1
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T cell therapy against cancer: a predictive diffuse-interface mathematical model informed by pre-clinical studies. J Theor Biol 2022; 547:111172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Ellingsen EB, Mangsbo SM, Hovig E, Gaudernack G. Telomerase as a Target for Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines and Considerations for Optimizing Their Clinical Potential. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682492. [PMID: 34290704 PMCID: PMC8288190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase-based therapeutic cancer vaccines (TCVs) have been under clinical investigation for the past two decades. Despite past failures, TCVs have gained renewed enthusiasm for their potential to improve the efficacy of checkpoint inhibition. Telomerase stands as an attractive target for TCVs due to its almost universal presence in cancer and its essential function promoting tumor growth. Herein, we review tumor telomerase biology that may affect the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination and provide insights on optimal vaccine design and treatment combinations. Tumor types possessing mechanisms of increased telomerase expression combined with an immune permissive tumor microenvironment are expected to increase the therapeutic potential of telomerase-targeting cancer vaccines. Regardless, rational treatment combinations, such as checkpoint inhibitors, are likely necessary to bring out the true clinical potential of TCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Espen Basmo Ellingsen
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Research and Development, Ultimovacs ASA, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara M Mangsbo
- Research and Development, Ultimovacs AB, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eivind Hovig
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Basher F, Dhar P, Wang X, Wainwright DA, Zhang B, Sosman J, Ji Z, Wu JD. Antibody targeting tumor-derived soluble NKG2D ligand sMIC reprograms NK cell homeostatic survival and function and enhances melanoma response to PDL1 blockade therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:74. [PMID: 32517713 PMCID: PMC7285527 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma patients who have detectable serum soluble NKG2D ligands either at the baseline or post-treatment of PD1/PDL1 blockade exhibit poor overall survival. Among families of soluble human NKG2D ligands, the soluble human MHC I chain-related molecule (sMIC) was found to be elevated in melanoma patients and mostly associated with poor response to PD1/PDL1 blockade therapy. METHODS In this study, we aim to investigate whether co-targeting tumor-released sMIC enhances the therapeutic outcome of PD1/PDL1 blockade therapy for melanoma. We implanted sMIC-expressing B16F10 melanoma tumors into syngeneic host and evaluated therapeutic efficacy of anti-sMIC antibody and anti-PDL1 antibody combination therapy in comparison with monotherapy. We analyzed associated effector mechanism. We also assessed sMIC/MIC prevalence in metastatic human melanoma tumors. RESULTS We found that the combination therapy of the anti-PDL1 antibody with an antibody targeting sMIC significantly improved animal survival as compared to monotherapies and that the effect of combination therapy depends significantly on NK cells. We show that combination therapy significantly increased IL-2Rα (CD25) on NK cells which sensitizes NK cells to low dose IL-2 for survival. We demonstrate that sMIC negatively reprograms gene expression related to NK cell homeostatic survival and proliferation and that antibody clearing sMIC reverses the effect of sMIC and reprograms NK cell for survival. We further show that sMIC/MIC is abundantly present in metastatic human melanoma tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a pre-clinical proof-of-concept and a new mechanistic understanding to underscore the significance of antibody targeting sMIC to improve therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD1/PDL1 antibody for MIC/sMIC+ metastatic melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmin Basher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.,Current address: Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Payal Dhar
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Driskill Graduate Program in Life Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Driskill Graduate Program in Life Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sosman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60628, USA
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Driskill Graduate Program in Life Science, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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4
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Jachetti E, Cancila V, Rigoni A, Bongiovanni L, Cappetti B, Belmonte B, Enriquez C, Casalini P, Ostano P, Frossi B, Sangaletti S, Chiodoni C, Chiorino G, Pucillo CE, Tripodo C, Colombo MP. Cross-Talk between Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Mast Cells Mediates Tumor-Specific Immunosuppression in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2018. [PMID: 29523597 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy, including the use of checkpoint inhibitors, is a potent therapeutic approach for some cancers, but has limited success with prostate tumors, in which immune suppression is instigated by the tumor. The immunosuppressive capacity of mast cells, which promote adenocarcinoma development in the prostate, prompted our investigation on whether mast cells promote tolerance to SV40 Large-T antigen, the transforming oncogene in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. The incidence of adenocarcinoma was reduced in the offspring of a cross between TRAMP mice and mast cell-deficient KitWsh mice. TRAMP mice are tolerant to the SV40 Large T antigen, which is otherwise immunogenic in normal syngeneic B6 mice. Genetic ablation of mast cells in TRAMP mice restored their ability to mount a tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell response. In KitWsh-TRAMP mice, the restored T-cell immunity correlated with the reduced activity of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSC), along with their reduced expression of Arg1, Nos2, and Stat3 Having found that CD40L-expressing mast cells can interact in vivo with CD40-expressing PMN-MDSC, we then determined that only KitWsh-TRAMP mice reconstituted with mast cells expressing CD40L could restore PMN-MDSCs suppressive functions, T-cell unresponsiveness and adenocarcinoma development. Thus, mast cells have an immunoregulatory effect on PMN-MDSCs activity through CD40L-CD40 interaction, favoring immunosuppression and tumor onset. In prostate cancer patients, in silico analyses correlated poor clinical outcomes with high expression of genes related to mast cells and PMN-MDSCs. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(5); 552-65. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jachetti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alice Rigoni
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Bongiovanni
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Barbara Cappetti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Belmonte
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Enriquez
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Casalini
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sabina Sangaletti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Chiodoni
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo E Pucillo
- Department of Medical and Biological Science, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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5
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Manzo T, Sturmheit T, Basso V, Petrozziello E, Hess Michelini R, Riba M, Freschi M, Elia AR, Grioni M, Curnis F, Protti MP, Schumacher TN, Debets R, Swartz MA, Corti A, Bellone M, Mondino A. T Cells Redirected to a Minor Histocompatibility Antigen Instruct Intratumoral TNFα Expression and Empower Adoptive Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors. Cancer Res 2016; 77:658-671. [PMID: 27872095 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Donor-derived allogeneic T cells evoke potent graft versus tumor (GVT) effects likely due to the simultaneous recognition of tumor-specific and host-restricted minor histocompatibility (H) antigens. Here we investigated whether such effects could be reproduced in autologous settings by TCR gene-engineered lymphocytes. We report that T cells redirected either to a broadly expressed Y-encoded minor H antigen or to a tumor-associated antigen, although poorly effective if individually transferred, when simultaneously administered enabled acute autochthonous tumor debulking and resulted in durable clinical remission. Y-redirected T cells proved hyporesponsive in peripheral lymphoid organs, whereas they retained effector function at the tumor site, where in synergy with tumor-redirected lymphocytes, they instructed TNFα expression, endothelial cell activation, and intratumoral T-cell infiltration. While neutralizing TNFα hindered GVT effects by the combined T-cell infusion, a single injection of picogram amounts of NGR-TNF, a tumor vessel-targeted TNFα derivative currently in phase III clinical trials, substituted for Y-redirected cells and enabled tumor debulking by tumor-redirected lymphocytes. Together, our results provide new mechanistic insights into allogeneic GVT, validate the importance of targeting the tumor and its associated stroma, and prove the potency of a novel combined approach suitable for immediate clinical implementation. Cancer Res; 77(3); 658-71. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Manzo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Tabea Sturmheit
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Basso
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Petrozziello
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Riba
- Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Freschi
- Department of Pathology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela R Elia
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Grioni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Flavio Curnis
- Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Protti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reno Debets
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Angelo Corti
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bellone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Mondino
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Fenoglio D, Parodi A, Lavieri R, Kalli F, Ferrera F, Tagliamacco A, Guastalla A, Lamperti MG, Giacomini M, Filaci G. Immunogenicity of GX301 cancer vaccine: Four (telomerase peptides) are better than one. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:838-50. [PMID: 25714118 PMCID: PMC4514186 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1012032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide540–548, peptide611–626, peptide672–686 and peptide766–780, which are derived from human telomerase, constitute the immunogenic component of the GX301 cancer vaccine. The relative immunogenicity of these peptides is unknown, thus it is unsure whether their combined use offers real advantages over single peptide stimulation. Hence, this study compared the number of specific immune responses and responders to each peptide, as well as to their mixture (meaning the co-presence of the 4 peptides in the same culture well), achieved after ex vivo stimulation of PBMC from 21, HLA-A2+ (n.11) or HLA-A2- (n.10), healthy donors. The study was performed on freshly collected PBMC (T0) and on PBMC stimulated for 10 d with single peptides or their mixture (T1). Peptide-specific immune responses were analyzed by Elispot and cytokine intracellular staining by flow cytometry. The results showed that each peptide induced specific immune responses in some subjects, with different panels of responders among the peptides. Moreover, the numbers of responses and responders to the single peptides or their mixture were comparable. Importantly, the overall number of responders to the 4 peptides was higher than to each single peptide, or to their mixture, both at T0 and T1. These data demonstrate the immunogenicity of each of the 4 GX301 telomerase peptides. Moreover, they show the advantage of multi-peptide over single peptide stimulation, providing a clear support to their combined administration in vaccination protocols. However, the data pose a warning against peptide administration as a mixture due to possible interference phenomena during antigen presentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fenoglio
- a Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research ; University of Genoa ; Genoa , Italy
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7
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Lu S, Zhang J, Liu D, Li G, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Li Z, Wu JD. Nonblocking Monoclonal Antibody Targeting Soluble MIC Revamps Endogenous Innate and Adaptive Antitumor Responses and Eliminates Primary and Metastatic Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4819-30. [PMID: 26106076 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The human tumor-derived soluble MHC I-chain-related molecule (sMIC) is highly immune suppressive in cancer patients and correlates with poor prognosis. However, the therapeutic effect of targeting sMIC has not been determined, due to the limitation that mice do not express homologs of human MIC. This study is to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting sMIC in a clinically relevant transgenic animal model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We treated the engineered MIC-expressing "humanized" TRAMP/MIC bitransgenic mice at advanced disease stages with a sMIC-neutralizing nonblocking anti-MIC mAb and assessed the therapeutic efficacy and associated mechanisms. RESULTS A sMIC-neutralizing nonblocking anti-MIC mAb effectively induced regression of primary tumors and eliminated metastasis without inducing systemic toxicity. The therapeutic effect is conferred by revamping endogenous antitumor immune responses, exemplified by restoring natural killer (NK) cell homeostasis and function, enhancing susceptibility of MIC(+)-tumor cells to NK cell killing, reviving and sustaining antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses, augmenting CD4 T cells to Th1 responses, priming dendritic cells for antigen presentation, and remodeling tumor microenvironment to be more immune reactive. CONCLUSIONS Therapy with a sMIC-neutralizing nonblocking anti-MIC mAb can effectuate antitumor immune responses against advanced MIC(+) tumors. Our study provided strong rationale for translating sMIC-neutralizing therapeutic mAb into clinics, either alone or in combination with current ongoing standard immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Dai Liu
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Cancer Immunology Program, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kevin F Staveley-O'Carroll
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Cancer Immunology Program, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Cancer Immunology Program, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jennifer D Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Cancer Immunology Program, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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8
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Ward-Kavanagh LK, Zhu J, Cooper TK, Schell TD. Whole-body irradiation increases the magnitude and persistence of adoptively transferred T cells associated with tumor regression in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:777-88. [PMID: 24801834 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy has demonstrated efficacy in a subset of clinical and preclinical studies, but the T cells used for therapy often are rendered rapidly nonfunctional in tumor-bearing hosts. Recent evidence indicates that prostate cancer can be susceptible to immunotherapy, but most studies using autochthonous tumor models demonstrate only short-lived T-cell responses in the tolerogenic prostate microenvironment. Here, we assessed the efficacy of sublethal whole-body irradiation (WBI) to enhance the magnitude and duration of adoptively transferred CD8(+) T cells in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. We demonstrate that WBI promoted high-level accumulation of granzyme B (GzB, Gzmb)-expressing donor T cells both in lymphoid organs and in the prostate of TRAMP mice. Donor T cells remained responsive to vaccination in irradiated recipients, but a single round of WBI-enhanced adoptive immunotherapy failed to affect significantly the existing disease. Addition of a second round of immunotherapy promoted regression of established disease in half of the treated mice, with no progression observed. Regression was associated with long-term persistence of effector/memory phenotype CD8(+) donor cells. Administration of the second round of adoptive immunotherapy led to reacquisition of GzB expression by persistent T cells from the first transfer. These results indicate that WBI conditioning amplifies tumor-specific T cells in the TRAMP prostate and lymphoid tissue, and suggest that the initial treatment alters the tolerogenic microenvironment to increase antitumor activity by a second wave of donor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Public Health Sciences, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Comparative Medicine, and Pathology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine; and
| | - Todd D Schell
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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9
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Rigamonti N, Bellone M. Prostate cancer, tumor immunity and a renewed sense of optimism in immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:453-68. [PMID: 22331081 PMCID: PMC11028924 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The recent FDA approval of the first therapeutic vaccine against prostate cancer has revitalized the public interest in the fields of cancer immunology and immunotherapy. Yet, clinical results are modest. A reason for this limited success may reside in the capacity of the tumor to convert inflammation in a tumor-promoting condition and eventually escape immune surveillance. Here we present the main known interactions between the prostate tumor and the immune system, showing how the malignancy can dodge the immune system by also exerting several immunosuppressive mechanisms. We also discuss experimental and clinical strategies proposed to counteract cancer immune evasion and emphasize the importance of implementing appropriate murine models like the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model for investigating the biology of prostate cancer and novel immunotherapy approaches against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Rigamonti
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Program of Immunology, Gene Therapy and Bio-Immunotherapy of Cancer (PIBIC), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Program of Immunology, Gene Therapy and Bio-Immunotherapy of Cancer (PIBIC), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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10
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Campbell C, Zhang R, Haley JS, Liu X, Loughran T, Schell TD, Albert R, Thakar J. Why Do CD8+ T Cells become Indifferent to Tumors: A Dynamic Modeling Approach. Front Physiol 2011; 2:32. [PMID: 21808621 PMCID: PMC3135868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have the potential to influence the outcome of cancer pathogenesis, including complete tumor eradication or selection of malignant tumor escape variants. The Simian virus 40 large T-antigen (Tag) oncoprotein promotes tumor formation in Tag-transgenic mice and also provides multiple target determinants (sites) for responding CD8+ T cells in C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) mice. To understand the in vivo quantitative dynamics of CD8+ T cells after encountering Tag, we constructed a dynamic model from in vivo-generated data to simulate the interactions between Tag-expressing cells and CD8+ T cells in distinct scenarios including immunization of wild-type C57BL/6 mice and of Tag-transgenic mice that develop various tumors. In these scenarios the model successfully reproduces the dynamics of both the Tag-expressing cells and antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses. The model predicts that the tolerance of the site-specific T cells is dependent on their apoptosis rates and that the net growth of CD8+ T cells is altered in transgenic mice. We experimentally validate both predictions. Our results indicate that site-specific CD8+ T cells have tissue-specific apoptosis rates affecting their tolerance to the tumor antigen. Moreover, the model highlights differences in apoptosis rates that contribute to compromised CD8+ T cell responses and tumor progression, knowledge of which is essential for development of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Campbell
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School SingaporeSingapore
| | - Jeremy S. Haley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Loughran
- Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Todd D. Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of MedicineHershey, PA, USA
| | - Réka Albert
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
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11
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Bourquin C, von der Borch P, Zoglmeier C, Anz D, Sandholzer N, Suhartha N, Wurzenberger C, Denzel A, Kammerer R, Zimmermann W, Endres S. Efficient eradication of subcutaneous but not of autochthonous gastric tumors by adoptive T cell transfer in an SV40 T antigen mouse model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2580-8. [PMID: 20644173 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In stomach cancer, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies, in particular for the treatment of unresectable tumors and micrometastases. We investigated the efficacy of immunotherapy in an autochthonous model of gastric cancer, the CEA424-SV40 T Ag (TAg) transgenic mice. Treatment efficacy against both the autochthonous tumors and s.c. tumors induced by the derived cell line mGC3 were assessed. In wild-type mice, a dendritic cell vaccine loaded with irradiated tumor cells combined with CpG oligonucleotides induced efficient cytotoxic T cell and memory responses against mGC3 s.c. tumors. In contrast, neither s.c. nor autochthonous tumors responded to vaccination in CEA424-SV40 TAg mice, indicating tolerance to the SV40 TAg. To examine whether tumors in these mice were principally accessible to immunotherapy, splenocytes from immune wild-type mice were adoptively transferred into CEA424-SV40 TAg transgenic mice. Treated mice showed complete regression of the s.c. tumors associated with intratumoral infiltrates of CD8 and CD4 T cells. In contrast, the autochthonous gastric tumors in the same mice were poorly infiltrated and did not regress. Thus, even in the presence of an active anti-tumoral T cell response, autochthonous gastric tumors do not respond to immunotherapy. This is the first comparison of the efficacy of adoptive T cell transfer between transplanted s.c. tumors and autochthonous tumors in the same animals. Our results suggest that in gastric cancer patients, even a strong anti-tumor T cell response will not efficiently penetrate the tumor in the absence of additional therapeutic strategies targeting the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Bourquin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich, Germany.
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12
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Akins EJ, Moore ML, Tang S, Willingham MC, Tooze JA, Dubey P. In situ vaccination combined with androgen ablation and regulatory T-cell depletion reduces castration-resistant tumor burden in prostate-specific pten knockout mice. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3473-82. [PMID: 20406970 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is no effective treatment for prostate cancer arising after androgen ablation. Previous studies have analyzed the short-term effects of androgen ablation on the immune system and suggest an abatement of immune suppression by hormone removal. Because castration-resistant disease can arise years after treatment, it is crucial to determine the duration of immune potentiation by castration. Because immunotherapeutic efficacy is determined by the balance of immune cell subsets and their location within the tumor, we assessed the acute and chronic effect of androgen ablation on the localization of T-cell subsets within castration-resistant murine prostate cancer. We observed a transient increase in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers at the residual tumor after androgen ablation. More than 2 months later, regulatory T cells (Treg) were increasingly found within prostate epithelium, whereas CTLs, which were evenly distributed before androgen ablation, became sequestered within stroma. Anti-CD25 antibody administration along with castration enhanced CTL access to cancerous glands but did not increase effector function. Intraprostatic injection of LIGHT-expressing tumor cells increased the proportion of CD8+ T cells with functional capacity within the cancerous gland. In addition, Treg depletion within the tumor was enhanced. Together, these manipulations significantly reduced castration-resistant tumor burden. Thus, our results indicate that immune modulations, which prevent Treg accumulation and augment effector cell infiltration of prostatic epithelium, may be effective in reducing tumor burden or preventing tumor recurrence after androgen ablation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Akins
- Department of Pathology-Tumor Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1092, USA
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Hess Michelini R, Freschi M, Manzo T, Jachetti E, Degl'Innocenti E, Grioni M, Basso V, Bonini C, Simpson E, Mondino A, Bellone M. Concomitant tumor and minor histocompatibility antigen-specific immunity initiate rejection and maintain remission from established spontaneous solid tumors. Cancer Res 2010; 70:3505-14. [PMID: 20388780 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation can cure patients with hematologic malignancies but has reported limited success against solid tumors. This is possibly because of profound peripheral tolerance mechanisms and/or suboptimal tumor recognition by effector T lymphocytes. We report that in mice developing spontaneous prostate cancer, nonmyeloablative minor histocompatibility mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and donor lymphocyte infusion of unmanipulated lymphocytes combined with posttransplant tumor-specific vaccination circumvents tumor-specific tolerance, allowing acute tumor rejection and the establishment of protective immunosurveillance. Although donor-derived tumor-specific T cells readily differentiated into effector cells and infiltrated the tumor soon after infusion, they were alone insufficient for tumor eradication, which instead required the concomitance of minor histocompatibiltiy antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. The establishment of protective immunosurveillance was best induced by posttransplant tumor-specific vaccination. Hence, these results provide the proof of principle that tumor-specific T-cell responses have to be harnessed together with minor histocompatibility responses and sustained by posttransplant tumor-specific vaccination to improve the efficacy of allotransplantion for the cure of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hess Michelini
- Lymphocyte Activation Unit, Cellular Immunology Unit, Pathology Unit, Experimental Hematology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, and Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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14
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Bellone M, Ceccon M, Grioni M, Jachetti E, Calcinotto A, Napolitano A, Freschi M, Casorati G, Dellabona P. iNKT cells control mouse spontaneous carcinoma independently of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8646. [PMID: 20072624 PMCID: PMC2800182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD1d-restricted invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are a subset of T lymphocytes endowed with innate effector functions that aid in the establishment of adaptive T and B cell immune responses. iNKT cells have been shown to play a spontaneous protective role against experimental tumors. Yet, the interplay between iNKT and tumor-specific T cells in cancer immune surveillance/editing has never been addressed. The transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) is a realistic model of spontaneous oncogenesis, in which the tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response undergoes full tolerance upon disease progression. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We report here that lack of iNKT cells in TRAMP mice resulted in the appearance of more precocious and aggressive tumors that significantly reduced animal survival. TRAMP mice bearing or lacking iNKT cells responded similarly to a tumor-specific vaccination and developed tolerance to a tumor-associated antigen at comparable rate. CONCLUSIONS Hence, our data argue for a critical role of iNKT cells in the immune surveillance of carcinoma that is independent of tumor-specific CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Ceccon
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Grioni
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Jachetti
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Calcinotto
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Napolitano
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Freschi
- Unità Operativa Anatomia Patologica, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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15
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Zhou P, Fang X, McNally BA, Yu P, Zhu M, Fu YX, Wang L, Liu Y, Zheng P. Targeting lymphotoxin-mediated negative selection to prevent prostate cancer in mice with genetic predisposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:17134-9. [PMID: 19805094 PMCID: PMC2761305 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905707106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of individuals genetically susceptible to cancer calls for preventive measures to minimize the cancer risk in these high-risk populations. Immune prevention is made necessary by the anticipated health threat, but lack of enough high-affinity T cells against tumor-associated antigens and the unpredictability of tumor antigens make antigen-based immune prevention untenable for cancer. To address this issue, we explored a non-antigen-based cancer immune prevention strategy using the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate model that spontaneously develops prostate cancer with 100% penetrance. We show that targeted mutation of the lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha) gene efficiently rescued tumor-reactive T cells, drastically reduced cancer incidence, and almost completely ablated metastasis. Remarkably, short-term treatments with the fusion protein consisting of constant region of IgG and extracellular domain of lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTbetaRIg) interrupted clonal deletion, reduced the size of the primary cancer, and completely prevented metastasis later in life. Our data demonstrated the value of non-antigen-based immune prevention for those with a genetic predisposition to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Zhou
- Division of Immunotherapy, Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine, and Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xianfeng Fang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China; and
| | - Beth A. McNally
- Division of Immunotherapy, Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine, and Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60636
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60636
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60636
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Division of Immunotherapy, Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine, and Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yang Liu
- Division of Immunotherapy, Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine, and Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Pan Zheng
- Division of Immunotherapy, Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine, and Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Zhou P, Zheng X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zheng P. B7 blockade alters the balance between regulatory T cells and tumor-reactive T cells for immunotherapy of cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:960-70. [PMID: 19188167 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In prostate cancer-bearing host, regulatory T (Treg) cells restrain activity of tumor antigen-specific T cells. Because B7:CD28 interactions are needed for both function of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and CD8+ effective T cells, targeting this pathway may help to overcome the immunotherapy barriers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The anti-B7-1/B7-2 monoclonal antibodies were administered to a transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer (TRAMP) ectopically expressing SV40 large T antigen in different tumor development stages for prevention and therapy of prostate cancer. The treatment was also tested in treating transplanted MC38 colon adenocarcinoma in mice. RESULTS Here, we showed that short-term administration of anti-B7-1/B7-2 monoclonal antibodies in TRAMP mice leads to significant inhibited primary tumor growth and the size of metastatic lesions. The treatment is effective to inhibit MC38 colon cancer growth. Correspondingly, this treatment results in a transient reduction of Treg in both thymus and the periphery. In vivo cytotoxicity assay revealed T antigen-specific CTL effectors in anti-B7-treated but not control IgG-treated TRAMP mice. CONCLUSIONS Transient blockade of B7-1/B7-2 alters the balance between Treg and cancer-reactive T cells to enhance cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Zhou
- Department of Surgery and Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Program of Molecular Mechanism of Diseases and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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17
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Tseng-Rogenski SS, Arredouani MS, Neeley YC, Lu B, Chinnaiyan AM, Sanda MG. Fas-mediated T cell deletion potentiates tumor antigen-specific tolerance in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1357-65. [PMID: 18265979 PMCID: PMC11030269 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A pivotal obstacle to cancer immunotherapy is peripheral T cell tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Tolerance induction among mature T cells in the periphery operates through a variety of mechanisms, including anergy and apoptosis. Although Fas-FasL-mediated apoptosis is a well-defined tolerance inducing mechanism, direct evidence of its interference with TAA-specific immunity in vivo is still lacking. In this report, we used the TRAMP mouse, which expresses SV40 large T antigen (Tag) preferentially in the prostate and develops prostate tumors, as a model system to address the role of Fas-mediated apoptosis in regulating peripheral T cell tolerance. Using RT-PCR and tetramer staining to quantify TAA-specific TCR-expressing cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs), we have shown the presence of TAA-specific CTLs at higher levels in TRAMP mice than in syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice. Tag-specific immunization led to the expansion of Tag-specific CTLs in C57Bl/6 mice, and to their elimination in TRAMP mice. Interestingly, in TRAMP mice with deficient Fas (Hybrid TRAMP-lpr/lpr), Tag-specific CTL elimination in response to Tag immunization did not take place. The results of cytolytic-function assays were consistent with induction and elimination patterns of TAA-specific CTLs and those of RT-PCR and tetramer staining. In conclusion, our data show that Fas-mediated TAA-specific CTL apoptosis contributes to T cell tolerance and suggest that such tolerance could be potentiated following TAA-specific immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. Tseng-Rogenski
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Mohamed S. Arredouani
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Yilin C. Neeley
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Bin Lu
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Martin G. Sanda
- Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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18
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Neeley YC, Arredouani MS, Hollenbeck B, Eng MH, Rubin MA, Sanda MG. Partially circumventing peripheral tolerance for oncogene-specific prostate cancer immunotherapy. Prostate 2008; 68:715-27. [PMID: 18302222 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failure of cancer immunotherapy is essentially due to immunological tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), as these antigens are also expressed in healthy tissues. METHODS Here, we used transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice, which develop lethal prostate cancer due to prostate-specific expression of SV40 T antigen (Tag), to evaluate effects of prostatic transformation on oncogene TAA-specific tolerance and to test the possibility of breaking such tolerance using a modified recombinant vaccinia virus. RESULTS We showed that Tag expression in TRAMP mice is uniquely extra-thymic, and levels of prostatic Tag expression positively correlate with malignant transformation of the prostate. Yet, young tumor-free TRAMP mice were tolerant to Tag antigen. We therefore attempted overcoming such peripheral oncogene-specific T cell tolerance through immunization with a vaccinia construct encoding Tag immunogenic epitopes. This vaccination modality showed that oncogene-specific tolerance was successfully overcome by effective in vivo priming of Tag-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). However, this was restricted to young TRAMP mice. Tag-specific CTL from "tumor naïve" young TRAMP mice showed significant anti-tumor efficacy in vivo by eliminating established heterotopic prostate tumors and prolonging survival in SCID mice harboring Tag-expressing tumors. In contrast, older TRAMP mice with established prostate tumors exhibited oncogene-specific tolerance as evidenced by failure to generate Tag-specific CTL following Tag-specific immunization. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral tolerance can be overcome for effective anti-tumor therapy following oncogene-specific immunization. However, this ability to elicit oncogene-specific CTL is impeded in the tumor-bearing host, in the context of increased oncogene expression associated with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin C Neeley
- Department of Urology, Surgery, and Pathology, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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19
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Liu Z, Eltoum IEA, Guo B, Beck BH, Cloud GA, Lopez RD. Protective Immunosurveillance and Therapeutic Antitumor Activity of γδ T Cells Demonstrated in a Mouse Model of Prostate Cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:6044-53. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Degl'Innocenti E, Grioni M, Capuano G, Jachetti E, Freschi M, Bertilaccio MT, Hess-Michelini R, Doglioni C, Bellone M. Peripheral T-Cell Tolerance Associated with Prostate Cancer Is Independent from CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells. Cancer Res 2008; 68:292-300. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Anderson MJ, Shafer-Weaver K, Greenberg NM, Hurwitz AA. Tolerization of tumor-specific T cells despite efficient initial priming in a primary murine model of prostate cancer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:1268-76. [PMID: 17237372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.3.1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we studied T cell responses to a prostate cancer Ag by adoptively transferring tumor Ag-specific T cells into prostate tumor-bearing mice. Our findings demonstrate that CD8(+) T cells initially encountered tumor Ag in the lymph node and underwent an abortive proliferative response. Upon isolation from the tumor, the residual tumor-specific T cells were functionally tolerant of tumor Ag as measured by their inability to degranulate and secrete IFN-gamma and granzyme B. We next sought to determine whether providing an ex vivo-matured, peptide-pulsed dendritic cell (DC) vaccine could overcome the tolerizing mechanisms of tumor-bearing transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model mice. We demonstrate that tumor Ag-specific T cells were protected from tolerance following provision of the DC vaccine. Concurrently, there was a reduction in prostate tumor size. However, even when activated DCs initially present tumor Ag, T cells persisting within the tolerogenic tumor environment gradually lost Ag reactivity. These results suggest that even though a productive antitumor response can be initiated by a DC vaccine, the tolerizing environment created by the tumor still exerts suppressive effects on the T cells. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that when trying to elicit an effective antitumor immune response, two obstacles must be considered: to maintain tumor Ag responsiveness, T cells must be efficiently primed to overcome tumor Ag presented in a tolerizing manner and protected from the suppressive mechanisms of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Anderson
- Tumor Immunity and Tolerance Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
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22
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Hess PR, Boczkowski D, Nair SK, Snyder D, Gilboa E. Vaccination with mRNAs encoding tumor-associated antigens and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor efficiently primes CTL responses, but is insufficient to overcome tolerance to a model tumor/self antigen. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:672-83. [PMID: 16133108 PMCID: PMC11030883 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunization of mice with dendritic cells transfected ex vivo with tumor-associated antigen (TAA)-encoding mRNA primes cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that mediate tumor rejection. Here we investigated whether direct injection of TAA mRNA, encapsulated in cationic liposomes, could function similarly as cancer immunotherapy. Intradermal and intravenous injection of ovalbumin (OVA) mRNA generated specific CTL activity and inhibited the growth of OVA-expressing tumors. Vaccination studies with DNA have demonstrated that co-administration of antigen (Ag)- and cytokine-encoding plasmids potentiate the T cell response; in analogous fashion, the inclusion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mRNA enhanced OVA-specific cytotoxicity. The ability of this GM-CSF-augmented mRNA vaccine to treat an established spontaneous tumor was evaluated in the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mouse, using the SV40 large T Ag (TAg) as a model tumor/self Ag. Repeated vaccination elicited vigorous TAg-specific CTL activity in nontransgenic mice, but tumor-bearing TRAMP mice remained tolerant. Adoptive transfer of naïve splenocytes into TRAMP mice prior to the first vaccination restored TAg reactivity, and slowed tumor progression. The data from this study suggests that vaccination with TAA mRNA is a simple and effective means of priming antitumor CTL, and that immunogenicity of the vaccine can be augmented by co-delivery of GM-CSF mRNA. Nonetheless, limitations of such vaccines in overcoming tolerance to tumor/self Ag may mandate prior or simultaneous reconstitution of the autoreactive T cell repertoire for this form of immunization to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hess
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27606, USA.
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Lees JR, Charbonneau B, Hayball JD, Diener K, Brown M, Matusik R, Cohen MB, Ratliff TL. T-cell recognition of a prostate specific antigen is not sufficient to induce prostate tissue destruction. Prostate 2006; 66:578-90. [PMID: 16388504 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
METHODS The ability of CD8(+) T-cells to induce prostate inflammation was examined using a prostate ovalbumin expressing transgenic mouse (POET) and/or adoptive transfer of T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T-cells (OT-I) that specifically recognize ovalbumin. Localization of inflammatory cells to prostate tissue was examined following T-cell activation via endogenous prostatic antigen, recombinant type 5 adenovirus carrying the gene coding ovalbumin (Ad5-mOVA), or adoptive transfer of in vitro antigen stimulated OT-I cells. RESULTS Ovalbumin specific OT-I cells were activated by autologous prostate antigen and trafficked to the prostate, but did not induce inflammation unless present in overwhelming numbers ( approximately 65% of CD8(+) T-cells). Activation of antigen specific CD8(+) T-cells in vitro (peptide pulsed antigen presenting cells) or in vivo (Ad5-mOVA) induced transitory prostate inflammation, without induction of prostate pathology, regardless of CD4(+) T-cell availability. Inflammation also was observed in OT-I x POET mice but again, pathological effects were not observed. CONCLUSIONS T lymphocytes specific for a prostate antigen are capable of inducing inflammatory infiltration of prostatic tissue rapidly following activation, but do not produce pathological prostate injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Lees
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Lees JR, Charbonneau B, Swanson AK, Jensen R, Zhang J, Matusik R, Ratliff TL. Deletion is neither sufficient nor necessary for the induction of peripheral tolerance in mature CD8+ T cells. Immunology 2006; 117:248-61. [PMID: 16423061 PMCID: PMC1782220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have demonstrated clonal deletion of CD8(+) T cells during peripheral tolerance induction to tissue antigens. However, direct evidence demonstrating a causal connection between deletion and tolerance has not been reported because of model limitations in which the tissue antigens were expressed in vital organs. Thus, studies were initiated in a mouse model where expression of a membrane-bound ovalbumin fusion protein (mOVA) was driven by a prostate specific androgen regulated probasin promotor, providing restricted expression in a non-vital organ where antigen levels can be abrogated through androgen deprivation. Adoptive transfer of mOVA specific CD8(+) T cells (OT-I) was used to assess the development of peripheral tolerance. Proliferation of OT-I cells was observed, as was partial deletion of transferred OT-I cells. Although deletion occurred, the long-term persistence of a stable level of OT-I cells was observed. Importantly, the persistent OT-I cells lost antigen responsiveness within 3 weeks of transfer. Castration resulted in loss of high-level prostate mOVA expression, with a resultant abrogation of tolerance induction, but surprisingly did not affect the deletion rate of OT-I cells. In contrast, abrogation of deletion through the adoptive transfer of OT-I cells from third generation CD95-deficient mice had no effect on tolerance induction. These data demonstrate the necessity for continued expression of tissue antigen throughout the establishment of peripheral tolerance. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that deletion is neither sufficient nor required for CD8(+) T-cell tolerance to tissue antigens, suggesting that regulatory events independent of deletion are necessary for peripheral tolerance induction to prostate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Lees
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 52242, USA
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25
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Nöckel J, van den Engel NK, Winter H, Hatz RA, Zimmermann W, Kammerer R. Characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines established from CEA424/SV40 T antigen-transgenic mice with or without a human CEA transgene. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:57. [PMID: 16536871 PMCID: PMC1421424 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric carcinoma is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Patients with gastric cancer at an advanced disease stage have a poor prognosis, due to the limited efficacy of available therapies. Therefore, the development of new therapies, like immunotherapy for the treatment of gastric cancer is of utmost importance. Since the usability of existing preclinical models for the evaluation of immunotherapies for gastric adenocarcinomas is limited, the goal of the present study was to establish murine in vivo models which allow the stepwise improvement of immunotherapies for gastric cancer. Methods Since no murine gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines are available we established four cell lines (424GC, mGC3, mGC5, mGC8) from spontaneously developing tumors of CEA424/SV40 T antigen (CEA424/Tag) mice and three cell lines derived from double-transgenic offsprings of CEA424/Tag mice mated with human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-transgenic (CEA424/Tag-CEA) mice (mGC2CEA, mGC4CEA, mGC11CEA). CEA424/Tag is a transgenic C57BL/6 mouse strain harboring the Tag under the control of a -424/-8 bp CEA gene promoter which leads to the development of invasive adenocarcinoma in the glandular stomach. Tumor cell lines established from CEA424/Tag-CEA mice express the well defined tumor antigen CEA under the control of its natural regulatory elements. Results The epithelial origin of the tumor cells was proven by morphological criteria including the presence of mucin within the cells and the expression of the cell adhesion molecules EpCAM and CEACAM1. All cell lines consistently express the transgenes CEA and/or Tag and MHC class I molecules leading to their susceptibility to lysis by Tag-specific CTL in vitro. Despite the presentation of CTL-epitopes derived from the transgene products the tumor cell lines were tumorigenic when grafted into C57BL/6, CEA424/Tag or CEA424/Tag-CEA-transgenic hosts and no significant differences in tumor take and tumor growth were observed in the different hosts. Although no spontaneous tumor rejection was observed, vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with lysates from gastric carcinoma cell lines protected C57BL/6 mice from tumor challenge, demonstrating the tumorigenicity of the tumor cell lines in nontransgenic mice of the H-2b haplotype. Conclusion These tumor cell lines grafted in different syngeneic hosts should prove to be very useful to optimize immunotherapy regimens to be finally tested in transgenic animals developing primary gastric carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nöckel
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE-Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Natasja K van den Engel
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hauke Winter
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf A Hatz
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zimmermann
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE-Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Kammerer
- Tumor Immunology Laboratory, LIFE-Center, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistrasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Immunology, GSF National Research Center for the Environment and Health, 81377 Munich, Germany
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26
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Khazaie K, von Boehmer H. The impact of CD4+CD25+ Treg on tumor specific CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2006; 16:124-36. [PMID: 16443370 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is sufficient evidence to suggest that tumor growth elicits specific immune responses, including CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses that may delay tumor growth and could potentially be harnessed to eradicate cancer. Nevertheless the frequent outcome of cancer is lethality associated with uncontrolled growth and dissemination of tumor cells. The failure of the immune response may be naturally programmed and related to a specific subpopulation of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, whose function is to protect us against autoimmunity. Recent investigations have shed light on the in vivo behavior and functions of these cells. It is becoming evident that a major impact of these cells is on the cytolytic action of specific CD8(+) T cells that target the tumor. Inhibition of cytotoxicity is dependent on TGF-beta signaling by the effector cells. Thus, targeting immune regulation may provide a promising approach to the immune therapy of cancer. This approach however could also have unexpected deleterious consequences, as surprising new observations indicate that regulatory T cells can also delay tumor growth by independent mechanisms that relate to their cross talk with the innate immune response to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayarsha Khazaie
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Drake CG, Doody AD, Mihalyo MA, Huang CT, Kelleher E, Ravi S, Hipkiss EL, Flies DB, Kennedy EP, Long M, McGary PW, Coryell L, Nelson WG, Pardoll DM, Adler AJ. Androgen ablation mitigates tolerance to a prostate/prostate cancer-restricted antigen. Cancer Cell 2005; 7:239-49. [PMID: 15766662 PMCID: PMC2846360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 01/31/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To understand the T cell response to prostate cancer, we created transgenic mice that express a model antigen in a prostate-restricted pattern and crossed these animals to TRAMP mice that develop spontaneous prostate cancer. Adoptive transfer of prostate-specific CD4 T cells shows that, in the absence of prostate cancer, the prostate gland is mostly ignored. Tumorigenesis allows T cell recognition of the prostate gland--but this recognition is tolerogenic, resulting in abortive proliferation and ultimately in hyporesponsiveness at the systemic level. Androgen ablation (the most common treatment for metastatic prostate cancer) was able to mitigate this tolerance--allowing prostate-specific T cells to expand and develop effector function after vaccination. These results suggest that immunotherapy for prostate cancer may be most efficacious when administered after androgen ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G. Drake
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Amy D.H. Doody
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Marianne A. Mihalyo
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Ching-Tai Huang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Erin Kelleher
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Sowmya Ravi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Edward L. Hipkiss
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Dallas B. Flies
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Eugene P. Kennedy
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Meixiao Long
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Patrick W. McGary
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - Lee Coryell
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
| | - William G. Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Drew M. Pardoll
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Adam J. Adler
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030
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28
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Degl'Innocenti E, Grioni M, Boni A, Camporeale A, Bertilaccio MTS, Freschi M, Monno A, Arcelloni C, Greenberg NM, Bellone M. Peripheral T cell tolerance occurs early during spontaneous prostate cancer development and can be rescued by dendritic cell immunization. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:66-75. [PMID: 15597325 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the tumor-prone transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mouse model we followed the fate of the immune response against the SV40 large T antigen (Tag) selectively expressed in the prostate epithelium during the endogenous transformation from normal cells to tumors. Young (5-7-week-old) male TRAMP mice, despite a dim and patchy expression of Tag overlapping foci of mouse prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, displayed a strong Tag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response after an intradermal injection of peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC). This response was weaker than the one found in vaccinated wild-type littermates, and was characterized by a reduced frequency and avidity of Tag-specific CTL. Early DC vaccination also subverted the profound state of peripheral tolerance typically found in TRAMP mice older than 9-10 weeks. The DC-induced CTL response indeed was still detectable in TRAMP mice of 16 weeks, and was associated with histology evidence of reduced disease progression. Our findings suggest that tumor antigens are handled as self antigens, and peripheral tolerance is associated with in situ antigen overexpression and cancer progression. Our data also support a relevant role for DC-based vaccines in controlling the induction of peripheral tolerance to tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Degl'Innocenti
- Cancer Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy Program, Istituto Scientifico H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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29
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Zheng X, Yin L, Liu Y, Zheng P. Expression of tissue-specific autoantigens in the hematopoietic cells leads to activation-induced cell death of autoreactive T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:3126-34. [PMID: 15368272 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many tissue-specific antigens are expressed in specialized cells called peripheral antigen-expressing cells (PAE) in the thymus and can induce central tolerance. While thymic medullary epithelial cells are the prototypic PAE that express peripheral antigens via an aire-dependent mechanism, some studies also describe bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages as PAE in both the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs. However, the role of these cells in development of tolerance to tissue-specific antigens has not been elucidated. Here we use BM radiation chimeric mice to study the existence of hematopoietic PAE and their contribution to tolerance to tissue-specific antigens. Our results reveal that BM-derived PAE exist in both central and secondary lymphoid organs and that the expression of peripheral antigens in the BM-derived cells does not correlate with aire expression. Using double-transgenic mice expressing TCR specific for a model antigen expressed under the control of a prostate-specific promoter, we show that expression of self antigen in PAE of non-hematopoietic origin is both necessary and sufficient to induce clonal deletion. Surprisingly, while BM-derived PAE fail to induce clonal deletion, they do cause the activation-induced cell death of autoreactive cells in the secondary lymphoid organs. Thus, BM-derived PAE have a distinct function in the maintenance of tolerance to tissue-specific antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Zheng
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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30
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Belnoue E, Guettier C, Kayibanda M, Le Rond S, Crain-Denoyelle AM, Marchiol C, Ziol M, Fradelizi D, Rénia L, Viguier M. Regression of Established Liver Tumor Induced by Monoepitopic Peptide-Based Immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4882-8. [PMID: 15470029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.4882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most types of cancer are difficult to eradicate, and some, like hepatocellular carcinoma, are almost always fatal. Among various interventions to improve the survival of patients with cancer, immunotherapy seems to hold some promises. However, it requires relevant animal models for preclinical development. In this study we report a new and relevant experimental model where liver tumors grow inside a nontumoral parenchyma of adult mice. This model is based on the intrasplenic injection in syngeneic recipient mice of hepatocytes from transgenic mice expressing SV40 large T oncogene specifically in the liver. Using this model where no apparent spontaneous cellular immune response was observed, immunization using a single injection of monoepitopic SV40 T Ag short peptide was sufficient to provoke liver tumor destruction, leading rapidly to complete remission. Tumor regression was associated with the induction of a long-lasting CD8+ T cell response, observed not only in the spleen but also, more importantly, in the tumoral liver. These results show the efficacy of peptide immunotherapy in the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Belnoue
- Département d'Immunologie, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 567, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université René Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, France
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31
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Zheng X, Gao JX, Chang X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wen J, Zhang H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Zheng P. B7-CD28 Interaction Promotes Proliferation and Survival but Suppresses Differentiation of CD4−CD8− T Cells in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2253-61. [PMID: 15294937 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory molecules play critical roles in the induction and effector function of T cells. More recent studies reveal that costimulatory molecules enhance clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells as well as generation and homeostasis of the CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells. However, it is unclear whether the costimulatory molecules play any role in the proliferation and differentiation of T cells before they acquire MHC-restricted TCR. In this study, we report that targeted mutations of B7-1 and B7-2 substantially reduce the proliferation and survival of CD4(-)CD8(-) (double-negative (DN)) T cells in the thymus. Perhaps as a result of reduced proliferation, the accumulation of RAG-2 protein in the DN thymocytes is increased in B7-deficient mice, which may explain the increased expression of TCR gene and accelerated transition of CD25(+)CD44(-) (DN3) to CD25(-)CD44(-) (DN4) stage. Qualitatively similar, but quantitatively less striking effects were observed in mice with a targeted mutation of CD28, but not CTLA4. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the development of DN in the thymus is subject to modulation by the B7-CD28 costimulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Zheng
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Department of Pathology, Ohio State University Medical Center and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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32
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Kessels HWHG, de Visser KE, Tirion FH, Coccoris M, Kruisbeek AM, Schumacher TNM. The impact of self-tolerance on the polyclonal CD8+ T cell repertoire. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2324-31. [PMID: 14764701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCRs possess considerable cross-reactivity toward structurally related Ags. Because the signaling threshold for negative selection is lower than that required for activation of mature T cells, the question arises as to which extent thymic deletion of self-specific T cells affects T cell responsiveness toward foreign peptides. In this study we show, in three different mouse models systems, that the polyclonal CD8(+) T cell repertoire has a marked ability to react against the majority of Ags related to self despite self-tolerance, even in cases where self and foreign differ only marginally at a single TCR-contact residue. Thus, while individual T cells are markedly cross-reactive, the ability to distinguish between closely related Ags is introduced at the polyclonal T cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut W H G Kessels
- Department of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Schell TD. In vivo expansion of the residual tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes that survive negative selection in simian virus 40 T-antigen-transgenic mice. J Virol 2004; 78:1751-62. [PMID: 14747540 PMCID: PMC369430 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.4.1751-1762.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice that express the viral oncoprotein simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (T-Ag) as a transgene provide useful models for the assessment of the state of the host immune response in the face of spontaneous tumor progression. Line SV11 (H2(b)) mice develop rapidly progressing choroid plexus tumors due to expression of full-length T-Ag from the SV40 promoter. In addition, T-Ag expression in the thymus of SV11 mice results in the deletion of CD8(+) T cells specific for the three H2(b)-restricted immunodominant epitopes of T-Ag. Whether CD8(+) T cells specific for the immunorecessive H2-D(b)-restricted epitope V of T-Ag survive negative selection in SV11 mice has not been determined. Immunization of SV11 mice with rVV-ES-V, a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing epitope V as a minigene, resulted in the induction of weak, but reproducible, epitope V-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses. This weak lytic response corresponded with a decreased frequency of epitope V-specific CTL that could be recruited in SV11 mice. In addition, CTL lines derived from rVV-ES-V-immunized SV11 mice had reduced avidities compared to that seen with CTL derived from healthy mice. Despite this initial weak response, significant numbers of epitope V-specific CD8(+) T cells were detected in SV11 mice ex vivo following a priming-boosting approach and these cells demonstrated high avidity for epitope V. The results suggest that low numbers of tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells with high avidity for epitope V survive negative selection in SV11 mice but can be expanded by specific boosting approaches in the tumor bearing host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Schell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA.
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34
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Staveley-O'Carroll K, Schell TD, Jimenez M, Mylin LM, Tevethia MJ, Schoenberger SP, Tevethia SS. In vivo ligation of CD40 enhances priming against the endogenous tumor antigen and promotes CD8+ T cell effector function in SV40 T antigen transgenic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:697-707. [PMID: 12847236 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to initiate and sustain CD8(+) T cell responses to tumors in vivo is hindered by the development of peripheral T cell tolerance against tumor-associated Ags. Approaches that counter the onset of T cell tolerance may preserve a pool of potentially tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells. Administration of agonist Ab to the CD40 molecule, expressed on APCs, can enhance immunization approaches targeting T lymphocytes in an otherwise tolerance-prone environment. In this report, the effects of anti-CD40 administration on priming of naive CD8(+) T cells against an endogenous tumor Ag were investigated. Line 501 mice express the SV40 large T Ag oncoprotein as a transgene from the alpha-amylase promoter, resulting in the development of peripheral CD8(+) T cell tolerance to the H-2-D(b)-restricted immunodominant epitope I of T Ag by 6 mo of age, before the appearance of osteosarcomas. We demonstrate that naive epitope I-specific TCR transgenic (TCR-I) T cells undergo peripheral tolerance following adoptive transfer into 6-mo-old 501 mice. In contrast, administration of agonistic anti-CD40 Ab led to increased expansion of TCR-I T cells in 501 mice, the acquisition of effector function by TCR-I T cells and the establishment of T cell memory. Importantly, this enhanced priming effect of anti-CD40 administration did not require immunization and was effective even if administered after naive TCR-I T cells had encountered the endogenous T Ag. Thus, anti-CD40 administration can block the onset of peripheral tolerance and enhance the recruitment of functionally competent effector T cells toward an endogenous tumor Ag.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immune Sera/administration & dosage
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neck
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Simian virus 40/genetics
- Simian virus 40/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Staveley-O'Carroll
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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