised interest in the visualization of these enzymes in their native context, especially with regard to tumor imaging. After a short introduction to structure and general functions of human cysteine cathepsins, we highlight their importance for drug discovery and development and provide a critical update on the current state of knowledge toward their involvement in tumor progression, with a special emphasis on their role in therapy response. In accordance with a radiopharmaceutical point of view, the main focus of this review article will be the discussion of recently developed fluorescence and radiotracer-based imaging agents together with related molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Dresden, Germany ; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Dresden, Germany ; Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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26
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Weldon S, McNally P, McAuley DF, Oglesby IK, Wohlford-Lenane CL, Bartlett JA, Scott CJ, McElvaney NG, Greene CM, McCray PB, Taggart CC. miR-31 dysregulation in cystic fibrosis airways contributes to increased pulmonary cathepsin S production. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:165-74. [PMID: 24940638 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201311-1986oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity is increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This activity contributes to lung inflammation via degradation of antimicrobial proteins, such as lactoferrin and members of the β-defensin family. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that airway epithelial cells are a source of CTSS, and mechanisms underlying CTSS expression in the CF lung. METHODS Protease activity was determined using fluorogenic activity assays. Protein and mRNA expression were analyzed by ELISA, Western blotting, and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In contrast to neutrophil elastase, CTSS activity was detectable in 100% of CF BAL fluid samples from patients without Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. In this study, we identified epithelial cells as a source of pulmonary CTSS activity with the demonstration that CF airway epithelial cells express and secrete significantly more CTSS than non-CF control cells in the absence of proinflammatory stimulation. Furthermore, levels of the transcription factor IRF-1 correlated with increased levels of its target gene CTSS. We discovered that miR-31, which is decreased in the CF airways, regulates IRF-1 in CF epithelial cells. Treating CF bronchial epithelial cells with a miR-31 mimic decreased IRF-1 protein levels with concomitant knockdown of CTSS expression and secretion. CONCLUSIONS The miR-31/IRF-1/CTSS pathway may play a functional role in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease and may open up new avenues for exploration in the search for an effective therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Weldon
- 1 Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, and
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Jiang DS, Li L, Huang L, Gong J, Xia H, Liu X, Wan N, Wei X, Zhu X, Chen Y, Chen X, Zhang XD, Li H. Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Is Required for Cardiac Remodeling in Response to Pressure Overload. Hypertension 2014; 64:77-86. [PMID: 24732887 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), a critical member of the IRF family, was previously shown to be associated with the immune system and to be involved in apoptosis and tumor suppression. However, the role of IRF1 in pressure overload–induced cardiac remodeling has remained unclear. Using genetic approaches, we established a central role for the IRF1 transcription factor in the regulation of cardiac remodeling both in vivo and in vitro, and we determined the mechanism underlying this process. The expression level of IRF1 was remarkably altered in both failing human hearts and hypertrophic murine hearts. Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific IRF1 overexpression exacerbated aortic banding–induced cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilation, fibrosis, and dysfunction, whereas IRF1-deficient (knockout) mice exhibited a significant reduction in the hypertrophic response. Similar results were observed in a global IRF1-knockout rat model. Mechanistically, the prohypertrophic effects elicited by IRF1 in response to pathological stimuli were associated with the direct activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Furthermore, we identified 1 IRF1-binding site in the promoter region of the iNOS gene, which was essential for its transcription. To examine the IRF1-iNOS axis in vivo, we generated IRF1-transgenic/iNOS-knockout mice. IRF1 exerted profoundly detrimental effects in these mice; however, these effects were nullified by iNOS ablation. These data suggest the IRF1–iNOS axis as a crucial regulator of cardiac remodeling and that IRF1 could be a potent therapeutic target for cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Sheng Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Liangpeng Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Ling Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Jun Gong
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Hao Xia
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xiaoxiong Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Nian Wan
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xiang Wei
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xuehai Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Yingjie Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xin Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.); Cardiovascular Research Institute (D.-S.J., L.H., H.X., X.L., N.W., H.L.) and College of Life Sciences (J.G., X.-D.Z.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (L.L., X.C.); Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical
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Elmariah SB, Reddy VB, Lerner EA. Cathepsin S signals via PAR2 and generates a novel tethered ligand receptor agonist. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99702. [PMID: 24964046 PMCID: PMC4070910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-2 is widely expressed in mammalian epithelial, immune and neural tissues. Cleavage of PAR2 by serine proteases leads to self-activation of the receptor by the tethered ligand SLIGRL. The contribution of other classes of proteases to PAR activation has not been studied in detail. Cathepsin S is a widely expressed cysteine protease that is upregulated in inflammatory conditions. It has been suggested that cathepsin S activates PAR2. However, cathepsin S activation of PAR2 has not been demonstrated directly nor has the potential mechanism of activation been identified. We show that cathepsin S cleaves near the N-terminus of PAR2 to expose a novel tethered ligand, KVDGTS. The hexapeptide KVDGTS generates downstream signaling events specific to PAR2 but is weaker than SLIGRL. Mutation of the cathepsin S cleavage site prevents receptor activation by the protease while KVDGTS retains activity. In conclusion, the range of actions previously ascribed to cysteine cathepsins in general, and cathepsin S in particular, should be expanded to include molecular signaling. Such signaling may link together observations that had been attributed previously to PAR2 or cathepsin S individually. These interactions may contribute to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina B. Elmariah
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vemuri B. Reddy
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ethan A. Lerner
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hensley P, Mishra M, Kyprianou N. Targeting caspases in cancer therapeutics. Biol Chem 2013; 394:831-43. [PMID: 23509217 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification of the fundamental role of apoptosis in the growth balance and normal homeostasis against cell proliferation led to the recognition of its loss contributing to tumorigenesis. The mechanistic significance of reinstating apoptosis signaling towards selective targeting of malignant cells heavily exploits the caspase family of death-inducing molecules as a powerful therapeutic platform for the development of potent anticancer strategies. Some apoptosis inhibitors induce caspase expression and activity in preclinical models and clinical trials by targeting both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and restoring the apoptotic capacity in human tumors. Furthermore, up-regulation of caspases emerges as a sensitizing mechanism for tumors exhibiting therapeutic resistance to radiation and adjuvant chemotherapy. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the functional involvement of caspases in apoptosis control and the current understanding of reactivating caspase-mediated apoptosis signaling towards effective therapeutic modalities in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hensley
- Department of Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Zhou F, Chen J, Zhao KN. Human papillomavirus 16-encoded E7 protein inhibits IFN-γ-mediated MHC class I antigen presentation and CTL-induced lysis by blocking IRF-1 expression in mouse keratinocytes. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:2504-2514. [PMID: 23956301 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.054486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) infection causes 50 % or more of cervical cancers in women. The HPV16 E7 oncogene is continuously expressed in infected epithelium with its oncogenicity linked to cervical cancer. The E7 protein is an ideal target in control of HPV infection through T-cell-mediated immunity. Using HPV16 E7-transgenic mouse keratinocytes (KCs-E7) to investigate T-cell-mediated immune responses, we have shown previously that HPV16-encoded E7 protein inhibits IFN-γ-mediated enhancement of MHC class I antigen processing and T-cell-induced target cell lysis. In this study, we found that HPV16 E7 suppresses IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of STAT1((Tyr701)), leading to the blockade of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) and transporter associated antigen processing subunit 1 (TAP-1) expression in KCs-E7. The results of a (51)Cr release assay demonstrated that IFN-γ-treated KCs-E7 escaped from CTL recognition because HPV16 E7 downregulated MHC class I antigen presentation on KCs. Restoration of IRF-1 expression in KCs-E7 overcame the inhibitory effect of E7 protein on IFN-γ-mediated CTL lysis and MHC class I antigen presentation on KCs. Our results suggest that HPV16 E7 interferes with the IFN-γ-mediated JAK1/JAK2/STAT1/IRF-1 signal transduction pathway and reduces the efficiency of peptide loading and MHC class I antigen presentation on KCs-E7. These results may reveal a new mechanism whereby HPV16 escapes from immune surveillance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Venomics Research, University of Queensland Medicine School, Transitional Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - JieZhong Chen
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Venomics Research, University of Queensland Medicine School, Transitional Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research, Venomics Research, University of Queensland Medicine School, Transitional Research Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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Recognition of higher order patterns in proteins: immunologic kernels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70115. [PMID: 23922927 PMCID: PMC3726486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
By applying analysis of the principal components of amino acid physical properties we predicted cathepsin cleavage sites, MHC binding affinity, and probability of B-cell epitope binding of peptides in tetanus toxin and in ten diverse additional proteins. Cross-correlation of these metrics, for peptides of all possible amino acid index positions, each evaluated in the context of a ±25 amino acid flanking region, indicated that there is a strongly repetitive pattern of short peptides of approximately thirty amino acids each bounded by cathepsin cleavage sites and each comprising B-cell linear epitopes, MHC–I and MHC-II binding peptides. Such “immunologic kernel” peptides comprise all signals necessary for adaptive immunologic cognition, response and recall. The patterns described indicate a higher order spatial integration that forms a symbolic logic coordinating the adaptive immune system.
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Kim H, Mazumdar B, Bose SK, Meyer K, Di Bisceglie AM, Hoft DF, Ray R. Hepatitis C virus-mediated inhibition of cathepsin S increases invariant-chain expression on hepatocyte surface. J Virol 2012; 86:9919-28. [PMID: 22761382 PMCID: PMC3446550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00388-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are the main source of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and contain the maximum viral load in an infected person. Chronic HCV infection is characterized by weak cellular immune responses to viral proteins. Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine protease and controls HLA-DR-antigen complex presentation through the degradation of the invariant chain. In this study, we examined the effect of HCV proteins on cathepsin S expression and found it to be markedly decreased in dendritic cells (DCs) exposed to HCV or in hepatocytes expressing HCV proteins. The downregulation of cathepsin S was mediated by HCV core and NS5A proteins involving inhibition of the transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF-1) in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-treated hepatocytes. Inhibition of cathepsin S by HCV proteins increased cell surface expression of the invariant chain. In addition, hepatocytes stably transfected with HCV core or NS5A inhibited HLA-DR expression. Together, these results suggested that HCV has an inhibitory role on cathepsin S-mediated major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II maturation, which may contribute to weak immunogenicity of viral antigens in chronically infected humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandip K. Bose
- Departments of Internal Medicine
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Adrian M. Di Bisceglie
- Departments of Internal Medicine
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Departments of Internal Medicine
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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33
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IRF1 suppresses Ki-67 promoter activity through interfering with Sp1 activation. Tumour Biol 2012; 33:2217-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-012-0483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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Knoblach T, Grandel B, Seiler J, Nevels M, Paulus C. Human cytomegalovirus IE1 protein elicits a type II interferon-like host cell response that depends on activated STAT1 but not interferon-γ. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002016. [PMID: 21533215 PMCID: PMC3077363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a highly prevalent pathogen that, upon primary infection, establishes life-long persistence in all infected individuals. Acute hCMV infections cause a variety of diseases in humans with developmental or acquired immune deficits. In addition, persistent hCMV infection may contribute to various chronic disease conditions even in immunologically normal people. The pathogenesis of hCMV disease has been frequently linked to inflammatory host immune responses triggered by virus-infected cells. Moreover, hCMV infection activates numerous host genes many of which encode pro-inflammatory proteins. However, little is known about the relative contributions of individual viral gene products to these changes in cellular transcription. We systematically analyzed the effects of the hCMV 72-kDa immediate-early 1 (IE1) protein, a major transcriptional activator and antagonist of type I interferon (IFN) signaling, on the human transcriptome. Following expression under conditions closely mimicking the situation during productive infection, IE1 elicits a global type II IFN-like host cell response. This response is dominated by the selective up-regulation of immune stimulatory genes normally controlled by IFN-γ and includes the synthesis and secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines. IE1-mediated induction of IFN-stimulated genes strictly depends on tyrosine-phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and correlates with the nuclear accumulation and sequence-specific binding of STAT1 to IFN-γ-responsive promoters. However, neither synthesis nor secretion of IFN-γ or other IFNs seems to be required for the IE1-dependent effects on cellular gene expression. Our results demonstrate that a single hCMV protein can trigger a pro-inflammatory host transcriptional response via an unexpected STAT1-dependent but IFN-independent mechanism and identify IE1 as a candidate determinant of hCMV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Knoblach
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Grandel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jana Seiler
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nevels
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Paulus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg,
Regensburg, Germany
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Schönefuss A, Wendt W, Schattling B, Schulten R, Hoffmann K, Stuecker M, Tigges C, Lübbert H, Stichel C. Upregulation of cathepsin S in psoriatic keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e80-8. [PMID: 19849712 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00990.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CATS) is a cysteine protease, well known for its role in MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation and extracellular matrix degradation. Disturbance of the expression or metabolism of this protease is a concomitant feature of several diseases. Given this importance we studied the localization and regulation of CATS expression in normal and pathological human/mouse skin. In normal human skin CATS-immunostaining is mainly present in the dermis and is localized in macrophages, Langerhans, T- and endothelial cells, but absent in keratinocytes. In all analyzed pathological skin biopsies, i.e. atopic dermatitis, actinic keratosis and psoriasis, CATS staining is strongly increased in the dermis. But only in psoriasis, CATS-immunostaining is also detectable in keratinocytes. We show that cocultivation with T-cells as well as treatment with cytokines can trigger expression and secretion of CATS, which is involved in MHC II processing in keratinocytes. Our data provide first evidence that CATS expression (i) is selectively induced in psoriatic keratinocytes, (ii) is triggered by T-cells and (iii) might be involved in keratinocytic MHC class II expression, the processing of the MHC class II-associated invariant chain and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. This paper expands our knowledge on the important role of keratinocytes in dermatological disease.
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Creasy BM, McCoy KL. Cytokines regulate cysteine cathepsins during TLR responses. Cell Immunol 2010; 267:56-66. [PMID: 21145045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
TLR activation is an important component of innate immunity but also contributes to the severity of inflammatory diseases. Cysteine cathepsins (Cat) B, L and S, which are endosomal and lysosomal proteases, participate in numerous physiological systems and are upregulated during various inflammatory disorders and cancers. Macrophages have the highest cathepsin expression and are major contributors to inflammation and tissue damage during chronic inflammatory diseases. We investigated the impact of TLR activation on macrophage Cat B, L and S activities using live-cell enzymatic assays. TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 ligands increased intracellular activities of these cathepsins in a differential manner. TLR4-induced cytokines increased proteolytic activities without changing mRNA expression of cathepsins or their endogenous inhibitors. Neutralizing antibodies recognizing TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-β differentially eliminated cathepsin upregulation. These findings indicate cytokines induced by MyD88-dependent and -independent signaling cascades regulate cathepsin activities during macrophage responses to TLR stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine M Creasy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Njie EG, Boelen E, Stassen FR, Steinbusch HWM, Borchelt DR, Streit WJ. Ex vivo cultures of microglia from young and aged rodent brain reveal age-related changes in microglial function. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:195.e1-12. [PMID: 20580465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To understand how microglial cell function may change with aging, various protocols have been developed to isolate microglia from the young and aged central nervous system (CNS). Here we report modification of an existing protocol that is marked by less debris contamination and improved yields and demonstrate that microglial functions are varied and dependent on age. Specifically, we found that microglia from aged mice constitutively secrete greater amounts of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) relative to microglia from younger mice and are less responsive to stimulation. Also, microglia from aged mice have reduced glutathione levels and internalize less amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) while microglia from mice of all ages do not retain the amyloid beta peptide for a significant length of time. These studies offer further support for the idea that microglial cell function changes with aging. They suggest that microglial Aβ phagocytosis results in Aβ redistribution rather than biophysical degradation in vivo and thereby provide mechanistic insight to the lack of amyloid burden elimination by parenchymal microglia in aged adults and those suffering from Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emalick G Njie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine and McKnight Brain Institute, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244, United States.
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Li C, Jiang Y, Li L. A hypothesis--Peptide library generated by cathepsin S might be efficacious for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Vaccine 2010; 28:1135-7. [PMID: 19948264 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Zhou F. Molecular mechanisms of IFN-gamma to up-regulate MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 28:239-60. [PMID: 19811323 DOI: 10.1080/08830180902978120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma up-regulates MHC class I expression and antigen processing and presentation on cells, since IFN-gamma can induce multiple gene expressions that are related to MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. MHC class I antigen presentation-associated gene expression is initiated by IRF-1. IRF-1 expression is initiated by phosphorylated STAT1. IFN-gamma binds to IFN receptors, and then activates JAK1/JAK2/STAT1 signal transduction via phosphorylation of JAK and STAT1 in cells. IFN-gamma up-regulates MHC class I antigen presentation via activation of JAK/STAT1 signal transduction pathway. Mechanisms of IFN-gamma to enhance MHC class I antigen processing and presentation were summarized in this literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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42
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Seo HR, Bae S, Lee YS. Radiation-induced cathepsin S is involved in radioresistance. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1794-801. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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43
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de Nooijer R, Bot I, von der Thüsen JH, Leeuwenburgh MA, Overkleeft HS, Kraaijeveld AO, Dorland R, van Santbrink PJ, van Heiningen SH, Westra MM, Kovanen PT, Jukema JW, van der Wall EE, van Berkel TJC, Shi GP, Biessen EAL. Leukocyte cathepsin S is a potent regulator of both cell and matrix turnover in advanced atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 29:188-94. [PMID: 19095996 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.181578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A dysbalance of proteases and their inhibitors is instrumental in remodeling of atherosclerotic plaques. One of the proteases implicated in matrix degradation is cathepsin-S (CatS). To address its role in advanced lesion composition, we generated chimeric LDLr(-/-) mice deficient in leukocyte CatS by transplantation with CatS(-/-)xLDLr(-/-) or with LDLr(-/-) bone marrow and administered a high-fat diet. METHODS AND RESULTS No difference in aortic root lesion size could be detected between CatS(+/+) and CatS(-/-) chimeras. However, leukocyte CatS deficiency markedly changed plaque morphology and led to a dramatic reduction in necrotic core area by 77% and an abundance of large foam cells. Plaques of CatS(-/-) chimeras contained 17% more macrophages, 62% less SMCs, and 33% less intimal collagen. The latter two could be explained by a reduced number of elastic lamina fractures. Moreover, macrophage apoptosis was reduced by 60% with CatS deficiency. In vitro, CatS was found to be involved in cholesterol metabolism and in macrophage apoptosis in a collagen and fibronectin matrix. CONCLUSIONS Leukocyte CatS deficiency results in considerably altered plaque morphology, with smaller necrotic cores, reduced apoptosis, and decreased SMC content and collagen deposition and may thus be critical in plaque stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R de Nooijer
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Zhou XX, Gao PJ, Sun BG. Pravastatin attenuates interferon-gamma action via modulation of STAT1 to prevent aortic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 36:373-9. [PMID: 19018808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The beneficial effects of pravastatin, beyond that of lowering cholesterol in atherosclerosis, include reducing the action of interferon (IFN)-gamma. Interferon-gamma activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), but it is unclear whether the inhibitory effect of pravastatin in atherosclerosis is via modulation of the IFN-gamma/STAT1 pathway. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine whether the action of pravastatin in preventing aortic atherosclerosis by attenuation of IFN-gamma action is dependent on STAT1. 2. Male apolipoprotein E-knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice were fed a diet containing 1.25% cholesterol (w/w). Mice were divided into two groups, one of which was supplemented with pravastatin (80 mg/kg per day). Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet and served as the control group (n = 12 per group). 3. Atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root were assessed by staining sections haematoxylin and eosin. Serum concentrations of IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in the thoracoabdominal aorta were determined by ELISA and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods, respectively. Expression of phosphorylated STAT1 (pSTAT1), interferon regulating factor (IRF)-1 and suppressors of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1) was determined in the thoracoabdominal aorta using Western blot analysis. 4. After 8 weeks, pravastatin treatment significantly prevented the formation of atherosclerotic lesions (P < 0.05) and reduced serum IFN-gamma concentrations (P < 0.05) and levels of IFN-gamma mRNA within the aorta (P < 0.01). Pravastatin significantly decreased the expressions of pSTAT1 and IRF-1 within the aorta and significantly increased expression of SOCS1. 5. These results suggest that the actions of pravastatin in attenuating the action of IFN-gamma and subsequently preventing aortic atherosclerosis may depend, at least in part, on modulation of STAT1 activity. This providing us with a new therapeutic approach and a clearer insight into the clinical benefits of pravastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Characterisation of γ-interferon responsive promoters in fish. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3454-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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MINEMATSU N, NAKAMURA H, FURUUCHI M, NAKAJIMA T, TAKAHASHI S, TSUJIMURA S, TATENO H, ISHIZAKA A. Common functional polymorphisms in the cathepsin S promoter in Japanese subjects: Possible contribution to pulmonary emphysema. Respirology 2008; 13:498-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hirakawa H, Pierce RA, Bingol-Karakoc G, Karaaslan C, Weng M, Shi GP, Saad A, Weber E, Mariani TJ, Starcher B, Shapiro SD, Cataltepe S. Cathepsin S deficiency confers protection from neonatal hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176:778-85. [PMID: 17673697 PMCID: PMC2020827 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200704-519oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that adversely affects long-term pulmonary function as well as neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants. Elastolytic proteases have been implicated in the pathogenesis of BPD. Cathepsin S (cat S) is a cysteine protease with potent elastolytic activity. Increased levels and activity of cat S have been detected in a baboon model of BPD. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether deficiency of cat S alters the course of hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury in mice. METHODS Newborn wild-type and cat S-deficient mice were exposed to 80% oxygen for 14 days. Histologic and morphometric analysis were performed and bronchoalveolar lavage protein and cells were analyzed. Lung elastin was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, desmosine analysis, and Hart's stain. Distribution of myofibroblasts was analyzed by immunofluorescence. Hydroxyproline content of lung tissues was measured. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Hyperoxia-exposed cat S-deficient mice were protected from growth restriction and had improved alveolarization, decreased septal wall thickness, lower number of macrophages, and lower protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. alpha-Smooth muscle actin-expressing myofibroblasts accounted for at least some of the increased interstitial cellularity in hyperoxia-exposed mouse lungs and were significantly less in cat S-deficient lungs. Lung hydroxyproline content was increased in hyperoxia-exposed wild-type, but not in cat S-deficient lungs. Desmosine content was significantly reduced in both genotypes with hyperoxia. CONCLUSIONS Cathepsin S deficiency improves alveolarization, and attenuates macrophage influx and fibroproliferative changes in hyperoxia-induced neonatal mouse lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hirakawa
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Thorn 1019, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rodríguez N, Mages J, Dietrich H, Wantia N, Wagner H, Lang R, Miethke T. MyD88-dependent changes in the pulmonary transcriptome after infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Physiol Genomics 2007; 30:134-45. [PMID: 17374847 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00011.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterium, causes pneumonia in humans and mice. Toll-like receptors and the key adaptor molecule myeloid differentiation factor-88 (MyD88) play a critical role in inducing immunity against this microorganism and are crucial for survival. To explore the influence of MyD88 on induction of immune responses in vivo on a genome-wide level, wildtype (WT) or MyD88(-/-) mice were infected with C. pneumoniae on anesthesia, and the pulmonary transcriptome was analyzed 3 days later by microarrays. We found that the infection caused pulmonary cellular infiltration in WT but not MyD88(-/-) mice. Furthermore, it induced the transcription of 360 genes and repressed 18 genes in WT mice. Of these, 221 genes were not or weakly induced in lungs of MyD88(-/-) mice. This cluster contains primarily genes encoding for chemokines and cytokines like MIP-1alpha, MIP-2, MIP-1gamma, MCP-1, TNF, and KC and other immune effector molecules like immunoresponsive gene-1 and TLR2. Arginase was highly induced after C. pneumoniae infection and was MyD88 dependent. Genes induced by interferons were abundant in a cluster of 102 genes that were only partially MyD88 dependent. Also, lcn2 (lipocalin-2) and timp1 were represented within this cluster. Interestingly, a set of 37 genes including sprr1a was induced more strongly in MyD88(-/-) mice, and most of them are involved in the regulation of cellular replication. In summary, ex vivo analysis of the pulmonary transcriptome on infection with C. pneumoniae demonstrated a major impact of MyD88 on inflammatory responses but not on interferon-type responses and identified MyD88-independent genes involved in cellular replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Rodríguez
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Maubach G, Lim MCC, Kumar S, Zhuo L. Expression and upregulation of cathepsin S and other early molecules required for antigen presentation in activated hepatic stellate cells upon IFN-gamma treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1773:219-31. [PMID: 17178165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) have been shown to be able to activate T-cells and upregulate expression of surface molecules essential for this process, when treated with IFN-gamma. But little is known about the early molecules expressed by activated hepatic stellate cells under the same treatment. In this study, we investigate the effect of IFN-gamma on the transcription and expression of these early molecules in hepatic stellate cells. We show on the molecular level that activated rat hepatic stellate cells express the class II transactivator, the invariant chain (CD74), the MHC class II molecules, as well as cathepsin S, all of which are known to be responsible for the initial steps of successful antigen presentation. The mRNA and the protein expression level of these molecules is upregulated by IFN-gamma. Importantly, IFN-gamma increases cathepsin S activity, suggesting a possible involvement of this protease in CD74 processing. Our data also show that not only can the HSCs take up antigenic proteins, they can also process them. Our comparative study indicates that the rat HSC-T6 cell line displays sufficient similarity to the activated rat HSCs in order to serve as a model for in vitro studies on the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Maubach
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #04-01, 138669, Singapore.
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Cheng XW, Obata K, Kuzuya M, Izawa H, Nakamura K, Asai E, Nagasaka T, Saka M, Kimata T, Noda A, Nagata K, Jin H, Shi GP, Iguchi A, Murohara T, Yokota M. Elastolytic cathepsin induction/activation system exists in myocardium and is upregulated in hypertensive heart failure. Hypertension 2006; 48:979-87. [PMID: 16982960 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000242331.99369.2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins are cysteine proteases that participate in various types of tissue remodeling. However, their expressions during myocardial remodeling have not been examined. In this study, we investigated their expressions in the left ventricular (LV) myocardium of rats and humans with hypertension-induced LV hypertrophy or heart failure (HF). Real-time PCR and immunoblot analysis revealed that the abundance of cathepsin S mRNA or protein in the LV tissues was greater in rats or humans with HF than in those with hypertrophy or in control subjects. Immunostaining showed that cathepsin S was localized predominantly to cardiac myocytes and coronary vascular smooth muscle cells, but also overlapped in part with macrophages. Elastic lamina fragmentations significantly increased in the LV intramyocardial coronary arteries of HF rats. The amount of elastolytic activity in the extract of the LV myocardium was markedly increased for HF rats compared with controls, and this activity was mostly because of cathepsin S. Although the amount of elastin mRNA was increased in the LV myocardium of HF rats, the area of interstitial elastin was not. The expression of interleukin 1beta was increased in the LV myocardium of HF rats, and this cytokine was found to increase the expression and activity of cathepsin S in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. These results suggest that cathepsin S participates in pathological LV remodeling associated with hypertension-induced HF. This protease is, thus, a potential target for therapeutics aimed at preventing or reversing cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Genome Science, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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