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Sui B, Wang R, Chen C, Kou X, Wu D, Fu Y, Lei F, Wang Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Xu H, Liu Y, Kang J, Liu H, Kwok RTK, Tang BZ, Yan H, Wang M, Xiang L, Yan X, Zhang X, Ma L, Shi S, Jin Y. Apoptotic Vesicular Metabolism Contributes to Organelle Assembly and Safeguards Liver Homeostasis and Regeneration. Gastroenterology 2024; 167:343-356. [PMID: 38342194 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Apoptosis generates plenty of membrane-bound nanovesicles, the apoptotic vesicles (apoVs), which show promise for biomedical applications. The liver serves as a significant organ for apoptotic material removal. Whether and how the liver metabolizes apoptotic vesicular products and contributes to liver health and disease is unrecognized. METHODS apoVs were labeled and traced after intravenous infusion. Apoptosis-deficient mice by Fas mutant (Fasmut) and Caspase-3 knockout (Casp3-/-) were used with apoV replenishment to evaluate the physiological apoV function. Combinations of morphologic, biochemical, cellular, and molecular assays were applied to assess the liver while hepatocyte analysis was performed. Partial hepatectomy and acetaminophen liver failure models were established to investigate liver regeneration and disease recovery. RESULTS We discovered that the liver is a major metabolic organ of circulatory apoVs, in which apoVs undergo endocytosis by hepatocytes via a sugar recognition system. Moreover, apoVs play an indispensable role to counteract hepatocellular injury and liver impairment in apoptosis-deficient mice upon replenishment. Surprisingly, apoVs form a chimeric organelle complex with the hepatocyte Golgi apparatus through the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor machinery, which preserves Golgi integrity, promotes microtubule acetylation by regulating α-tubulin N-acetyltransferase 1, and consequently facilitates hepatocyte cytokinesis for liver recovery. The assembly of the apoV-Golgi complex is further revealed to contribute to liver homeostasis, regeneration, and protection against acute liver failure. CONCLUSIONS These findings establish a previously unrecognized functional and mechanistic framework that apoptosis through vesicular metabolism safeguards liver homeostasis and regeneration, which holds promise for hepatic disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingdong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Runci Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chider Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Wu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangcao Lei
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yijing Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junjun Kang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixiang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ryan Tsz Kin Kwok
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hexin Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Renji Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minjun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xiang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xutong Yan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lan Ma
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songtao Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Ebrahim T, Ebrahim AS, Kandouz M. Diversity of Intercellular Communication Modes: A Cancer Biology Perspective. Cells 2024; 13:495. [PMID: 38534339 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
From the moment a cell is on the path to malignant transformation, its interaction with other cells from the microenvironment becomes altered. The flow of molecular information is at the heart of the cellular and systemic fate in tumors, and various processes participate in conveying key molecular information from or to certain cancer cells. For instance, the loss of tight junction molecules is part of the signal sent to cancer cells so that they are no longer bound to the primary tumors and are thus free to travel and metastasize. Upon the targeting of a single cell by a therapeutic drug, gap junctions are able to communicate death information to by-standing cells. The discovery of the importance of novel modes of cell-cell communication such as different types of extracellular vesicles or tunneling nanotubes is changing the way scientists look at these processes. However, are they all actively involved in different contexts at the same time or are they recruited to fulfill specific tasks? What does the multiplicity of modes mean for the overall progression of the disease? Here, we extend an open invitation to think about the overall significance of these questions, rather than engage in an elusive attempt at a systematic repertory of the mechanisms at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanzeela Ebrahim
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Abdul Shukkur Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Mustapha Kandouz
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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3
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Kandouz M. Cell Death, by Any Other Name…. Cells 2024; 13:325. [PMID: 38391938 PMCID: PMC10886887 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies trying to understand cell death, this ultimate biological process, can be traced back to a century ago. Yet, unlike many other fashionable research interests, research on cell death is more alive than ever. New modes of cell death are discovered in specific contexts, as are new molecular pathways. But what is "cell death", really? This question has not found a definitive answer yet. Nevertheless, part of the answer is irreversibility, whereby cells can no longer recover from stress or injury. Here, we identify the most distinctive features of different modes of cell death, focusing on the executive final stages. In addition to the final stages, these modes can differ in their triggering stimulus, thus referring to the initial stages. Within this framework, we use a few illustrative examples to examine how intercellular communication factors in the demise of cells. First, we discuss the interplay between cell-cell communication and cell death during a few steps in the early development of multicellular organisms. Next, we will discuss this interplay in a fully developed and functional tissue, the gut, which is among the most rapidly renewing tissues in the body and, therefore, makes extensive use of cell death. Furthermore, we will discuss how the balance between cell death and communication is modified during a pathological condition, i.e., colon tumorigenesis, and how it could shed light on resistance to cancer therapy. Finally, we briefly review data on the role of cell-cell communication modes in the propagation of cell death signals and how this has been considered as a potential therapeutic approach. Far from vainly trying to provide a comprehensive review, we launch an invitation to ponder over the significance of cell death diversity and how it provides multiple opportunities for the contribution of various modes of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Kandouz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Çakan E, Ah Kioon MD, Garcia-Carmona Y, Glauzy S, Oliver D, Yamakawa N, Vega Loza A, Du Y, Schickel JN, Boeckers JM, Yang C, Baldo A, Ivashkiv LB, Young RM, Staudt LM, Moody KL, Nündel K, Marshak-Rothstein A, van der Made CI, Hoischen A, Hayward A, Rossato M, Radstake TR, Cunningham-Rundles C, Ryu C, Herzog EL, Barrat FJ, Meffre E. TLR9 ligand sequestration by chemokine CXCL4 negatively affects central B cell tolerance. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230944. [PMID: 37773045 PMCID: PMC10541333 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Central B cell tolerance is believed to be regulated by B cell receptor signaling induced by the recognition of self-antigens in immature B cells. Using humanized mice with defective MyD88, TLR7, or TLR9 expression, we demonstrate that TLR9/MYD88 are required for central B cell tolerance and the removal of developing autoreactive clones. We also show that CXCL4, a chemokine involved in systemic sclerosis (SSc), abrogates TLR9 function in B cells by sequestering TLR9 ligands away from the endosomal compartments where this receptor resides. The in vivo production of CXCL4 thereby impedes both TLR9 responses in B cells and the establishment of central B cell tolerance. We conclude that TLR9 plays an essential early tolerogenic function required for the establishment of central B cell tolerance and that correcting defective TLR9 function in B cells from SSc patients may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to restore B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Çakan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marie Dominique Ah Kioon
- HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yolanda Garcia-Carmona
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Salomé Glauzy
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Oliver
- HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natsuko Yamakawa
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrea Vega Loza
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yong Du
- HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Joshua M. Boeckers
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chao Yang
- HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessia Baldo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lionel B. Ivashkiv
- HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan M. Young
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louis M. Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Krishna L. Moody
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kerstin Nündel
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ann Marshak-Rothstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Caspar I. van der Made
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Hayward
- Warren Alper School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marzia Rossato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Timothy R.D.J. Radstake
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Changwan Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erica L. Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Franck J. Barrat
- HSS Research Institute and David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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5
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Gregory CD. Hijacking homeostasis: Regulation of the tumor microenvironment by apoptosis. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:100-127. [PMID: 37553811 PMCID: PMC10952466 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancers are genetically driven, rogue tissues which generate dysfunctional, obdurate organs by hijacking normal, homeostatic programs. Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved regulated cell death program and a profoundly important homeostatic mechanism that is common (alongside tumor cell proliferation) in actively growing cancers, as well as in tumors responding to cytotoxic anti-cancer therapies. Although well known for its cell-autonomous tumor-suppressive qualities, apoptosis harbors pro-oncogenic properties which are deployed through non-cell-autonomous mechanisms and which generally remain poorly defined. Here, the roles of apoptosis in tumor biology are reviewed, with particular focus on the secreted and fragmentation products of apoptotic tumor cells and their effects on tumor-associated macrophages, key supportive cells in the aberrant homeostasis of the tumor microenvironment. Historical aspects of cell loss in tumor growth kinetics are considered and the impact (and potential impact) on tumor growth of apoptotic-cell clearance (efferocytosis) as well as released soluble and extracellular vesicle-associated factors are discussed from the perspectives of inflammation, tissue repair, and regeneration programs. An "apoptosis-centric" view is proposed in which dying tumor cells provide an important platform for intricate intercellular communication networks in growing cancers. The perspective has implications for future research and for improving cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarterEdinburghUK
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6
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Gregory CD, Rimmer MP. Extracellular vesicles arising from apoptosis: forms, functions, and applications. J Pathol 2023; 260:592-608. [PMID: 37294158 PMCID: PMC10952477 DOI: 10.1002/path.6138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed subcellular bodies produced by most, if not all cells. Research over the last two decades has recognised the importance of EVs in intercellular communication and horizontal transfer of biological material. EVs range in diameter from tens of nanometres up to several micrometres and are able to transfer a spectrum of biologically active cargoes - from whole organelles, through macromolecules including nucleic acids and proteins, to metabolites and small molecules - from their cells of origin to recipient cells, which may consequently become physiologically or pathologically altered. Based on their modes of biogenesis, the most renowned EV classes are (1) microvesicles, (2) exosomes (both produced by healthy cells), and (3) EVs from cells undergoing regulated death by apoptosis (ApoEVs). Microvesicles bud directly from the plasma membrane, while exosomes are derived from endosomal compartments. Current knowledge of the formation and functional properties of ApoEVs lags behind that of microvesicles and exosomes, but burgeoning evidence indicates that ApoEVs carry manifold cargoes, including mitochondria, ribosomes, DNA, RNAs, and proteins, and perform diverse functions in health and disease. Here we review this evidence, which demonstrates substantial diversity in the luminal and surface membrane cargoes of ApoEVs, permitted by their very broad size range (from around 50 nm to >5 μm; the larger often termed apoptotic bodies), strongly suggests their origins through both microvesicle- and exosome-like biogenesis pathways, and indicates routes through which they interact with recipient cells. We discuss the capacity of ApoEVs to recycle cargoes and modulate inflammatory, immunological, and cell fate programmes in normal physiology and in pathological scenarios such as cancer and atherosclerosis. Finally, we provide a perspective on clinical applications of ApoEVs in diagnostics and therapeutics. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation ResearchInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Michael P Rimmer
- Centre for Reproductive HealthInstitute for Regeneration and Repair, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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7
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Bernardo-Bermejo S, Sánchez-López E, Castro-Puyana M, Fernández-Martínez AB, Lucio-Cazaña FJ, Marina ML. Exploring the Metabolic Differences between Cisplatin- and UV Light-Induced Apoptotic Bodies in HK-2 Cells by an Untargeted Metabolomics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087237. [PMID: 37108400 PMCID: PMC10138416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the extracellular vesicles, apoptotic bodies (ABs) are only formed during the apoptosis and perform a relevant role in the pathogenesis of different diseases. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ABs from human renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells, either induced by cisplatin or by UV light, can lead to further apoptotic death in naïve HK-2 cells. Thus, the aim of this work was to carry out a non-targeted metabolomic approach to study if the apoptotic stimulus (cisplatin or UV light) affects in a different way the metabolites involved in the propagation of apoptosis. Both ABs and their extracellular fluid were analyzed using a reverse-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry setup. Principal components analysis showed a tight clustering of each experimental group and partial least square discriminant analysis was used to assess the metabolic differences existing between these groups. Considering the variable importance in the projection values, molecular features were selected and some of them could be identified either unequivocally or tentatively. The resulting pathways indicated that there are significant, stimulus-specific differences in metabolites abundancies that may propagate apoptosis to healthy proximal tubular cells; thus, we hypothesize that the share in apoptosis of these metabolites might vary depending on the apoptotic stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bernardo-Bermejo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km.33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km.33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Ana B Fernández-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Cantoblanco, Calle Darwin, 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Lucio-Cazaña
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km.33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química Andrés M. del Río, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
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8
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Sachdeva R, Pal R. A pregnancy hormone-cell death link promotes enhanced lupus-specific immunological effects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051779. [PMID: 36505418 PMCID: PMC9730325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Women of reproductive age demonstrate an increased incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus, and reproductive hormones have been implicated in disease progression. Additionally, pregnancy can be associated with disease "flares", the reasons for which remain obscure. While apoptotic bodies are believed to provide an autoantigenic trigger in lupus, whether autoantigenic constituents vary with varying cellular insults, and whether such variations can be immunologically consequential in the context of pregnancy, remains unknown. As assessed by antigenicity and mass spectrometry, apoptotic bodies elicited by different drugs demonstrated the differential presence of lupus-associated autoantigens, and varied in the ability to elicit lupus-associated cytokines from lupus splenocytes and alter the phenotype of lupus B cells. Immunization of tamoxifen-induced apoptotic bodies in lupus-prone mice generated higher humoral autoreactive responses than did immunization with cisplatin-induced apoptotic bodies, and both apoptotic bodies were poorly immunogenic in healthy mice. Incubation of lupus splenocytes (but not healthy splenocytes) with the pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) along with tamoxifen-induced apoptotic bodies (but not cisplatin-induced apoptotic bodies) induced increases in the secretion of lupus-associated cytokines and in the up-modulation of B cell phenotypic markers. In addition, levels of secreted autoantibodies (including of specificities linked to lupus pathogenesis) were enhanced. These events were associated with the heightened phosphorylation of several signaling intermediates. Observations suggest that hCG is a potential disease-promoting co-stimulant in a lupus-milieu; when combined with specific apoptotic bodies, it enhances the intensity of multiple lupus-associated events. These findings deepen mechanistic insight into the hormone's links with autoreactive responses in lupus-prone mice and humans.
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Zhao Y, Wei W, Liu ML. Extracellular vesicles and lupus nephritis - New insights into pathophysiology and clinical implications. J Autoimmun 2020; 115:102540. [PMID: 32893081 PMCID: PMC9107953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a major cause for overall morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), while its pathogenic mechanisms are still not well understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles that are released from almost all cell types. EVs can be subdivided into exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Latest studies have shown that EVs can be released during several cellular events, including cell activation, autophagy, and several types of programed cell death, i.e. apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and NETosis. Emerging evidence demonstrates that EVs harbor different bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, cytokines, immune complexes (ICs), complements, and other molecules, some of which may contribute to pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. EVs can serve as novel information shuttle to mediate local autocrine or paracrine signals to nearby cells, and distant endocrine signals to cells located far away. In LN, EVs may have pathogenic effects by transportation of autoantigens or complements, promotion of IC deposition or complement activation, and stimulation of inflammatory responses, renal tissue injury, or microthrombus formation. Additionally, EVs released from kidney cells may serve as specific biomarkers for diagnosis or monitoring of disease activity and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress about EV generation from basic research, their potential pathologic effects on LN, and their clinical implications. The cutting-edge knowledge about EV research provides insights into novel therapeutic strategy, new tools for diagnosis or prognosis, and evaluation approaches for treatment effectiveness in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300020, China.
| | - Ming-Lin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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10
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Li M, Liao L, Tian W. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Apoptotic Cells: An Essential Link Between Death and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573511. [PMID: 33134295 PMCID: PMC7561711 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a universal and continuous event during tissue development, restoration, repair, and regeneration. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that apoptosis is essential for the activation of tissue regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. A striking development in recent years comes from research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from apoptotic cells. During apoptosis, cells secrete vesicles of various sizes containing various components. Apoptotic cell-derived EVs (ApoEVs) have been found to transit to neighboring cells or cells in distant tissues through the circulation. These vesicles could act as containers to transmit the nucleic acid, protein, and lipid signals to target cells. ApoEVs have been shown to promote regeneration in the cardiovascular system, skin, bone, muscle, kidney, etc. Moreover, several specific signaling pathways mediating the anabolic effects of ApoEVs have been classified. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the latest findings on the function of ApoEVs in tissue regeneration and disease prevention. These findings may reveal unexpected clues regarding the regulatory network between cell death and tissue regeneration and suggest novel targets for regenerative medicine. The findings discussed here also raise the question whether and to what extent ApoEVs contribute to embryonic development. This question is all the more urgent because the exact functions of apoptotic events during numerous developmental processes are still largely unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojiao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Mohan A, Agarwal S, Clauss M, Britt NS, Dhillon NK. Extracellular vesicles: novel communicators in lung diseases. Respir Res 2020; 21:175. [PMID: 32641036 PMCID: PMC7341477 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung is the organ with the highest vascular density in the human body. It is therefore perceivable that the endothelium of the lung contributes significantly to the circulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. In addition to the endothelium, EVs may arise from alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Because EVs harbor cargo molecules, such as miRNA, mRNA, and proteins, these intercellular communicators provide important insight into the health and disease condition of donor cells and may serve as useful biomarkers of lung disease processes. This comprehensive review focuses on what is currently known about the role of EVs as markers and mediators of lung pathologies including COPD, pulmonary hypertension, asthma, lung cancer and ALI/ARDS. We also explore the role EVs can potentially serve as therapeutics for these lung diseases when released from healthy progenitor cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Mohan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Stuti Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicholas S Britt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA. .,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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12
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García-Pastor C, Blázquez-Serra R, Bosch RJ, Lucio Cazaña FJ, Fernández-Martínez AB. Apoptosis and cell proliferation in proximal tubular cells exposed to apoptotic bodies. Novel pathophysiological implications in cisplatin-induced renal injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:2504-2515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Salem D, Subang R, Pernet E, Divangahi M, Pineau C, Cayrol R, Levine JS, Rauch J. Necroptotic cell binding of β 2 -glycoprotein I provides a potential autoantigenic stimulus in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:799-814. [PMID: 31187539 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the development of autoantibodies against diverse self-antigens with damage to multiple organs. Immunization with the SLE autoantigen β2 -glycoprotein I (β2 GPI) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a known trigger of necroptosis, induces a murine model of SLE. We hypothesized that necroptotic cells, like apoptotic cells, provide a "scaffold" of cellular self-antigens, but, unlike apoptotic cells, necroptotic cells do so in a proinflammatory and immunogenic context. We demonstrate that β2 GPI indeed binds to necroptotic cells and serves as a target for anti-β2 GPI autoantibodies. We further demonstrate that necroptotic, but not apoptotic, cells promote antigenic presentation of β2 GPI to CD4 T cells by dendritic cells. Finally, we show that β2 GPI/LPS-immunized mice deficient in RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 3) or MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain like), and consequently unable to undergo necroptosis, have reduced SLE autoantibody production and pathology. RIPK3-/- mice had low levels of SLE autoantibodies and no renal pathology, while MLKL-/- mice produced low levels of SLE autoantibodies initially, but later developed levels comparable with wild type (WT) mice and pathology intermediate to that of WT and RIPK3-/- mice. Serum cytokine levels induced by LPS tended to be lower in RIPK3-/- and MLKL-/- mice than in WT mice, suggesting that impaired proinflammatory cytokine production may impact the initiation of autoantibody production in both strains. Our data suggest that self-antigen (i.e. β2 GPI) presented in the context of necroptosis and proinflammatory signals may be sufficient to overcome immune tolerance and induce SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Salem
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Programme, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rebecca Subang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Programme, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erwan Pernet
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Pineau
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Programme, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jerrold S Levine
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joyce Rauch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Programme, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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14
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Poon IKH, Parkes MAF, Jiang L, Atkin-Smith GK, Tixeira R, Gregory CD, Ozkocak DC, Rutter SF, Caruso S, Santavanond JP, Paone S, Shi B, Hodge AL, Hulett MD, Chow JDY, Phan TK, Baxter AA. Moving beyond size and phosphatidylserine exposure: evidence for a diversity of apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles in vitro. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1608786. [PMID: 31069027 PMCID: PMC6493268 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1608786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that occurs throughout life as part of normal development as well as pathologic processes including chronic inflammation and infection. Although the death of a cell is often considered as the only biological outcome of a cell committed to apoptosis, it is becoming increasingly clear that the dying cell can actively communicate with other cells via soluble factors as well as membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) to regulate processes including cell clearance, immunity and tissue repair. Compared to EVs generated from viable cells such as exosomes and microvesicles, apoptotic cell-derived EVs (ApoEVs) are less well defined and the basic criteria for ApoEV characterization have not been established in the field. In this study, we will examine the current understanding of ApoEVs, in particular, the ApoEV subtype called apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs). We described that a subset of ApoBDs can be larger than 5 μm and smaller than 1 μm based on flow cytometry and live time-lapse microscopy analysis, respectively. We also described that a subset of ApoBDs can expose a relatively low level of phosphatidylserine on its surface based on annexin A5 staining. Furthermore, we characterized the presence of caspase-cleaved proteins (in particular plasma membrane-associated or cytoplasmic proteins) in samples enriched in ApoBDs. Lastly, using a combination of biochemical-, live imaging- and flow cytometry-based approaches, we characterized the progressive lysis of ApoBDs. Taken together, these results extended our understanding of ApoBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael A F Parkes
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lanzhou Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Georgia K Atkin-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rochelle Tixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher D Gregory
- MRC Centre for inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dilara C Ozkocak
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie F Rutter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Caruso
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jascinta P Santavanond
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephanie Paone
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bo Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy L Hodge
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jenny D Y Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thanh Kha Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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15
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Wu AYT, Ueda K, Lai CPK. Proteomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Diagnostics. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800162. [PMID: 30334355 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes and microvesicles are lipid bilayer-encapsulated nanoparticles released by cells, ranging from 40 nm to several microns in diameter. Biological cargoes including proteins, RNAs, and DNAs can be ferried by EVs to neighboring and distant cells via biofluids, serving as a means of cell-to-cell communication under normal and pathological conditions, especially cancers. On the other hand, EVs have been investigated as a novel "information capsule" for early disease detection and monitoring via liquid biopsy. This review summarizes current advancements in EV subtype characterization, cancer EV capture, proteomic analysis technologies, as well as possible EV-based multiomics for cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Yan-Tang Wu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Project for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Japan
| | - Charles Pin-Kuang Lai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Weng NJH, Cheung C, Talbot P. Dynamic blebbing: A bottleneck to human embryonic stem cell culture that can be overcome by Laminin-Integrin signaling. Stem Cell Res 2018; 33:233-246. [PMID: 30458343 PMCID: PMC6414319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterizes dynamic and apoptotic blebbing in human embryonic stem cells (hESC), identifies dynamic blebbing as a bottleneck to successful cell attachment during passaging, and demonstrates that dynamic blebbing can be rapidly stopped by plating cells on recombinant human laminin. In freshly plated hESC, dynamic and apoptotic blebbing differed in time of occurrence, bleb retraction rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and caspase 3&7 activation. While dynamic blebbing can be controlled with drugs that inhibit myosin II, these methods have off-target effects and are not suitable for clinical applications. Recombinant human laminin-521 or addition of laminin-111 to Matrigel provided a safe method to drastically decrease dynamic blebbing and improve cell attachment with proteins normally found in the inner cell mass. Inhibition of focal adhesion kinase, which is activated by binding of integrins to laminin, prolonged dynamic blebbing and inhibited attachment. These data show that hESC bind rapidly to laminins through an integrin, which activates focal adhesion kinase that in turn downregulates dynamic blebbing. Laminins enabled hESC to rapidly attach during passaging, improved plating efficiency, enabled passaging of single pluripotent stem cells, and avoided use of inhibitors that have non-specific off-target effects. These data provide a strategy for improving hESC culture using biologically safe recombinant human proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Jo-Hao Weng
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Cindy Cheung
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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17
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Dwivedi N, Radic M. Burning controversies in NETs and autoimmunity: The mysteries of cell death and autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2018; 51:267-280. [PMID: 30417698 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2018.1523395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The causes and mechanisms of autoimmune disease pose continuing challenges to the scientific community. Recent clues implicate a peculiar feature of neutrophils, their ability to release nuclear chromatin in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), in the induction or progression of autoimmune disease. Efforts to define the beneficial versus detrimental effects of NET release have, as yet, only partially revealed mechanisms that guide this process. Evidence suggests that the process of NET release is highly regulated, but the details of regulation remain controversial and obscure. Without a better understanding of the factors that initiate and control NET formation, the judicious modification of neutrophil behaviour for medically useful purposes appears remote. We highlight gaps and inconsistencies in published work, which make NETs and their role in health and disease a puzzle that deserves more focused attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Dwivedi
- a TIP Immunology , EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Inc , Billerica , MA , USA
| | - Marko Radic
- b Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA
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18
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Shamilov R, Aneskievich BJ. TNIP1 in Autoimmune Diseases: Regulation of Toll-like Receptor Signaling. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:3491269. [PMID: 30402506 PMCID: PMC6192141 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3491269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TNIP1 protein is increasingly being recognized as a key repressor of inflammatory signaling and a potential factor in multiple autoimmune diseases. In addition to earlier foundational reports of TNIP1 SNPs in human autoimmune diseases and TNIP1 protein-protein interaction with receptor regulating proteins, more recent studies have identified new potential interaction partners and signaling pathways likely modulated by TNIP1. Subdomains within the TNIP1 protein as well as how they interact with ubiquitin have not only been mapped but inflammatory cell- and tissue-specific consequences subsequent to their defective function are being recognized and related to human disease states such as lupus, scleroderma, and psoriasis. In this review, we emphasize receptor signaling complexes and regulation of cytoplasmic signaling steps downstream of TLR given their association with some of the same autoimmune diseases where TNIP1 has been implicated. TNIP1 dysfunction or deficiency may predispose healthy cells to the inflammatory response to otherwise innocuous TLR ligand exposure. The recognition of the anti-inflammatory roles of TNIP1 and improved integrated understanding of its physical and functional association with other signaling pathway proteins may position TNIP1 as a candidate target for the design and/or testing of next-generation anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rambon Shamilov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Brian J. Aneskievich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
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19
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Dong X, Zheng Z, Zhai Y, Zheng Y, Ding J, Jiang J, Zhu P. ACPA mediates the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:845-853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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20
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Simon C, Greening DW, Bolumar D, Balaguer N, Salamonsen LA, Vilella F. Extracellular Vesicles in Human Reproduction in Health and Disease. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:292-332. [PMID: 29390102 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive evidence suggests that the release of membrane-enclosed compartments, more commonly known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), is a potent newly identified mechanism of cell-to-cell communication both in normal physiology and in pathological conditions. This review presents evidence about the formation and release of different EVs, their definitive markers and cargo content in reproductive physiological processes, and their capacity to convey information between cells through the transfer of functional protein and genetic information to alter phenotype and function of recipient cells associated with reproductive biology. In the male reproductive tract, epididymosomes and prostasomes participate in regulating sperm motility activation, capacitation, and acrosome reaction. In the female reproductive tract, follicular fluid, oviduct/tube, and uterine cavity EVs are considered as vehicles to carry information during oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo-maternal crosstalk. EVs via their cargo might be also involved in the triggering, maintenance, and progression of reproductive- and obstetric-related pathologies such as endometriosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and erectile dysfunction. In this review, we provide current knowledge on the present and future use of EVs not only as biomarkers, but also as therapeutic targeting agents, mainly as vectors for drug or compound delivery into target cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Simon
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - David W Greening
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Bolumar
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Balaguer
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lois A Salamonsen
- Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felipe Vilella
- Igenomix Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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21
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Radic M, Pattanaik D. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:969. [PMID: 29867951 PMCID: PMC5949565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by the production of antibodies that bind the phospholipid-binding protein β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) or that directly recognize negatively charged membrane phospholipids in a manner that may contribute to arterial or venous thrombosis. Clinically, the binding of antibodies to β2GPI could contribute to pathogenesis by formation of immune complexes or modification of coagulation steps that operate along cell surfaces. However, additional events are likely to play a role in pathogenesis, including platelet and endothelial cell activation. Recent studies focus on neutrophil release of chromatin in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps as an important disease contributor. Jointly, the participation of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in aspects of the APS make the complete understanding of crucial steps in pathogenesis extremely difficult. Only coordinated and comprehensive analyses, carried out in different clinical and research settings, are likely to advance the understanding of this complex disease condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Debendra Pattanaik
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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22
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Thiyagarajan D, Pedersen HL, Seredkina N, Horvei KD, Arranz L, Sonneveld R, Nijenhuis T, van der Vlag J, Rekvig OP. IL-1β Promotes a New Function of DNase I as a Transcription Factor for the Fas Receptor Gene. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:7. [PMID: 29468159 PMCID: PMC5807897 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we described that endonuclease inactive DNase I translocated into the nucleus in response to increased endogenous IL-1β expression. Here, we demonstrate impact and function of translocated DNase I in tubular cells. Effect of cytokines on expression level and nuclear localisation of DNase I and corresponding levels of Fas receptor (FasR) and IL-1β were determined by confocal microscopy, qPCR and western blot analyses, in presence or absence of siRNA against IL-1β and DNase I mRNA. Nuclear DNase I bound to the FAS promotor region as determined by chromatin immuno-precipitation analysis. Data demonstrate that; (i) translocation of DNase I depended on endogenous de novo-expressed IL-1β, (ii) nuclear DNase I bound FAS DNA, (iii) FasR expression increased after translocation of DNase I, (iv) interaction of exogenous Fas ligand (FasL) with upregulated FasR induced apoptosis in human tubular cells stimulated with TNFα. Thus, translocated DNase I most probably binds the promoter region of the FAS gene and function as a transcription factor for FasR. In conclusion, DNase I not only executes chromatin degradation during apoptosis and necrosis, but also primes the cells for apoptosis by enhancing FasR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Thiyagarajan
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hege L. Pedersen
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Natalya Seredkina
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjersti D. Horvei
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Lorena Arranz
- Stem Cell Aging and Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ramon Sonneveld
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johan van der Vlag
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ole P. Rekvig
- RNA and Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Atkin-Smith GK, Paone S, Zanker DJ, Duan M, Phan TK, Chen W, Hulett MD, Poon IKH. Isolation of cell type-specific apoptotic bodies by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39846. [PMID: 28057919 PMCID: PMC5216387 DOI: 10.1038/srep39846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs) are membrane-bound extracellular vesicles that can mediate intercellular communication in physiological and pathological settings. By combining recently developed analytical strategies with fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we have developed a method that enables the isolation of ApoBDs from cultured cells to 99% purity. In addition, this approach also enables the identification and isolation of cell type-specific ApoBDs from tissue, bodily fluid and blood-derived samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia K Atkin-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Stephanie Paone
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Damien J Zanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Mubing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Than K Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Gupta S, Kaplan MJ. The role of neutrophils and NETosis in autoimmune and renal diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:402-13. [PMID: 27241241 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders characterized by a failure in self-tolerance to a wide variety of autoantigens. In genetically predisposed individuals, these diseases occur as a multistep process in which environmental factors have key roles in the development of abnormal innate and adaptive immune responses. Experimental evidence collected in the past decade suggests that neutrophils - the most abundant type of white blood cell - might have an important role in the pathogenesis of these diseases by contributing to the initiation and perpetuation of immune dysregulation through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and direct tissue damage. Many of the molecules externalized through NET formation are considered to be key autoantigens and might be involved in the generation of autoimmune responses in predisposed individuals. In several systemic autoimmune diseases, the imbalance between NET formation and degradation might increase the half-life of these lattices, which could enhance the exposure of the immune system to modified autoantigens and increase the capacity for NET-induced organ damage. This Review details the role of neutrophils and NETs in the pathophysiology of systemic autoimmune diseases, including their effect on renal damage, and discusses neutrophil targets as potential novel therapies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Gupta
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Room 6D 47C, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1930, USA
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Room 6D 47C, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1930, USA
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25
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Exploiting death: apoptotic immunity in microbial pathogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:990-6. [PMID: 26943319 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity typically is responsible for initial host responses against infections. Independently, nucleated cells that die normally as part of the physiological process of homeostasis in mammals (including humans) suppress immunity. Specifically, the physiological process of cell death (apoptosis) generates cells that are recognized specifically by viable cells of all types and elicit a profound transient suppression of host immunity (termed 'innate apoptotic immunity' (IAI)). IAI appears to be important normally for the maintenance of self-tolerance and for the resolution of inflammation. In addition, pathogens are able to take advantage of IAI through a variety of distinct mechanisms, to enable their proliferation within the host and enhance pathogenicity. For example, the protist pathogen Leishmania amazonensis, at its infective stage, mimics apoptotic cells by expressing apoptotic-like protein determinants on the cell surface, triggering immunosuppression directly. In contrast, the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes triggers cell death in host lymphocytes, relying on those apoptotic cells to suppress host immune control and facilitate bacterial expansion. Finally, although the inhibition of apoptotic cell death is a common attribute of many viruses which facilitates their extended replication, it is clear that adenoviruses also reprogram the non-apoptotic dead cells that arise subsequently to manifest apoptotic-like immunosuppressive properties. These three instances represent diverse strategies used by microbial pathogens to exploit IAI, focusing attention on the potency of this facet of host immune control. Further examination of these cases will be revealing both of varied mechanisms of pathogenesis and the processes involved in IAI control.
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Malik M, Arora P, Sachdeva R, Sharma L, Ramachandran VG, Pal R. Elucidation of the potential disease-promoting influence of IgM apoptotic cell-reactive antibodies in lupus. Lupus 2016; 25:684-98. [DOI: 10.1177/0961203315624023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The undigested remnants of apoptosis are believed to stimulate the generation of autoantibodies in lupus. The biological properties of initiator, disease-specific IgM antibodies that specifically recognize apoptotic cells, readily detected in the sera of lupus patients, remain unclear. Apoptotic cell-reactive IgM monoclonal antibodies (generated from lupus-prone mice), as opposed to control IgM, preferentially stimulated maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) derived from such mice, relative to BMDCs derived from healthy mice. An influence of both antibody specificity and cell genotype was also apparent in the secretion of signature inflammatory cytokines. Immunization of such antibodies in lupus-prone animals induced increases in total serum IgG levels, with the elicited antibodies also preferentially recognizing moieties on dying cells. An expanded specificity was apparent both upon Western blot on cellular lysate and from the enhanced recognition of dsDNA, Ro60, RNP68 and Sm; the antibody most efficient in mediating autoreactive diversity, while being germline encoded, also induced the highest degree of phenotypic changes on BMDCs. Apoptotic cell-reactive IgM antibodies may therefore be potentially capable of influencing the course of systemic autoimmune disease by affecting both innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malik
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences & Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - P Arora
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - R Sachdeva
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - L Sharma
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - V G Ramachandran
- Department of Microbiology, University College of Medical Sciences & Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - R Pal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Microvesicles as a potential biomarker of neoplastic diseases and their role in development and progression of neoplasm. MENOPAUSE REVIEW 2015; 14:283-91. [PMID: 26848301 PMCID: PMC4733904 DOI: 10.5114/pm.2015.56540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic diseases together with cardiovascular diseases are the most frequent causes of death in the Polish population. Cancers of reproductive organs with breast cancer are responsible for the highest morbidity and mortality in women suffering from neoplasm diseases. Asymptomatic dynamics of the development of a neoplasm and no deviations from the normal level of laboratory results contribute to the fact that malignant diseases are diagnosed too late. The aim of modern medicine is to diagnose cancer at the earliest stage, however, there is no sufficiently sensitive and specific biomarker which can be used for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Cellular interactions play the main role in the development, angiogenesis and invasiveness of a tumor. Recent research suggests the possibility of microvesicles (MVs) involvement in communication between cells. The MVs ability to fuse with various cells is used in cell-to-cell contact. Microvesicles cargo may include growth factors, their receptors, protease, adhesion molecules, signaling molecules and the sequence of DNA, mRNA, and micro-RNA. Larger quantities of MVs released from neoplastic cells affect both the local environment and systematic range causing metastases and progression. The research on molecular mechanisms of MVs’ release and the presence of characteristic oncogenes in blood of patients with neoplasms is being carried out. Confirmation of MVs presence in patients’ serum can potentially serve as useful information for therapeutic purposes and as the biomarker of a neoplastic disease.
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28
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Detanico T, Guo W, Wysocki LJ. Predominant role for activation-induced cytidine deaminase in generating IgG anti-nucleosomal antibodies of murine SLE. J Autoimmun 2015; 58:67-77. [PMID: 25634361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serum IgG anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) directed to complexes of DNA and histones are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and reflect a failure in lymphocyte self-tolerance. A prior study utilizing spontaneously autoimmune B6.Nba2 mice deficient in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and with heterozygous deficiencies in Jh and Igk loci underscored the importance of somatic hypermutation (SHM) as a major generator of SLE-associated ANA. This interpretation had to be qualified because of severely limited opportunities for receptor editing and restricted VHCDR3 diversity. Therefore, we performed the converse study using mice that carried functional Tdt genes and wild type Jh and Igk loci but that could not undergo SHM. Analyses of ANA and ANA-producing hybridomas from B6.Nba2 Aicda(-/-) mice revealed that few animals produced high titers of the prototypical ANA directed to complexes of histones and DNA, that this response was delayed and that those cells that did produce such antibody exhibited limited clonal expansion, unusual Jk use and only infrequent dual receptor expression. This, together with the additional finding of an intrinsic propensity for SHM to generate Arg codons selectively in CDRs, reinforce the view that most IgG autoimmune clones producing prototypical anti-nucleosome antibodies in wild type mice are created by SHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Detanico
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Wenzhong Guo
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lawrence J Wysocki
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA.
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29
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Lai FW, Lichty BD, Bowdish DME. Microvesicles: ubiquitous contributors to infection and immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:237-45. [PMID: 25473096 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0513-292rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MVs, which can be subgrouped into exosomes, SVs, and OMVs, are secreted by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Many previously inexplicable phenomena can be explained by the existence of these vesicles, as they appear to be important in a wide range of biologic processes, such as intercellular communication and transfer of functional genetic information. In this review, we discuss the immunologic roles of MVs during sterile insult and infectious disease. MVs contribute to clotting initiation, cell recruitment, and neovascularization during wound healing. In the context of pathogen infection, both the host and the pathogen use MVs for communication and defense. MVs are exploited by various viruses to evade the host immune response and contribute to viral spread. Bacteria produce MVs that contain virulence factors that contribute to disease pathology and antibiotic resistance. This review summarizes the role of MVs in the pathology and resolution of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances W Lai
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Sánchez-Pernaute O. Autoimmune flares. The hows, whens, and whys of killing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 11:1-2. [PMID: 25454835 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sánchez-Pernaute
- Rheumatology Division, Unit for Autoimmune Diseases, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Avda Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Radic M. Clearance of Apoptotic Bodies, NETs, and Biofilm DNA: Implications for Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:365. [PMID: 25126089 PMCID: PMC4115591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, TN , USA
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32
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Review: Antinucleosome Antibodies: A Critical Reflection on Their Specificities and Diagnostic Impact. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1061-9. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Dwivedi N, Radic M. Citrullination of autoantigens implicates NETosis in the induction of autoimmunity. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:483-91. [PMID: 24291655 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance blocks the expression of autoantibodies, whereas autoimmunity promotes it. How tolerance breaks and autoantibody production begins thus are crucial questions for understanding and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Evidence implicates cell death and autoantigen modifications in the initiation of autoimmune reactions. One form of neutrophil cell death called NETosis deserves attention because it requires the post-translational modification of histones and results in the extracellular release of chromatin. NETosis received its name from NET, the acronym given to Neutrophil Extracellular Trap. The extracellular chromatin incorporates histones in which arginines have been converted to citrullines by peptidylarginine deiminase IV (PAD4). The deiminated chromatin may function to capture or 'trap' bacterial pathogens, thus generating an extracellular complex of deiminated histones and bacterial cell adjuvants. The complex of bacterial antigens and deiminated chromatin may be internalised by host phagocytes during acute inflammatory conditions, as arise during bacterial infections or chronic autoinflammatory disorders. The uptake and processing of deiminated chromatin together with bacterial adjuvants by phagocytes may induce the presentation of modified histone epitopes and co-stimulation, thus yielding a powerful stimulus to break tolerance. Autoantibodies to deiminated histones are prevalent in Felty's syndrome patients and are present in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). These observations clearly implicate histone deimination as an epigenetic mark that can act as an autoantibody stimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Dwivedi
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, , Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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34
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Borthakur A, Bhattacharyya S, Kumar A, Anbazhagan AN, Tobacman JK, Dudeja PK. Lactobacillus acidophilus alleviates platelet-activating factor-induced inflammatory responses in human intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75664. [PMID: 24130731 PMCID: PMC3794005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been used as alternative prevention and therapy modalities in intestinal inflammatory disorders including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Pathophysiology of IBD and NEC includes the production of diverse lipid mediators, including platelet-activating factor (PAF) that mediate inflammatory responses in the disease. PAF is known to activate NF-κB, however, the mechanisms of PAF-induced inflammation are not fully defined. We have recently described a novel PAF-triggered pathway of NF-κB activation and IL-8 production in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), requiring the pivotal role of the adaptor protein Bcl10 and its interactions with CARMA3 and MALT1. The current studies examined the potential role of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus in reversing the PAF-induced, Bcl10-dependent NF-κB activation and IL-8 production in IECs. PAF treatment (5 µM×24 h) of NCM460 and Caco-2 cells significantly increased nuclear p65 NF-κB levels and IL-8 secretion (2-3-fold, P<0.05), compared to control, which were blocked by pretreatment of the cells for 6 h with L. acidophilus (LA) or its culture supernatant (CS), followed by continued treatments with PAF for 24 h. LA-CS also attenuated PAF-induced increase in Bcl10 mRNA and protein levels and Bcl10 promoter activity. LA-CS did not alter PAF-induced interaction of Bcl10 with CARMA3, but attenuated Bcl10 interaction with MALT1 and also PAF-induced ubiquitination of IKKγ. Efficacy of bacteria-free CS of LA in counteracting PAF-induced inflammatory cascade suggests that soluble factor(s) in the CS of LA mediate these effects. These results define a novel mechanism by which probiotics counteract PAF-induced inflammation in IECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Borthakur
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sumit Bhattacharyya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arivarasu Natarajan Anbazhagan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joanne K. Tobacman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Pradeep K. Dudeja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Havukainen H, Münch D, Baumann A, Zhong S, Halskau Ø, Krogsgaard M, Amdam GV. Vitellogenin recognizes cell damage through membrane binding and shields living cells from reactive oxygen species. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28369-81. [PMID: 23897804 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.465021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Large lipid transfer proteins are involved in lipid transportation and diverse other molecular processes. These serum proteins include vitellogenins, which are egg yolk precursors and pathogen pattern recognition receptors, and apolipoprotein B, which is an anti-inflammatory cholesterol carrier. In the honey bee, vitellogenin acts as an antioxidant, and elevated vitellogenin titer is linked to prolonged life span in this animal. Here, we show that vitellogenin has cell and membrane binding activity and that it binds preferentially to dead and damaged cells. Vitellogenin binds directly to phosphatidylcholine liposomes and with higher affinity to liposomes containing phosphatidylserine, a lipid of the inner leaflet of cell membranes that is exposed in damaged cells. Vitellogenin binding to live cells, furthermore, improves cell oxidative stress tolerance. This study can shed more light on why large lipid transfer proteins have a well conserved α-helical domain, because we locate the lipid bilayer-binding ability of vitellogenin largely to this region. We suggest that recognition of cell damage and oxidation shield properties are two mechanisms that allow vitellogenin to extend honey bee life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Havukainen
- From the Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
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36
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NSAIDs may regulate EGR-1-mediated induction of reactive oxygen species and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gene (NAG)-1 to initiate intrinsic pathway of apoptosis for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 378:47-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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37
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Mannoor K, Xu Y, Chen C. Natural autoantibodies and associated B cells in immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.748753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Thammasri K, Rauhamäki S, Wang L, Filippou A, Kivovich V, Marjomäki V, Naides SJ, Gilbert L. Human parvovirus B19 induced apoptotic bodies contain altered self-antigens that are phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67179. [PMID: 23776709 PMCID: PMC3680405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) from the erythrovirus genus is known to be a pathogenic virus in humans. Prevalence of B19V infection has been reported worldwide in all seasons, with a high incidence in the spring. B19V is responsible for erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) commonly seen in children. Its other clinical presentations include arthralgia, arthritis, transient aplastic crisis, chronic anemia, congenital anemia, and hydrops fetalis. In addition, B19V infection has been reported to trigger autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanisms of B19V participation in autoimmunity are not fully understood. B19V induced chronic disease and persistent infection suggests B19V can serve as a model for viral host interactions and the role of viruses in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here we investigate the involvement of B19V in the breakdown of immune tolerance. Previously, we demonstrated that the non-structural protein 1 (NS 1) of B19V induces apoptosis in non-permissive cells lines and that this protein can cleave host DNA as well as form NS1-DNA adducts. Here we provide evidence that through programmed cell death, apoptotic bodies (ApoBods) are generated by B19V NS1 expression in a non-permissive cell line. Characterization of purified ApoBods identified potential self-antigens within them. In particular, signature self-antigens such as Smith, ApoH, DNA, histone H4 and phosphatidylserine associated with autoimmunity were present in these ApoBods. In addition, when purified ApoBods were introduced to differentiated macrophages, recognition, engulfment and uptake occurred. This suggests that B19V can produce a source of self-antigens for immune cell processing. The results support our hypothesis that B19V NS1-DNA adducts, and nucleosomal and lysosomal antigens present in ApoBods created in non-permissive cell lines, are a source of self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoktip Thammasri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sanna Rauhamäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Artemis Filippou
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Violetta Kivovich
- Pennsylvania State College of Medicine/Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Stanley J. Naides
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States of America
| | - Leona Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
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The recombinant tuberculosis vaccine rBCG ΔureC::hly(+) induces apoptotic vesicles for improved priming of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Vaccine 2012; 30:7608-14. [PMID: 23088886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recombinant BCG ΔureC::hly(+) (rBCG) vaccine candidate is more efficient than parental BCG (pBCG) against tuberculosis (TB) in preclinical models. Evidence exists for superior CD4 and CD8 T cell stimulation. Although the responsible immune mechanisms are incompletely understood, crosspriming of CD8 T cells has been proposed as a major mechanism underlying better protection of rBCG over pBCG. The present study investigates the role of apoptotic vesicles from pBCG- and rBCG-infected macrophages in crosspriming. METHODS Apoptotic vesicles were isolated from pBCG- and rBCG-infected mouse macrophages. The priming potential of the isolated vesicles was evaluated in terms of dendritic cell activation and specific T cell stimulation. RESULTS Apoptotic vesicles from both pBCG- and rBCG-infected macrophages activated dendritic cells but to a different degree. Overall, rBCG-infected apoptotic vesicles induced more profound CD4 and CD8 T cell responses as compared to pBCG. CONCLUSIONS These data support the notion that the improved vaccine efficacy of rBCG rests on enhanced crosspriming as a consequence of stronger apoptosis.
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Marks SD, Tullus K. Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:1855-68. [PMID: 22193636 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-2078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial disorder with multigenic inheritance and various environmental factors implicated in its aetiopathogenesis. Despite the multiple mechanisms involved in the aetiology of SLE being elusive, recent studies have made progress in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms via abnormal regulation of cell-mediated and humoral immunity that lead to tissue damage. The heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations probably reflects the complexity of the disease pathogenesis itself. The immune system in SLE is characterised by a complex interplay between overactive B cells, abnormally activated T cells and antigen-presenting cells. This interplay leads to the production of an array of inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic cells, diverse autoantibodies and immune complexes that in turn activate effector cells and the complement system, leading to tissue injury and damage which are the hallmarks of the clinical manifestations. SLE patients have dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and immune response-related genes, as well as of the genes involved in apoptosis, signal transduction and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Marks
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Kaplan MJ, Radic M. Neutrophil extracellular traps: double-edged swords of innate immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2012; 189:2689-95. [PMID: 22956760 PMCID: PMC3439169 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 809] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spectacular images of neutrophils ejecting nuclear chromatin and bactericidal proteins, in response to microbes, were first reported in 2004. As externalized chromatin could entangle bacteria, these structures were named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Subsequent studies identified microorganisms and sterile conditions that stimulate NETs, as well as additional cell types that release extracellular chromatin. The release of NETs is the most dramatic stage in a cell death process called NETosis. Experimental evidence suggests that NETs participate in pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, with proposed involvement in glomerulonephritis, chronic lung disease, sepsis, and vascular disorders. Exaggerated NETosis or diminished NET clearance likely increases risk of autoreactivity to NET components. The biological significance of NETs is just beginning to be explored. A more complete integration of NETosis within immunology and pathophysiology will require better understanding of NET properties associated with specific disease states and microbial infections. This may lead to the identification of important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana J. Kaplan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marko Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN 38163
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Rahman ZSM. Impaired clearance of apoptotic cells in germinal centers: implications for loss of B cell tolerance and induction of autoimmunity. Immunol Res 2012; 51:125-33. [PMID: 22038528 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) comprise lymphoid microenvironments where antigen-stimulated B cells undergo rapid proliferation and somatic hypermutation (SHM), resulting in the generation of B cells with high affinity for antigen. However, this process also generates B cell clones with low antigen affinity and with the potential for autoreactivity. It has been suggested that GC B cells with low antigen affinity and autoreactivity are eliminated via apoptosis and are rapidly cleared by tingible body macrophages (TBMφs). Inefficient clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs) results in autoimmunity that is thought to be mediated by various intracellular molecules possessing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), including nuclear self-Ags. DAMPs can be released from ACs undergoing "secondary necrosis" due to a disruption in AC clearance within GCs. This review discusses the role and mechanisms associated with impaired clearance of ACs in GCs in loss of B cell tolerance leading to autoantibody production and the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziaur S M Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Room 461, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5541, USA.
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Mannoor K, Matejuk A, Xu Y, Beardall M, Chen C. Expression of Natural Autoantibodies in MRL-lpr Mice Protects from Lupus Nephritis and Improves Survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3628-38. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ucker DS, Jain MR, Pattabiraman G, Palasiewicz K, Birge RB, Li H. Externalized glycolytic enzymes are novel, conserved, and early biomarkers of apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:10325-10343. [PMID: 22262862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.314971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The intriguing cell biology of apoptotic cell death results in the externalization of numerous autoantigens on the apoptotic cell surface, including protein determinants for specific recognition, linked to immune responses. Apoptotic cells are recognized by phagocytes and trigger an active immunosuppressive response ("innate apoptotic immunity" (IAI)) even in the absence of engulfment. IAI is responsible for the lack of inflammation associated normally with the clearance of apoptotic cells; its failure also has been linked to inflammatory and autoimmune pathology, including systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatic diseases. Apoptotic recognition determinants underlying IAI have yet to be identified definitively; we argue that these molecules are surface-exposed (during apoptotic cell death), ubiquitously expressed, protease-sensitive, evolutionarily conserved, and resident normally in viable cells (SUPER). Using independent and unbiased quantitative proteomic approaches to characterize apoptotic cell surface proteins and identify candidate SUPER determinants, we made the surprising discovery that components of the glycolytic pathway are enriched on the apoptotic cell surface. Our data demonstrate that glycolytic enzyme externalization is a common and early aspect of cell death in different cell types triggered to die with distinct suicidal stimuli. Exposed glycolytic enzyme molecules meet the criteria for IAI-associated SUPER determinants. In addition, our characterization of the apoptosis-specific externalization of glycolytic enzyme molecules may provide insight into the significance of previously reported cases of plasminogen binding to α-enolase on mammalian cells, as well as mechanisms by which commensal bacteria and pathogens maintain immune privilege.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Ucker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and.
| | - Mohit Raja Jain
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey 07214; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey 07214
| | - Goutham Pattabiraman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | - Karol Palasiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey 07214
| | - Hong Li
- Center for Advanced Proteomics Research, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey 07214; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey 07214.
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IgM autoantibodies to distinct apoptosis-associated antigens correlate with protection from cardiovascular events and renal disease in patients with SLE. Clin Immunol 2012; 142:390-8. [PMID: 22297166 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that there are IgM-autoantibodies that may play protective roles in SLE. While IgM are often considered polyreactive, we postulate that there are distinct sets of IgM-autoantibodies of defined autoreactive specificities relevant to different features of SLE. We examined the relationships between levels of IgM natural autoantibodies (NAbs) to apoptosis-associated phosphorylcholine (PC) or malondialdehyde (MDA) antigens, with lupus-associated autoantibodies and features of disease, in 120 SLE patients. IgM anti-PC was significantly higher in patients with low disease activity and less organ damage determined by the SELENA-SLEDAI, the physician's evaluation and the SLICC damage score. Furthermore, IgM anti-PC was significantly higher in patients without cardiovascular events. In contrast, IgM anti-cardiolipin and IgM anti-dsDNA were significantly higher in patients without renal disease. These results support the hypothesis that some IgM autoantibodies are part of a natural immune repertoire that provide homeostatic functions and protection from certain clinical lupus features.
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A tolerogenic role for Toll-like receptor 9 is revealed by B-cell interaction with DNA complexes expressed on apoptotic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:887-92. [PMID: 22207622 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109173109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein complexes containing nucleic acids are common targets of autoantibodies in many autoimmune diseases. Central tolerance to these antigens is incomplete, yet nucleosomal DNA is expressed on the surface of cells dying by apoptosis. It is commonly believed that autoimmunity is prevented by the rapid uptake of apoptotic cells (ACs) by neighbors or professional phagocytes to which they deliver anti-inflammatory signals. Self-reactive, innate-like B cells contact and are selected by intracellular antigens expressed on ACs; however, how self-tolerance is maintained is not well understood. Here we report that IL-10 production by B cells, stimulated by contact with ACs, results from the engagement of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) within the B cell after recognition of DNA-containing complexes on the surface of ACs. Until now, TLR9 ligation has been considered an inflammatory signal, but we have confirmed a hitherto unexpected immunoregulatory role by demonstrating the absence of the protective effect of ACs during experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) in TLR9-deficient mice. Human circulating CD27(+) B cells also respond to DNA-bearing ACs, but not to DNase-treated cells, by secreting IL-10. Chronic autoimmune disease may arise if this tolerance mechanism is not reimposed after episodes of inflammation, or if the regulatory B-cell response is subverted.
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Induction of Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis in Ca Ski Human Cervical Cancer Cells Triggered by Mollic Acid Arabinoside Isolated from Leea indica. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:684740. [PMID: 22203877 PMCID: PMC3236607 DOI: 10.1155/2012/684740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Leea indica is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat cancer. Through bioassay-guided approach, we isolated mollic acid arabinoside (MAA), for the first time from Leea indica. Here, we present the apoptosis-inducing effect of MAA on Ca Ski cervical cancer cells. Based on DAPI staining, MAA-treated cells manifested nuclear shrinkage, condensation, and fragmentation. We further confirmed the fragmentation of DNA using TUNEL assay. During early apoptosis, MAA caused the perturbation of plasma membrane through externalization of PS, followed by the formation of apoptotic blebs. Prior to these events, MAA triggered rapid dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. In the upstream, MAA increased the expression of Bax, decreased the expression of Bcl-2, and augmented the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. These findings suggested that MAA induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in Ca Ski cells and thus provide the scientific explanation for the traditional application of this herbal medicine in cancer treatment.
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Abstract
Cells secrete various membrane-enclosed microvesicles from their cell surface (shedding microvesicles) and from internal, endosome-derived membranes (exosomes). Intriguingly, these vesicles have many characteristics in common with enveloped viruses, including biophysical properties, biogenesis, and uptake by cells. Recent discoveries describing the microvesicle-mediated intercellular transfer of functional cellular proteins, RNAs, and mRNAs have revealed additional similarities between viruses and cellular microvesicles. Apparent differences include the complexity of viral entry, temporally regulated viral expression, and self-replication proceeding to infection of new cells. Interestingly, many virally infected cells secrete microvesicles that differ in content from their virion counterparts but may contain various viral proteins and RNAs. For the most part, these particles have not been analyzed for their content or functions during viral infection. However, early studies of microvesicles (L-particles) secreted from herpes simplex virus-infected cells provided the first evidence of microvesicle-mediated intercellular communication. In the case of Epstein-Barr virus, recent evidence suggests that this tumorigenic herpesvirus also utilizes exosomes as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication through the transfer of signaling competent proteins and functional microRNAs to uninfected cells. This review focuses on aspects of the biology of microvesicles with an emphasis on their potential contributions to viral infection and pathogenesis.
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György B, Szabó TG, Pásztói M, Pál Z, Misják P, Aradi B, László V, Pállinger E, Pap E, Kittel A, Nagy G, Falus A, Buzás EI. Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2667-88. [PMID: 21560073 PMCID: PMC3142546 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1529] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Release of membrane vesicles, a process conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, represents an evolutionary link, and suggests essential functions of a dynamic extracellular vesicular compartment (including exosomes, microparticles or microvesicles and apoptotic bodies). Compelling evidence supports the significance of this compartment in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. However, classification of membrane vesicles, protocols of their isolation and detection, molecular details of vesicular release, clearance and biological functions are still under intense investigation. Here, we give a comprehensive overview of extracellular vesicles. After discussing the technical pitfalls and potential artifacts of the rapidly emerging field, we compare results from meta-analyses of published proteomic studies on membrane vesicles. We also summarize clinical implications of membrane vesicles. Lessons from this compartment challenge current paradigms concerning the mechanisms of intercellular communication and immune regulation. Furthermore, its clinical implementation may open new perspectives in translational medicine both in diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence György
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér, Hungary
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