1
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Li J, Liang F, Xiao L, Lu W, Wang H. Effect of acupuncture therapy on vaccine-induced immune response in d-galactose-induced aging rats. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22645. [PMID: 38213597 PMCID: PMC10782161 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore whether acupuncture and moxibustion can enhance the immune response by increasing the expression of the endogenous adjuvant HSP70 mRNA. Method Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: model immune acupuncture group (A), model immune control group (B), normal immune acupuncture group (C), and normal immune control group (D). Model immune groups A and B were induced by injecting d-galactose for 6 weeks. Rats in groups A and C were then treated with low-frequency electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST36), Guanyuan (CV4), and Baihui (GV20) and moxibustion for 3 weeks. Subsequently, all rats were observed for 2 more weeks. At the 12th week, diphtheria antitoxin titers were determined using the Vero cell trace neutralization method, CD4+T/CD8+T cell ratios in peripheral blood were examined by flow cytometry, and the relative expression of spleen cell HSP70 mRNA was measured by RT-PCR. Results Compared with the normal immune control, the diphtheria antitoxin titer, CD4+T/CD8+T cell ratio, and expression of spleen cell HSP70 mRNA significantly decreased in the model immune control group (P < 0.01). However, the model immune acupuncture group showed a significant increase in antitoxin titer (P < 0.01) and elevated CD4+T/CD8+T cell ratio and HSP70 mRNA expression (P < 0.05) after EA and moxibustion intervention. Conclusion Acupuncture and moxibustion may enhance the humoral immune response (diphtheria antitoxin titer) and cellular immune response (peripheral blood CD4+T/CD8+T cell ratio) by increasing the expression of the endogenous adjuvant HSP70 mRNA, suggesting that acupuncture may serve as a new vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
- Xianning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Fangyuan Liang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Clinical College of Chinese Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Hua Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
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2
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Tang Y, Guo F, Lei A, Xiang J, Liu P, Ten W, Dai G, Li R. GrpE Immunization Protects Against Ureaplasma urealyticum Infection in BALB/C Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1495. [PMID: 32849509 PMCID: PMC7411329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide exchange factor (GrpE), a highly conserved antigen, is rapidly expressed and upregulated when Ureaplasma urealyticum infects a host, which could act as a candidative vaccine if it can induce an anti-U. urealyticum immune reaction. Here, we evaluated the vaccine potential of recombinant GrpE protein adjuvanted by Freund's adjuvant (FA), to protect against U. urealyticum genital tract infection in a mouse model. After booster immunization in mice with FA, the GrpE can induced both humoral and cellular immune response after intramuscular injection into BALB/c mice. A strong humoral immune response was detected in the GrpE-immunized mice characterized by production of high titers of antigen-specific serum IgG (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG3) antibodies. At the same time, the GrpE also induced a Th1-biased cytokine spectrum with high levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α after re-stimulation with immunogen GrpE in vitro, suggesting that GrpE could trigger the Th1 response when used for vaccination in the presence of FA. Although GrpE vaccination in the presence of a Th1-type adjuvant-induced had readily detectable Th1 responses, there wasn't increase inflammation in response to the infection. More importantly, the robust immune responses in mice after immunization with GrpE showed a significantly reduced U. urealyticum burden in cervical tissues. Histopathological analysis confirmed that tissues of GrpE-immunized BALB/c mice were protected against the pathological effects of U. urealyticum infection. In conclusion, this study preliminarily reveals GrpE protein as a promising new candidate vaccine for preventing U. urealyticum reproductive tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Tang
- Chenzhou Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Pathogenic Biology Institute, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan, China.,The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Fangyi Guo
- Chenzhou Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Pathogenic Biology Institute, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan, China.,The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Pathogenic Biology Institute, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Xiang
- The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Pengqin Liu
- The First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Hunan, China
| | - Wenyou Ten
- The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Guozhi Dai
- Chenzhou Hospital Affiliated to University of South China, Hunan, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Pathogenic Biology Institute, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan, China.,The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Ranhui Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Pathogenic Biology Institute, Medical College, University of South China, Hunan, China
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3
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Arora SK, Alam A, Naqvi N, Ahmad J, Sheikh JA, Rahman SA, Hasnain SE, Ehtesham NZ. Immunodominant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Protein Rv1507A Elicits Th1 Response and Modulates Host Macrophage Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1199. [PMID: 32793184 PMCID: PMC7385400 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) persists as latent infection in nearly a quarter of the global population and remains the leading cause of death among infectious diseases. While BCG is the only vaccine for TB, its inability to provide complete protection makes it imperative to engineer BCG such that it expresses immunodominant antigens that can enhance its protective potential. In-silico comparative genomic analysis of Mycobacterium species identified M. tb Rv1507A as a “signature protein” found exclusively in M. tb. In-vitro (cell lines) and in-vivo experiments carried out in mice, using purified recombinant Rv1507A revealed it to be a pro-inflammatory molecule, eliciting significantly high levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12. There was increased expression of activation markers CD69, CD80, CD86, antigen presentation molecules (MHC I/MHCII), and associated Th1 type of immune response. Rv1507A knocked-in M. smegmatis also induced significantly higher pro-inflammatory Th1 response and higher survivability under stress conditions, both in-vitro (macrophage RAW264.7 cells) and in-vivo (mice). Sera derived from human TB patients showed significantly enhanced B-cell response against M. tb Rv1507A. The ability of M. tb Rv1507A to induce immuno-modulatory effect, B cell response, and significant memory response, renders it a putative vaccine candidate that demands further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Arora
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anwar Alam
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nilofer Naqvi
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Javeed Ahmad
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Seyed Ehtesham Hasnain
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Dr. Reddy's Institute of Life Sciences, Hyderabad, India
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4
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Kim WS, Jung ID, Kim JS, Kim HM, Kwon KW, Park YM, Shin SJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis GrpE, A Heat-Shock Stress Responsive Chaperone, Promotes Th1-Biased T Cell Immune Response via TLR4-Mediated Activation of Dendritic Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:95. [PMID: 29637049 PMCID: PMC5881000 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, is an extremely successful pathogen with multifactorial ability to control the host immune response. Insights into the Mtb factors modulating host response are required for the discovery of novel vaccine antigen targets as well as a better understanding of dynamic interactions between the bacterial factors and host cells. Here, we exploited the functional role of Mtb GrpE, a cofactor of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), in promoting naïve CD4+/CD8+T cell differentiation toward Th1-type T-cell immunity through interaction with dendritic cells (DCs). GrpE functionally induced DC maturation by up-regulating the expression of cell surface molecules (CD80, CD86, and MHC class I and II) and production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p70) in DCs. These effects of GrpE in DC activation were initiated upon binding to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) followed by activation of downstream MyD88-, TRIF-, MAPK-, and NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways. GrpE-activated DCs displayed an excellent capacity to effectively polarize naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells toward Th1-type T-cell immunity with the dose-dependent secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2 together with increased levels of CXCR3 expression. Notably, GrpE-stimulated DCs induced the proliferation of GrpE-specific Th1-type effector/memory CD4+/CD8+CD44highCD62Llow T cells from the spleen of Mtb-infected mice in a TLR4-dependent manner. Collectively, these results demonstrate that GrpE is a novel immune activator that interacts with DCs, in particular, via TLR4, to generate Th1-biased memory T cells in an antigen-specific manner. GrpE may contribute to the enhanced understanding of host-pathogen interactions as well as providing a rational basis for the discovery of new potential targets to develop an effective tuberculosis vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, South Korea
| | - In Duk Jung
- Lab of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Min Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Lab of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Kim TH, Park JH, Park YM, Ryu SW, Shin SJ, Park JH, Kim DJ. Synergistic effect of muramyl dipeptide with heat shock protein 70 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis on immune activation. Immunobiology 2015; 220:26-31. [PMID: 25446399 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 70 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb Hsp70) has been known to modulate immune response including dendritic cell activation. Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) is an immunoreactive derivative of peptidoglycan from all Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and recognized to be responsible for function of Freund's complete adjuvant. In this study, we evaluated effect of MDP on in vitro activation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and in vivo production of cytokines and chemokines induced by Mtb Hsp70. MDP treatment with Mtb Hsp70 dramatically increased production of IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α in BMDCs compared with Mtb Hsp70 alone whereas these effects were abolished in Nod2-deficient BMDCs. Phosphorylation of IκB-α and ERK and impairment of phagocytosis, which is an indicator of DC maturation were enhanced by MDP co-treatment with Mtb hsp70 in BMDCs. In addition, ability of Mtb Hsp70-stimulated BMDCs to induce IFN-γ productions of T cells was increased by MDP co-treatment. Finally, intraperitoneal injection of MDP with Mtb Hsp70 dramatically increased production of IL-6, CXCL-1 and CCL2 in serum compared with Mtb hsp70 injection. Our study showed the synergistic effects of MDP with Mtb Hsp70 on DCs and in vivo immune activation. The use of MDP with Mtb Hsp70 to induce immune activation may provide an effective strategy for vaccination to treat cancer and protect against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
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6
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Critical role of TRIF and MyD88 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70-mediated activation of dendritic cells. Cytokine 2015; 71:139-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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7
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Decrausaz L, Pythoud C, Domingos-Pereira S, Derré L, Jichlinski P, Nardelli-Haefliger D. Intravaginal live attenuated Salmonella increase local antitumor vaccine-specific CD8 + T cells. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e22944. [PMID: 23483225 PMCID: PMC3583940 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that the intravaginal instillation of synthetic Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) or TLR9 agonists after a subcutaneous vaccination against human papillomavirus E7 highly increases (~5-fold) the number of vaccine-specific CD8+ T cells in the genital mucosa of mice, without affecting E7-specific systemic responses. Here, we show that the instillation of live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium similarly, though more efficiently (~15- fold), increases both E7-specific and total CD8+ T cells in the genital mucosa. Cancer immunotherapeutic strategies combining vaccination with local immunostimulation with live bacteria deserve further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loane Decrausaz
- Department of Urology; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Binjawadagi B, Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Ouyang K, Torrelles JB, Renukaradhya GJ. An innovative approach to induce cross-protective immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the lungs of pigs through adjuvanted nanotechnology-based vaccination. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1519-35. [PMID: 24711701 PMCID: PMC3969340 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s59924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically devastating respiratory disease of pigs. The disease is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), an Arterivirus which is a highly mutating RNA virus. Widely used modified live PRRSV vaccines have failed to prevent PRRS outbreaks and reinfections; moreover, safety of the live virus vaccines is questionable. Though poorly immunogenic, inactivated PRRSV vaccine is safe. The PRRSV infects primarily the lung macrophages. Therefore, we attempted to strengthen the immunogenicity of inactivated/killed PRRSV vaccine antigens (KAg), especially in the pig respiratory system, through: 1) entrapping the KAg in biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NP-KAg); 2) coupling the NP-KAg with a potent mucosal adjuvant, whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb WCL); and 3) delivering the vaccine formulation twice intranasally to growing pigs. We have previously shown that a single dose of NP-KAg partially cleared the challenged heterologous PRRSV. Recently, we reported that NP-KAg coupled with unentrapped M. tb WCL significantly cleared the viremia of challenged heterologous PRRSV. Since PRRSV is primarily a lung disease, our goal in this study was to investigate lung viral load and various immune correlates of protection at the lung mucosal surfaces and its parenchyma in vaccinated heterologous PRRSV-challenged pigs. Our results indicated that out of five different vaccine-adjuvant formulations, the combination of NP-KAg and unentrapped M. tb WCL significantly cleared detectable replicating infective PRRSV with a tenfold reduction in viral RNA load in the lungs, associated with substantially reduced gross and microscopic lung pathology. Immunologically, strong humoral (enhanced virus neutralization titers by high avidity antibodies) and cell-mediated immune responses (augmented population of interferon-γ secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes and reduced secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines) in the lungs were observed. In conclusion, combination of NP-KAg and soluble M. tb WCL elicits broadly cross-protective anti-PRRSV immunity in the pig respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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9
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Yuan J, Kashiwagi S, Reeves P, Nezivar J, Yang Y, Arrifin NH, Nguyen M, Jean-Mary G, Tong X, Uppal P, Korochkina S, Forbes B, Chen T, Righi E, Bronson R, Chen H, Orsulic S, Brauns T, Leblanc P, Scholler N, Dranoff G, Gelfand J, Poznansky MC. A novel mycobacterial Hsp70-containing fusion protein targeting mesothelin augments antitumor immunity and prolongs survival in murine models of ovarian cancer and mesothelioma. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:15. [PMID: 24565018 PMCID: PMC3943805 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-7-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are considered to be promising treatments for advanced cancer, their production and administration is costly and labor-intensive. We developed a novel immunotherapeutic agent that links a single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) targeting mesothelin (MSLN), which is overexpressed on ovarian cancer and mesothelioma cells, to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), which is a potent immune activator that stimulates monocytes and DCs, enhances DC aggregation and maturation and improves cross-priming of T cells mediated by DCs. Methods Binding of this fusion protein with MSLN on the surface of tumor cells was measured by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The therapeutic efficacy of this fusion protein was evaluated in syngeneic and orthotopic mouse models of papillary ovarian cancer and malignant mesothelioma. Mice received 4 intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatments with experimental or control proteins post i.p. injection of tumor cells. Ascites-free and overall survival time was measured. For the investigation of anti-tumor T-cell responses, a time-matched study was performed. Splenocytes were stimulated with peptides, and IFNγ- or Granzyme B- generating CD3+CD8+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry. To examine the role of CD8+ T cells in the antitumor effect, we performed in vivo CD8+ cell depletion. We further determined if the fusion protein increases DC maturation and improves antigen presentation as well as cross-presentation by DCs. Results We demonstrated in vitro that the scFvMTBHsp70 fusion protein bound to the tumor cells used in this study through the interaction of scFv with MSLN on the surface of these cells, and induced maturation of bone marrow-derived DCs. Use of this bifunctional fusion protein in both mouse models significantly enhanced survival and slowed tumor growth while augmenting tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell dependent immune responses. We also demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that the fusion protein enhanced antigen presentation and cross-presentation by targeting tumor antigens towards DCs. Conclusions This new cancer immunotherapy has the potential to be cost-effective and broadly applicable to tumors that overexpress mesothelin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark C Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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10
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Binjawadagi B, Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Ouyang K, Wu Y, Lee LJ, Torrelles JB, Renukaradhya GJ. Adjuvanted poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticle-entrapped inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine elicits cross-protective immune response in pigs. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:679-94. [PMID: 24493925 PMCID: PMC3908835 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s56127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), is an economically devastating disease, causing daily losses of approximately $3 million to the US pork industry. Current vaccines have failed to completely prevent PRRS outbreaks. Recently, we have shown that poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticle-entrapped inactivated PRRSV vaccine (NP-KAg) induces a cross-protective immune response in pigs. To further improve its cross-protective efficacy, the NP-KAg vaccine formulation was slightly modified, and pigs were coadministered the vaccine twice intranasally with a potent adjuvant: Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole-cell lysate. In vaccinated virulent heterologous PRRSV-challenged pigs, the immune correlates in the blood were as follows: 1) enhanced PRRSV-specific antibody response with enhanced avidity of both immunoglobulin (Ig)-G and IgA isotypes, associated with augmented virus-neutralizing antibody titers; 2) comparable and increased levels of virus-specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibody subtypes and production of high levels of both T-helper (Th)-1 and Th2 cytokines, indicative of a balanced Th1–Th2 response; 3) suppressed immunosuppressive cytokine response; 4) increased frequency of interferon-γ+ lymphocyte subsets and expanded population of antigen-presenting cells; and most importantly 5) complete clearance of detectable replicating challenged heterologous PRRSV and close to threefold reduction in viral ribonucleic acid load detected in the blood. In conclusion, intranasal delivery of adjuvanted NP-KAg vaccine formulation to growing pigs elicited a broadly cross-protective immune response, showing the potential of this innovative vaccination strategy to prevent PRRS outbreaks in pigs. A similar approach to control other respiratory diseases in food animals and humans appears to be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Yun Wu
- NanoScale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ly James Lee
- NanoScale Science and Engineering Center for Affordable Nanoengineering of Polymeric Biomedical Devices, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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11
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Zhou CM, Zhang GX, Ma XX. Characterization and evaluation of the immune responses elicited by a novel human papillomavirus (HPV) therapeutic vaccine: HPV 16E7-HBcAg-Hsp65 fusion protein. J Virol Methods 2013; 197:1-6. [PMID: 24291739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV), particularly HPV16, are associated with most cervical cancers. Currently, although prophylactic vaccines have been developed, there is still an urgent need to develop therapeutic HPV vaccines. In this study, a novel fusion protein, HPV 16 E7-HBcAg-Hsp65 (VR111), with the goal of increasing anti-HPV16 cellular immunity was developed. VR111 was analyzed using SDS-PAGE, western-blotting, capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion assay was performed by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and ELISA to test their ability to induce cellular immune response. Significant correlation between ELISPOT and ELISA was observed (r=0.8680, p<0.0001). It was shown that VR111 could induce a significant increase in E7-specific CD8(+) T cell responses. Humoral immune response was also observed. The antibody titer levels were measured by ELISA. These results indicated that VR111 was a promising therapeutic vaccine for treatment of cervical cancer with possible therapeutic potential in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Quality Research, Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. , No. 1399, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Gao-Xia Zhang
- Department of Quality Research, Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. , No. 1399, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin-Xing Ma
- Department of Quality Research, Shanghai Zerun Biotechnology Co., Ltd. , No. 1399, Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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12
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Human hsp70 and HPV16 oE7 fusion protein vaccine induces an effective antitumor efficacy. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:407-12. [PMID: 23660931 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent infection by human papilloma virus (HPV) is considered to be the major risk factor of cervical cancer, which is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. Millions of women are currently infected with high-risk HPV. Thus, it is urgent to develop therapeutic vaccines to eliminate established infection or HPV-related diseases. In the present study, we constructed a very promising therapeutic HPV16 protein vaccine of optimized E7 (oE7)/huhsp70 using human hsp70 linked to HPV16 oE7. Our results demonstrated that vaccination with the oE7/huhsp70 protein vaccine induced a very strong E7-specific CD8(+) T cell immune response and resulted in a significant therapeutic effect against E7-expressing tumor cells. Our study verifies that huhsp70 is an effective immune adjuvant in the development of tumor therapeutic protein vaccines, and emphasizes that homologous huhsp70 is a promising tool in future human clinical applications.
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13
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Mucosal vaccines to prevent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: a new perspective. Anim Health Res Rev 2012; 13:21-37. [PMID: 22717576 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252312000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important infectious disease of swine. Constant emergence of variant strains of PRRS virus (PPRSV) and virus-mediated immune evasion followed by viral persistence result in increased incidence and recurrence of PRRS in swine herds. Current live and killed PRRSV vaccines administered by a parenteral route are ineffective in inducing complete protection. Thus, new approaches in design and delivery of PRRSV vaccines are needed to reduce the disease burden of the swine industry. Induction of an effective mucosal immunity to several respiratory pathogens by direct delivery of a vaccine to mucosal sites has proven to be effective in a mouse model. However, there are challenges in eliciting mucosal immunity to PRRS due to our limited understanding of safe and potent mucosal adjuvants, which could potentiate the mucosal immune response to PRRSV. The purpose of this review is to discuss methods for induction of protective mucosal immune responses in the respiratory tract of pigs. The manuscript also discusses how PRRSV modulates innate, adaptive and immunoregulatory responses at both mucosal and systemic sites of infected and/or vaccinated pigs. This information may help in the design of innovative mucosal vaccines to elicit superior cross-protective immunity against divergent field strains of PRRSV.
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Nikbakht Brujeni G, Gharibi D. Development of DNA-Designed Avian IgY Antibodies for Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp70) and Anti-Hsp70 Antibodies in the Serum of Normal Cattle. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:14-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9648-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Intraperitoneal immunization of recombinant HSP70 (DnaK) of Salmonella Typhi induces a predominant Th2 response and protective immunity in mice against lethal Salmonella infection. Vaccine 2011; 29:6532-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Patterson R, Dodson K, Weeman M, Renukaradhya GJ. Intranasal delivery of whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces protective immune responses to a modified live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine in pigs. Vaccine 2011; 29:4067-76. [PMID: 21419164 PMCID: PMC7126640 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically important disease to pork producers worldwide. Commercially, both live and killed PRRSV vaccines are available to control PRRS, but they are not always successful. Based on the results of mucosal immunization studies in other viral models, a good mucosal vaccine may be an effective way to elicit protective immunity to control PRRS outbreaks. In the present study, mucosal adjuvanticity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole cell lysate (Mtb WCL) was evaluated in pigs administered a modified live PRRS virus vaccine (PRRS-MLV) intranasally. A Mtb WCL mediated increase in the frequency of NK cells, CD8(+)and CD4(+) T cells, and γδ T cells in pig lungs were detected. Importantly, an increased and early generation of PRRSV specific neutralizing antibodies were detected in PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL compared to pigs inoculated with vaccine alone. In addition, there was an increased secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFNγ and IL-12) that correlated with a reciprocal reduction in the production of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10 and TGFβ) as well as T-regulatory cells in pigs vaccinated with PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL. Further, a complete rescue in arginase levels in the lungs mediated through Mtb WCL was observed in pigs inoculated with PRRS-MLV. In conclusion, Mtb WCL may be a potent mucosal adjuvant for PRRS-MLV in order to potentiate the anti-PRRSV specific immune responses to control PRRS effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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17
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Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Patterson R, Dodson K, Murtaugh M, Torrelles JB, Schlesinger LS, Renukaradhya GJ. Cross-protective immunity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by intranasal delivery of a live virus vaccine with a potent adjuvant. Vaccine 2011; 29:4058-66. [PMID: 21419162 PMCID: PMC7127856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an immunosuppressive chronic respiratory viral disease of pigs that is responsible for major economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The efficacy of parenteral administration of widely used modified live virus PRRS vaccine (PRRS-MLV) against genetically divergent PRRSV strains remains questionable. Therefore, we evaluated an alternate and proven mucosal immunization approach by intranasal delivery of PRRS-MLV (strain VR2332) with a potent adjuvant to elicit cross-protective immunity against a heterologous PRRSV (strain MN184). Mycobacterium tuberculosis whole cell lysate (Mtb WCL) was chosen as a potent mucosal adjuvant due to its Th1 biased immune response to PRRS-MLV. Unvaccinated pigs challenged with MN184 had clinical PRRS with severe lung pathology; however, vaccinated (PRRS-MLV+ Mtb WCL) pigs challenged with MN184 were apparently healthy. There was a significant increase in the body weight gain in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated PRRSV challenged pigs. Vaccinated compared to unvaccinated, virus-challenged pigs had reduced lung pathology associated with enhanced PRRSV neutralizing antibody titers and reduced viremia. Immunologically, an increased frequency of Th cells, Th/memory cells, γδ T cells, dendritic cells, and activated Th cells and a reduced frequency of T-regulatory cells were detected at both mucosal and systemic sites. Further, reduced secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) and upregulation of the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ in blood and lungs were detected in mucosally vaccinated, PRRSV-challenged pigs. In conclusion, intranasal immunization of pigs with PRRS-MLV administered with Mtb WCL generated effective cross-protective immunity against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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18
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Kilmury SLN, Twine SM. The francisella tularensis proteome and its recognition by antibodies. Front Microbiol 2011; 1:143. [PMID: 21687770 PMCID: PMC3109489 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2010.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of a spectrum of diseases collectively known as tularemia. The extreme virulence of the pathogen in humans, combined with the low infectious dose and the ease of dissemination by aerosol have led to concerns about its abuse as a bioweapon. Until recently, nothing was known about the virulence mechanisms and even now, there is still a relatively poor understanding of pathogen virulence. Completion of increasing numbers of Francisella genome sequences, combined with comparative genomics and proteomics studies, are contributing to the knowledge in this area. Tularemia may be treated with antibiotics, but there is currently no licensed vaccine. An attenuated strain, the Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) has been used to vaccinate military and at risk laboratory personnel, but safety concerns mean that it is unlikely to be licensed by the FDA for general use. Little is known about the protective immunity induced by vaccination with LVS, in humans or animal models. Immunoproteomics studies with sera from infected humans or vaccinated mouse strains, are being used in gel-based or proteome microarray approaches to give insight into the humoral immune response. In addition, these data have the potential to be exploited in the identification of new diagnostic or protective antigens, the design of next generation live vaccine strains, and the development of subunit vaccines. Herein, we briefly review the current knowledge from Francisella comparative proteomics studies and then focus upon the findings from immunoproteomics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L. N. Kilmury
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
| | - Susan M. Twine
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council CanadaOttawa, ON, Canada
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19
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Effect of adjuvants on immune response and protective immunity elicited by recombinant Hsp60 (GroEL) of Salmonella typhi against S. typhi infection. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:213-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Pettini E, Ciabattini A, Pozzi G, Medaglini D. Adoptive transfer of transgenic T cells to study mucosal adjuvants. Methods 2009; 49:340-5. [PMID: 19409994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the initiation and regulation of T-cell responses to vaccine antigens is of primary importance in the rational design of mucosal adjuvants. The detection in vivo of T-cell priming following immunization can be performed by using the adoptive transfer model of naïve antigen-specific transgenic T cells into immunocompetent mice. In this work, we discuss the applications of this system for detecting in vivo the primary antigen-specific clonal expansion, the phenotype, and the effector function of transgenic T cells following mucosal immunization. OVA and the mucosal adjuvant CTB were used as a model vaccine formulation and administered by the nasal route to study T-cell priming. T helper and T cytotoxic primary proliferation and expression of activation and migration markers was observed both in draining and distal sites. This method proved to be a powerful tool to study the efficacy of mucosal adjuvants in enhancing T-cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pettini
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Molecolare e Biotecnologia, Dipartimento di Biologia Molecolare, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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21
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Lepique AP, Rabachini T, Villa LL. HPV vaccination: the beginning of the end of cervical cancer? - A Review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:1-10. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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22
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Heat shock protein-antigen fusions lose their enhanced immunostimulatory capacity after endotoxin depletion. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:181-91. [PMID: 18804283 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) induce cross-presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DC) as well as DC maturation. These properties make HSP antigen complexes good candidates to prime CD8 T cell responses against tumor-associated antigens. In this study, we analyzed four different members of the HSP70 family fused to a fragment of ovalbumin (OVA) as a model tumor antigen. E. coli-derived recombinant HSP70-OVA fusion proteins efficiently primed antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells in short-term in vivo immunization assays. Because of concerns that the adjuvant effect of HSPs may be due to endotoxin contamination, we studied this issue in detail. Induction of OVA-specific cytotoxicity was significantly decreased in mice deficient for the LPS receptor, TLR4. After careful removal of endotoxins, immunization with HSP70-OVA failed to prime cytotoxic T cell responses. However, we obtained strong in vivo kill responses when endotoxin-depleted HSP70-OVA was used in combination with the TLR9 ligand CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1668. Importantly, prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with endotoxin-depleted HSP70-OVA together with CpG significantly delayed the outgrowth of OVA-expressing B16 melanoma cells. However, we were unable to detect significant differences in the magnitudes of immune responses against endotoxin-depleted recombinant OVA vs. endotoxin-depleted HSP70-OVA fusion protein. Thus, immunization with recombinant HSP70-antigen fusion protein does not provide an advantage over recombinant antigen alone when combined with a suitable adjuvant. Altogether, our data suggest that the adjuvant effect of the HSP70 part of the fusion protein is completely lost after endotoxin removal.
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23
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Da'dara AA, Li YS, Xiong T, Zhou J, Williams GM, McManus DP, Feng Z, Yu XL, Gray DJ, Harn DA. DNA-based vaccines protect against zoonotic schistosomiasis in water buffalo. Vaccine 2008; 26:3617-25. [PMID: 18524429 PMCID: PMC2567122 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis japonica is an endemic, zoonotic disease of major public health importance in China where water buffaloes account for approximately 75% of disease transmission. Interventions that reduce schistosome infection in water buffaloes will enhance their health simultaneously reducing disease transmission to humans. While chemotherapy has proved successful, it requires continued time consuming and expensive mass treatments. A more sustainable option would be development of vaccines that reduce transmission of S. japonicum from bovines to replace bovine chemotherapy. We performed two randomized double blind trials in water buffaloes to determine if DNA vaccines encoding triose-phosphate isomerase (SjCTPI), or the tetraspanin 23 kDa integral membrane protein (SjC23), alone or fused to bovine heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) could induce a level of immunity conducive to long-term sustainable control. Groups of water buffaloes (15/group) received three intramuscular injections, 4 weeks apart. Booster immunizations were co-administered with a plasmid DNA encoding IL-12. Four weeks after the last injection, water buffaloes were challenged with 1000 cercariae, and vaccine efficacy analyzed 8 weeks later. Water buffaloes vaccinated with SjCTPI-Hsp70 or SjCTPI plasmids had worm burdens reduced by 51.2% and 41.5%, respectively. Importantly, fecal miracidial hatching was reduced by 52.1% and 33.2% respectively compared to control vaccinated water buffaloes. Vaccination with SjC23-Hsp70 and SjC23 plasmids reduced worm burdens by 50.9% and 45.5%, respectively, and fecal miracidial hatching by 52.0% and 47.4%. A mathematical model of schistosome transmission predicts that schistosome vaccines capable of reducing water buffaloes' fecal egg output by 45%, alone or in conjunction with praziquantel treatment, will lead to a significant reduction in transmission of schistosomiasis. Both DNA vaccines tested here exceed this hypothetical level. Indeed, mathematical modeling of SjCTPI-Hsp70 and SjC23-Hsp70 alone and in conjunction with human chemotherapy showed a significant reduction in transmission almost to the point of elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram A Da'dara
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Boyman O, Ramsey C, Kim DM, Sprent J, Surh CD. IL-7/Anti-IL-7 mAb Complexes Restore T Cell Development and Induce Homeostatic T Cell Expansion without Lymphopenia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7265-75. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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25
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Valentinis B, Capobianco A, Esposito F, Bianchi A, Rovere-Querini P, Manfredi AA, Traversari C. Human recombinant heat shock protein 70 affects the maturation pathways of dendritic cells in vitro and has an in vivo adjuvant activity. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:199-206. [PMID: 18456818 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0807548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are potent inducers of an antigen-specific immunological response. A role of chaperon of immunogenic peptides and a direct effect on APC activation and function have been described. However, the signal transduction events involved in the activation of human APCs are poorly characterized. We investigated, using human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), the signal transduction pathways activated by a human recombinant HSP70 (r)HSP70 purified from eukaryotic cells. rHSP70 effectively induced a partial maturation of DCs in vitro and a significant increase in the titers of antigen-specific IgG when used as a vaccine adjuvant in vivo. rHSP70 did not desensitize human DCs to LPS stimulation and retained its adjuvant properties in C3H/HeJ mice, which are LPS-resistant as a result of a mutation in TLR-4, ruling out the potential interference of LPS contamination. Effects on DC maturation and in vivo functions correlate to the ability of rHSP70 to activate IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB and ERK1/2 pathways in human DCs. No activation of p38 was induced in the same experimental conditions. Our data suggest that the IkappaB-alpha/NF-kappaB pathway has a critical role in the partial maturation of DCs induced by rHSP70.
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26
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Paliwal PK, Bansal A, Sagi SS, Mustoori S, Govindaswamy I. Cloning, expression and characterization of heat shock protein 60 (groEL) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and its role in protective immunity against lethal Salmonella infection in mice. Clin Immunol 2008; 126:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 08/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Delpino MV, Estein SM, Fossati CA, Baldi PC, Cassataro J. Vaccination with Brucella recombinant DnaK and SurA proteins induces protection against Brucella abortus infection in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:6721-9. [PMID: 17686554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant SurA (rSurA) and rDnaK from Brucella spp. were evaluated in BALB/c mice. Immunization with rSurA in adjuvant induced a vigorous immunoglobulin G (IgG) response, with higher IgG2a than IgG1 titers. In addition, after in vitro stimulation with rSurA, spleen cells from rSurA-immunized mice produced interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon (IFN)-gamma, IL-4 and IL-5. Immunization with rDnaK plus adjuvant induced a strong humoral response resulting in similar anti-rDnaK IgG titers than immunization with rDnaK alone. IgG2a titers predominated over IgG1 in mice injected with rDnaK alone or rDnaK plus adjuvant. Spleen cells from mice immunized with rDnaK plus adjuvant secreted IFN-gamma and IL-2 upon stimulation with rDnaK and induced a specific cytotoxic response. On the contrary, mice immunized with rDnaK alone did not exhibit a specific T helper or cytotoxic response in vitro. Mice given rSurA or rDnaK with adjuvant exhibited a significant degree of protection whereas immunization with rDnaK alone induced a low but still statistically significant level of protection against B. abortus infection. All studied vaccines were less protected than mice immunized with H38 or B. abortus strain 19 control vaccines. Altogether these results suggest that rSurA or rDnaK induce partial protection against B. abortus infection and could be useful candidates for the development of subunit vaccines against brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Liu H, Wu BH, Rowse GJ, Emtage PCR. Induction of CD4-independent E7-specific CD8+ memory response by heat shock fusion protein. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:1013-23. [PMID: 17596433 PMCID: PMC2044492 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00029-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is strongly associated with a number of disease states, of which cervical and anal cancers represent the most drastic endpoints. Induction of T-cell-mediated immunity, particularly cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), is important in eradication of HPV-induced lesions. Studies have shown that heat shock protein fusion proteins are capable of inducing potent antigen-specific CTL activity in experimental animal models. In addition, E7-expressing tumors in C57BL/6 mice can be eradicated by treatment with HspE7, an Hsp fusion protein composed of Mycobacterium bovis BCG Hsp65 linked to E7 protein of HPV16. More importantly, HspE7 has also displayed significant clinical benefit in phase II clinical trials for the immunotherapy of HPV-related diseases. To delineate the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of HspE7, we investigated the capability of HspE7 to induce antigen-specific protective immunity. Here, we demonstrate that HspE7 primes potent E7-specific CD8(+) T cells with cytolytic and cytokine secretion activities. These CD8(+) T cells can differentiate into memory T cells with effector functions in the absence of CD4(+) T-cell help. The HspE7-induced memory CD8(+) T cells persist for at least 17 weeks and confer protection against E7-positive murine tumor cell challenge. These results indicate that HspE7 is a promising immunotherapeutic agent for treating HPV-related disease. Moreover, the ability of HspE7 to induce memory CD8(+) T cells in the absence of CD4(+) help indicates that HspE7 fusion protein may have activity in individuals with compromised CD4(+) functions, such as those with invasive cancer and/or human immunodeficiency virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liu
- Nventa Biopharmaceuticals Corporation, Victoria, BC, Canada V8Z 4B9
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29
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Lu Y, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Liu B, Song X, Wang M, Zhao X, Zhao Q. Immunological protection against HPV16 E7-expressing human esophageal cancer cell challenge by a novel HPV16-E6/E7 fusion protein based-vaccine in a Hu-PBL-SCID mouse model. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:150-6. [PMID: 17202676 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPVs) is closely associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in China. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins expressed in ESCC are considered as attractive tumor-specific antigen targets for immunotherapy. We have reported that the HPV16 mE6delta/mE7/TBhsp70delta fusion protein vaccination induced powerful anti-tumor immunity against TC-1 tumor cells in a C57BL/6 mouse model. In the present study, we further evaluate the protective efficacy of this fusion protein vaccine using an HPV E7-expressing human ESCC cell line (EC9706) and a Hu-PBL-SCID mouse model. We demonstrated that immunization with the fusion protein vaccine caused significant inhibition of tumor growth with the delay time to tumor detection (tests vs. controls, 16 d vs. 9 d, p<0.01) and much smaller tumor size (p<0.01) in vivo. The inhibitory rate was ca. 69.6%, and 25% of the fusion protein vaccinated-mice remained tumor free by the end of the experiment (42 d). Furthermore, the activated lymphocytes (CD8+) were capable of infiltrating into the tumor site, and much more apoptotic cells along with activation of caspase-3 were observed in the tumors from vaccinated-mice. Also, high expression levels of human IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, granzyme B and perforin were detected in the tumors from vaccinated-mice. Therefore, we concluded that the HPV16 mE6delta/mE7/TBhsp70delta fusion protein vaccine is able to stimulate cellular-mediated immune response against E7-containing ESCC cells through CD8+-dependent CTL-induced apoptosis in Hu-PBL-SCID mice. These findings provide a scientific basis for HPV E7-expressing ESCC active immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Lu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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30
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Ye Z, Gan YH. Flagellin Contamination of Recombinant Heat Shock Protein 70 Is Responsible for Its Activity on T Cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:4479-4484. [PMID: 17178717 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606802200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsp) 60 and 70 have been intensively studied for their ability to activate innate immunity. Heat shock proteins had been shown to induce the activation of dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. However, the possible contamination of endotoxin in heat shock protein preparations makes their function as an activator of immune system ambiguous. Here, we examined the ability of bacterial Hsp60 and Hsp70 to activate Jurkat T cells and primary T cells. We found that Burkholderia pseudomallei Hsp70 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsp70 could costimulate Jurkat T cells to make IL-2 and signal through TLR5. This costimulatory activity is not due to endotoxin or contaminants signaling via TLR2 nor TLR4. However, recombinant Hsp70 expressed in Escherichia coli DeltafliC strain completely lost its ability to costimulate T cells. Thus, the activation of T cells by recombinant Hsp70 is ascribed to flagellin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Block MD7, #05-10, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Yunn-Hwen Gan
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Block MD7, #05-10, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Immunology Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD7, #05-10, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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Cutler JE, Deepe GS, Klein BS. Advances in combating fungal diseases: vaccines on the threshold. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007; 5:13-28. [PMID: 17160002 PMCID: PMC2214303 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic increase in fungal diseases in recent years can be attributed to the increased aggressiveness of medical therapy and other human activities. Immunosuppressed patients are at risk of contracting fungal diseases in healthcare settings and from natural environments. Increased prescribing of antifungals has led to the emergence of resistant fungi, resulting in treatment challenges. These concerns, together with the elucidation of the mechanisms of protective immunity against fungal diseases, have renewed interest in the development of vaccines against the mycoses. Most research has used murine models of human disease and, as we review in this article, the knowledge gained from these studies has advanced to the point where the development of vaccines targeting human fungal pathogens is now a realistic and achievable goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim E. Cutler
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Children at Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70118 USA
| | - George S. Deepe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45267–0560 USA
| | - Bruce S. Klein
- Departments of Pediatrics, Internal Medicine, and Medical Microbiology and Immunology and the University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, 53792 USA
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32
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Salem ML, El-Naggar SA, Kadima A, Gillanders WE, Cole DJ. The adjuvant effects of the toll-like receptor 3 ligand polyinosinic-cytidylic acid poly (I:C) on antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses are partially dependent on NK cells with the induction of a beneficial cytokine milieu. Vaccine 2006; 24:5119-32. [PMID: 16704888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly (I:C), a TLR3 ligand, has shown promise as a vaccine adjuvant to CD8(+) T cell responses. The underlying mechanisms involved in creating this adjuvant response in vivo, however, have not been well defined. In this study, we explored the contribution of NK cells and inflammatory cytokines in mediation the poly (I:C) adjuvant effects. Enhanced antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell responses were observed only when poly (I:C) was administered within 4h of peptide vaccination. Poly (I:C) treatment was associated with a rapid induction of inflammatory cytokines in the serum, including IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, and IFN-gamma, and selective increases in the numbers of NK (NK1.1(+)CD11b(+)) cells and Mvarphi (NK1.1(-)CD11b(+)), but not NK T (CD3(+)NK1.1(+)) cells. NK cells were required for the adjuvant effects of poly (I:C). Poly (I:C) treatment in TNF-alpha, type I IFNR, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-12Rbeta2, or IL-15 gene-deficient mice revealed a reciprocal interaction and interdependence in the induction of these cytokines, where the absence of one cytokine impacted on the production of others. Further, the adjuvant effects of poly (I:C) were dependent on the endogenous levels of type I IFNs, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-12, and IL-15. IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, but not TNF-alpha or IL-6, were able to mimic the adjuvant effects of poly (I:C). We conclude that the adjuvant effects of poly (I:C) on antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells appeared to be exquisitely dependent on the rapid induction of certain beneficial cytokines produced in part by NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L Salem
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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33
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Li Y, Subjeck J, Yang G, Repasky E, Wang XY. Generation of anti-tumor immunity using mammalian heat shock protein 70 DNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Vaccine 2006; 24:5360-70. [PMID: 16714072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the protective anti-tumor potency of mouse (self) Hsp70 or Hsp110-based DNA vaccination approach targeting a tumor-associated antigen, human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16 E7 protein. Linkage of E7 to the N-terminus of the mouse Hsp70 not only elicits an E7-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response, but also protects mice against challenge with E7 expressing tumors. CD8+ T-cells are crucial in both priming and effector phases for the induction of tumor immunity, whereas CD4+ T-cells and NK cells do not appear to play a major role. Furthermore, the ATP-binding domain deletion mutant Hsp70(382-641), when fused to E7, was immunologically effective, suggesting that the peptide-binding region, not the ATPase domain of Hsp70, is required for the vaccine activity of the E7-Hsp70 DNA. This study demonstrates that autologous Hsp70 is highly potent in enhancing antigen-specific immune responses. Functional domain mapping and orientation of the E7 and Hsp70 in the fusion gene may have clinical implications for the design and optimization of Hsp70-based DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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34
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Wang XP, Wang QX, Li HY, Chen RF. Heat shock protein 70 chaperoned alpha-fetoprotein in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line BEL-7402. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:5561-4. [PMID: 16222756 PMCID: PMC4320373 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i35.5561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the interaction between heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line BEL-7402.
METHODS: The expression and localization of HSP70 and AFP in human HCC cell line BEL-7402 were determined by immunocytochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence cytochemical staining. The interaction between HSP70 and AFP in HCC cells was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot.
RESULTS: Immunocytochemical staining detection showed that HCC cell BEL-7402 expressed a high level of HSP70 and AFP synchronously. Both were stained in cell plasma. AFP existed in the immunoprecipitate of anti-HSP70 mAb, while there was HSP70 in the immunoprecipitate of anti-AFP mAb.
CONCLUSION: HSP70 chaperones AFP in human HCC cell BEL-7402. The interaction between HSP70 and AFP in human HCC cell can be a new route to study the pathogenesis and immunotherapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100054, China.
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35
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Tobian AAR, Harding CV, Canaday DH. Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock fusion protein enhances class I MHC cross-processing and -presentation by B lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:5209-14. [PMID: 15843516 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.9.5209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous heat shock protein (HSP):peptide complexes are processed for cross-presentation of HSP-chaperoned peptides on class I MHC (MHC-I) molecules. Fusion proteins containing HSP and Ag sequences facilitate MHC-I cross-presentation of linked antigenic epitopes. Processing of HSP-associated Ag has been attributed to dendritic cells and macrophages. We now provide the first evidence to show processing of HSP-associated Ag for MHC-I cross-presentation by B lymphocytes. Fusion of OVA sequence (rOVA, containing OVA(230-359) sequence) to Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP70 greatly enhanced rOVA processing and MHC-I cross-presentation of OVA(257-264):K(b) complexes by B cells. Enhanced processing was dependent on linkage of rOVA sequence to HSP70. M. tuberculosis HSP70-OVA fusion protein enhanced cross-processing by a CD91-dependent process that was independent of TLR4 and MyD88. The enhancement occurred through a post-Golgi, proteasome-independent mechanism. These results indicate that HSPs enhance delivery and cross-processing of HSP-linked Ag by B cells, which could provide a novel contribution to the generation of CD8(+) T cell responses. HSP fusion proteins have potential advantages for use in vaccines to enhance priming of CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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36
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Langelaar MFM, Hope JC, Rutten VPMG, Noordhuizen JPTM, van Eden W, Koets AP. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis recombinant heat shock protein 70 interaction with different bovine antigen-presenting cells. Scand J Immunol 2005; 61:242-50. [PMID: 15787741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Heat shock proteins (Hsp) can deliver antigen into the major histocompatibility complex class I presentation pathway of antigen-presenting cells (APC), a process called cross priming, thus stimulating antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell reactions. Hsp were shown to elicit proinflammatory responses in APC. Both processes require interaction of Hsp with APC via specific receptors. This study describes the interaction of recombinant Hsp70 (rHsp70) of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis with bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells that was restricted to CD14+ cells. Characterized monocyte-derived macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) and BoMac, an immortalized bovine macrophage cell line, were used to investigate the interaction of rHsp70 with different bovine APC. Saturation of immature DC with high concentrations of rHsp70 is demonstrated, and it was found that interaction of rHsp70 with DC was related to the maturation stage of the DC. Involvement of CD91 as a cellular receptor for rHsp70 was demonstrated; however, competition studies with immature DC demonstrated that other receptors exist on bovine APC. These data suggest that rHsp70-based vaccines may be useful for the successful immunization of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F M Langelaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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37
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Bulut Y, Michelsen KS, Hayrapetian L, Naiki Y, Spallek R, Singh M, Arditi M. Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock proteins use diverse Toll-like receptor pathways to activate pro-inflammatory signals. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20961-7. [PMID: 15809303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411379200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Toll-like receptors used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis membrane and secreted factors are known, the pathways activated by M. tuberculosis heat shock proteins are not. An efficient immune response against the intracellular pathogen M. tuberculosis is critically dependent on rapid detection of the invading pathogen by the innate immune system and coordinated activation of the adaptive immune response. Macrophage phagocytosis of M. tuberculosis is accompanied by activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and secretion of inflammatory mediators that play an important role in granuloma formation and immune protection during M. tuberculosis infection. The interaction between M. tuberculosis and the various Toll-like receptors is complex, and it appears that distinct mycobacterial components may interact with different members of the Toll-like receptor family. Here we show that recombinant, purified, mycobacterial heat shock proteins 65 and 70 induce NF-kappaB activity in a dose-dependent manner in human endothelial cells. Furthermore, we show that whereas mycobacterial heat shock protein 65 signals exclusively through Toll-like receptor 4, heat shock protein 70 also signals through Toll-like receptor 2. Mycobacterial heat shock protein 65-induced NF-kappaB activation was MyD88-, TIRAP-, TRIF-, and TRAM-dependent and required the presence of MD-2. A better understanding of the recognition of mycobacterial heat shock proteins and their role in the host immune response to the pathogen may open the way to a better understanding of the immunological processes induced by this important human pathogen and the host-pathogen interactions and may help in the rational design of more effective vaccines or vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonca Bulut
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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38
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Winau F, Sponaas AM, Weber S, Schwierzeck V, Winter R, Hurwitz R, Kaufmann SHE. Scant activation of CD8 T?cells by antigen loaded on heat shock protein. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1046-55. [PMID: 15739167 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) not only function as chaperones for denatured proteins but also for antigenic peptides, thus inducing protective T cell responses. Here we show that vaccination with peptide-loaded HSP70 causes initial interferon-gamma production by murine CD8 T cells but no T cell expansion. These CD8 T cells lacked cytotoxic activity in vitro and in vivo, which was not due to apoptosis. Restimulation with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells both bypassed the proliferative block and suspended the non-protective state of CD8 T lymphocytes in an infection model with the bacterial pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes. Cotransfer of antigen-specific CD4 T cells circumvented the proliferative arrest of CD8 T cells. Our data suggest that HSP vaccines induce CD8 T cell unresponsiveness unless proficient help is provided. Assuming that this model reflects the antigenically experienced human condition where immunological space is restricted and any T cell response possibly leads to suppression of heterologous reactions, our findings bear implications for rational vaccination protocols including those for immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Winau
- Department of Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Wang XP, Liu GZ, Song AL, Li HY, Liu Y. Antitumor immunity induced by DNA vaccine encoding alpha-fetoprotein/heat shock protein 70. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:3197-200. [PMID: 15457574 PMCID: PMC4611272 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i21.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct a DNA vaccine encoding human alpha-fetoprotein (hAFP)/heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), and to study its ability to induce specific CTL response and its protective effect against AFP-expressing tumor.
METHODS: A DNA vaccine was constructed by combining hAFP gene with HSP70 gene. SP2/0 cells were stably transfected with pBBS212-hAFP and pBBS212-hAFP/HSP70 eukaryotic expression vectors. Mice were primed and boosted with DNA vaccine hAFP/HSP70 by intramuscular injection, whereas plasmid with hAFP or HSP70 was used as controls. ELISPOT and ELISA were used to detect IFN-γ - producing splenocytes and the level of serum anti-AFP antibody from immunized mice respectively. In vivo tumor challenge was measured to assess the immune effect of the DNA vaccine.
RESULTS: By DNA vaccine immunization, the results of ELISPOT and ELISA showed that the number of IFN-γ - producing splenocytes and the level of serum anti-AFP antibody were significantly higher in rhAFP/HSP70 group than in hAFP and empty plasmid groups (95.50 ± 10.90 IFN-γ spots/106 cells vs 23.60 ± 11.80 IFN-γ spots/106 cells, 7.17 ± 4.24 IFN-γ spots/106 cells, P < 0.01; 126.50 ± 8.22 μg/mL vs 51.72 ± 3.40 μg/mL, 5.83 ± 3.79 μg/mL, P < 0.01). The tumor volume in rhAFP/HSP70 group was significantly smaller than that in pBBS212-hAFP and empty plasmid groups (37.41 ± 7.34 mm3vs 381.13 ± 15.48 mm3, 817.51 ± 16.25 mm3, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Sequential immunization with a recombinant DNA vaccine encoding AFP and heat shock protein70 could generate effective AFP-specific T cell responses and induce definite antitumor effects on AFP-producing tumors, which may be suitable for some clinical testing as a vaccine for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100054, China.
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40
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Tobian AAR, Canaday DH, Boom WH, Harding CV. Bacterial heat shock proteins promote CD91-dependent class I MHC cross-presentation of chaperoned peptide to CD8+ T cells by cytosolic mechanisms in dendritic cells versus vacuolar mechanisms in macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:5277-86. [PMID: 15100266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.9.5277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
APCs process mammalian heat shock protein (HSP):peptide complexes to present HSP-chaperoned peptides on class I MHC (MHC-I) molecules to CD8(+) T cells. HSPs are also expressed in prokaryotes and chaperone microbial peptides, but the ability of prokaryotic HSPs to contribute chaperoned peptides for Ag presentation is unknown. Our studies revealed that exogenous bacterial HSPs (Escherichia coli DnaK and Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP70) delivered an extended OVA peptide for processing and MHC-I presentation by both murine macrophages and dendritic cells. HSP-enhanced MHC-I peptide presentation occurred only if peptide was complexed to the prokaryotic HSP and was dependent on CD91, establishing CD91 as a receptor for prokaryotic as well as mammalian HSPs. Inhibition of cytosolic processing mechanisms (e.g., by transporter for Ag presentation deficiency or brefeldin A) blocked HSP-enhanced peptide presentation in dendritic cells but not macrophages. Thus, prokaryotic HSPs deliver chaperoned peptide for alternate MHC-I Ag processing and cross-presentation via cytosolic mechanisms in dendritic cells and vacuolar mechanisms in macrophages. Prokaryotic HSPs are a potential source of microbial peptide Ags during phagocytic processing of bacteria during infection and could potentially be incorporated in vaccines to enhance presentation of peptides to CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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41
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Reimann J, Schirmbeck R. DNA vaccines expressing antigens with a stress protein-capturing domain display enhanced immunogenicity. Immunol Rev 2004; 199:54-67. [PMID: 15233726 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An expression system for DNA vaccines is described, in which a fusion protein with an N-terminal, viral J-domain that captures heat-shock proteins (Hsps) is translated in-frame with C-terminal antigen-encoding sequences (of various lengths and origins). The system supports enhanced expression of chimeric antigens (of >800 residues in length) with an extended half life (>8 h). When used as a DNA vaccine, it delivers antigen together with the intrinsic adjuvant activity provided by bound Hsps. We describe the design of vectors for DNA vaccination that support the expression of different immunogenic domains of different origins as large, Hsp-capturing chimeric fusion antigens. The immunogenicity of the antigens produced by this expression system (when it is built into DNA vaccines) has been characterized in detail, with particular emphasis on priming CD8+ T-cell responses. We also discuss areas of vaccine research to which the new technology may provide useful contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reimann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ulm, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
The role of stress proteins in immunity and their feasibility as vaccine vehicles against infectious disease have been the focus of intensive examination. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident stress proteins in particular are interesting model proteins as they perform crucial functions in an organelle that responds promptly to cell stress. We describe transcriptional regulation of ER-resident stress proteins, their involvement in the cellular response to infection and discuss their potential as vaccine candidates against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike K Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Schumannstrasse 21-22, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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