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Ji J, Tang M, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Shen Y, Zhou B, Liu C, Maurer M, Jiao Q. In chronic spontaneous urticaria, increased Galectin-9 expression on basophils and eosinophils is linked to high disease activity, endotype-specific markers, and response to omalizumab treatment. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 39021347 DOI: 10.1111/all.16239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-9 (Gal-9) has been implicated in allergic and autoimmune diseases, but its role and relevance in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) are unclear. OBJECTIVES To characterize the role and relevance of Gal-9 in the pathogenesis of CSU. METHODS We assessed 60 CSU patients for their expression of Gal-9 on circulating eosinophils and basophils as well as T cell expression of the Gal-9 receptor TIM-3, compared them with 26 healthy controls (HCs), and explored possible links with disease features including disease activity (urticaria activity score, UAS), total IgE, basophil activation test (BAT), and response to omalizumab treatment. We also investigated potential drivers of Gal-9 expression by eosinophils and basophils. RESULTS Our CSU patients had markedly increased rates of circulating Gal-9+ eosinophils and basophils and high numbers of lesional Gal-9+ cells. High rates of blood Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils were linked to high disease activity, IgE levels, and BAT negativity. Serum levels of TNF-α were positively correlated with circulating Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils, and TNF-α markedly upregulated Gal-9 on eosinophils. CSU patients who responded to omalizumab treatment had more Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils than non-responders, and omalizumab reduced blood levels of Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils in responders. Gal-9+ eosinophils/basophils were negatively correlated with TIM-3+TH17 cells. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized involvement of the Gal-9/TIM-3 pathway in the pathogenesis CSU and call for studies that explore its relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Su Zhou, China
| | - Minhui Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Suzhou Kowloon hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Chuqiao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Su Zhou, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingqing Jiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Österberg AW, Östman-Smith I, Green H, Gunnarsson C, Fredrikson M, Liuba P, Fernlund E. Biomarkers and Proteomics in Sarcomeric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the Young-FGF-21 Highly Associated with Overt Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:105. [PMID: 38667723 PMCID: PMC11050055 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Any difference in biomarkers between genotype-positive individuals with overt hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and genotype-positive but phenotype-negative individuals (G+P-) in HCM-associated pathways might shed light on pathophysiological mechanisms. We studied this in young HCM patients. Methods: 29 HCM patients, 17 G+P--individuals, and age- and sex-matched controls were prospectively included. We analyzed 184 cardiovascular disease-associated proteins by two proximity extension assays, categorized into biological pathways, and analyzed with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Significant proteins were dichotomized into groups above/below median concentration in control group. Results: Dichotomized values of significant proteins showed high odds ratio (OR) in overt HCMphenotype for Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) 10 (p = 0.001), P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) OR 8.6 (p = 0.005), and Galectin-9 (Gal-9) OR 5.91 (p = 0.004). For G+P-, however, angiopoietin-1 receptor (TIE2) was notably raised, OR 65.5 (p = 0.004), whereas metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 (TIMP4) involved in proteolysis, in contrast, had reduced OR 0.06 (p = 0.013). Conclusions: This study is one of the first in young HCM patients and G+P- individuals. We found significantly increased OR for HCM in FGF-21 involved in RAS-MAPK pathway, associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Upregulation of FGF-21 indicates involvement of the RAS-MAPK pathway in HCM regardless of genetic background, which is a novel finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wålinder Österberg
- Crown Princess Victoria Children’s Hospital, Linköping University Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Ingegerd Östman-Smith
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41680 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Henrik Green
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Gunnarsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Centre for Rare Diseases in Southeast Region of Sweden, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Mats Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Petru Liuba
- Paediatric Heart Centre, Skåne University Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Eva Fernlund
- Crown Princess Victoria Children’s Hospital, Linköping University Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden;
- Paediatric Heart Centre, Skåne University Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden;
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Rodrigues CF, Santos FA, Amorim LAA, da Silva ALC, Marques LGA, Rocha BAM. Galectin-9 is a target for the treatment of cancer: A patent review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127768. [PMID: 38287577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Galectins, which correspond to a group of proteins capable of recognizing and reversibly binding to β-galactoside carbohydrates, have been the subject of innovation and development of technological products. Galectins play biological roles, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, and some studies showed differences in the concentrations of galectins dispersed in serum of patients with cancer. For this reason, different studies have evaluated the biotechnological potential of these proteins as biomarkers for the prognosis and/or diagnosis of physiological disorders. Thus, this review discusses recent technological advancements in targeting galectins for the treatment of cancer and using galectins for cancer prognosis and diagnosis. Data mining was performed using the search descriptors "Galectin 9* and cancer*" and the ESPACENET and Cortellis Drug Discovery Intelligence (CDDI) databases. PRISMA guidelines were followed as a basis for literature review which aimed to conduct a systematic study of galectin-9 patents related to cancer prognosis, diagnosis and treatment. Results showed the importance of galectin-9 protein patents in furthering biomedical advancements in the global fight against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Alves Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - André Luis Coelho da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Anderson Matias Rocha
- RENORBIO, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil.
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4
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Ameen SG, Zidan MAEA, Amer AS, Elshahat NF, Elhalim WAEA. A study of the association between Galectin-9 gene (LGALS9) polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis in Egyptian patients. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGY AND REHABILITATION 2023; 50:30. [DOI: 10.1186/s43166-023-00198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incessant synovial inflammation of an autoimmune origin, destroying articular cartilages and bones. Galectins are an evolutionarily conserved family of immune-modulatory animal lectins detected in a number of immune cells like T cells, fibroblasts and macrophages. Galectin 9 (Gal-9) has been the subject of many studies for being linked to regulation of both innate and adaptive immune reactions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the link between the Galectin-9 gene (LGALS9) polymorphisms and the susceptibility of RA in Egyptian patients, as well as, detection of the serum level of Gal-9 in RA and its association with LGALS9 polymorphisms, the activity of RA and radiological damage.
Methods
A study of 85 participants; group (I): 60 RA cases and group (II): 25 apparently healthy subjects. RA Disease activity index (DAS-28) and Larsen index score were assessed. LGALS9 gene and serum Gal-9 were investigated.
Results
rs4239242 TT genotype and T allele occurred more frequently in RA cases than controls with a significant difference (P = 0.006; P < 0.001 respectively). Gal-9 level was significantly higher among RA cases than control group (P = 0.017). The Gal-9 level showed negative significant correlations with DAS-28 and Larsen score (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
RA is strongly linked to genetic alterations in the LGALS9 gene and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4239242 TT genotype in the Egyptian population. RA cases in remission or those with low disease activity had higher levels of serum Gal-9 in comparison to cases with moderate and high disease activity and this would be promising in the future of RA treatment.
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5
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Chen H, Zha J, Tang R, Chen G. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3): Solving a key puzzle in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110418. [PMID: 37290326 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional immune cells participate in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases, although the specific mechanisms remain elusive and effective clinical interventions are lacking. Recent research on immune checkpoint molecules has revealed significant expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) on the surfaces of various immune cells. These include different subsets of T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. Further investigation into its protein structure, ligands, and intracellular signaling pathway activation mechanisms has found that TIM-3, by binding with different ligands, is involved in the regulation of crucial biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, phenotypic transformation, effector protein synthesis, and cellular interactions of various immune cells. The TIM-3-ligand axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, cancers, transplant rejection, and chronic inflammation. This article primarily focuses on the research findings of TIM-3 in the field of autoimmune diseases, with a special emphasis on the structure and signaling pathways of TIM-3, its types of ligands, and the potential mechanisms implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as other autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. The latest research results in the field of immunology suggest that TIM-3 dysfunction affects various immune cells and participates in the pathogenesis of diseases. Monitoring the activity of its receptor-ligand axis can serve as a novel biological marker for disease clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. More importantly, the TIM-3-ligand axis and the downstream signaling pathway molecules may become key targets for targeted intervention treatment of autoimmune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Runyan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Morishita A, Oura K, Tadokoro T, Shi T, Fujita K, Tani J, Atsukawa M, Masaki T. Galectin-9 in Gastroenterological Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076174. [PMID: 37047155 PMCID: PMC10094448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunochemotherapy has become popular in recent years. The detailed mechanisms of cancer immunity are being elucidated, and new developments are expected in the future. Apoptosis allows tissues to maintain their form, quantity, and function by eliminating excess or abnormal cells. When apoptosis is inhibited, the balance between cell division and death is disrupted and tissue homeostasis is impaired. This leads to dysfunction and the accumulation of genetically abnormal cells, which can contribute to carcinogenesis. Lectins are neither enzymes nor antibodies but proteins that bind sugar chains. Among soluble endogenous lectins, galectins interact with cell surface sugar chains outside the cell to regulate signal transduction and cell growth. On the other hand, intracellular lectins are present at the plasma membrane and regulate signal transduction by regulating receptor–ligand interactions. Galectin-9 expressed on the surface of thymocytes induces apoptosis of T lymphocytes and plays an essential role in immune self-tolerance by negative selection in the thymus. Furthermore, the administration of extracellular galectin-9 induces apoptosis of human cancer and immunodeficient cells. However, the detailed pharmacokinetics of galectin-9 in vivo have not been elucidated. In addition, the cell surface receptors involved in galectin-9-induced apoptosis of cancer cells have not been identified, and the intracellular pathways involved in apoptosis have not been fully investigated. We have previously reported that galectin-9 induces apoptosis in various gastrointestinal cancers and suppresses tumor growth. However, the mechanism of galectin-9 and apoptosis induction in gastrointestinal cancers and the detailed mechanisms involved in tumor growth inhibition remain unknown. In this article, we review the effects of galectin-9 on gastrointestinal cancers and its mechanisms.
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Liu Y, Rao P, Qian H, Shi Y, Chen S, Lan J, Mu D, Chen R, Zhang X, Deng C, Liu G, Shi G. Regulatory Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes Cell Membrane Coated Nanoparticles: A Novel Targeted Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204998. [PMID: 36509660 PMCID: PMC9896074 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are the main cell component in the inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). FLS intimately interact with infiltrating T cells. Fibroblasts have potent inhibitory effects on T cells, leading to the resolution of inflammation and immune tolerance. However, this "regulatory" phenotype is defect in RA, and FLS in RA instead act as "proinflammatory" phenotype mediating inflammation perpetuation. Signals that orchestrate fibroblast heterogeneity remain unclear. Here, it is demonstrated that different cytokines can induce distinct phenotypes of FLS. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is pivotal in inducing the regulatory phenotype of FLS (which is termed FLSreg ) characterized by high expressions of several inhibitory molecules. Rapamycin enhances the effect of IFN-γ on FLS. Based on the characteristics of FLSreg , a novel biomimetic therapeutic strategy for RA is designed by coating cell membrane derived from FLSreg induced by IFN-γ and rapamycin on nanoparticles, which is called FIRN. FIRN show good efficacy, stability, and inflammatory joint targeting ability in an RA mouse model. The findings clarify how fibroblast phenotypes are modulated in the inflammatory microenvironment and provide insights into novel therapeutic designs for autoimmune diseases based on regulatory fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen361001China
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamen361103China
- Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune DiseaseXiamen361001China
| | - Peishi Rao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen361001China
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamen361103China
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyPeking University People's HospitalBeijing100044China
| | - Hongyan Qian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen361001China
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamen361103China
- Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune DiseaseXiamen361001China
| | - Yesi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular DiagnosticsCenter for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen361001China
| | - Shiju Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen361001China
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamen361103China
- Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune DiseaseXiamen361001China
| | - Jingying Lan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen361001China
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamen361103China
| | - Dan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular DiagnosticsCenter for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen361001China
| | - Rongjuan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen361001China
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamen361103China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen361001China
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamen361103China
- Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune DiseaseXiamen361001China
| | - Chaoqiong Deng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen361001China
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamen361103China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular DiagnosticsCenter for Molecular Imaging and Translational MedicineSchool of Public HealthXiamen361001China
| | - Guixiu Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamen361001China
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamen361103China
- Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune DiseaseXiamen361001China
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Čoma M, Manning JC, Kaltner H, Gál P. The sweet side of wound healing: galectins as promising therapeutic targets in hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:41-53. [PMID: 36716023 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2175318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the molecular and cellular processes involved in skin wound healing may pave the way for the development of innovative approaches to transforming the identified natural effectors into therapeutic tools. Based on the extensive involvement of the ga(lactoside-binding)lectin family in (patho)physiological processes, it has been well established that galectins are involved in a wide range of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. AREAS COVERED In the present paper, we provide an overview of the biological role of galectins in repair and regeneration, focusing on four main phases (hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation/remodeling) of skin repair using basic wound models (open excision vs. sutured incision). EXPERT OPINION The reported data make a strong case for directing further efforts to treat excisional and incisional wounds differently. Functions of galectins essentially result from their modular presentation. In fact, Gal-1 seems to play a role in the early phases of healing (anti-inflammatory) and wound contraction, Gal-3 accelerates re-epithelization and increases tensile strength (scar inductor). Galectins have also become subject of redesigning by engineering to optimize the activity. Clinically relevant, these new tools derived from the carbohydrate recognition domain platform may also prove helpful for other purposes, such as potent antibacterial agglutinins and opsonins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matúš Čoma
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Inc, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Gál
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Inc, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic.,Prague Burn Center, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Galectokines: The Promiscuous Relationship between Galectins and Cytokines. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091286. [PMID: 36139125 PMCID: PMC9496209 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins, a family of glycan-binding proteins, are well-known for their role in shaping the immune microenvironment. They can directly affect the activity and survival of different immune cell subtypes. Recent evidence suggests that galectins also indirectly affect the immune response by binding to members of another immunoregulatory protein family, i.e., cytokines. Such galectin-cytokine heterodimers, here referred to as galectokines, add a new layer of complexity to the regulation of immune homeostasis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge with regard to galectokine formation and function. We describe the known and potential mechanisms by which galectokines can help to shape the immune microenvironment. Finally, the outstanding questions and challenges for future research regarding the role of galectokines in immunomodulation are discussed.
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Su W, Zhang J, Yang S, Tang M, Shen Y, Liu C, Ji J, Maurer M, Jiao Q. Galectin-9 contributes to the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis via T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3. Front Immunol 2022; 13:952338. [PMID: 35967337 PMCID: PMC9364826 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.952338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD), a common type 2 inflammatory disease, is driven by T helper (TH) 2/TH22polarization and cytokines.Galectin-9 (Gal-9), via its receptor T cell immunoglobulin- and mucin-domain-containing molecule-3 (TIM-3), can promote TH2/TH22 immunity. The relevance of this in AD is largely unclear. Objectives To characterize the role of TIM-3 and Gal-9 in the pathogenesis of AD and underlying mechanisms. Methods We assessed the expression of Gal-9 and TIM-3 in 30 AD patients, to compare them with those of 30 healthy controls (HC) and to explore possible links with disease features including AD activity (SCORAD), IgE levels, and circulating eosinophils and B cells. We also determined the effects of Gal-9 on T cells from the AD patients. Results Our AD patients had markedly higher levels of serum Gal-9 and circulating TIM-3-expressing TH1 and TH17 cells than HC. Gal-9 and TIM-3 were linked to high disease activity, IgE levels, and circulating eosinophils and/or B cells. The rates of circulating TIM-3-positive CD4+ cells were positively correlated with rates of TH2/TH22 cells and negatively correlated with rates of TH1/TH17 cells. Gal-9 inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of T cells in patients with AD, especially in those with severe AD. Conclusion Our findings suggest thatGal-9, via TIM-3, contributes to the pathogenesis of AD by augmenting TH2/TH22 polarization through the downregulation of TH1/TH17immunity. This makes Gal-9 and TIM-3 interesting to explore further, as possible drivers of disease and targets of novel AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Su
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Su Zhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College (China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital), Chengdu, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Su Zhou, China
| | - Shun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Su Zhou, China
| | - Minhui Tang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Su Zhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Ji, ; Marcus Maurer, ; Qingqing Jiao,
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Allergology and Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jiang Ji, ; Marcus Maurer, ; Qingqing Jiao,
| | - Qingqing Jiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiang Ji, ; Marcus Maurer, ; Qingqing Jiao,
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Yu D, Bu M, Yu P, Li Y, Chong Y. Regulation of wound healing and fibrosis by galectins. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:861-874. [PMID: 35589840 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins with at least one carbohydrate-recognition domain. Galectins are present in various tissues and organs and participate in different physiological and pathological molecular reactions in vivo. Wound healing is the basic process of traumatic disease recovery. Wound healing involves three overlapping stages: inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Furthermore, a comparison of wound healing with the tumour microenvironment revealed that galectin plays a key role in the wound healing process. The current review describes the role of galectin in inflammation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialisation, and fibrous scar formation and evaluates its potential as a therapeutic drug for wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Bu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaping Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.
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12
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Kuske M, Haist M, Jung T, Grabbe S, Bros M. Immunomodulatory Properties of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-More than Boosting T-Cell Responses? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1710. [PMID: 35406483 PMCID: PMC8996886 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that serve to enhance effector T-cell anti-tumor responses has strongly improved success rates in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and other tumor types. The currently approved ICI constitute monoclonal antibodies blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein (CTLA)-4 and anti-programmed cell death (PD)-1. By this, the T-cell-inhibitory CTLA-4/CD80/86 and PD-1/PD-1L/2L signaling axes are inhibited. This leads to sustained effector T-cell activity and circumvents the immune evasion of tumor cells, which frequently upregulate PD-L1 expression and modulate immune checkpoint molecule expression on leukocytes. As a result, profound clinical responses are observed in 40-60% of metastatic melanoma patients. Despite the pivotal role of T effector cells for triggering anti-tumor immunity, mounting evidence indicates that ICI efficacy may also be attributable to other cell types than T effector cells. In particular, emerging research has shown that ICI also impacts innate immune cells, such as myeloid cells, natural killer cells and innate lymphoid cells, which may amplify tumoricidal functions beyond triggering T effector cells, and thus improves clinical efficacy. Effects of ICI on non-T cells may additionally explain, in part, the character and extent of adverse effects associated with treatment. Deeper knowledge of these effects is required to further develop ICI treatment in terms of responsiveness of patients to treatment, to overcome resistance to ICI and to alleviate adverse effects. In this review we give an overview into the currently known immunomodulatory effects of ICI treatment in immune cell types other than the T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (M.K.); (M.H.); (T.J.); (S.G.)
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13
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Galectin-8, cytokines, and the storm. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:135-149. [PMID: 35015084 PMCID: PMC9022973 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-8 (Gal-8) belongs to a family of animal lectins that modulate cell adhesion, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune responses. Recent studies have shown that mammalian Gal-8 induces in an autocrine and paracrine manner, the expression and secretion of cytokines and chemokines such as RANKL, IL-6, IL-1β, SDF-1, and MCP-1. This involves Gal-8 binding to receptor complexes that include MRC2/uPAR/LRP1, integrins, and CD44. Receptors ligation triggers FAK, ERK, Akt, and the JNK signaling pathways, leading to induction of NF-κB that promotes cytokine expression. Indeed, immune-competent Gal-8 knockout (KO) mice express systemic lower levels of cytokines and chemokines while the opposite is true for Gal-8 transgenic animals. Cytokine and chemokine secretion, induced by Gal-8, promotes the migration of cancer cells toward cells expressing this lectin. Accordingly, Gal-8 KO mice experience reduced tumor size and smaller and fewer metastatic lesions when injected with cancer cells. These observations suggest the existence of a ‘vicious cycle’ whereby Gal-8 expression and secretion promotes the secretion of cytokines and chemokines that further promote Gal-8 expression. This ‘vicious cycle’ could enhance the development of a ‘cytokine storm’ which is a key contributor to the poor prognosis of COVID-19 patients.
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14
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Manresa MC, Wu A, Nhu QM, Chiang AWT, Okamoto K, Miki H, Kurten R, Pham E, Duong LD, Lewis NE, Akuthota P, Croft M, Aceves SS. LIGHT controls distinct homeostatic and inflammatory gene expression profiles in esophageal fibroblasts via differential HVEM and LTβR-mediated mechanisms. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:327-337. [PMID: 34903876 PMCID: PMC8866113 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts mediate tissue remodeling in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), a chronic allergen-driven inflammatory pathology. Diverse fibroblast subtypes with homeostasis-regulating or inflammatory profiles have been recognized in various tissues, but which mediators induce these alternate differentiation states remain largely unknown. We recently identified that TNFSF14/LIGHT promotes an inflammatory esophageal fibroblast in vitro. Herein we used esophageal biopsies and primary fibroblasts to investigate the role of the LIGHT receptors, herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM) and lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTβR), and their downstream activated pathways, in EoE. In addition to promoting inflammatory gene expression, LIGHT down-regulated homeostatic factors including WNTs, BMPs and type 3 semaphorins. In vivo, WNT2B+ fibroblasts were decreased while ICAM-1+ and IL-34+ fibroblasts were expanded in EoE, suggesting that a LIGHT-driven gene signature was imprinted in EoE versus normal esophageal fibroblasts. HVEM and LTβR overexpression and deficiency experiments demonstrated that HVEM regulates a limited subset of LIGHT targets, whereas LTβR controls all transcriptional effects. Pharmacologic blockade of the non-canonical NIK/p100/p52-mediated NF-κB pathway potently silenced LIGHT's transcriptional effects, with a lesser role found for p65 canonical NF-κB. Collectively, our results show that LIGHT promotes differentiation of esophageal fibroblasts toward an inflammatory phenotype and represses homeostatic gene expression via a LTβR-NIK-p52 NF-κB dominant pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario C. Manresa
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA ,Division of Allergy Immunology, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.185006.a0000 0004 0461 3162La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Amanda Wu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA ,Division of Allergy Immunology, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Quan M. Nhu
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA ,Division of Allergy Immunology, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.419794.60000 0001 2111 8997Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Austin W. T. Chiang
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Kevin Okamoto
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Haruka Miki
- grid.185006.a0000 0004 0461 3162La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Richard Kurten
- grid.239305.e0000 0001 2157 2081Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, AR USA
| | - Elaine Pham
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA ,Division of Allergy Immunology, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Loan D. Duong
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA ,Division of Allergy Immunology, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Nathan E. Lewis
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Praveen Akuthota
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Michael Croft
- grid.185006.a0000 0004 0461 3162La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Seema S. Aceves
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA USA ,Division of Allergy Immunology, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA USA ,grid.286440.c0000 0004 0383 2910Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
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15
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Cao Y, Li Q, Liu H, He X, Huang F, Wang Y. Role of Tim-3 in regulating tumorigenesis, inflammation, and antitumor immunity therapy. Cancer Biomark 2021; 32:237-248. [PMID: 34092621 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICRs), has attained considerable progresses in clinical practice. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) act as next ICRs, and originally function as a co-inhibitory receptor expressed on interferon (IFN)-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Furthermore, Tim-3 has also been found to express on innate immune cells and several types of tumors, signifying the pivotal role that Tim-3 plays in chronic viral infections and cancer. In addition, Tim-3 and multiple ICRs are concurrently expressed and regulated on dysfunctional or exhausted T-cells, leading to improved antitumor immune responses in preclinical or clinical cancer therapy through co-blockade of Tim-3 and other ICRs such as programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). In this review, the biological characteristics of Tim-3 and the function of Tim-3 in regulating tumorigenesis and inflammation have been summarized. The usage of a single blockade of Tim-3 or in combination with multiple immunotherapy regimens have drawn attention to antitumor potential as a target for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianglei He
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yigang Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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16
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Morishita A, Nomura K, Tani J, Fujita K, Iwama H, Takuma K, Nakahara M, Tadokoro T, Oura K, Chiyo T, Fujihara S, Niki T, Hirashima M, Nishiyama A, Himoto T, Masaki T. Galectin‑9 suppresses the tumor growth of colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:105. [PMID: 33907832 PMCID: PMC8072828 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and the prognosis of advanced colon cancer has remained poor in recent years. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem-repeat type galectin that has recently been shown to exert antiproliferative effects on various types of cancer cells. The present study aimed to assess the effects of Gal-9 on human colon and colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, as well as to evaluate the microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) associated with the antitumor effects of Gal-9. We examined the ability of Gal-9 to inhibit cell proliferation via apoptosis, and the effects of Gal-9 on cell cycle-related molecules in various human colon and colorectal cancer cell lines. In addition, Gal-9-mediated changes in activated tyrosine kinase receptors and angiogenic molecules were assessed using protein array chips in colon and colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, miRNA array analysis was performed to examine Gal-9-induced miRNA expression profiles. We also elucidated if Gal-9 inhibited tumor growth in a murine in vivo model. We found that Gal-9 suppressed the cell proliferation of colon cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Our data further revealed that Gal-9 increased caspase-cleaved keratin 18 levels in Gal-9-treated colon cancer cells. In addition, Gal-9 enhanced the phosphorylation of ALK, DDR1, and EphA10 proteins. Furthermore, the miRNA expression levels, such as miR-1246, miR-15b-5p, and miR-1237, were markedly altered by Gal-9 treatment in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, Gal-9 suppresses the cell proliferation of human colon cancer by inducing apoptosis, and these findings suggest that Gal-9 can be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Kei Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Joji Tani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Kei Takuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Mai Nakahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tadokoro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Kyoko Oura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Taiga Chiyo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
| | - Takashi Himoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Mure‑cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761‑0123, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Miki‑cho, Kita‑gun, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan
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17
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Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Wong LP, Sadreyev R, Billingsley JM, Feldpausch MN, Zheng I, Pan CS, Boutin A, Lee H, Corey KE, Torriani M, Kleiner DE, Chung RT, Hadigan CM, Grinspoon SK. Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Reduces Circulating Markers of Immune Activation in Parallel with Effects on Hepatic Immune Pathways in Individuals with HIV-Infection and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:621-630. [PMID: 33852720 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis modulates critical metabolic pathways; however, little is known regarding effects of augmenting pulsatile GH secretion on immune function in humans. This study used proteomics and gene set enrichment analysis to assess effects of a GH releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, tesamorelin, on circulating immune markers and liver tissue in people with HIV (PWH) and NAFLD. METHODS 92 biomarkers associated with immunity, chemotaxis, and metabolism were measured in plasma samples from 61 PWH with NAFLD who participated in a double-blind, randomized trial of tesamorelin versus placebo for 12 months. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed on serial liver biopsies targeted to immune pathways. RESULTS Tesamorelin, compared to placebo, decreased interconnected proteins related to cytotoxic T-cell and monocyte activation. Circulating concentrations of 13 proteins were significantly decreased, and no proteins increased, by tesamorelin. These included four chemokines (CCL3, CCL4, CCL13 [MCP4], IL8 [CXCL8]), two cytokines (IL-10 and CSF-1), and four T-cell associated molecules (CD8A, CRTAM, GZMA, ADGRG1), as well as ARG1, Gal-9, and HGF. Network analysis indicated close interaction among the gene pathways responsible for these proteins, with imputational analyses suggesting down regulation of a closely related cluster of immune pathways. Targeted transcriptomics using liver tissue confirmed a significant end-organ signal of down-regulated immune activation pathways. CONCLUSIONS Long-term treatment with a GHRH analog reduced markers of T-cell and monocyte/macrophage activity, suggesting that augmentation of the GH axis may ameliorate immune activation in an HIV population with metabolic dysregulation, systemic and end organ inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takara L Stanley
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsay T Fourman
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lai Ping Wong
- MGH Department of Molecular Biology and HMS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- MGH Department of Molecular Biology and HMS, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James M Billingsley
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Meghan N Feldpausch
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isabel Zheng
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chelsea S Pan
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Autumn Boutin
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hang Lee
- Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Martin Torriani
- Liver Center, Gastroenterology Division, MGH and HMS, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Colleen M Hadigan
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard Medical School (HMS), Boston, MA, USA.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Liang L, Zhang YM, Shen YW, Song AP, Li WL, Ye LF, Lu X, Wang GC, Peng QL. Aberrantly Expressed Galectin-9 Is Involved in the Immunopathogenesis of Anti-MDA5-Positive Dermatomyositis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:628128. [PMID: 33842457 PMCID: PMC8027128 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.628128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dermatomyositis (DM) associated rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RP-ILD) has high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) plays multiple functions in immune regulation. We investigated Gal-9 expression in DM patients and its association with DM-ILD. Methods A total of 154 idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients and 30 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were used to analyze the association between serum Gal-9 levels and clinical features. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and qRT-PCR were used to examine Gal-9 expression in the sera and isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from DM patients. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the expression of Gal-9 and its ligand (T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (Tim)-3 and CD44) in lung tissues from anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-positive patients. The effect of Gal-9 on human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) was investigated in vitro. Results Serum Gal-9 levels were significantly higher in DM patients than in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy patients and healthy controls (all p < 0.001). Higher serum Gal-9 levels were observed in anti-MDA5-positive DM patients than in anti-MDA5-negative DM patients [33.8 (21.9–44.7) vs. 16.2 (10.0–26.9) ng/mL, p < 0.001]. Among the anti-MDA5-positive DM patients, serum Gal-9 levels were associated with RP-ILD severity. Serum Gal-9 levels were significantly correlated with disease activity in anti-MDA5-positive DM patients in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. PBMCs isolated from anti-MDA5-positive DM patients (3.7 ± 2.3 ng/mL) produced higher levels of Gal-9 than those from immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy patients (1.1 ± 0.3 ng/mL, p = 0.022) and healthy controls (1.4 ± 1.2 ng/mL, p = 0.045). The mRNA levels of Gal-9 were positively correlated with the levels of type-I interferon-inducible genes MX1 (r = 0.659, p = 0.020) and IFIH1 (r = 0.787, p = 0.002) in PBMCs from anti-MDA5-positive DM patients. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased Gal-9 and Tim-3 expression in the lung tissues of patients with DM and RP-ILD. In vitro stimulation with Gal-9 protein increased CCL2 mRNA expression in MRC-5 fibroblasts. Conclusions Among anti-MDA5-positive DM patients, Gal-9 could be a promising biomarker for monitoring disease activity, particularly for RP-ILD severity. Aberrant expression of the Gal-9/Tim-3 axis may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of DM-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Mei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Wen Shen
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Ping Song
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Li Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Fang Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Chun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Lin Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Key Lab for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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19
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Moar P, Tandon R. Galectin-9 as a biomarker of disease severity. Cell Immunol 2021; 361:104287. [PMID: 33494007 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a β-galactoside binding lectin known for its immunomodulatory role in various microbial infections. Gal-9 is expressed in all organ systems and localized in the nucleus, cell surface, cytoplasm and the extracellular matrix. It mediates host-pathogen interactions and regulates cell signalling via binding to its receptors. Gal-9 is involved in many physiological functions such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, communication and death. However, recent studies have emphasized on the elevated levels of Gal-9 in autoimmune disorders, viral infections, parasitic invasion, cancer, acute liver failure, atopic dermatitis, chronic kidney disease, type-2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and benign infertility-related gynecological disorders. In this paper we have reviewed the potential of Gal-9 as a reliable, sensitive and non-invasive biomarker of disease severity. Tracking changes in Gal-9 levels and its implementation as a biomarker in clinical practice will be an important tool to monitor disease activity and facilitate personalized treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Moar
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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20
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Zhang N, Li X, Wang J, Wang J, Li N, Wei Y, Tian H, Ji Y. Galectin-9 regulates follicular helper T cells to inhibit humoral autoimmunity-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:99-106. [PMID: 33316546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) is an unexplained disease state characterized by autoimmunity and pulmonary fibrosis. Exploring the pathogenesis of IPAF is helpful for the treatment of interstitial pneumonia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In this study, we observed that the lung Galectin-9 (Gal-9) of IPAF patients was significantly reduced, which was significantly related to lung dysfunction and abnormal humoral immunity. Moreover, an overreactive germinal center (GC) reaction in the lung lymph nodes (LNs) of Gal-9-deficient mice was found to be related to abnormally active follicular helper T cells (Tfh) cells. The lack of Gal-9 ligand in Tfh cells can lead to excessive transcriptional programming and differentiation and help GC B cells. Gal-9 deficiency caused an abnormal humoral immune response in mice, leading to excessive deposition of nonspecific autoantibodies in mice and chronic lung fibrosis. Our research reveals the important regulatory role of gal-9 in Tfh cells and a possible target for the treatment of IPAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhang
- Department of Respiratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Respiratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Junning Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Jinye Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Respiratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Yao Wei
- Department of Respiratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Respiratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China
| | - Yahong Ji
- Department of Respiratory, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China.
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21
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Chakraborty A, Staudinger C, King SL, Erickson FC, Lau LS, Bernasconi A, Luscinskas FW, Perlyn C, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-9 bridges human B cells to vascular endothelium while programming regulatory pathways. J Autoimmun 2020; 117:102575. [PMID: 33285511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Humoral immunity is reliant on efficient recruitment of circulating naïve B cells from blood into peripheral lymph nodes (LN) and timely transition of naive B cells to high affinity antibody (Ab)-producing cells. Current understanding of factor(s) coordinating B cell adhesion, activation and differentiation within LN, however, is incomplete. Prior studies on naïve B cells reveal remarkably strong binding to putative immunoregulator, galectin (Gal)-9, that attenuates BCR activation and signaling, implicating Gal-9 as a negative regulator in B cell biology. Here, we investigated Gal-9 localization in human tonsils and LNs and unearthed conspicuously high expression of Gal-9 on high endothelial and post-capillary venules. Adhesion analyses showed that Gal-9 can bridge human circulating and naïve B cells to vascular endothelial cells (EC), while decelerating transendothelial migration. Moreover, Gal-9 interactions with naïve B cells induced global transcription of gene families related to regulation of cell signaling and membrane/cytoskeletal dynamics. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule F7 (SLAMF7) was among key immunoregulators elevated by Gal-9-binding, while SLAMF7's cytosolic adapter EAT-2, which is required for cell activation, was eliminated. Gal-9 also activated phosphorylation of pro-survival factor, ERK. Together, these data suggest that Gal-9 promotes B cell - EC interactions while delivering anergic signals to control B cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmi Chakraborty
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Caleb Staudinger
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Sandra L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Frances Clemente Erickson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Lee Seng Lau
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Angela Bernasconi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Francis W Luscinskas
- Department of Pathology, Vascular Research Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Chad Perlyn
- Department of Surgery, Nicholas Children's Hospital, Division of Plastic Surgery, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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22
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Chen P, Zhang L, Zhang W, Sun C, Wu C, He Y, Zhou C. Galectin-9-based immune risk score model helps to predict relapse in stage I-III small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001391. [PMID: 33082168 PMCID: PMC7577067 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For small cell lung cancer (SCLC) therapy, immunotherapy might have unique advantages to some extent. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) plays an important role in antitumor immunity, while little is known of its function in SCLC. Materials and methods By mean of immunohistochemistry (IHC), we tested the expression level of Gal-9 and other immune markers on both tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in 102 surgical-resected early stage SCLC clinical samples. On the basis of statistical analysis and machine learning results, the Gal-9-based immune risk score model was constructed and its predictive performance was evaluated. Then, we thoroughly explored the effects of Gal-9 and immune risk score on SCLC immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in different cohorts and platforms. Results In the SCLC cohort for IHC, the expression level of Gal-9 on TILs was statistically correlated with the levels of program death-1 (p=0.001), program death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (p<0.001), CD3 (p<0.001), CD4 (p<0.001), CD8 (p<0.001), and FOXP3 (p=0.047). High Gal-9 protein expression on TILs indicated better recurrence-free survival (30.4 months, 95% CI: 23.7–37.1 vs 39.4 months, 95% CI: 31.6–47.3, p=0.009). The immune risk score model which consisted of Gal-9 on TILs, CD4, and PD-L1 on TILs was established and validated so as to differentiate high-risk or low-risk patients with SCLC. The prognostic predictive performance of immune risk score model was better than single immune biomarker (area under the curve 0.671 vs 0.621–0.644). High Gal-9-related enrichment pathways in SCLC were enriched in immune system diseases and rheumatic disease. Furthermore, we found that patients with SCLC with low immune risk score presented higher fractions of activated memory CD4 T cells than patients with high immune risk score (p=0.048). Conclusions Gal-9 is markedly related to tumor-immune microenvironment and immune infiltration in SCLC. This study emphasized the predictive value and promising clinical applications of Gal-9 in stage I–III SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenglong Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.,Tongji University, No 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yayi He
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Caicun Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital,Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, No 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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23
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Premeaux TA, D'Antoni ML, Abdel-Mohsen M, Pillai SK, Kallianpur KJ, Nakamoto BK, Agsalda-Garcia M, Shiramizu B, Shikuma CM, Gisslén M, Price RW, Valcour V, Ndhlovu LC. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid Galectin-9 is associated with central nervous system immune activation and poor cognitive performance in older HIV-infected individuals. J Neurovirol 2018; 25:150-161. [PMID: 30478799 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0696-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that galectin-9 (Gal-9), a soluble lectin with immunomodulatory properties, is elevated in plasma during HIV infection and induces HIV transcription. The link between Gal-9 and compromised neuronal function is becoming increasingly evident; however, the association with neuroHIV remains unknown. We measured Gal-9 levels by ELISA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of 70 HIV-infected (HIV+) adults stratified by age (older > 40 years and younger < 40 years) either ART suppressed or with detectable CSF HIV RNA, including a subgroup with cognitive assessments, and 18 HIV uninfected (HIV-) controls. Gal-9 tissue expression was compared in necropsy brain specimens from HIV- and HIV+ donors using gene datasets and immunohistochemistry. Among older HIV+ adults, CSF Gal-9 was elevated in the ART suppressed and CSF viremic groups compared to controls, whereas in the younger group, Gal-9 levels were elevated only in the CSF viremic group (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 positively correlated with age in all groups (p < 0.05). CSF Gal-9 tracked with CSF HIV RNA irrespective of age (β = 0.33; p < 0.05). Higher CSF Gal-9 in the older viremic HIV+ group correlated with worse neuropsychological test performance scores independently of age and CSF HIV RNA (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CSF Gal-9 directly correlated with myeloid activation (CSF-soluble CD163 and neopterin) in both HIV+ older groups (p < 0.05). Among HIV+ necropsy specimens, Gal-9 expression was increased in select brain regions compared to controls (p < 0.05). Gal-9 may serve as a novel neuroimmuno-modulatory protein that is involved in driving cognitive deficits in those aging with HIV and may be valuable in tracking cognitive abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Premeaux
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Michelle L D'Antoni
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | | | - Satish K Pillai
- Blood Systems Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Kalpana J Kallianpur
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Beau K Nakamoto
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.,Straub Medical Center, 888 S King St, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Melissa Agsalda-Garcia
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Bruce Shiramizu
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Cecilia M Shikuma
- Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA, 94110, USA
| | - Victor Valcour
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology & Pharmacology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 325, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA. .,Hawai'i Center for AIDS, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i, 651 Ilalo St BSB 225, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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24
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Lhuillier C, Barjon C, Baloche V, Niki T, Gelin A, Mustapha R, Claër L, Hoos S, Chiba Y, Ueno M, Hirashima M, Wei M, Morales O, Raynal B, Delhem N, Dellis O, Busson P. Characterization of neutralizing antibodies reacting with the 213-224 amino-acid segment of human galectin-9. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202512. [PMID: 30204750 PMCID: PMC6133441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra-cellular galectin-9 (gal-9) is an immuno-modulatory protein with predominant immunosuppressive effects. Inappropriate production of gal-9 has been reported in several human malignancies and viral diseases like nasopharyngeal, pancreatic and renal carcinomas, metastatic melanomas and chronic active viral hepatitis. Therefore therapeutic antibodies neutralizing extra-cellular gal-9 are expected to contribute to immune restoration in these pathological conditions. Two novel monoclonal antibodies targeting gal-9 –Gal-Nab 1 and 2—have been produced and characterized in this study. We report a protective effect of Gal-Nab1 and Gal-Nab2 on the apoptotic cell death induced by gal-9 in primary T cells. In addition, they inhibit late phenotypic changes observed in peripheral T cells that survive gal-9-induced apoptosis. Gal-Nab1 and Gal-Nab2 bind nearly identical, overlapping linear epitopes contained in the 213–224 amino-acid segments of gal-9. Nevertheless, they have some distinct functional characteristics suggesting that their three-dimensional epitopes are distinct. These differences are best demonstrated when gal-9 is applied on Jurkat cells where Gal-Nab1 is less efficient than Gal-Nab2 in the prevention of apoptotic cell death. In addition, Gal-Nab1 stimulates non-lethal phosphatidylserine translocation at the plasma membrane and calcium mobilization triggered by gal-9 in these cells. Both Gal-Nab1 and 2 cross-react with murine gal-9. They bind its natural as well as its recombinant form. This cross-species recognition will be an advantage for their assessment in pre-clinical tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Lhuillier
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Cellvax, Romainville, France
| | - Clément Barjon
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Cellvax, Romainville, France
| | - Valentin Baloche
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
- GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Aurore Gelin
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rami Mustapha
- CNRS, UMR 8161, IRCV group, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Sylviane Hoos
- Plate-forme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- GalPharma Co., Ltd., Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa, Japan
| | | | - Olivier Morales
- CNRS, UMR 8161, IRCV group, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Raynal
- Plate-forme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nadira Delhem
- CNRS, UMR 8161, IRCV group, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Dellis
- INSERM, UMR-S 1174, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 8126, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- * E-mail:
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25
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Ruvolo PP. Galectins as regulators of cell survival in the leukemia niche. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 71:41-54. [PMID: 30245264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment within the bone marrow (BM) contains support cells that promote leukemia cell survival and suppress host anti-tumor defenses. Galectins are a family of beta-galactoside binding proteins that are critical components in the tumor microenvironment. Galectin 1 (LGALS1) and Galectin 3 (LGALS3) as regulators of RAS signaling intracellularly and as inhibitors of immune cells extracellularly are perhaps the best studied members for their role in leukemia biology. Interest in Galectin 9 (LGALS9) is growing as this galectin has been identified as an immune checkpoint molecule. LGALS9 also supports leukemia stem cells (LSCs) though a mechanism of action is not clear. LGALS1 and LGALS3 each participate in a diverse number of survival pathways that promote drug resistance by supporting pro-tumor molecules such BCL2, MCL-1, and MYC and blocking tumor suppressors like p53. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) BM mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have protein signatures that differ from healthy donor MSC. Elevated LGALS3 protein in AML MSC is associated with refractory disease/relapse demonstrating that MSC derived galectin impacts patient survival. LGALS3 is a critical determining factor whether MSC differentiate into adipocytes or osteoblasts so the galectin influences the cellular composition of the leukemia niche. Both LGALS3 and LGALS1 when secreted can suppress immune function. Both galectins can induce apoptosis of T cells. LGALS3 also modulates T cell receptor endocytosis and impairs interferon mediated chemokine production by binding glycosylated interferon. LGALS3 as a TIM3 binding partner acts to suppress T cell function. Galectins also impact leukemia cell mobilization and may participate in homing mechanisms. LGALS3 participates in transport mechanism of integrins, receptors, and other molecules that control cell adhesion and cell:cell interactions. The diversity of these various functions demonstrate the importance of these galectins in the leukemia niche. This review will cover the role of LGALS1, LGALS3, and LGALS9 in the various processes that are critical for maintaining leukemia cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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26
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Endogenous Galectin-9 Suppresses Apoptosis in Human Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12887. [PMID: 30150656 PMCID: PMC6110759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal9) has been postulated to have anti-inflammatory properties based on the ability of exogenous Gal9 to induce apoptosis in synovial fibroblasts in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we aimed to assess the potential role of endogenous Galectins, including Gal9, in the inflammatory pathology of the RA synovium in humans. Firstly expression of Galectins 1–9 was determined in synovial fibroblasts (RASF) and dermal fibroblasts (DF) isolated from RA patients, the latter representing a non-inflamed site. We then further challenged the cells with pro-inflammatory TLR agonists and cytokines and assessed Galectin expression. Gal9 was found to be differentially and abundantly expressed in RASF compared to DF. Agonists of TLR3 and TLR4, along with IFNgamma were also found to induce Gal9 expression in RASF. siRNA was then used to knock-down Gal9 expression in RASF and the effects of this on apoptosis and cell viability were assessed. Increased apoptosis was observed in RASF following Gal9 knock-down. We conclude that, unlike exogenous Gal9, endogenous Gal9 is protective against apoptosis and enhances synovial fibroblast viability suggesting that its role in RA is both pathogenic and pro-inflammatory.
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27
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Mushtaq Z, Krishnan R, Prasad KP, Bedekar MK, Kumar AP. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression profiling of galectin-9 gene from Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 76:287-292. [PMID: 29477496 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-9 is a b-galactoside-binding tandem repeat galectin that regulates many cellular functions, ranging from cell adhesion to pathogen recognition. In spite of extensive study of mammalian galectin importance in immune system, little is known about that of fish. To study the normal expression and immune response of Labeo rohita to pathogens, a tandem-repeat galectin-9 from Labeo rohita was identified and named LrGal-9. Its full-length cDNA was 1534 bp encoded 291 amino acids (35.12 KDa), shared the highest 81% identity with the galectin-9 of Danio rerio. LrGal-9 identified in this study lacked signal peptide and a transmembrane domain like galectin-9 members reported in other fishes. Quantitative PCR showed that LrGal-9 was lowly expressed in gill, muscle, heart, highly expressed in tested immune tissues (intestine, kidney, liver, spleen) in normal body. After Aeromonas hydrophila challenge, LrGal-9 was remarkably increased in all tested immune tissues in a time-dependent manner. These results suggest that LrGal-9 plays a role in innate immunity in Labeo rohita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Mushtaq
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 61, India
| | - Rahul Krishnan
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 61, India
| | - Kurcheti Pani Prasad
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 61, India.
| | - Megha Kadam Bedekar
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 61, India
| | - Annam Pavan Kumar
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 61, India
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28
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is an escalating global problem accounting for more than 3 million deaths annually. Bacterial infections are diagnosed in 25-47% of hospitalized patients with cirrhosis and represent the most important trigger for acute decompensation, multi-organ failure, septic shock and death. Current guidelines recommend intensive antibiotic therapy, but this has led to the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, which are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates. As such, there is a pressing need to explore new paradigms for anti-infective therapy and host-directed immunomodulatory therapies are a promising approach. Paradoxically, cirrhotic patients are characterised by heightened immune activity and exacerbated inflammatory processes but are unable to contend with bacterial infection, demonstrating that whilst immune effector cells are primed, their antibacterial effector functions are switched-off, reflecting a skewed homeostatic balance between anti-pathogen immunity and host-induced immunopathology. Preservation of this equilibrium physiologically is maintained by multiple immune-regulatory checkpoints and these feedback receptors serve as pivotal regulators of the host immunity. Checkpoint receptor blockade is proving to be effective at rescuing deranged/exhausted immunity in pre-clinical studies for chronic viral infection and sepsis. This approach has also obtained FDA approval for restoring anti-tumor immunity, with improved response rates and good safety profiles. To date, no clinical studies have investigated checkpoint blockade in ALD, highlighting an area for development of host-targeted immunotherapeutic strategies in ALD, for which there are no current specific treatment options. This review aims at framing current knowledge on immune checkpoints and the possibility of their therapeutic utility in ALD-associated immune dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Riva
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, 111 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NT UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, 111 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NT UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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29
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Chen S, Pu J, Bai J, Yin Y, Wu K, Wang J, Shuai X, Gao J, Tao K, Wang G, Li H. EZH2 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through modulating miR-22/galectin-9 axis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:3. [PMID: 29316949 PMCID: PMC5761110 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced galectin-9 expression in Kupffer cells plays an essential role in modulatingthe microenvironment of hepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, whether or not IFN-γ induces galectin-9 expression in HCC cells, its biological role and regulatory mechanism in HCC development and progression are poorly defined. Methods Quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis were used to detect galectin-9 and EZH2 levels in HCC cell lines stimulated with IFN-γ. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay were utilized to confirmthe binding ofmiR-22 to the 3′ untranslated region (3’-UTR) of galectin-9. The methylation status of miR-22 promoter was analyzed by MSP (Methylation specific PCR) and BSP (bisulfite sequencing PCR), while chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay identify the occupation status of EZH2 and H3K27me3 at the promoter. Furthermore, the effect of ectopic expression of galectin-9 and miR-22 on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell apoptosis was assessed by using CCK-8, transwell assays and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Results IFN-γ induces up-regulation of galectin-9 and EZH2 in HCC cell lines. Galectin-9 is a target of miR-22 and EZH2 facilitates galectin-9 expression by tri-methylation of H3K27 on miR-22 promoter but not hyper-methylation status of DNA. MiR-22 overexpression suppressed HCC cell growth, invasion, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, galectin-9 also exhibited antitumor effects, and restoring galectin-9 expression in miR-22 overexpressing cells strengthened its antitumor effects. Conclusions These findings indicated that EZH2 facilitates galectin-9 expression by epigenetically repressing miR-22 and that galectin-9, which is known as an immunosuppressant, also functions as a tumor suppressor in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-017-0670-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiarui Pu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuping Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoming Shuai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jinbo Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Okura R, Fujihara S, Iwama H, Morishita A, Chiyo T, Watanabe M, Hirose K, Kobayashi K, Fujimori T, Kato K, Kamada H, Kobara H, Mori H, Niki T, Hirashima M, Okano K, Suzuki Y, Masaki T. MicroRNA profiles during galectin-9-induced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:407-414. [PMID: 29387226 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the eighth-leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in males and the ninth-leading cause in females worldwide. Even when diagnosed early enough to be potentially resectable, the prognosis of invasive pancreatic cancer is poor. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem-repeat type galectin that has recently been demonstrated to possess an anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of Gal-9 on the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells and examined the microRNAs that are associated with the antitumor effects of Gal-9. Gal-9 suppressed the proliferation of multiple pancreatic cancer cell lines. In addition, Gal-9 treatment increased the levels of caspase-cleaved keratin 18 and the expression of cytochrome c in pancreatic cancer cell lines. This data suggests that Gal-9 induces intrinsic apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines through the caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. In addition, Gal-9 reduced the expression levels of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor and numerous receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In conclusion, Gal-9 may suppress the growth of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. These findings suggest that Gal-9 may be a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Okura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Taiga Chiyo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Miwako Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kayo Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujimori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kamada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hirohito Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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31
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Truong W, Shapiro AMJ. The TIM Family of Cosignaling Receptors: Emerging Targets for the Regulation of Autoimmune Disease and Transplantation Tolerance. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:977-986. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783472390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, lifelong immune suppression regimens are required for solid organ and cellular transplantation and carry significant increased risk of infection, malignancy, and toxicity. For non-life-saving procedures such as islet transplantation, the risk/benefit ratio of lifelong immunosuppression versus benefit from transplantation requires even more careful balance. The search for specific agents to modulate the immune system without chronic immunosuppression is important for the broad application of islet transplantation. The T-cell immunoglobulin mucin (TIM) family is a distinct group of coreceptors that are differentially expressed on TH1 and TH2 cells, and have the potential to regulate both cytotoxic and humoral immune responses. Completed murine studies demonstrate Tim pathways may be important in the regulation of tolerance to self (auto), harmless (allergic), and transplant (allo) antigen; however, the potential impact of targeting Tim coreceptors has yet to be fully explored in transplantation tolerance induction or autoimmune disease. The current review examines the impact of Tim coreceptor targeting as an emerging therapeutic option for regulating autoimmune diseases and prevention of allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Truong
- The Surgical Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - A. M. James Shapiro
- The Surgical Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Akashi E, Fujihara S, Morishita A, Tadokoro T, Chiyo T, Fujikawa K, Kobara H, Mori H, Iwama H, Okano K, Suzuki Y, Niki T, Hirashima M, Masaki T. Effects of galectin-9 on apoptosis, cell cycle and autophagy in human esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:506-514. [PMID: 28586026 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is rapidly increasing in western countries. The overall mortality of this disease remains high with a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%, despite remarkable advances in the care of patients with EAC. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem-repeat type galectin that exerts anti-proliferative effects on various cancer cell types. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Gal-9 on human EAC cells and to assess the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the antitumor effects of Gal-9 in vitro. Gal-9 suppressed the proliferation of the EAC cell lines OE19, OE33, SK-GT4, and OACM 5.1C. Additionally, Gal-9 treatment induced apoptosis and increased the expression levels of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin 18, activated caspase-3 and activated caspase-9. However, it did not promote cell cycle arrest by reducing cell cycle-related protein levels. Furthermore, Gal-9 increased the level of the angiogenesis-related protein interleukin-8 (IL-8) and markedly altered miRNA expression. Based on these findings, Gal-9 may be of clinical use for the treatment of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Akashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tadokoro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Taiga Chiyo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiko Fujikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hirohito Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okano
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Abstract
Galectins is a family of non-classically secreted, beta-galactoside-binding proteins that has recently received considerable attention in the spatio-temporal regulation of surface 'signal lattice' organization, membrane dynamics, cell-adhesion and disease therapeutics. Galectin-9 is a unique member of this family, with two non-homologous carbohydrate recognition domains joined by a linker peptide sequence of variable lengths, generating isoforms with distinct properties and functions in both physiological and pathological settings, such as during development, immune reaction, neoplastic transformations and metastasis. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on the structure, receptors, cellular targets, trafficking pathways and functional properties of galectin-9 and discuss how galectin-9-mediated signalling cascades can be exploited in cancers and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian John
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Division of Disease Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
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34
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Catakovic K, Klieser E, Neureiter D, Geisberger R. T cell exhaustion: from pathophysiological basics to tumor immunotherapy. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:1. [PMID: 28073373 PMCID: PMC5225559 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is capable of distinguishing between danger- and non-danger signals, thus inducing either an appropriate immune response against pathogens and cancer or inducing self-tolerance to avoid autoimmunity and immunopathology. One of the mechanisms that have evolved to prevent destruction by the immune system, is to functionally silence effector T cells, termed T cell exhaustion, which is also exploited by viruses and cancers for immune escape In this review, we discuss some of the phenotypic markers associated with T cell exhaustion and we summarize current strategies to reinvigorate exhausted T cells by blocking these surface marker using monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Catakovic
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria.,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eckhard Klieser
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Roland Geisberger
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Oncologic Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstrasse 48, Salzburg, 5020, Austria. .,Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, Salzburg, Austria.
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35
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Peña-Ortega F. Pharmacological Tools to Activate Microglia and their Possible use to Study Neural Network Patho-physiology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:595-619. [PMID: 27697040 PMCID: PMC5543677 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160928151546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are the resident immunocompetent cells of the CNS and also constitute a unique cell type that contributes to neural network homeostasis and function. Understanding microglia cell-signaling not only will reveal their diverse functions but also will help to identify pharmacological and non-pharmacological tools to modulate the activity of these cells. METHODS We undertook a search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature to identify microglial activators and their cell-specificity. We also looked for their effects on neural network function and dysfunction. RESULTS We identified several pharmacological targets to modulate microglial function, which are more or less specific (with the proper control experiments). We also identified pharmacological targets that would require the development of new potent and specific modulators. We identified a wealth of evidence about the participation of microglia in neural network function and their alterations in pathological conditions. CONCLUSION The identification of specific microglia-activating signals provides experimental tools to modulate the activity of this heterogeneous cell type in order to evaluate its impact on other components of the nervous system, and it also helps to identify therapeutic approaches to ease some pathological conditions related to microglial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM-Campus Juriquilla, México
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36
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Cancer Therapy Due to Apoptosis: Galectin-9. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010074. [PMID: 28045432 PMCID: PMC5297709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of apoptosis is a major hallmark in cancer biology that might equip tumors with a higher malignant potential and chemoresistance. The anti-cancer activities of lectin, defined as a carbohydrate-binding protein that is not an enzyme or antibody, have been investigated for over a century. Recently, galectin-9, which has two distinct carbohydrate recognition domains connected by a linker peptide, was noted to induce apoptosis in thymocytes and immune cells. The apoptosis of these cells contributes to the development and regulation of acquired immunity. Furthermore, human recombinant galectin-9, hG9NC (null), which lacks an entire region of the linker peptide, was designed to resist proteolysis. The hG9NC (null) has demonstrated anti-cancer activities, including inducing apoptosis in hematological, dermatological and gastrointestinal malignancies. In this review, the molecular characteristics, history and apoptosis-inducing potential of galectin-9 are described.
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37
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Feng X, Feng J. Clinical significance of Tim3-positive T cell subsets in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 34:193-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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38
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Shin SH, Ye MK, Choi SY, Kim YH. Effect of eosinophils activated with Alternaria on the production of extracellular matrix from nasal fibroblasts. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 116:559-64. [PMID: 27156749 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils and fibroblasts are known to play major roles in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. Fungi are commonly found in nasal secretion and are associated with airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether activated eosinophils by airborne fungi can influence the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) from nasal fibroblasts. METHODS Inferior turbinate and nasal polyp fibroblasts were stimulated with Alternaria or Aspergillus, respectively, for 24 hours and ECM messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expressions were measured. Eosinophils isolated from healthy volunteers were stimulated with Alternaria or Aspergillus for 4 hours then superoxide, eosinophil peroxidase, and transforming growth factor β1 were measured. Then activated eosinophils were cocultured with nasal fibroblasts for 24 hours, and ECM mRNA expressions were measured. RESULTS Alternaria strongly enhanced ECM mRNA expression and protein production from nasal fibroblasts. Alternaria also induced the production of superoxide, eosinophil peroxidase, and transforming growth factor β1 from eosinophils, and activated eosinophils enhanced ECM mRNA expression when they were cocultured without the Transwell insert system. CONCLUSION Eosinophils activated with Alternaria enhanced ECM mRNA expression from nasal polyp fibroblasts. Alternaria plays an important role in tissue fibrosis in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps by directly or indirectly influencing the production of ECM from nasal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Heon Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Mi-Kyung Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yee-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea
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39
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Tao YF, Lin F, Yan XY, Gao XG, Teng F, Fu ZR, Wang ZX. Galectin-9 in Combination With EX-527 Prolongs the Survival of Cardiac Allografts in Mice After Cardiac Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2016; 47:2003-9. [PMID: 26293089 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a member of the galectin family, has a variety of biologic activities. However, its role in allografts is not fully clarified yet. The relationship between interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Gal-9 and the role of Gal-9 in T(H)17-cell differentiation also remain unclear. We built a murine cardiac transplantation model, which we treated with Gal-9 and/or EX-527, a specific Sirtuin-1 inhibitor. Afterwards, flow-cytometric analysis and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the number of T(H)17 cells and the expression of key factors involved in the differentiation of T(H)17 cells; in addition, the survival times of cardiac transplanted mice in different groups were recorded. The levels of circulating T(H)17 cells were found to increase in the peripheral blood of mice that exhibited acute rejection (AR) after heart transplantation, which was determined to be correlated with the rejection grade. Gal-9 or EX-527 can inhibit the activation and differentiation of T(H)17 cells and effectively suppress T(H)17-cell-mediated AR. These data provide new evidence for the potential regulatory effects of Gal-9 in alloimmune responses in a murine model of heart transplantation, and suggest the combined use of galectin-9 and EX-527 may be a powerful method to induce tolerance of fully mismatched murine cardiac allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-f Tao
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Transplant Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - F Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou First People's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - X-y Yan
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - X-g Gao
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Organ Transplant Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - F Teng
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Organ Transplant Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z-r Fu
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Organ Transplant Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z-x Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Transplant Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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40
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Liu Z, Han H, He X, Li S, Wu C, Yu C, Wang S. Expression of the galectin-9-Tim-3 pathway in glioma tissues is associated with the clinical manifestations of glioma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:1829-1834. [PMID: 26998085 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is known to induce local and systemic immunosuppression, which inhibits antitumor T cell responses. The galectin-9-Tim-3-pathway negatively regulates T cell pathways in the tumor immunosuppressive environment. The present study assessed the expression of Tim-3 and galectin-9 in glioma patients, and evaluated the association between the expression of Tim-3 and galectin-9 with clinical characteristics. The present study identified that Tim-3 expression was significantly increased in peripheral blood T cells of glioma patients compared with those of healthy controls, and was additionally increased on tumor-infiltrating T cells. The expression of Tim-3 on tumor-infiltrating T cells was associated with the World Health Organization (WHO) grade of glioma, but negatively correlated with the Karnofsky Performance Status score of the glioma patients. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the expression of galectin-9 in tumor tissues was associated with Tim-3 expression on tumor-infiltrating T cells and the WHO grade of glioma. These findings suggest that the galectin-9-Tim-3 pathway may be critical in the immunoevasion of glioma and may be a potent target for immunotherapy in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Huamin Han
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Shouwei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Chenxing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Chunjiang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, P.R. China
| | - Shengdian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
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41
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Takano J, Morishita A, Fujihara S, Iwama H, Kokado F, Fujikawa K, Fujita K, Chiyo T, Tadokoro T, Sakamoto T, Nomura T, Tani J, Miyoshi H, Yoneyama H, Kobara H, Mori H, Niki T, Hirashima M, Masaki T. Galectin-9 suppresses the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in vitro. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:851-60. [PMID: 26717877 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the second-leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and the prognosis of advanced gastric cancer remains poor. Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem-repeat-type galectin that has recently been demonstrated to exert anti-proliferative effects on various types of cancer cells. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the effects of Gal-9 on human gastric cancer cells and the expression levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the antitumor effects of Gal-9 in vitro. In our initial experiments, Gal-9 suppressed the proliferation of gastric cancer cell lines in vitro. Our data further revealed that Gal-9 increased caspase-cleaved keratin 18 (CCK18) levels in gastric cancer cells. Additionally, Gal-9 reduced the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). Furthermore, miRNA expression levels were markedly altered with Gal-9 treatment in vitro. In conclusion, Gal-9 suppressed the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. These findings suggest that Gal-9 could be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitsuko Takano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Fuyuko Kokado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiko Fujikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Taiga Chiyo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tadokoro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Teppei Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takako Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Joji Tani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hisaaki Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hirohito Yoneyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kobara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hirohito Mori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Niki
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Timoshenko AV. Towards molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of galectins in cancer cells under microenvironmental stress conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4327-40. [PMID: 26245305 PMCID: PMC11113283 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins, a family of soluble β-galactoside-binding proteins, serve as mediators of fundamental biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, migration, survival, and death. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the ways in which the expression of individual galectins differs in normal and transformed human cells exposed to various stimuli mimicking physiological and pathological microenvironmental stress conditions. A conceptual point is being made and grounded that the modulation of galectin expression profiles is a key aspect of cellular stress responses. Moreover, this modulation might be precisely regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in the context of non-overlapping transcription factors and miRNAs specific to galectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Timoshenko
- Department of Biology, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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43
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Le Mercier I, Lines JL, Noelle RJ. Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators. Front Immunol 2015; 6:418. [PMID: 26347741 PMCID: PMC4544156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Le Mercier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - J Louise Lines
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA
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44
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Kobayashi K, Morishita A, Iwama H, Fujita K, Okura R, Fujihara S, Yamashita T, Fujimori T, Kato K, Kamada H, Niki T, Hirashima M, Okano K, Suzuki Y, Masaki T. Galectin-9 suppresses cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis but not cell cycle arrest. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1761-70. [PMID: 26260906 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is the most common biliary malignancy and the second most common hepatic malignancy after hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a tandem-repeat-type galectin that has recently been shown to exert antiproliferative effects on cancer cells. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of Gal-9 on the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro as well as the microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the antitumor effects of Gal-9. Gal-9 suppressed the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines in vitro and the growth of human cholangiocarcinoma cell xenografts in nude mice. Our data further revealed that Gal-9 increased caspase‑cleaved keratin 18 (CCK18) levels, and the expression of cytochrome c increased in Gal-9-treated cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. These data suggested that Gal-9 induced cholangiocarcinoma cell apoptosis via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway mediated by caspase-dependent or -independent pathways. In addition, Gal-9 reduced the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), hepatocyte growth factor receptor and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3). These findings suggest that Gal-9 can be a candidate of therapeutic target in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Asahiro Morishita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Iwama
- Life Science Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Okura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fujihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takuma Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takayuki Fujimori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hideki Kamada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Masaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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45
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Yang Q, Jiang W, Zhuang C, Geng Z, Hou C, Huang D, Hu L, Wang X. microRNA-22 downregulation of galectin-9 influences lymphocyte apoptosis and tumor cell proliferation in liver cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1771-8. [PMID: 26239725 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) plays an important role in both the immune response and tumor progression, while microRNAs act as tumor regulators to mediate tumorigenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between Gal-9 and microRNA-mediated regulation in liver cancer. We examined Gal-9 expression using qRT-PCR and western blot analysis and found that it was markedly upregulated in human liver cancer cells compared with the level in normal hepatocytes. We co-cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tumor cells and observed that Gal-9 induced lymphocyte apoptosis and tumor cell immune escape using flow cytometric analysis and WST-1 assay. We found that miR-22 was downregulated in liver cancer tissues and cell lines and confirmed that miR-22 directly targeted the Gal-9 3'UTR and negatively regulated Gal-9 expression by luciferase reporter assay and transfection of microRNA mimics. We also observed that the Gal-9/miR-22 axis may influence lymphocyte apoptosis and tumor cell proliferation. These studies contribute to a further understanding of the microRNA‑mediated regulation of the Gal-9 pathway and elucidate novel therapeutic targets for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Weichao Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Chunbo Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Chen Hou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Da Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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46
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Merani S, Chen W, Elahi S. The bitter side of sweet: the role of Galectin-9 in immunopathogenesis of viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25:175-86. [PMID: 25760439 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a critical role for β-galactoside-binding protein, Galectin-9 (Gal-9) has emerged in infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer. It is a ligand for T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain 3 (Tim-3), a type-I glycoprotein that is persistently expressed on dysfunctional T cells during chronic viral infections. Gal-9 exerts its pivotal immunomodulatory effects by inducing apoptosis or suppressing effector functions via engagement with its receptor, Tim-3. Recent studies report elevation of circulating Gal-9 in humans infected with different viral infections. Interaction of soluble Gal-9 with Tim-3 expressed on the surface of activated CD4+ T cells renders them less susceptible to HIV-1 infection, while enhanced HIV infection occurs when Gal-9 interacts with a different receptor than Tim-3. This indicates the versatile role of Gal-9 in viral pathogenesis. For instance, higher expression of Tim-3 during chronic viral infection and elevation of plasma Gal-9 may have evolved to limit persistent immune activation and pathogenic T cells activity. In contrast, Gal-9 can suppress the effectiveness of immunity against viral infections. In agreement, Gal-9 knockout mice mount a more robust and vigorous virus-specific immune response in acute and chronic viral infections resulting in rapid viral clearance. In line with this observation, blocking Gal-9 signals to Tim-3-expressing T cells result in improved immune responses. Here we review the biological and immunological properties of Gal-9 in viral infections (HIV, HCV, HBV, HSV, CMV, influenza, and dengue virus). Manipulating Gal-9 signals may have immunotherapeutic potential and could represent an alternative approach for improving immune responses to viral infections/vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzma Merani
- Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
Galectins are an evolutionarily ancient family of glycan-binding proteins (GBPs) and are found in all animals. Although they were discovered over 30 years ago, ideas about their biological functions continue to evolve. Current evidence indicates that galectins, which are the only known GBPs that occur free in the cytoplasm and extracellularly, are involved in a variety of intracellular and extracellular pathways contributing to homeostasis, cellular turnover, cell adhesion, and immunity. Here we review evolving insights into galectin biology from a historical perspective and explore current evidence regarding biological roles of galectins.
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48
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Wang HW, Zhu XL, Qin LM, Qian HJ, Wang Y. Microglia activity modulated by T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3). Cell Immunol 2014; 293:49-58. [PMID: 25557503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the main innate immune cells in the central nervous system that are actively involved in maintaining brain homeostasis and diseases. T cell Ig and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3) plays critical roles in both the adaptive and the innate immune system and is an emerging therapeutic target for treatment of various disorders. In the brain Tim-3 is specifically expressed on microglia but its functional role is unclear. Here, we showed that Tim-3 was up-regulated on microglia by ATP or LPS stimulation. Tim-3 activation with antibodies increased microglia expression of TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-1β. Blocking of Tim-3 with antibodies decreased the microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons. Tim-3 blocking alleviated the detrimental effect of microglia on neurons and promoted NG2 cell differentiation in co-cultures. Finally, MAPKs namely ERK1/2 and JNK proteins were phosphorylated upon Tim-3 activation in microglia. Data indicated that Tim-3 modulates microglia activity and regulates the interaction of microglia-neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-wei Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, PR China
| | - Xin-li Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, PR China
| | - Li-ming Qin
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Hai-jun Qian
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Yiner Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China.
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49
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Human cytomegalovirus upregulates expression of the lectin galectin 9 via induction of beta interferon. J Virol 2014; 88:10990-4. [PMID: 25008927 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01259-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the lectin galectin 9 (Gal-9) was investigated for the first time during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Gal-9 transcription was significantly upregulated in transplant recipients with reactivated HCMV in vivo. In vitro, Gal-9 was potently upregulated by HCMV independently of viral gene expression, with interferon beta (IFN-β) identified as the mediator of this effect. This study defines an immunoregulatory protein potently increased by HCMV infection and a novel mechanism to control Gal-9 through IFN-β induction.
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50
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Thijssen VL, Griffioen AW. Galectin-1 and -9 in angiogenesis: A sweet couple. Glycobiology 2014; 24:915-20. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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