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Arisumi S, Fujiwara T, Yasumoto K, Tsutsui T, Saiwai H, Kobayakawa K, Okada S, Zhao H, Nakashima Y. Metallothionein 3 promotes osteoclast differentiation and survival by regulating the intracellular Zn 2+ concentration and NRF2 pathway. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:436. [PMID: 38040717 PMCID: PMC10692135 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In osteoclastogenesis, the metabolism of metal ions plays an essential role in controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial biogenesis, and survival, and differentiation. However, the mechanism regulating metal ions during osteoclast differentiation remains unclear. The metal-binding protein metallothionein (MT) detoxifies heavy metals, maintains metal ion homeostasis, especially zinc, and manages cellular redox levels. We carried out tests using murine osteoclast precursors to examine the function of MT in osteoclastogenesis and evaluated their potential as targets for future osteoporosis treatments. MT genes were significantly upregulated upon differentiation from osteoclast precursors to mature osteoclasts in response to receptor activators of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) stimulation, and MT3 expression was particularly pronounced in mature osteoclasts among MT genes. The knockdown of MT3 in osteoclast precursors demonstrated a remarkable inhibition of differentiation into mature osteoclasts. In preosteoclasts, MT3 knockdown suppressed the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-κB signaling pathways upon RANKL stimulation, leading to affect cell survival through elevated cleaved Caspase 3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) levels. Additionally, ROS levels were decreased, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) (a suppressor of ROS) and the downstream antioxidant proteins, such as catalase (CAT) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), were more highly expressed in the MT3 preosteoclast knockdowns. mitochondrial ROS, which is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and the production of reactive oxygen species, were similarly decreased because cAMP response element-binding (CREB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1β (PGC-1β) were less activated due to MT3 depletion. Thus, by modulating ROS through the NRF2 pathway, MT3 plays a crucial role in regulating osteoclast differentiation and survival, acting as a metabolic modulator of intracellular zinc ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkichi Arisumi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Keitaro Yasumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tsutsui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Saiwai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazu Kobayakawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Haibo Zhao
- Southern California Institute for Research and Education, Long Beach, CA, USA
- Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Marques-Carvalho A, Kim HN, Almeida M. The role of reactive oxygen species in bone cell physiology and pathophysiology. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101664. [PMID: 38163012 PMCID: PMC10757300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anion radical (O2-•), and other forms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by the vast majority of mammalian cells and can contribute both to cellular homeostasis and dysfunction. The NADPH oxidases (NOX) enzymes and the mitochondria electron transport chain (ETC) produce most of the cellular ROS. Multiple antioxidant systems prevent the accumulation of excessive amounts of ROS which cause damage to all cellular macromolecules. Many studies have examined the contribution of ROS to different bone cell types and to skeletal physiology and pathophysiology. Here, we discuss the role of H2O2 and O2-• and their major enzymatic sources in osteoclasts and osteoblasts, the fundamentally different ways via which these cell types utilize mitochondrial derived H2O2 for differentiation and function, and the molecular mechanisms that impact and are altered by ROS in these cells. Particular emphasis is placed on evidence obtained from mouse models describing the contribution of different sources of ROS or antioxidant enzymes to bone resorption and formation. Findings from studies using pharmacological or genetically modified mouse models indicate that an increase in H2O2 and perhaps other ROS contribute to the loss of bone mass with aging and estrogen deficiency, the two most important causes of osteoporosis and increased fracture risk in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Marques-Carvalho
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, UC-Biotech, Biocant Park, Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Ha-Neui Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
- Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
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3
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Liu Y, Wang W, Zeng Y, Zeng H. Transcriptome analysis of hydrogen inhibits osteoclastogenesis of mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:436. [PMID: 37614423 PMCID: PMC10443061 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is a major biodegradation product of implanted magnesium (Mg) alloys that are commonly used in the healing of bone fractures. Our earlier study showed that H2 can inhibit mouse bone marrow mononuclear cell (BMMC) osteoclastogenesis during the differentiation of these cells into osteoclasts, thereby facilitating fracture healing. However, the way by which H2 inhibits osteoclastogenesis remains to be elucidated. The present study used RNA-sequencing to study the transcriptome of H2-exposed BMMCs in an osteoclast-induced environment and identified the target genes and signaling pathways through which H2 exerts its biological effects. Several upregulated genes were identified: Fos, Dusp1, Cxcl1, Reln, Itga2b, Plin2, Lif, Thbs1, Vegfa and Gadd45a. Several downregulated genes were also revealed: Hspa1b, Gm4951, F830016B08Rik, Fads2, Hspa1a, Slc27a6, Cacna1b, Scd2, Lama3 and Col4a5. These differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in osteoclast differentiation cascades, as well as PI3K-AKT, Forkhead box O (FoxO), MAPK, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), TNF, TGF-β, JAK-STAT, RAS, VEGF, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1) and AMPK signaling pathways. In summary, the present study revealed the key genes and signaling pathways involved in the H2-mediated inhibition of osteoclastogenesis, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the significance of H2 and an experimental basis for the application of Mg alloys in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610017, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519041, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610017, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
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4
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Kerneur C, Cano CE, Olive D. Major pathways involved in macrophage polarization in cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1026954. [PMID: 36325334 PMCID: PMC9618889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in tissue homeostasis, tissue remodeling, immune response, and progression of cancer. Consequently, macrophages exhibit significant plasticity and change their transcriptional profile and function in response to environmental, tissue, and inflammatory stimuli resulting in pro- and anti-tumor effects. Furthermore, the categorization of tissue macrophages in inflammatory situations remains difficult; however, there is an agreement that macrophages are predominantly polarized into two different subtypes with pro- and anti-inflammatory properties, the so-called M1-like and M2-like macrophages, respectively. These two macrophage classes can be considered as the extreme borders of a continuum of many intermediate subsets. On one end, M1 are pro-inflammatory macrophages that initiate an immunological response, damage tissue integrity, and dampen tumor progression by fostering robust T and natural killer (NK) cell anti-tumoral responses. On the other end, M2 are anti-inflammatory macrophages involved in tissue remodeling and tumor growth, that promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion, tumor metastasis, angiogenesis and that participate to immune suppression. These decisive roles in tumor progression occur through the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteases, as well as by the expression of immune checkpoint receptors in the case of M2 macrophages. Moreover, macrophage plasticity is supported by stimuli from the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) that are relayed to the nucleus through membrane receptors and signaling pathways that result in gene expression reprogramming in macrophages, thus giving rise to different macrophage polarization outcomes. In this review, we will focus on the main signaling pathways involved in macrophage polarization that are activated upon ligand-receptor recognition and in the presence of other immunomodulatory molecules in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Kerneur
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Clément Kerneur, ; Carla E. Cano, ; Daniel Olive,
| | - Carla E. Cano
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Clément Kerneur, ; Carla E. Cano, ; Daniel Olive,
| | - Daniel Olive
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Clément Kerneur, ; Carla E. Cano, ; Daniel Olive,
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Mahmoud MAA, Saleh DO, Safar MM, Agha AM, Khattab MM. Chloroquine ameliorates bone loss induced by d-galactose in male rats via inhibition of ERK associated osteoclastogenesis and antioxidant effect. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:366-375. [PMID: 33665135 PMCID: PMC7905189 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cloroquine (CQ) has reduced the adverse bone changes caused by d-galactose. It improved bone health, switched off nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) receptor activator activation and decreased ERK bone expression. CQ treatment inhibited osteoclastogenesis and consequently restored the RANKL/OPG ratio. CQ demonstrated an antioxidant effect in bone where it increased both catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). CQ is a possible anti-osteoporotic agent through the suppression of osteoclastogenesis associated with ERK.
Chloroquine (CQ); a lysosomotropic agent used for decade ago as anti-malarial, was tested against aging induced osteoporosis. Osteoporosis in male rats was induced using d-galactose (D-gal) as a reducing sugar at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day; i.p. Osteoporotic rats were orally treated with CQ (10 mg/kg/day) for four successive weeks. Bone densitometry of tibia and femur were evaluated. Bone formation biomarkers; osteoprotegrin (OPG), bone specific alkaline phosphatse (BALP), and osteocalcin (OCN), and bone resorption biomarker; receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), cathepsin-k (CTSK), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were estimated. Moreover, the expression of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) in bone was determined. CQ ameliorated the bone detrimental changes induced by d-galactose. It enhanced bone health as revealed by measurement of bone densitometry, halted the activation of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and reduced bone manifestation of ERK. Furthermore, CQ treatment abated serum cathepsin-k (CTSK) and serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) thus inhibited osteoclastogenesis and consequently restored the RANKL/OPG ratio. CQ demonstrated an antioxidant effect in bone where it increased both Catalase (CAT) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). These CQ preserving effect in rats treated with d-galactose were confirmed by the histopathological examination. The present study points to the potential therapeutic effect of CQ as anti-osteoporotic agent possibly through its antioxidant effects and suppression of ERK associated osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalia O Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Safar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, Egypt
| | - Azza M Agha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Ni S, Qian Z, Yuan Y, Li D, Zhong Z, Ghorbani F, Zhang X, Zhang F, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Yu B. Schisandrin A restrains osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting reactive oxygen species and activating Nrf2 signalling. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12882. [PMID: 32871020 PMCID: PMC7574870 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by receptor activator of NF‐kB ligand (RANKL) has been proven to be a critical factor in the development of osteoclasts. This study aimed to prove that schisandrin A (Sch), a novel anti‐oxidant compound, is able to suppress osteoclastogenesis and prevent bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice by suppressing ROS via nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor (Nrf2). Material and Methods Micro‐CT was used to detect bone formation. The effects of Sch on receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL)‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining in vivo and 2',7'‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) staining in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of Nrf2 in vivo. siRNA was used to evaluate the effect of Nrf2 in osteoclastogenesis. Results Sch suppresses RANKL‐induced ROS production by regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor (Nrf2) in vitro and vivo. Mechanistically, Sch enhances the expression of Nrf2 by regulating the degradation of Nrf2. Further, Sch suppresses phosphorylation of P65 and its nuclear translocation, as well as the degradation of IκBα. Collectively, our findings reveal that Sch protects against OVX‐induced bone loss by suppressing ROS via Nrf2. Conclusions Our results showed the potential of anti‐oxidant compound schisandrin A in the treatment of osteoporosis, highlighting Nrf2 as a novel promising target in osteoclast‐related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ni
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dejian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyuan Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Farnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangxue Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zichen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoqing Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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7
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Sun X, Zhang C, Guo H, Chen J, Tao Y, Wang F, Lin X, Liu Q, Su L, Qin A. Pregnenolone Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation and Protects Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Bone Destruction and Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:360. [PMID: 32292342 PMCID: PMC7135856 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteolytic bone disease is characterized by excessive osteoclast bone resorption leading to increased skeletal fragility and fracture risk. Multinucleated osteoclasts formed through the fusion of mononuclear precursors are the principle cell capable of bone resorption. Pregnenolone (Preg) is the grand precursor of most if not all steroid hormones and have been suggested to be a novel anti-osteoporotic agent. However, the effects of Preg on osteoclast biology and function has yet to be shown. Here we examined the effect of Preg on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and bone resorption in vitro, and potential therapeutic application in inflammatory bone destruction and bone loss in vivo. Our in vitro cellular assays demonstrated that Preg can inhibit the formation of TRAP+ve osteoclast formation as well as mature osteoclast bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of osteoclast marker genes CTSK, TRAP, DC-STAMP, ATP6V0d2, and NFATc1 were markedly attenuated. Biochemical analyses of RANKL-induced signaling pathways showed that Preg inhibited the early activation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB, which consequently impaired the downstream induction of c-Fos and NFATc1. Using reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection assays, we found that Preg exhibits anti-oxidant properties inhibiting the generation of intracellular ROS following RANKL stimulation. Consistent with these in vitro results, we confirmed that Preg protected mice against local Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory bone destruction in vivo by suppressing osteoclast formation. Furthermore, we did not find any observable effect of Preg on osteoblastogenesis and mineralization in vitro. Finally Preg was administered to ovariectomy (OVX)-induced bone loss and demonstrated that Preg prevented systemic OVX-induced osteoporosis. Collectively, our observations provide strong evidence for the use of Preg as anti-osteoclastogenic and anti-resorptive agent for the potential treatment of osteolytic bone conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Tao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuxiao Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xixi Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - An Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Liu Y, Wang DL, Huang YC, Wang TB, Zeng H. Hydrogen inhibits the osteoclastogenesis of mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 110:110640. [PMID: 32204074 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is one of the major biodegradation products of magnesium (Mg) alloys implanted for bony fracture healing and reconstruction; H2 thus plays a significant role in the regulation of local microenvironment and the biology of resident cells. The interactions between the H2 and the local cells are of great interest, and a full understanding of the effect of H2 on bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) would accelerate the development of effective strategies for successful bony healing. This study investigates how H2, with different concentrations and durations, regulates the osteoclastogenesis of mouse BMMCs. First, using H2 with five concentrations (0%, 2%, 25%, 50% and 75%) and three durations (5, 7 and 10 days), the osteoclastogenesis of mouse BMMCs in these H2 conditions were measured using TRAP staining, F-actin ring formation assay, pit formation assay and RT-qPCR analysis. Based on these findings, the proliferation assay, apoptosis assay, western blot analysis and ELISA assay of BMMCs after osteoclast induction were performed. The findings showed that H2 (especially the 50% and 75% H2) obviously inhibited the osteoclast formation, function and osteoclast-related genes expression of osteoclast-induced BMMCs; additionally, H2 (50%) was found to reduce the proliferation, promote the apoptosis and inhibit the expression of osteoclast-related proteins of BMMCs with the presence of osteoclast-induced medium. Therefore, H2 significantly inhibited the osteoclastogenesis of mouse BMMCs, which may become a new therapeutic agent for anti-bony resorption and open new avenues for the translational research of Mg alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China
| | - De-Li Wang
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Orthopaedic Regenerative Technologies, Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China
| | - Yong-Can Huang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Orthopaedic Regenerative Technologies, Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China.
| | - Tian-Bing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China; Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Orthopaedic Regenerative Technologies, Department of Spine Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China.
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9
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Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV) infection inhibits macrophage formation and survival by counteracting Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF)-induced increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation and autophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 114:105560. [PMID: 31220583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi Sarcoma Herpes Virus (KSHV) is an oncovirus belonging to the human gammaherpesvirus family, able to infect several immune cell types including B cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes. In this study, we found that KSHV infection of monocytes counteracted the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) increase induced by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF), prevented c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) phosphorylation and inhibited autophagy, leading to an impairment of cell survival and differentiation into macrophages. We also show that, to further dysregulate immune response in monocytes, KSHV reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF α) while increased the release of the immune suppressive cytokine Interleukin-10 (IL-10). These results unveils new strategies put in place by KSHV to induce immune suppression and to persist into the infected host.
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10
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Kannegieter NM, Hesselink DA, Dieterich M, de Graav GN, Kraaijeveld R, Rowshani AT, Leenen PJM, Baan CC. Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Tacrolimus-Based Immunosuppression in CD14+ Monocytes After Kidney Transplantation. Ther Drug Monit 2018. [PMID: 28640063 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocytes significantly contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury and allograft rejection after kidney transplantation. However, the knowledge about the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on monocyte activation is limited. Conventional pharmacokinetic methods for immunosuppressive drug monitoring are not cell type-specific. In this study, phosphorylation of 3 signaling proteins was measured to determine the pharmacodynamic effects of immunosuppression on monocyte activation in kidney transplant patients. METHODS Blood samples from 20 kidney transplant recipients were monitored before and during the first year after transplantation. All patients received induction therapy with basiliximab, followed by tacrolimus (TAC), mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone maintenance therapy. TAC whole-blood predose concentrations were determined using an antibody-conjugated magnetic immunoassay. Samples were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin, and phosphorylation of p38MAPK, ERK, and Akt in CD14 monocytes was quantified by phospho-specific flow cytometry. RESULTS Phosphorylation of p38MAPK and Akt in monocytes of immunosuppressed recipients was lower after 360 days compared with before transplantation in the unstimulated samples [mean reduction in median fluorescence intensity 36%; range -28% to 77% for p-p38MAPK and 20%; range -22% to 53% for p-Akt; P < 0.05]. P-ERK was only decreased at day 4 after transplantation (mean inhibition 23%; range -52% to 73%; P < 0.05). At day 4, when the highest whole-blood predose TAC concentrations were measured, p-p38MAPK and p-Akt, but not p-ERK, correlated inversely with TAC (rs = -0.65; P = 0.01 and rs = -0.58; P = 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Immunosuppressive drug combination therapy partially inhibits monocyte activation pathways after kidney transplantation. This inhibition can be determined by phospho-specific flow cytometry, which enables the assessment of the pharmacodynamic effects of immunosuppressive drugs in a cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke M Kannegieter
- Departments of *Internal Medicine and †Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Manolagas SC. The Quest for Osteoporosis Mechanisms and Rational Therapies: How Far We've Come, How Much Further We Need to Go. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:371-385. [PMID: 29405383 PMCID: PMC6816306 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During the last 40 years, understanding of bone biology and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, the most common and impactful bone disease of old age, has improved dramatically thanks to basic and clinical research advances, genetic insights from humans and rodents, and newer imaging technologies. Culprits of osteoporosis are no longer a matter of speculation based on in vitro observations. Instead, they can be identified and dissected at the cellular and molecular level using genetic approaches; and their effect on distinct bone envelopes and anatomic regions can be functionally assessed in vivo. The landscape of pharmacotherapies for osteoporosis has also changed profoundly with the emergence of several potent antiresorptive drugs as well as anabolic agents, displacing estrogen replacement as the treatment of choice. In spite of these major positive developments, the optimal duration of the available therapies and their long-term safety remain matters of conjecture and some concern. Moreover, antiresorptive therapies are used indiscriminately for patients of all ages on the assumption that suppressing remodeling is always beneficial for bone, but rebound remodeling upon their discontinuation suggests otherwise. In this invited perspective, I highlight the latest state of knowledge of bone-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms responsible for the development of osteoporosis in both sexes; differences between the mechanisms responsible for the effects of aging and estrogen deficiency; and the role of old osteocytes in the development of cortical porosity. In addition, I highlight advances toward the goal of developing drugs for several degenerative diseases of old age at once, including osteoporosis, by targeting shared mechanisms of aging. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros C Manolagas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
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12
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Niu C, Xiao F, Yuan K, Hu X, Lin W, Ma R, Zhang X, Huang Z. Nardosinone Suppresses RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis and Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Alveolar Bone Resorption. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:626. [PMID: 28955231 PMCID: PMC5601052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that damages the integrity of the tooth-supporting tissues, known as the periodontium, and comprising the gingiva, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. In this study, the effects of nardosinone (Nd) on bone were tested in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced alveolar bone loss, and the associated mechanisms were elucidated. Nd effectively suppressed LPS-induced alveolar bone loss and reduced osteoclast (OC) numbers in vivo. Nd suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated OC differentiation, bone resorption, and F-actin ring formation in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigation revealed that Nd suppressed osteoclastogenesis by suppressing the ERK and JNK signaling pathways, scavenging reactive oxygen species, and suppressing the activation of PLCγ2 that consequently affects the expression and/or activity of the OC-specific transcription factors, c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). In addition, Nd significantly reduced the expression of OC-specific markers in mouse bone marrow-derived pre-OCs, including c-Fos, cathepsin K (Ctsk), VATPase d2, and Nfatc1. Collectively, these findings suggest that Nd has beneficial effects on bone, and the suppression of OC number implies that the effect is exerted directly on osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Keyong Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - XuChen Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Endodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, China
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13
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Llewellyn RA, Thomas KS, Gutknecht MF, Bouton AH. The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2 promotes the turnover of monocytes at steady state. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1069-1080. [PMID: 28754799 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0217-063r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are short-lived myeloid cells that perform functions essential for tissue homeostasis and disease resolution. However, the cellular mechanisms controlling the maintenance and turnover of monocyte populations are largely undefined. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that regulates numerous immune cell functions, but its role in monocytes is currently unknown. In this study, we sought to characterize the expression and function of Pyk2 in lineage-committed monocyte populations. Here, we report that Pyk2 protein expression is increased in the Ly6C- monocyte population. Using a Pyk2 knockout mouse model (Pyk2-/-), we show that Pyk2 regulates the relative proportion of monocyte subsets normally represented in the bone marrow (BM) at steady state. In support of this conclusion, a similar phenotype was observed in the peripheral blood and spleen. Data from reciprocal BM chimera experiments indicate that the alterations in monocyte populations exhibited by Pyk2-/- mice are due to factors intrinsic to the monocytes. Lineage-tracing of monocyte populations suggests that Pyk2 promotes apoptosis in BM monocytes, thereby acting as an important homeostatic regulator of turnover in these short-lived, innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Llewellyn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Keena S Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael F Gutknecht
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Amy H Bouton
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Zhang M, Zhu H, Ding Y, Liu Z, Cai Z, Zou MH. AMP-activated protein kinase α1 promotes atherogenesis by increasing monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7888-7903. [PMID: 28330873 PMCID: PMC5427268 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.779447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation, which can be initiated by physiological or atherogenic factors, is a pivotal process in atherogenesis, a disorder in which monocytes adhere to endothelial cells and subsequently migrate into the subendothelial spaces, where they differentiate into macrophages and macrophage-derived foam cells and cause atherosclerotic lesions. However, the monocyte-differentiation signaling pathways that are activated by atherogenic factors are poorly defined. Here we report that the AMP-activated protein kinase α1 (AMPKα1) in monocytes promotes atherosclerosis by increasing monocyte differentiation and survival. Exposure of monocytes to oxidized low-density lipoprotein, 7-ketocholesterol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, or macrophage colony-stimulated factor (M-CSF) significantly activated AMPK and promoted monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. M-CSF-activated AMPK is via M-CSF receptor-dependent reactive oxygen species production. Consistently, genetic deletion of AMPKα1 or pharmacological inhibition of AMPK blunted monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and promoted monocyte/macrophage apoptosis. Compared with apolipoprotein E knock-out (ApoE-/-) mice, which show impaired clearing of plasma lipoproteins and spontaneously develop atherosclerosis, ApoE-/-/AMPKα1-/- mice showed reduced sizes of atherosclerotic lesions and lesser numbers of macrophages in the lesions. Furthermore, aortic lesions were decreased in ApoE-/- mice transplanted with ApoE-/-/AMPKα1-/- bone marrow and in myeloid-specific AMPKα1-deficient ApoE-/- mice. Finally, rapamycin treatment, which abolished delayed monocyte differentiation in ApoE-/-/AMPKα1-/- mice, lost its atherosclerosis-lowering effects in these mice. Mechanistically, we found that AMPKα1 regulates FoxO3-dependent expression of both LC3 and ULK1, which are two important autophagy-related markers. Rapamycin treatment increased FoxO3 activity as well as LC3 and ULK1 expressions in macrophages from AMPKα1-/- mice. Our results reveal that AMPKα1 deficiency impairs autophagy-mediated monocyte differentiation and decreases monocyte/macrophage survival, which attenuates atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- From the Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104 and
| | - Huaiping Zhu
- the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5035
| | - Ye Ding
- the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5035
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5035
| | - Zhejun Cai
- the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5035
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5035
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Bessler WK, Hudson FZ, Zhang H, Harris V, Wang Y, Mund JA, Downing B, Ingram DA, Case J, Fulton DJ, Stansfield BK. Neurofibromin is a novel regulator of Ras-induced reactive oxygen species production in mice and humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:212-222. [PMID: 27266634 PMCID: PMC5765860 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) predisposes individuals to early and debilitating cardiovascular disease. Loss of function mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene, which encodes the protein neurofibromin, leads to accelerated p21(Ras) activity and phosphorylation of multiple downstream kinases, including Erk and Akt. Nf1 heterozygous (Nf1(+/-)) mice develop a robust neointima that mimics human disease. Monocytes/macrophages play a central role in NF1 arterial stenosis as Nf1 mutations in myeloid cells alone are sufficient to reproduce the enhanced neointima observed in Nf1(+/-) mice. Though the molecular mechanisms underlying NF1 arterial stenosis remain elusive, macrophages are important producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ras activity directly regulates ROS production. Here, we use compound mutant and lineage-restricted mice to demonstrate that Nf1(+/-) macrophages produce excessive ROS, which enhance Nf1(+/-) smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Further, use of a specific NADPH oxidase-2 inhibitor to limit ROS production prevents neointima formation in Nf1(+/-) mice. Finally, mononuclear cells from asymptomatic NF1 patients have increased oxidative DNA damage, an indicator of chronic exposure to oxidative stress. These data provide genetic and pharmacologic evidence that excessive exposure to oxidant species underlie NF1 arterial stenosis and provide a platform for designing novels therapies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waylan K Bessler
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States
| | - Farlyn Z Hudson
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Hanfang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Valerie Harris
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Yusi Wang
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Julie A Mund
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States; Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States
| | - Brandon Downing
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States
| | - David A Ingram
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States
| | - Jamie Case
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States; Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, United States; Scripps Clinic Medical Group, Center for Organ and Cell Transplantation, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - David J Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Brian K Stansfield
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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16
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Dou C, Chen Y, Ding N, Li N, Jiang H, Zhao C, Kang F, Cao Z, Quan H, Luo F, Xu J, Dong S. Xanthotoxin prevents bone loss in ovariectomized mice through the inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:2335-2344. [PMID: 26809192 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Xanthotoxin (XAT) is extracted from the seeds of Ammi majus. Here, we reported that XAT has an inhibitory effect on osteoclastogenesis in vitro through the suppression of both receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced ROS generation and Ca(2+) oscillations. In vivo studies showed that XAT treatment decreases the osteoclast number, prevents bone loss, and restores bone strength in ovariectomized mice. INTRODUCTION Excessive osteoclast formation and the resultant increase in bone resorption activity are key pathogenic factors of osteoporosis. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of XAT, a natural furanocoumarin, on the RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis in vitro and on ovariectomy-mediated bone loss in vivo. METHODS Cytotoxicity of XAT was evaluated using bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Osteoclast differentiation, formation, and fusion were assessed using the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain, the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion (FAK) stain, and the fusion assay, respectively. Osteoclastic bone resorption was evaluated using the pit formation assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and removal were evaluated using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Ca(2+) oscillations and their downstream signaling targets were then detected. The ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model was adopted for our in vivo studies. RESULTS In vitro assays revealed that XAT inhibited the differentiation, formation, fusion, and bone resorption activity of osteoclasts. The inhibitory effect of XAT on osteoclastogenesis was associated with decreased intracellular ROS generation. XAT treatment also suppressed RANKL-induced Ca(2+) oscillations and the activation of the resultant downstream calcium-CaMKK/PYK2 signaling. Through these two mechanisms, XAT downregulated the key osteoclastogenic factors nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) and c-FOS. Our in vivo studies showed that XAT treatment decreases the osteoclast number, prevents bone loss, rescues bone microarchitecture, and restores bone strength in OVX mice. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that XAT is protective against ovariectomy-mediated bone loss through the inhibition of RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Therefore, XAT may be considered to be a new therapeutic candidate for treating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - N Ding
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - N Li
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - H Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - C Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - F Kang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Z Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - H Quan
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - F Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - J Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - S Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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17
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Cordycepin Prevents Bone Loss through Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis by Scavenging ROS Generation. Nutrients 2016; 8:231. [PMID: 27104563 PMCID: PMC4848699 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin was previously reported to have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. However, the potential role of cordycepin in bone metabolism and cell biology of osteoclasts remains unclear. In our study, we focused on the in vitro effects of cordycepin on osteoclastogenesis and its in vivo effects in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Osteoclast differentiation, formation and fusion were evaluated by Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain, focal adhesion stain and fusion assay, respectively. Osteoclastic bone resorption was evaluated by pit formation assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and removal were detected by the ROS assay. OVX mice were orally administered with 10 mg/kg of cordycepin daily for four weeks. In vitro results revealed that cordycepin inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation, formation, fusion and bone resorption activity. We further proved that cordycepin treatments scavenged the generation of ROS, upregulated interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8) and suppressed the activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) during osteoclastogenesis. In vivo results indicated cordycepin prevents bone loss, rescues bone microarchitecture, and restores bone mineralization in OVX mice. Our observations strongly suggested that cordycepin is an efficient osteoclast inhibitor and hold potential therapeutic value in preventing bone loss among postmenopausal osteoporosis patients.
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18
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Dou C, Ding N, Xing J, Zhao C, Kang F, Hou T, Quan H, Chen Y, Dai Q, Luo F, Xu J, Dong S. Dihydroartemisinin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss via the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2162. [PMID: 27031959 PMCID: PMC4823966 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a widely used antimalarial drug isolated from the plant Artemisia annua. Recent studies suggested that DHA has antitumor effects utilizing its reactive oxygen species (ROS) yielding mechanism. Here, we reported that DHA is inhibitory on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoclast (OC) differentiation, fusion and bone-resorption activity in vitro. Intracellular ROS detection revealed that DHA could remarkably increase ROS accumulation during LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis. Moreover, cell apoptosis was also increased by DHA treatment. We found that DHA-activated caspase-3 increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio during LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis. Meanwhile, the translocation of apoptotic inducing factor (AIF) and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol were observed, indicating that ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction is crucial in DHA-induced apoptosis during LPS-induced osteoclastogenesis. In vivo study showed that DHA treatment decreased OC number, prevents bone loss, rescues bone microarchitecture and restores bone strength in LPS-induced bone-loss mouse model. Together, our findings indicate that DHA is protective against LPS-induced bone loss through apoptosis induction of osteoclasts via ROS accumulation and the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway. Therefore, DHA may be considered as a new therapeutic candidate for treating inflammatory bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dou
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - N Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - J Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - C Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - F Kang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - T Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - H Quan
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Q Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - F Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - J Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - S Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Chongqing 400038, China
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Klotz LO, Sánchez-Ramos C, Prieto-Arroyo I, Urbánek P, Steinbrenner H, Monsalve M. Redox regulation of FoxO transcription factors. Redox Biol 2015; 6:51-72. [PMID: 26184557 PMCID: PMC4511623 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the forkhead box, class O (FoxO) family are important regulators of the cellular stress response and promote the cellular antioxidant defense. On one hand, FoxOs stimulate the transcription of genes coding for antioxidant proteins located in different subcellular compartments, such as in mitochondria (i.e. superoxide dismutase-2, peroxiredoxins 3 and 5) and peroxisomes (catalase), as well as for antioxidant proteins found extracellularly in plasma (e.g., selenoprotein P and ceruloplasmin). On the other hand, reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as other stressful stimuli that elicit the formation of ROS, may modulate FoxO activity at multiple levels, including posttranslational modifications of FoxOs (such as phosphorylation and acetylation), interaction with coregulators, alterations in FoxO subcellular localization, protein synthesis and stability. Moreover, transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of the expression of genes coding for FoxOs is sensitive to ROS. Here, we review these aspects of FoxO biology focusing on redox regulation of FoxO signaling, and with emphasis on the interplay between ROS and FoxOs under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Of particular interest are the dual role played by FoxOs in cancer development and their key role in whole body nutrient homeostasis, modulating metabolic adaptations and/or disturbances in response to low vs. high nutrient intake. Examples discussed here include calorie restriction and starvation as well as adipogenesis, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Oliver Klotz
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Prieto-Arroyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pavel Urbánek
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Steinbrenner
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Dornburger Straße 29, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Lin J, Lee D, Choi Y, Lee SY. The scaffold protein RACK1 mediates the RANKL-dependent activation of p38 MAPK in osteoclast precursors. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra54. [PMID: 26038599 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 [tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6] and the associated kinase TAK1 [transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-activated kinase 1] are key components of the signaling pathways that activate nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in response to various stimuli. The cytokine RANKL (receptor activator of NF-κB ligand) is essential for the differentiation of bone marrow cells into bone-resorbing osteoclasts through the activation of NF-κB and MAPK. We found that the scaffold protein RACK1 (receptor for activated C kinase 1) selectively mediated the RANKL-dependent activation of p38 MAPK through the TRAF6-TAK1 axis by interacting with the MAPK kinase MKK6 (MAPK kinase kinase 6), which is upstream of p38 MAPK. RACK1 was necessary for the differentiation of bone marrow cells into osteoclasts through the stimulation of p38 MAPK activation. Osteoclast precursors exposed to RANKL exhibited an interaction among RACK1, RANK, TRAF6, TAK1, and the kinase MKK6, thereby leading to the activation of the MKK6-p38 MAPK pathway. Experiments in which RACK1 or TAK1 was knocked down in osteoclast precursors indicated that RACK1 acted as a bridge, bringing MKK6 to the TRAF6-TAK1 complex. Furthermore, local administration of RACK1-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) into mice calvariae reduced the RANKL-induced bone loss by reducing the numbers of osteoclasts. These findings suggest that RACK1 specifies the RANKL-stimulated activation of p38 MAPK by facilitating the association of MKK6 with TAK1 and may provide a molecular target for a new therapeutic strategy to treat bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lin
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea. Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Daekee Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Yongwon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Soo Young Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea. Research Center for Cellular Homeostasis, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
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Miyake T, Shirakawa H, Nakagawa T, Kaneko S. Activation of mitochondrial transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel contributes to microglial migration. Glia 2015; 63:1870-82. [PMID: 26010461 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, survey the environment of the healthy brain. Microglial migration is essential for many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Although microglia express some members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family, there is little knowledge regarding the physiological roles of TRP channels in microglia. Here, we explored the role of TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a channel opened by capsaicin, heat, protons, and endovanilloids, in microglia. We found that application of capsaicin induced concentration-dependent migration in microglia derived from wild-type mice but not in those derived from TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1-KO) mice. Capsaicin-induced microglial migration was significantly inhibited by co-application of the TRPV1 blocker SB366791 and the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM. Using RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry, we validated that TRPV1 was expressed in microglia. Electrophysiological recording, intracellular Ca(2+) imaging, and immunocytochemistry indicated that TRPV1 was localized primarily in intracellular organelles. Treatment with capsaicin induced an increase in intramitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations and mitochondrial depolarization. Furthermore, microglia derived from TRPV1-KO mice showed delayed Ca(2+) efflux compared with microglia derived from wild-type mice. Capsaicin-induced microglial migration was inhibited by membrane-permeable antioxidants and MAPK inhibitors, suggesting that mitochondrial TRPV1 activation induced Ca(2+) -dependent production of ROS followed by MAPK activation, which correlated with an augmented migration of microglia. Moreover, a mixture of three endovanilloids augmented microglial migration via TRPV1 activation. Together, these results indicate that mitochondrial TRPV1 plays an important role in inducing microglial migration. Activation of TRPV1 triggers an increase in intramitochondrial Ca(2+) concentration and following depolarization of mitochondria, which results in mtROS production, MAPK activation, and enhancement of chemotactic activity in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Miyake
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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22
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Chen T, Wang X, Guo L, Wu M, Duan Z, Lv J, Tai W, Renganathan H, Didier R, Li J, Sun D, Chen X, He X, Fan J, Young W, Ren Y. Embryonic Stem Cells Promoting Macrophage Survival and Function are Crucial for Teratoma Development. Front Immunol 2014; 5:275. [PMID: 25071759 PMCID: PMC4082241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapies have had tremendous potential application for many diseases in recent years. However, the tumorigenic properties of stem cells restrict their potential clinical application; therefore, strategies for reducing the tumorigenic potential of stem cells must be established prior to transplantation. We have demonstrated that syngeneic transplantation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provokes an inflammatory response that involves the rapid recruitment of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). ESCs are able to prevent mature macrophages from macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) withdrawal-induced apoptosis, and thus prolong macrophage lifespan significantly by blocking various apoptotic pathways in an M-CSF-independent manner. ESCs express and secrete IL-34, which may be responsible for ESC-promoted macrophage survival. This anti-apoptotic effect of ESCs involves activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways and thus, inhibition of ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT activation decreases ESC-induced macrophage survival. Functionally, ESC-treated macrophages also showed a higher level of phagocytic activity. ESCs further serve to polarize BMDMs into M2-like macrophages that exhibit most tumor-associated macrophage phenotypic and functional features. ESC-educated macrophages produce high levels of arginase-1, Tie-2, and TNF-α, which participate in angiogenesis and contribute to teratoma progression. Our study suggests that induction of M2-like macrophage activation is an important mechanism for teratoma development. Strategies targeting macrophages to inhibit teratoma development would increase the safety of ESC-based therapies, inasmuch as the depletion of macrophages completely inhibits ESC-induced angiogenesis and teratoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Chen
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey, NJ , USA ; Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xi Wang
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey, NJ , USA ; Institute of Neurosciences, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xian , China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine , Tallahassee, FL , USA ; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University , Xian , China
| | - Mingmei Wu
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey, NJ , USA
| | - Zhaoxia Duan
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey, NJ , USA
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine , Tallahassee, FL , USA
| | - Wenjiao Tai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine , Tallahassee, FL , USA
| | - Hemamalini Renganathan
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey, NJ , USA
| | - Ruth Didier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine , Tallahassee, FL , USA
| | - Jinhua Li
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University , Clayton, VIC , Australia
| | - Dongming Sun
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey, NJ , USA
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University , Xian , China
| | - Jianqing Fan
- Statistics Laboratory, Princeton University , Princeton, NJ , USA
| | - Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Jersey, NJ , USA
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine , Tallahassee, FL , USA
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FoxO proteins restrain osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by attenuating H2O2 accumulation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3773. [PMID: 24781012 PMCID: PMC4015330 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their cell-damaging effects in the setting of oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in physiological intracellular signalling by triggering proliferation and survival. FoxO transcription factors counteract ROS generation by upregulating antioxidant enzymes. Here we show that intracellular H2O2 accumulation is a critical and purposeful adaptation for the differentiation and survival of osteoclasts, the bone cells responsible for the resorption of mineralized bone matrix. Using mice with conditional loss or gain of FoxO transcription factor function, or mitochondria-targeted catalase in osteoclasts, we demonstrate this is achieved, at least in part, by downregulating the H2O2-inactivating enzyme catalase. Catalase downregulation results from the repression of the transcriptional activity of FoxO1, 3 and 4 by RANKL, the indispensable signal for the generation of osteoclasts, via an Akt-mediated mechanism. Notably, mitochondria-targeted catalase prevented the loss of bone caused by loss of oestrogens, suggesting that decreasing H2O2 production in mitochondria may represent a rational pharmacotherapeutic approach to diseases with increased bone resorption.
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24
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Primary human macrophages serve as vehicles for vaccinia virus replication and dissemination. J Virol 2014; 88:6819-31. [PMID: 24696488 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03726-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human monocytic and professional antigen-presenting cells have been reported only to exhibit abortive infections with vaccinia virus (VACV). We found that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), including granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-polarized M1 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-polarized M2, but not human AB serum-derived cells, were permissive to VACV replication. The titers of infectious virions in both cell-free supernatants and cellular lysates of infected M1 and M2 markedly increased in a time-dependent manner. The majority of virions produced in permissive MDMs were extracellular enveloped virions (EEV), a secreted form of VACV associated with long-range virus dissemination, and were mainly found in the culture supernatant. Infected MDMs formed VACV factories, actin tails, virion-associated branching structures, and cell linkages, indicating that MDMs are able to initiate de novo synthesis of viral DNA and promote virus release. VACV replication was sensitive to inhibitors against the Akt and Erk1/2 pathways that can be activated by VACV infection and M-CSF stimulation. Classical activation of MDMs by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus gamma interferon (IFN-γ) stimulation caused no effect on VACV replication, while alternative activation of MDMs by interleukin-10 (IL-10) or LPS-plus-IL-1β treatment significantly decreased VACV production. The IL-10-mediated suppression of VACV replication was largely due to Stat3 activation, as a Stat3 inhibitor restored virus production to levels observed without IL-10 stimulation. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that primary human macrophages are permissive to VACV replication. After infection, these cells produce EEV for long-range dissemination and also form structures associated with virions which may contribute to cell-cell spread. IMPORTANCE Our results provide critical information to the burgeoning fields of cancer-killing (oncolytic) virus therapy with vaccinia virus (VACV). One type of macrophage (M2) is considered a common presence in tumors and is associated with poor prognosis. Our results demonstrate a preference for VACV replication in M2 macrophages and could assist in designing treatments and engineering poxviruses with special considerations for their effect on M2 macrophage-containing tumors. Additionally, this work highlights the importance of macrophages in the field of vaccine development using poxviruses as vectors. The understanding of the dynamics of poxvirus-infected foci is central in understanding the effectiveness of the immune response to poxvirus-mediated vaccine vectors. Monocytic cells have been found to be an important part of VACV skin lesions in mice in controlling the infection as well as mediating virus transport out of infected foci.
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Numano T, Xu J, Futakuchi M, Fukamachi K, Alexander DB, Furukawa F, Kanno J, Hirose A, Tsuda H, Suzui M. Comparative Study of Toxic Effects of Anatase and Rutile Type Nanosized Titanium Dioxide Particles in vivo and in vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:929-35. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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26
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Wang T, Ge Y, Xiao M, Lopez-Coral A, Li L, Roesch A, Huang C, Alexander P, Vogt T, Xu X, Hwang WT, Lieu M, Belser E, Liu R, Somasundaram R, Herlyn M, Kaufman RE. SECTM1 produced by tumor cells attracts human monocytes via CD7-mediated activation of the PI3K pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1108-1118. [PMID: 24157461 PMCID: PMC3961532 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play essential roles in tumor progression and metastasis. Tumor cells recruit myeloid progenitors and monocytes to the tumor site, where they differentiate into TAMs; however, this process is not well studied in humans. Here we show that human CD7, a T cell and NK cell receptor, is highly expressed by monocytes and macrophages. Expression of CD7 decreases in M-CSF differentiated macrophages and in Melanoma-conditioned Medium Induced Macrophages (MCMI/Mϕ) in comparison to monocytes. A ligand for CD7, SECTM1 (Secreted and transmembrane protein 1), is highly expressed in many tumors, including melanoma cells. We show that SECTM1 binds to CD7 and significantly increases monocyte migration by activation of the PI3K pathway. In human melanoma tissues, tumor-infiltrating macrophages expressing CD7 are present. These melanomas, with CD7-positive inflammatory cell infiltrations, frequently highly express SECTM1, including an N-terminal, soluble form, which can be detected in the sera of metastatic melanoma patients but not in normal sera. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CD7 is present on monocytes and tumor macrophages, and that its ligand, SECTM1, is frequently expressed in corresponding melanoma tissues, possibly acting as a chemoattractant for monocytes to modulate the melanoma microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yingbin Ge
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Xiao
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Ling Li
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander Roesch
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Catherine Huang
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter Alexander
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Melissa Lieu
- Undergraduate Program, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eric Belser
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Undergraduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Russel E Kaufman
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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NAKANISHI ATSUKO, HIE MAMIKO, IITSUKA NATSUMI, TSUKAMOTO IKUYO. A crucial role for reactive oxygen species in macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced RANK expression in osteoclastic differentiation. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:874-80. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kim HS, Ullevig SL, Zamora D, Lee CF, Asmis R. Redox regulation of MAPK phosphatase 1 controls monocyte migration and macrophage recruitment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E2803-12. [PMID: 22991462 PMCID: PMC3478659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1212596109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytic adhesion and chemotaxis are regulated by MAPK pathways, which in turn are controlled by redox-sensitive MAPK phosphatases (MKPs). We recently reported that metabolic disorders prime monocytes for enhanced recruitment into vascular lesions by increasing monocytes' responsiveness to chemoattractants. However, the molecular details of this proatherogenic mechanism were not known. Here we show that monocyte priming results in the S-glutathionylation and subsequent inactivation and degradation of MKP-1. Chronic exposure of human THP-1 monocytes to diabetic conditions resulted in the loss of MKP-1 protein levels, the hyperactivation of ERK and p38 in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and increased monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis. Knockdown of MKP-1 mimicked the priming effects of metabolic stress, whereas MKP-1 overexpression blunted both MAPK activation and monocyte adhesion and migration induced by MCP-1. Metabolic stress promoted the S-glutathionylation of MKP-1, targeting MKP-1 for proteasomal degradation. Preventing MKP-1 S-glutathionylation in metabolically stressed monocytes by overexpressing glutaredoxin 1 protected MKP-1 from degradation and normalized monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis in response to MCP-1. Blood monocytes isolated from diabetic mice showed a 55% reduction in MKP-1 activity compared with nondiabetic mice. Hematopoietic MKP-1 deficiency in atherosclerosis-prone mice mimicked monocyte priming and dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders, increased monocyte chemotaxis in vivo, and accelerated atherosclerotic lesion formation. In conclusion, we identified MKP-1 as a central redox-sensitive regulator of monocyte adhesion and migration and showed that the loss of MKP-1 activity is a critical step in monocyte priming and the metabolic stress-induced conversion of blood monocytes into a proatherogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah L. Ullevig
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904
| | | | - Chi Fung Lee
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904
| | - Reto Asmis
- Departments of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and
- Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3904
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Catalgol B, Kartal Ozer N. Lipid rafts and redox regulation of cellular signaling in cholesterol induced atherosclerosis. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 6:309-24. [PMID: 22043207 PMCID: PMC3083812 DOI: 10.2174/157340310793566181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox mediated signaling mechanisms play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is one of the most important disorders induced mainly by hypercholesterolemia. Oxidation products and related signaling mechanisms are found within the characteristic biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Several studies have shown that redox signaling via lipid rafts play a significant role in the regulation of pathogenesis of many diseases including atherosclerosis. This review attempts to summarize redox signaling and lipid rafts in hypercholesterolemia induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Catalgol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34668 Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Reactive oxygen species regulate M-CSF-induced monocyte/macrophage proliferation through SHP1 oxidation. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1633-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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31
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Kogan M, Haine V, Ke Y, Wigdahl B, Fischer-Smith T, Rappaport J. Macrophage colony stimulating factor regulation by nuclear factor kappa B: a relevant pathway in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected macrophages. DNA Cell Biol 2011; 31:280-9. [PMID: 21895511 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2011.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) is a cytokine that promotes monocyte differentiation and survival. When overexpressed, M-CSF contributes to pathology in a wide variety of diseases, including osteoporosis, obesity, certain human cancers, and in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, particularly with respect to monocyte/macrophage infection and the development of HIV-1 associated central nervous system disorders. In this study, our aim was to expand the current knowledge of M-CSF regulation, focusing on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor playing a prominent role during inflammation and HIV-1 infection. Our results suggest that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) promotes M-CSF secretion in primary macrophages and activates the -1310/+48 bp M-CSF promoter in Mono-Mac 1 cells. Inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway diminish this response. We identified four putative NF-κB and four CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein beta binding sites within the M-CSF promoter. Our findings, using promoter constructs mutated at individual NF-κB sites within the M-CSF promoter region, suggest that these sites are redundant with respect to NF-κB regulation. TNF-α treatment promoted NF-κB p65 binding to the M-CSF promoter in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treated U937 cells chronically infected with HIV-1 (U1 cells), but not in PMA treated uninfected U937 cells, suggesting that the presence of HIV-1 increases the NF-κB response. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that NF-κB induces M-CSF expression on a promoter level via multiple functional NF-κB binding sites and that this pathway is likely relevant in HIV-1 infection of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kogan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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Hie M, Tsukamoto I. Administration of zinc inhibits osteoclastogenesis through the suppression of RANK expression in bone. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668:140-6. [PMID: 21806983 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) has been known to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption and stimulate osteoblastic bone formation. However, the mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been well characterized in vivo. Here, the effects of a dietary administration of Zn on osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis were investigated in Zn-adequate rats. The administration of Zn decreased the activities of bone tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K, without affecting the serum osteocalcin level. Histological analysis showed a decrease in the number of osteoclasts with a normal number of osteoblasts in the metaphysis of the proximal tibia. The mRNA levels of receptor for activation of NF-κB (RANK), c-fos, c-jun, TRAP and cathepsin K were significantly decreased, although those of RANK ligand, macrophage colony-stimulating factor and c-fms were unaltered. The gene expression of bone morphogenic protein-2, Runx2, Dlx5, osterix, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and collagen was not affected. The level of the RANK protein decreased, while the levels of the Runx2 and β-catenin proteins were unchanged. Further, the osteoclastic differentiation of precursor cells in vitro was suppressed. The suppressed osteoclastogenesis was associated with decreased levels of reactive oxygen species, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and RANK expression. A lower lipid peroxide level and a higher glutathione level were also observed. These results suggested that Zn-administration did not affect osteoblastogenesis but decreased osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting RANK expression through suppression of the production of reactive oxygen species and ERK activation in Zn-adequate rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Hie
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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Wang Y, Wang H, Piper MG, McMaken S, Mo X, Opalek J, Schmidt AM, Marsh CB. sRAGE induces human monocyte survival and differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:1822-35. [PMID: 20574008 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is produced either as a transmembrane or soluble form (sRAGE). Substantial evidence supports a role for RAGE and its ligands in disease. sRAGE is reported to be a competitive, negative regulator of membrane RAGE activation, inhibiting ligand binding. However, some reports indicate that sRAGE is associated with inflammatory disease. We sought to define the biological function of sRAGE on inflammatory cell recruitment, survival, and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. To test the in vivo impact of sRAGE, the recombinant protein was intratracheally administered to mice, which demonstrated monocyte- and neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation. We also observed that sRAGE induced human monocyte and neutrophil migration in vitro. Human monocytes treated with sRAGE produced proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our data demonstrated that sRAGE directly bound human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Binding of sRAGE to monocytes promoted their survival and differentiation to macrophages. Furthermore, sRAGE binding to cells increased during maturation, which was similar in freshly isolated mouse monocytes compared with mature tissue macrophages. Because sRAGE activated cell survival and differentiation, we examined intracellular pathways that were activated by sRAGE. In primary human monocytes and macrophages, sRAGE treatment activated Akt, Erk, and NF-kappaB, and their activation appeared to be critical for cell survival and differentiation. Our data suggest a novel role for sRAGE in monocyte- and neutrophil-mediated inflammation and mononuclear phagocyte survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Xu J, Futakuchi M, Iigo M, Fukamachi K, Alexander DB, Shimizu H, Sakai Y, Tamano S, Furukawa F, Uchino T, Tokunaga H, Nishimura T, Hirose A, Kanno J, Tsuda H. Involvement of macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP1α) in promotion of rat lung and mammary carcinogenic activity of nanoscale titanium dioxide particles administered by intra-pulmonary spraying. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:927-35. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Colony-stimulating factor-1-induced oscillations in phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT are required for caspase activation in monocytes undergoing differentiation into macrophages. Blood 2009; 114:3633-41. [PMID: 19721010 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-03-208843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytes into resident macrophages is driven by colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), which upon interaction with CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) induces within minutes the phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic tyrosine residues and the activation of multiple signaling complexes. Caspase-8 and -3 are activated at day 2 to 3 and contribute to macrophage differentiation, for example, through cleavage of nucleophosmin. Here, we show that the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and the downstream serine/threonine kinase AKT connect CSF-1R activation to caspase-8 cleavage. Most importantly, we demonstrate that successive waves of AKT activation with increasing amplitude and duration are required to provoke the formation of the caspase-8-activating molecular platform. CSF-1 and its receptor are both required for oscillations in AKT activation to occur, and expression of a constitutively active AKT mutant prevents the macrophage differentiation process. The extracellular receptor kinase 1/2 pathway is activated with a coordinated oscillatory kinetics in a CSF-1R-dependent manner but plays an accessory role in caspase activation and nucleophosmin cleavage. Altogether, CSF-1 stimulation activates a molecular clock that involves phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and AKT to promote caspase activation. This oscillatory signaling pathway, which is coordinated with extracellular receptor kinase 1/2 oscillatory activation, involves CSF-1 and CSF-1R and controls the terminal differentiation of macrophages.
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Ottonello L, Bertolotto M, Montecucco F, Bianchi G, Dallegri F. Delayed apoptosis of human monocytes exposed to immune complexes is reversed by oxaprozin: role of the Akt/IkappaB kinase/nuclear factor kappaB pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:294-306. [PMID: 19338579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Monocytes-macrophages play a key role in the initiation and persistence of inflammatory reactions. Consequently, these cells represent an attractive therapeutic target for switching off overwhelming inflammatory responses. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most common drugs for the symptomatic treatment of rheumatic diseases. Their effects have been explained on the basis of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition. However, some of the actions of these drugs are not related to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined the effect of oxaprozin on apoptosis of immune complex-activated monocytes in comparison with drugs of the same class, and the signalling pathway that leads activated monocytes exposed to oxaprozin to apoptosis. In particular, we studied the activity of caspase-3, the involvement of IkappaB kinase (IKK)-nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) system and the activity of X-linked mammalian inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in activated monocytes in the presence of oxaprozin. KEY RESULTS Immune complexes caused the inhibition of monocyte apoptosis. Oxaprozin reversed in a dose-dependent manner immune complex-induced survival of monocytes, without affecting the apoptosis of resting cells. Other NSAIDs are ineffective. The activity of oxaprozin was related to inhibition of Akt activation that, in turn, prevented p38 MAPK, IKK and NF-kappaB activation. Consistently, the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation reduced the production of the anti-apoptotic molecule XIAP, leading to uncontrolled activity of caspase 3. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that oxaprozin exerts its anti-inflammatory activity also through COX-independent pathways. It is likely that oxaprozin-mediated inhibition of the Akt/IKK/NF-kappaB pathway contributes to its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Ottonello
- First Medical Clinic, Laboratory of Phagocyte Physiopathology and Inflammation, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Hunter M, Wang Y, Eubank T, Baran C, Nana-Sinkam P, Marsh C. Survival of monocytes and macrophages and their role in health and disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:4079-102. [PMID: 19273336 DOI: 10.2741/3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are versatile cells involved in health and disease. These cells act as scavengers to rid the body of apoptotic and senescent cells and debris through their phagocytic function. Although this is a primary function of these cells, macrophages play vital roles in inflammation and repair of damaged tissue. Macrophages secrete a large number of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that recruit and activate a variety of cell types to inflamed tissue compartments. These cells are also critical in cell-mediated immunity and in the resolution of inflammation. Since macrophages, and their precursors, blood monocytes, are important in regulating and resolving inflammation, prolonged cellular survival in tissue compartments could be detrimental. Thus, factors that regulate the fate of monocyte and macrophage survival are important in cellular homeostasis. In this article, we will explore stimuli and the intracellular pathways important in regulating macrophage survival and implication in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Hunter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine and the Center for Critical Care Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Curry JM, Eubank TD, Roberts RD, Wang Y, Pore N, Maity A, Marsh CB. M-CSF signals through the MAPK/ERK pathway via Sp1 to induce VEGF production and induces angiogenesis in vivo. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3405. [PMID: 18852899 PMCID: PMC2566603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background M-CSF recruits mononuclear phagocytes which regulate processes such as angiogenesis and metastases in tumors. VEGF is a potent activator of angiogenesis as it promotes endothelial cell proliferation and new blood vessel formation. Previously, we reported that in vitro M-CSF induces the expression of biologically-active VEGF from human monocytes. Methodology and Results In this study, we demonstrate the molecular mechanism of M-CSF-induced VEGF production. Using a construct containing the VEGF promoter linked to a luciferase reporter, we found that a mutation reducing HIF binding to the VEGF promoter had no significant effect on luciferase production induced by M-CSF stimulation. Further analysis revealed that M-CSF induced VEGF through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway via the transcription factor, Sp1. Thus, inhibition of either ERK or Sp1 suppressed M-CSF-induced VEGF at the mRNA and protein level. M-CSF also induced the nuclear localization of Sp1, which was blocked by ERK inhibition. Finally, mutating the Sp1 binding sites within the VEGF promoter or inhibiting ERK decreased VEGF promoter activity in M-CSF-treated human monocytes. To evaluate the biological significance of M-CSF induced VEGF production, we used an in vivo angiogenesis model to illustrate the ability of M-CSF to recruit mononuclear phagocytes, increase VEGF levels, and enhance angiogenesis. Importantly, the addition of a neutralizing VEGF antibody abolished M-CSF-induced blood vessel formation. Conclusion These data delineate an ERK- and Sp1-dependent mechanism of M-CSF induced VEGF production and demonstrate for the first time the ability of M-CSF to induce angiogenesis via VEGF in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Curry
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tim D. Eubank
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ryan D. Roberts
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yijie Wang
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nabendu Pore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amit Maity
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Clay B. Marsh
- The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bringardner BD, Baran CP, Eubank TD, Marsh CB. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:287-301. [PMID: 17961066 PMCID: PMC2737712 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of inflammation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is controversial. If inflammation were critical to the disease process, lung pathology would demonstrate an influx of inflammatory cells, and that the disease would respond to immunosuppression. Neither is true. The classic pathology does not display substantial inflammation, and no modulation of the immune system is effective as treatment. Recent data suggest that the pathophysiology of the disease is more a product of fibroblast dysfunction than of dysregulated inflammation. The role of inflammation in disease pathogenesis comes from pathology from atypical patients, biologic samples procured during exacerbations of the disease, and careful examination of biologic specimens from patients with stable disease. We suggest that inflammation is indeed a critical factor in IPF and propose five potential nontraditional mechanisms for the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of IPF: the direct inflammatory hypothesis, the matrix hypothesis, the growth factor-receptor hypothesis, the plasticity hypothesis, and the vascular hypothesis. To address these, we review the literature exploring the differences in pathology, prognosis, and clinical course, as well as the role of cytokines, growth factors, and other mediators of inflammation, and last, the role of matrix and vascular supply in patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Bringardner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Berberine inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast formation and survival through suppressing the NF-kappaB and Akt pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 580:70-9. [PMID: 18083161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from several medicinal plants, has been reported to possess anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. Although berberine also inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption, the molecular machinery for its inhibitory effects remains unknown. This study focused on the suppressive effects of berberine on receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and survival. Berberine inhibited RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation and survival while having no cytotoxic effects on bone marrow macrophages or osteoblastic cells. Berberine attenuated RANKL-induced activation of NF-kappaB through inhibiting phosphorylation at the activation loop of IkappaBalpha kinase beta, phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, and NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation. RANKL-induced Akt phosphorylation was strongly inhibited by berberine; however, neither monocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced nor insulin-induced Akt activation was inhibited by the drug. Under M-CSF- and RANKL-deprived condition, berberine increased the active form of caspase-3 in osteoclasts. By contrast, berberine did not potentiate the activation of caspase-3 in M-CSF-deprived bone marrow macrophages. These findings indicate that berberine inhibits osteoclast formation and survival through suppression of NF-kappaB and Akt activation and that both pathways in the osteoclast lineage are highly sensitive to berberine treatment.
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Schmitz G, Grandl M. Role of redox regulation and lipid rafts in macrophages during Ox-LDL-mediated foam cell formation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:1499-518. [PMID: 17600463 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemias and small dense LDLs in patients with high-triglyceride low-HDL syndromes lead to a prolonged half life of apoB-containing particles. This is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation and leads to formation of oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL). Generators of ROS in macrophages (MACs) include myeloperoxidase (MPO)-mediated respiratory burst and raft-associated NADPH-oxidase. The intracellular oxidant milieu is involved in cellular signaling pathways, like ion-transport systems, protein phosphorylation, and gene expression. Lipid oxidation through ROS can amplify foam cell formation through Ox-LDL uptake, leading to formation of ceramide (Cer)-rich lipid membrane microdomains, and is associated with expansion of the lysosomal compartment and an upregulation of ABCA1 and other genes of the AP3 secretory pathway. Ox-LDL may also affect cell-surface turnover of Cer-backbone sphingolipids and apoE-mediated uptake by LRP-family members. In contrast, HDL-mediated lipid efflux causes disruption of lipid membrane microdomains and prevents foam cell formation. Oxidation of HDL through MPO leads to a failure of lipid efflux and enhancement of MAC loading. Therefore, lipid rafts and oxidation processes are important in regulation of MAC foam cell formation and atherosclerosis, and the balance between oxidant and antioxidant intracellular systems is critically important for efficient MAC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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42
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Okazaki T, Ebihara S, Asada M, Yamanda S, Saijo Y, Shiraishi Y, Ebihara T, Niu K, Mei H, Arai H, Yambe T. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor improves cardiac function after ischemic injury by inducing vascular endothelial growth factor production and survival of cardiomyocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:1093-103. [PMID: 17717142 PMCID: PMC1988861 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), known as a hematopoietic growth factor, induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production from skeletal muscles. However, the effects of M-CSF on cardiomyocytes have not been reported. Here, we show M-CSF increases VEGF production from cardiomyocytes, protects cardiomyocytes and myotubes from cell death, and improves cardiac function after ischemic injury. In mice, M-CSF increased VEGF production in hearts and in freshly isolated cardiomyocytes, which showed M-CSF receptor expression. In rat cell line H9c2 cardiomyocytes and myotubes, M-CSF induced VEGF production via the Akt signaling pathway, and M-CSF pretreatment protected these cells from H(2)O(2)-induced cell death. M-CSF activated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways and up-regulated downstream anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL expression in these cells. Using goats as a large animal model of myocardial infarction, we found that M-CSF treatment after the onset of myocardial infarction by permanent coronary artery ligation promoted angiogenesis in ischemic hearts but did not reduce the infarct area. M-CSF pretreatment of the goat myocardial infarction model by coronary artery occlusion-reperfusion improved cardiac function, as assessed by hemodynamic parameters and echocardiography. These results suggest M-CSF might be a novel therapeutic agent for ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuma Okazaki
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Lombardo E, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Maroto B, Boscá L, Knaus UG. TLR4-mediated survival of macrophages is MyD88 dependent and requires TNF-alpha autocrine signalling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:3731-9. [PMID: 17339471 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of macrophage survival is a critical factor in the resolution of inflammatory responses. Exposure to LPS protects innate immune cells against apoptosis, although the precise pathways responsible for prolongation of macrophage survival remain to be fully established. The goal of this study was to characterize the mechanism of TLR4-mediated survival of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages upon M-CSF withdrawal in more detail. Using a combination of knockout mice and pharmacological inhibitors allowed us to show that TLR4 and TLR2 stimulation promotes long-term survival of macrophages in a MyD88-, PI3K-, ERK-, and NF-kappaB-dependent manner. LPS-induced long-term, but not short-term, survival requires autocrine signaling via TNF-alpha and is facilitated by a general cytoprotective program, similar to that mediated by M-CSF. TLR4-mediated macrophage survival is accompanied by a remarkable up-regulation of specific cell surface markers, suggesting that LPS stimulation leads to the differentiation of macrophages toward a mixed macrophage/dendritic cell-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleuterio Lombardo
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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44
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Zins K, Abraham D, Sioud M, Aharinejad S. Colon cancer cell-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates the tumor growth-promoting response in macrophages by up-regulating the colony-stimulating factor-1 pathway. Cancer Res 2007; 67:1038-45. [PMID: 17283136 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between malignant and stromal cells is essential in tumorigenesis. We have previously shown that colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A production by stromal cells is enhanced by CSF-1-negative SW620 colon cancer cells. In the present study, the mechanisms by which colon cancer cells up-regulate host factors to promote tumorigenesis were investigated. Profiling of tumor cell cytokine expression in SW620 tumor xenografts in nude mice showed increased human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA expression with tumor growth. Incubation of macrophages with small interfering (si) RNAs directed against TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha-depleted SW620 cell conditioned medium versus SW620 cell conditioned medium failed to support mouse macrophage proliferation, migration, and expression of CSF-1, VEGF-A, and MMP-2 mRNAs. Consistent with these results, human TNF-alpha gene silencing decreased mouse macrophage TNF-alpha, CSF-1, MMP-2, and VEGF-A mRNA expression in macrophages cocultured with human cancer cells. In addition, inhibition of human TNF-alpha or mouse CSF-1 expression by siRNA reduced tumor growth in SW620 tumor xenografts in mice. These results suggest that colon cancer cell-derived TNF-alpha stimulates TNF-alpha and CSF-1 production by macrophages, and that CSF-1, in turn, induces macrophage VEGF-A and MMP-2 in an autocrine manner. Thus, interrupting tumor cell-macrophage communication by targeting TNF-alpha may provide an alternative therapeutic approach for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Zins
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Vienna Medical University, Waehringerstrasse 13, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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45
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Wang Y, Zeigler MM, Lam GK, Hunter MG, Eubank TD, Khramtsov VV, Tridandapani S, Sen CK, Marsh CB. The role of the NADPH oxidase complex, p38 MAPK, and Akt in regulating human monocyte/macrophage survival. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:68-77. [PMID: 16931806 PMCID: PMC1899309 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0165oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
M-CSF induces PI 3-kinase activation, resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Previously, we reported that ROS mediate macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced extracellular regulated kinase (Erk) activation and monocyte survival. In this work, we hypothesized that M-CSF-stimulated ROS products modulated Akt1 and p38 activation. Furthermore, we sought to clarify the source of these ROS and the role of ROS and Akt in monocyte/macrophage survival. Macrophages from p47(phox-/-) mice, lacking a key component of the NADPH oxidase complex required for ROS generation, had reduced cell survival and Akt1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation compared with wild-type macrophages in response to M-CSF stimulation, but had no difference in M-CSF-stimulated Erk. To understand how ROS affected monocyte survival and signaling, we observed that NAC and DPI decreased cell survival and Akt1 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Using bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice expressing constitutively activated Akt1 (Myr-Akt1) or transfecting Myr-Akt1 constructs into human peripheral monocytes, we concluded that Akt is a positive regulator of monocyte survival. Moreover, the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, inhibited p38 activity and M-CSF-induced monocyte survival. These findings demonstrate that ROS generated from the NADPH oxidase complex contribute to monocyte/macrophage survival induced by M-CSF via regulation of Akt and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Dorothy M Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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46
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Kim HJ, Chakravarti N, Oridate N, Choe C, Claret FX, Lotan R. N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced apoptosis triggered by reactive oxygen species is mediated by activation of MAPKs in head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:2785-94. [PMID: 16407847 PMCID: PMC1458365 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR), a synthetic retinoid effective in cancer chemoprevention and therapy, is thought to act via apoptosis induction resulting from increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. As ROS can activate MAP kinases and protein kinase C (PKC), we examined the role of such enzymes in 4HPR-induced apoptosis in HNSCC UMSCC22B cells. 4HPR increased ROS level within 1 h and induced activation of caspase 3 and PARP cleavage within 24 h. Activation of MKK3/6 and MKK4, JNK, p38 and ERK was detected between 6 and 12 h, increased up to 24 h and preceded apoptosis. 4HPR-induced activation of these kinases was abrogated by the antioxidants BHA and vitamin C. SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, suppressed 4HPR-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, cytochrome c release from mitochondria and apoptosis. Suppression of JNK1 and JNK2 using siRNA decreased, whereas overexpression of wild type-JNK1 enhanced 4HPR-induced apoptosis. PD169316, a p38, inhibitor suppressed phosphorylation of Hsp27 and apoptosis. PD98059, an MEK1/2 inhibitor, also suppressed ERK1/2 activation and apoptosis induced by 4HPR. Likewise, PKC inhibitor GF109203X suppressed ERK and p38 phosphorylation and PARP cleavage. These data indicate that 4HPR-induced apoptosis is triggered by ROS increase, leading to the activation of the mitogen-activated protein serine/threonine kinases JNK, p38, PKC and ERK, and subsequent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-J Kim
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA and
| | - N Chakravarti
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA and
| | - N Oridate
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA and
| | - C Choe
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA and
| | - F-X Claret
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Lotan
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA and
- Correspondence: Dr R Lotan, Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology-Unit 432, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail:
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Weigert A, Johann AM, von Knethen A, Schmidt H, Geisslinger G, Brüne B. Apoptotic cells promote macrophage survival by releasing the antiapoptotic mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate. Blood 2006; 108:1635-42. [PMID: 16690965 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-014852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death is vital for a number of pathophysiologic settings. Apoptotic cells are rapidly engulfed by phagocytes (ie, macrophages), which in turn acquire an anti-inflammatory phenotype known as alternative activation or the M2-type. Here we show that interaction of apoptotic cells with macrophages attenuates cell death pathways in the latter. Protection of human macrophages required phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and Ca2+ signaling, and correlated with Bcl-X(L) and Bcl-2 up-regulation as well as Ser136-Bad phosphorylation. Unexpectedly, neither phagocytosis nor binding of apoptotic debris to the phagocyte was necessary to induce protection. Surprisingly, apoptotic cells released sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), mainly derived from sphingosine kinase 2, as a survival messenger. This points to an active role of apoptotic cells in preventing cell destruction in their neighborhood, with implications for innate immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weigert
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Biochemistry I/Center for Drug Research, Development, and Safety (ZAFES), Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University of Frankfurt, Germany
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Xing L, Boyce BF. Regulation of apoptosis in osteoclasts and osteoblastic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 328:709-20. [PMID: 15694405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In postnatal life, the skeleton undergoes continuous remodeling in which osteoclasts resorb aged or damaged bone, leaving space for osteoblasts to make new bone. The balance of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of bone cells determines the size of osteoclast or osteoblast populations at any given time. Bone cells constantly receive signals from adjacent cells, hormones, and bone matrix that regulate their proliferation, activity, and survival. Thus, the amount of bone and its microarchitecture before and after the menopause or following therapeutic intervention with drugs, such as sex hormones, glucocorticoids, parathyroid hormone, and bisphosphonates, is determined in part by effects of these on survival of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Understanding the mechanisms and regulation of bone cell apoptosis will enhance our knowledge of bone cell function and help us to develop better therapeutics for the management of osteoporosis and other bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY, USA.
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49
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Liu A, Arbiser JL, Holmgren A, Klein G, Klein E. PSK and Trx80 inhibit B-cell growth in EBV-infected cord blood mononuclear cells through T cells activated by the monocyte products IL-15 and IL-12. Blood 2005; 105:1606-13. [PMID: 15507528 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEpstein-Barr virus (EBV)–specific immunologic memory is not transferred from mother to child. In vitro infection of cord blood cells can therefore readily lead to the outgrowth of transformed B lymphocytes. We found that the immunomodulator polysaccharide K (PSK) or the mitogenic cytokine truncated thioredoxin (Trx80) inhibited the EBV-induced B-cell proliferation. Using signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)–associated protein (SAP) induction as a sign for T- and natural killer (NK) cell activation, we could follow it without any need for cell separation because neither macrophages nor B lymphocytes express SAP. The results suggest the following scenario: EBV infected and activated B lymphocytes. Upon interacting with these cells, T cells became posed for responding to cytokines produced by monocytes. Both PSK and Trx80, which is a secreted C-terminally truncated thioredoxin, activated the monocytes, which then produced cytokines in the presence of the primed T cells. PSK induced interleukin-15 (IL-15), while Trx80 induced IL-12 production. Both cytokines activated the T cells for function. Phosphatidylinositol 3–(PI 3)–kinase and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) were involved in the PSK-induced activation of monocytes. Restimulation of the cultures with EBV-transformed B cells generated specific cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anquan Liu
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Box 280, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ha H, Kwak HB, Lee SW, Jin HM, Kim HM, Kim HH, Lee ZH. Reactive oxygen species mediate RANK signaling in osteoclasts. Exp Cell Res 2005; 301:119-27. [PMID: 15530848 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RANKL, a member of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, regulates the differentiation, activation, and survival of osteoclasts through binding to its cognate receptor, RANK. RANK can interact with several TNF-receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) and activates signaling molecules including Akt, NF-kappaB, and MAPKs. Although the transient elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by receptor activation has been shown to act as a cellular secondary messenger, the involvement of ROS in RANK signaling pathways has been not characterized. In this study, we found that RANKL stimulated ROS generation in osteoclasts. Pretreatment of osteoclasts with the antioxidants N-acetyl-l-cystein and glutathione reduced RANKL-induced Akt, NF-kappaB, and ERK activation. The reduced NF-kappaB activity by antioxidants was associated with decreased IKK activity and IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. In contrast, antioxidants did not prevent TNF-alpha-induced Akt and NF-kappaB activation. Pretreatment with antioxidants also significantly reduced RANKL-induced actin ring formation, required for bone resorbing activity, and osteoclast survival. Taken together, our results suggest that ROS act as mediators in RANKL-induced signaling pathways and cellular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunil Ha
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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