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Simultaneous profiling and quantification of 25 eicosanoids in human serum by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:8233-8244. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04351-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe eicosanoid metabolic pathway is responsible for mediating the production of various inflammatory factors that are closely related to the development and resolution of inflammation. In biological matrices, the major quantifying obstacles were shown to be the oxidation and low quantities of eicosanoids and their metabolites. This study aimed to develop a reliable, sensitive ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method to quantify eicosanoids in human serum. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was used for sample preparation. The approach employed continuous ionization polarity switching. The target eicosanoids showed good linearity over the investigated concentration range (r2 > 0.99). The recovery rates were over 64.5%, and the matrix effects ranged from 73.0 to 128.0%. The limits of quantification were 0.048 ~ 0.44 ng/mL. For the broad concentration range, the CV % for accuracy and precision were less than ± 20%. We successfully applied this method to rapidly analyse 74 serum samples from severe influenza pneumonia, severe bacterial pneumonia and healthy individuals. Eicosanoid-related metabolite concentrations were quantified within a range similar to those of previously published articles. Compared to healthy individuals, our application found that 20-HETE, 14,15-EET and 11,12-EET were upregulated in severe influenza pneumonia patients, while LTB4 was downregulated. 8-HETE and 5-HETE were upregulated in severe bacterial pneumonia patients, while LTE4 was downregulated. This approach provides a means for monitoring the low quantities of eicosanoids in biological matrices, and our finding that different characteristic metabolite profiles may help discriminate the induction of severe pneumonia patients.
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STAT3 Differentially Regulates TLR4-Mediated Inflammatory Responses in Early or Late Phases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207675. [PMID: 33081347 PMCID: PMC7589049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling is an important therapeutic target to manage lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been identified as an important regulator of various immune-related diseases and has generated interest as a therapeutic target. Here, we investigated the time-dependent roles of STAT3 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. STAT3 inhibition induced expression of the pro-inflammatory genes iNOS and COX-2 at early time points. STAT3 depletion resulted in regulation of nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunits p50 and p65 and IκBα/Akt/PI3K signaling. Moreover, we found that one Src family kinase, Lyn kinase, was phosphorylated in STAT3 knockout macrophages. In addition to using pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB, we found out that STAT3KO activation of NF-κB subunit p50 and p65 and expression of iNOS was significantly inhibited; furthermore, Akt tyrosine kinase inhibitors also inhibited iNOS and COX-2 gene expression during early time points of LPS stimulation, demonstrating an NF-κB- Akt-dependent mechanism. On the other hand, iNOS expression was downregulated after prolonged treatment with LPS. Activation of NF-κB signaling was also suppressed, and consequently, nitric oxide (NO) production and cell invasion were repressed. Overall, our data indicate that STAT3 differentially regulates early- and late-phase TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Wang C, Wang T, Hu R, Dai J, Liu H, Li N, Schneider U, Yang Z, Wang J. Cyclooxygenase-2 Facilitates Newcastle Disease Virus Proliferation and Is as a Target for Canthin-6-One Antiviral Activity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:987. [PMID: 32508794 PMCID: PMC7251056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), one of the mediators of inflammation in response to viral infection, plays an important role in host antiviral defense system. But its role in Newcastle disease virus (NDV) proliferation process remains unclear. This study revealed that inhibition of COX-2 could benefit NDV proliferation and overexpression of COX-2 dose-dependently suppressed NDV proliferation. Overexpression of COX-2 also showed inhibitory effect on NDV-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress and autophagy, also promoted the expression of antiviral genes. However, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the major product of COX-2, had indistinctive effects on NDV proliferation. At variant time point post viral infection, a tight regulation pattern of COX-2 by NDV was observed. Using inhibitors and siRNA against signaling molecules, the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) were identified as critical factors for NDV induced COX-2 expression. Nonetheless, at late stage of NDV proliferation, substantial suppression of COX-2 protein synthesis could be detected, accompanied by a decrease in mRNA half-life. Furthermore, three C ring-truncated canthin-6-one analogs were used to activate COX-2 expression and showed inhibitory effect on NDV proliferation with the effective concentrations on μM level. Taken together, these results illustrated a novel NDV-regulated cellular mechanism and indicated that COX-2 is an important regulator of NDV proliferation which can serve as a potential target for anti-NDV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ruochen Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jiangkun Dai
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Uwe Schneider
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junru Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Shaheen ZR, Christmann BS, Stafford JD, Moran JM, Buller RML, Corbett JA. CCR5 is a required signaling receptor for macrophage expression of inflammatory genes in response to viral double-stranded RNA. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R525-R534. [PMID: 30811246 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00019.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) RNA, both synthetic and produced during virus replication, rapidly stimulates MAPK and NF-κB signaling that results in expression of the inflammatory genes inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, and IL-1β by macrophages. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we have identified the chemokine ligand-binding C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) as a cell surface signaling receptor required for macrophage expression of inflammatory genes in response to dsRNA. Activation of macrophages by synthetic dsRNA does not require known dsRNA receptors, as poly(inosinic:cytidylic) acid [poly(I:C)] activates signaling pathways leading to expression of inflammatory genes to similar levels in wild-type and Toll-like receptor 3- or melanoma differentiation antigen 5-deficient macrophages. In contrast, macrophage activation in response to poly(I:C) is attenuated in macrophages isolated from mice lacking CCR5. These findings support a role for CCR5 as a cell surface signaling receptor that participates in activation of inflammatory genes in macrophages in response to the viral dsRNA mimetic poly(inosinic:cytidylic) acid by pathways that are distinct from classical dsRNA receptor-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Shaheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Benjamin S Christmann
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joshua D Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jason M Moran
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - R Mark L Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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5
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Al-Kofahi M, Omura S, Tsunoda I, Sato F, Becker F, Gavins FNE, Woolard MD, Pattillo C, Zawieja D, Muthuchamy M, Gashev A, Shihab I, Ghoweba M, Von der Weid PY, Wang Y, Alexander JS. IL-1β reduces cardiac lymphatic muscle contraction via COX-2 and PGE 2 induction: Potential role in myocarditis. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1591-1600. [PMID: 30257377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of lymphatic vessels in myocarditis is largely unknown, while it has been shown to play a key role in other inflammatory diseases. We aimed to investigate the role of lymphatic vessels in myocarditis using in vivo model induced with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and in vitro model with rat cardiac lymphatic muscle cells (RCLMC). In the TMEV model, we found that upregulation of a set of inflammatory mediator genes, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αand COX-2 were associated with disease activity. Thus, using in vitro collagen gel contraction assays, we decided to clarify the role(s) of these mediators by testing contractility of RCLMC in response to IL-1β and TNF-α individually and in combination, in the presence or absence of: IL-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra); cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors inhibitors (TFAP, diclofenac and DuP-697). IL-1β impaired RCLMC contractility dose-dependently, while co-incubation with both IL-1β and TNF-α exhibited synergistic effects in decreasing RCLMC contractility with increased COX-2 expression. Anakinra maintained RCLMC contractility; Anakinra blocked the mobilization of COX-2 induced by IL-1β with or without TNF-α. COX-2 inhibition blocked the IL-1β-mediated decrease in RCLMC contractility. Mechanistically, we found that IL-1β increased prostaglandin (PG) E2 release dose-dependently, while Anakinra blocked IL-1β mediated PGE2 release. Using prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4) receptor antagonist, we demonstrated that EP4 receptor blockade maintained RCLMC contractility following IL-1β exposure. Our results indicate that IL-1β reduces RCLMC contractility via COX-2/PGE2 signaling with synergistic cooperation by TNF-α. These pathways may help provoke inflammatory mediator accumulation within the heart, driving progression from acute myocarditis into dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Al-Kofahi
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Seiichi Omura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, United States; Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tsunoda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, United States; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States; Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Sato
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, United States; Department of Microbiology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Felix Becker
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States
| | | | | | - David Zawieja
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Israa Shihab
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States
| | - Mohamed Ghoweba
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States
| | | | - Yuping Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, United States
| | - J Steven Alexander
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, United States; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, LA, United States.
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Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and often fatal disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boar, with severe economic consequences for affected countries. ASF is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and the island of Sardinia, Italy. Since 2007, the virus emerged in the republic of Georgia, and since then spread throughout the Caucasus region and Russia. Outbreaks have also been reported in Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Romania, Moldova, Czech Republic, and Poland, threatening neighboring West European countries. The causative agent, the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a large, enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that enters the cell by macropinocytosis and a clathrin-dependent mechanism. African Swine Fever Virus is able to interfere with various cellular signaling pathways resulting in immunomodulation, thus making the development of an efficacious vaccine very challenging. Inactivated preparations of African Swine Fever Virus do not confer protection, and the role of antibodies in protection remains unclear. The use of live-attenuated vaccines, although rendering suitable levels of protection, presents difficulties due to safety and side effects in the vaccinated animals. Several African Swine Fever Virus proteins have been reported to induce neutralizing antibodies in immunized pigs, and vaccination strategies based on DNA vaccines and recombinant proteins have also been explored, however, without being very successful. The complexity of the virus particle and the ability of the virus to modulate host immune responses are most likely the reason for this failure. Furthermore, no permanent cell lines able to sustain productive virus infection by both virulent and naturally attenuated African Swine Fever Virus strains exist so far, thus impairing basic research and the commercial production of attenuated vaccine candidates.
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Guerrero CA, Acosta O. Inflammatory and oxidative stress in rotavirus infection. World J Virol 2016; 5:38-62. [PMID: 27175349 PMCID: PMC4861870 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v5.i2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the single leading cause of life-threatening diarrhea affecting children under 5 years of age. Rotavirus entry into the host cell seems to occur by sequential interactions between virion proteins and various cell surface molecules. The entry mechanisms seem to involve the contribution of cellular molecules having binding, chaperoning and oxido-reducing activities. It appears to be that the receptor usage and tropism of rotaviruses is determined by the species, cell line and rotavirus strain. Rotaviruses have evolved functions which can antagonize the host innate immune response, whereas are able to induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling. A networking between ER stress, inflammation and oxidative stress is suggested, in which release of calcium from the ER increases the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to toxic accumulation of ROS within ER and mitochondria. Sustained ER stress potentially stimulates inflammatory response through unfolded protein response pathways. However, the detailed characterization of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these rotavirus-induced stressful conditions is still lacking. The signaling events triggered by host recognition of virus-associated molecular patterns offers an opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at interfering with rotavirus infection. The use of N-acetylcysteine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and PPARγ agonists to inhibit rotavirus infection opens a new way for treating the rotavirus-induced diarrhea and complementing vaccines.
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Shaheen ZR, Naatz A, Corbett JA. CCR5-Dependent Activation of mTORC1 Regulates Translation of Inducible NO Synthase and COX-2 during Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4406-14. [PMID: 26408666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection of macrophages results in the expression of a number of inflammatory and antiviral genes, including inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. EMCV-induced macrophage activation has been shown to require the presence of CCR5 and the activation of PI3K-dependent signaling cascades. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of PI3K in regulating the macrophage responses to EMCV. We show that PI3K regulates EMCV-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 expression by two independent mechanisms. In response to EMCV infection, Akt is activated and regulates the translation of iNOS and COX-2 through the mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC)1. The activation of mTORC1 during EMCV infection is CCR5-dependent and appears to function in a manner that promotes the translation of iNOS and COX-2. CCR5-dependent mTORC1 activation functions as an antiviral response, as mTORC1 inhibition increases the expression of EMCV polymerase. PI3K also regulates the transcriptional induction of iNOS and COX-2 in response to EMCV infection by a mechanism that is independent of Akt and mTORC1 regulation. These findings indicate that macrophage expression of the inflammatory genes iNOS and COX-2 occurs via PI3K- and Akt-dependent translational control of mTORC1 and PI3K-dependent, Akt-independent transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Shaheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226
| | - Aaron Naatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee WI 53226
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9
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Shaheen ZR, Corbett JA. Macrophage Expression of Inflammatory Genes in Response to EMCV Infection. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1938-54. [PMID: 26295266 PMCID: PMC4598781 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression and production of type 1 interferon is the classic cellular response to virus infection. In addition to this antiviral response, virus infection also stimulates the production of proinflammatory mediators. In this review, the pathways controlling the induction of inflammatory genes and the roles that these inflammatory mediators contribute to host defense against viral pathogens will be discussed. Specific focus will be on the role of the chemokine receptor CCR5, as a signaling receptor controlling the activation of pathways leading to virus-induced inflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R Shaheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - John A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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10
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Important Role of the IL-32 Inflammatory Network in the Host Response against Viral Infection. Viruses 2015; 7:3116-29. [PMID: 26087456 PMCID: PMC4488729 DOI: 10.3390/v7062762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-32 has gained much attention recently because of its important role in the inflammatory network. Since the discovery of IL-32 in 2005, our appreciation for its diverse roles continues to grow. Recent studies have discovered the antiviral effects induced by IL-32 and its associated regulatory mechanisms. The interactions between IL-32 and various cytokines including cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interferon (IFN)-λ1, interleukin (IL)-6, and soluble IL-6 receptor have been described. This review aims to integrate these new findings into explicit concepts and raises the intriguing possibility of IL-32 as a therapeutic target.
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Coulombe F, Divangahi M. Targeting eicosanoid pathways in the development of novel anti-influenza drugs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1337-43. [PMID: 25269880 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.966082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The constant new emergence of life-threatening human respiratory viral pathogens presents new challenges to clinicians who are left with no available therapeutic interventions. Highly pathogenic strains of influenza A virus (IAV) share an enhanced capacity to propagate to the lower airways and paralyze alveolar macrophage antiviral capacity in order to replicate efficiently and cause pathologic inflammation. Following a century of using NSAIDs for the management of influenza symptoms, a number of studies have interrogated their function in the host response to IAV infection. We herein provide an overview of these studies as well as further insight of how pathogenic IAV hijacks the microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1-dependent prostaglandin E2 pathway in order to evade host type I interferon-mediated antiviral immunity. We also reflect on the potential beneficial action of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 inhibitory compounds in the treatment of IAV infections and potentially other RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Coulombe
- Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, 3626 St. Urbain Street, Montreal, Quebec, H2X 2P2, Canada
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12
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Katoh S, Shimizu H, Obase Y, Oomizu S, Niki T, Ikeda M, Mouri K, Kobashi Y, Hirashima M, Oka M. Preventive effect of galectin-9 on double-stranded RNA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in an exacerbation model of mite antigen-induced asthma in mice. Exp Lung Res 2013; 39:453-62. [PMID: 24246013 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2013.850558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral respiratory infection is the most common cause of acute asthma exacerbation in patients with stable asthma. The replication of most respiratory viruses requires the generation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), resulting in the activation of host immune responses. Synthetic dsRNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PolyIC), mimics the effects of viruses in various cell types. To evaluate new therapies for mite antigen-induced chronic asthma, we developed an acute exacerbation model of mouse chronic asthma using mite antigen and PolyIC. We also examined the preventive effects of recombinant galectin-9 (Gal-9) on acute asthma exacerbation in this model. METHODS Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was examined to evaluate the exacerbation of chronic asthma. To analyze airway inflammation, the numbers of inflammatory cells and concentrations of cytokines in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were estimated by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. RESULTS AHR was accelerated by intranasal administration of PolyIC in addition to mite antigen. Levels of cytokines that contribute to AHR, including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and RANTES (CCR5), and of Gal-9 in the BALF were elevated in this acute asthma exacerbation mouse model. Intranasal administration of recombinant Gal-9 reduced the PolyIC-induced AHR and levels of these cytokines in the BALF. Further, Gal-9 suppressed the production of cytokines induced by PolyIC in the alveolar macrophages. CONCLUSIONS. Our findings demonstrated that exogenous Gal-9 suppressed dsRNA-induced AHR in an acute exacerbation model of chronic asthma in mice, and suggest that recombinant Gal-9 could be therapeutically effective for preventing acute asthma exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Katoh
- 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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13
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African swine fever virus controls the host transcription and cellular machinery of protein synthesis. Virus Res 2012; 173:58-75. [PMID: 23154157 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Throughout a viral infection, the infected cell reprograms the gene expression pattern in order to establish a satisfactory antiviral response. African swine fever virus (ASFV), like other complex DNA viruses, sets up a number of strategies to evade the host's defense systems, such as apoptosis, inflammation and immune responses. The capability of the virus to persist in its natural hosts and in domestic pigs, which recover from infection with less virulent isolates, suggests that the virus displays effective mechanisms to escape host defense systems. ASFV has been described to regulate the activation of several transcription factors, thus regulating the activation of specific target genes during ASFV infection. Whereas some reports have concerned about anti-apoptotic ASFV genes and the molecular mechanisms by which ASFV interferes with inducible gene transcription and immune evasion, less is yet known regarding how ASFV regulates the translational machinery in infected cells, although a recent report has shown a mechanism for favored expression of viral genes based on compartmentalization of viral mRNA and ribosomes with cellular translation factors within the virus factory. The viral mechanisms involved both in the regulation of host genes transcription and in the control of cellular protein synthesis are summarized in this review.
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14
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Pollara JJ, Spesock AH, Pickup DJ, Laster SM, Petty ITD. Production of prostaglandin E₂ in response to infection with modified vaccinia Ankara virus. Virology 2012; 428:146-55. [PMID: 22534090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is an arachidonic acid (AA)-derived signaling molecule that can influence host immune responses to infection or vaccination. In this study, we investigated PGE₂ production in vitro by cells infected with the poxvirus vaccine strain, modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA). Human THP-1 cells, murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, and murine C3HA fibroblasts all accumulated PGE₂ to high levels in culture supernatants upon infection with MVA. We also demonstrated that MVA induced the release of AA from infected cells, and this was, most unusually, independent of host cytosolic phospholipase A₂ activity. The accumulation of AA and PGE₂ was dependent on viral gene expression, but independent of canonical NF-κB signaling via p65/RelA. The production of PGE₂ required host cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, and COX-2 protein accumulated during MVA infection. The results of this study provide insight into a novel aspect of MVA biology that may affect the efficacy of MVA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Pollara
- Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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15
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Freudenburg W, Buller RML, Corbett JA. Src family kinases participate in the regulation of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by macrophages. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2278-85. [PMID: 20505008 PMCID: PMC3052521 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.022665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are non-receptor tyrosine kinases that have been implicated as regulators of the inflammatory response. In this study, the role of SFK activation in the inflammatory response of macrophages to encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection was examined. Virus infection of macrophages stimulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Inhibition of SFK attenuates EMCV-induced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 production, iNOS expression and subsequent nitric oxide production, and IL-1β expression. EMCV-induced COX-2 expression requires the activation of nuclear factor-κB and the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. Consistent with these previous findings, inhibition of SFKs attenuated the phosphorylation of p38 in response to EMCV infection, suggesting that SFKs may act upstream of p38. These findings provide evidence that SFK activation plays an active role in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression by virus-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke Freudenburg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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16
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Wu WL, Ho LJ, Chang DM, Chen CH, Lai JH. Triggering of DC migration by dengue virus stimulation of COX-2-dependent signaling cascades in vitro highlights the significance of these cascades beyond inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3413-22. [PMID: 19862774 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A term "bone-breaking fever" is used in Chinese medicine to describe the symptoms of patients infected with dengue virus (DV). We examined the significance of the COX-prostaglandin pathway in human DC infected by DV. We show that DV infection induced the expression of COX-2 and the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in DC, and stimulated the DNA binding of NF-kappaB and the kinase activity of both IkappaBalpha kinase (IKK) alpha and beta. DV infection also activated MAPK and AP-1 signaling. Both IkappaBalpha kinase-NF-kappaB and MAPK-AP-1 were upstream of COX-2 activation. Our investigation into the significance of COX-2-PGE2 pathway also revealed that DV infection enhances DC migration by inducing CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) expression, and that blocking COX-2 or MAPK activity suppresses DV-induced DC migration. Our data also suggest that PGE2 can induce CCR7 expression on DC and that antagonists of the PGE2 receptors EP2 and EP4 suppress DV-induced DC migration. We further show that the increased CCR7 expression was observed in both DV-infected and bystander DC, suggesting the presence of secondary effects in inducing CCR7 expression. Collectively, this study reveals not only the pathways involved in COX-2 synthesis in DV-infected DC but also the autocrine action of PGE2 on the migration of DV-infected DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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17
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Freudenburg W, Moran JM, Lents NH, Baldassare JJ, Buller RML, Corbett JA. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates macrophage responses to double-stranded RNA and encephalomyocarditis virus. J Innate Immun 2009; 2:77-86. [PMID: 20375625 DOI: 10.1159/000243785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection of macrophages stimulates the expression of proinflammatory and antiviral genes interleukin-1 (IL-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In this study, we show that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is required for the inflammatory response of macrophages to virus infection. When macrophages are infected with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) there is a rapid and transient activation of PI3K and phosphorylation of its downstream target Akt. Inhibitors of PI3K attenuate EMCV- and double-stranded RNA-induced iNOS, COX-2 and IL-1 beta expression in RAW264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. The attenuation of inflammatory gene expression in response to PI3K inhibition correlates with the induction of macrophage apoptosis. The morphology of macrophages shifts from activation in response to EMCV infection to apoptosis in the cells treated with PI3K inhibitors and EMCV. These morphological changes are accompanied by the activation of caspase-3. These findings suggest that PI3K plays a central role in the regulation of macrophage responses to EMCV infection. When PI3K is activated, it participates in the regulation of inflammatory gene expression; however, if PI3K is inhibited macrophages are unable to mount an inflammatory antiviral response and die by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieke Freudenburg
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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18
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulates glutamate transport in the CNS and is a critical determinant of outcome from viral encephalomyelitis. Brain Res 2009; 1263:143-54. [PMID: 19368827 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroadapted Sindbis virus (NSV) is a neuronotropic virus that causes a fulminant encephalomyelitis in susceptible mice due to death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. We and others have found that uninfected motor neurons die in response to NSV infection, at least in part due to disrupted astrocytic glutamate transport, resulting in excitotoxic motor neuron death. Here, we examined the mechanisms of astrocyte dysregulation associated with NSV infection. Treatment of organotypic slice cultures with NSV results in viral replication, cell death, altered astrocyte morphology, and the downregulation of the astrocytic glutamate transporter, GLT-1. We have found that TNF-alpha can mediate GLT-1 downregulation. Furthermore, TNF-alpha deficient mice infected with NSV exhibit neither GLT-1 downregulation nor neuronal death of brainstem and cervical spinal cord motor neurons and have markedly reduced mortality. These findings have implications for disease intervention and therapeutic development for the prevention of CNS damage associated with inflammatory responses.
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19
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Targeting the NF-kappaB pathway in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:1-13. [PMID: 18950657 PMCID: PMC7172981 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are inflammatory lung disorders responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the importance of allergic responses in asthma is well known, respiratory viral and bacterial infections and pollutants especially cigarette smoke are important factors in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Corticosteroid treatment remains the first preference of treatment in either disease, however these therapies are not always completely effective, and are associated with side effects and steroid resistance. Due to such limitations, development of new treatments represents a major goal for both the pharmaceutical industry and academic researchers. There are now excellent reasons to promote NF-kappaB signalling intermediates and Rel family proteins as potential therapeutic targets for both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This notion is supported by the fact that much of the underlying inflammation of both diseases independent of stimuli, is mediated at least in part, by NF-kappaB mediated signalling events in several cell types. Also, a range of inhibitors of NF-kappaB signalling intermediates are now available, including DNA oligonucleotides and DNA-peptide molecules that act as NF-kappaB decoy sequences, small molecule inhibitors such as IKK-beta inhibitors, and proteasome inhibitors affecting NF-kappaB signalling, that have either shown promise in animal models or have begun clinical trials in other disorders. This review will focus on the role of NF-kappaB in both diseases, will discuss its suitability as a target, and will highlight recent key studies that support the potential of NF-kappaB as a therapeutic target in these two important inflammatory lung diseases.
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Huang SH, Cao XJ, Wei W. Melatonin decreases TLR3-mediated inflammatory factor expression via inhibition of NF-kappa B activation in respiratory syncytial virus-infected RAW264.7 macrophages. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:93-100. [PMID: 18312297 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) RNA has been identified as a ligand for Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a single-stranded RNA virus and a major respiratory pathogen and pneumovirus in human infants pathogenesis of which relies on early inflammatory and immune events of the host in response to RSV, could be recognized by TLR3 sensing viral dsRNA produced during replication. The downstream signaling pathway from TLR3 leads to activation of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and/or NF-kappaB and subsequent expression of numerous proinflammatory factors. Melatonin (MT) is an effective regulator of the immune system. To determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the suppressive effect of MT on RSV infection, we analyzed signaling molecules involved in the TLR3-mediated activation of inflammatory factors in macrophages infected with RSV and the modulatory role of MT on these mediators. We report that RSV infection of RAW264.7 macrophages time-dependently stimulate the rapid activation of TLR3 and NF-kappaB, as well as subsequent NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression such as those encoding TNF-alpha and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, we demonstrate that MT decreased TLR3-mediated downstream gene expression in RSV-infected macrophages in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and that MT inhibition of NF-kappaB activity seemed to be the key event required to explain the reduction in inflammatory gene expression caused by MT. But MT did not influence TLR3 at either the protein or mRNA level or MyD88 transcription. These results could be related to the beneficial immunoregulatory role of MT in RSV-infected macrophages and address the possible therapeutic potential of this indoleamine in human RSV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hai Huang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology in Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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21
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Li W, Liu Y, Mukhtar MM, Gong R, Pan Y, Rasool ST, Gao Y, Kang L, Hao Q, Peng G, Chen Y, Chen X, Wu J, Zhu Y. Activation of interleukin-32 pro-inflammatory pathway in response to influenza A virus infection. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1985. [PMID: 18414668 PMCID: PMC2288676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-32 is a recently described pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been reported to be induced by bacteria treatment in culture cells. Little is known about IL-32 production by exogenous pathogens infection in human individuals. Methods and Findings In this study, we found that IL-32 level was increased by 58.2% in the serum samples from a cohort of 108 patients infected by influenza A virus comparing to that of 115 healthy individuals. Another pro-inflammatory factor cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-associated prostaglandin E2 was also upregulated by 2.7-fold. Expression of IL-32 in influenza A virus infected A549 human lung epithelial cells was blocked by either selective COX-2 inhibitor NS398 or Aspirin, a known anti-inflammatory drug, indicating IL-32 was induced through COX-2 in the inflammatory cascade. Interestingly, we found that COX-2-associate PGE2 production activated by influenza virus infection was significantly suppressed by over-expression of IL-32 but increased by IL-32-specific siRNA, suggesting there was a feedback mechanism between IL-32 and COX-2. Conclusions IL-32 is induced by influenza A virus infection via COX-2 in the inflammatory cascade. Our results provide that IL-32 is a potential target for anti-inflammatory medicine screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Mahmood Mukhtar
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Sahibzada T. Rasool
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yecheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JW)
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JW)
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22
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Yoshida H, Imaizumi T, Lee SJ, Tanji K, Sakaki H, Matsumiya T, Ishikawa A, Taima K, Yuzawa E, Mori F, Wakabayashi K, Kimura H, Satoh K. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I mediates RANTES/CCL5 expression in U373MG human astrocytoma cells stimulated with double-stranded RNA. Neurosci Res 2007; 58:199-206. [PMID: 17395328 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) mediates part of the cell signaling in response to viral infection. Polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly IC) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and mimics viral infection when applied to cell cultures. The CC chemokine, RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted), is a potent attractant for inflammatory cells such as memory T-lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils. In the present study, we demonstrated that poly IC enhances the expression of RIG-I in U373MG human astrocytoma cells. The RNA interference of RIG-I resulted in the suppression of the poly IC-induced RANTES expression. Pretreatment of the cells with SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and dexamethasone inhibited the poly IC-induced expression of RIG-I. Furthermore, poly IC upregulated RIG-I in normal human astrocytes in culture and the in vivo injection of poly IC into the striatum of the mouse brain induced the expression of RIG-I in astrocytes. We conclude that RIG-I may be involved in immune reactions against viral infection, at least in part, through the regulation of RANTES expression in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidemi Yoshida
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan.
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23
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Kang YJ, Mbonye UR, DeLong CJ, Wada M, Smith WL. Regulation of intracellular cyclooxygenase levels by gene transcription and protein degradation. Prog Lipid Res 2007; 46:108-25. [PMID: 17316818 PMCID: PMC3253738 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (COX-1 and -2) catalyze the committed step in prostaglandin formation. Each isozyme subserves different biological functions. This is, at least in part, a consequence of differences in patterns of COX-1 and COX-2 expression. COX-1 is induced during development, and COX-1 mRNA and COX-1 protein are very stable. These latter properties can explain why COX-1 protein levels usually remain constant in those cells that express this isozyme. COX-2 is usually expressed inducibly in association with cell replication or differentiation. Both COX-2 mRNA and COX-2 protein have short half-lives relative to those of COX-1. Therefore, COX-2 protein is typically present for only a few hours after its synthesis. Here we review and develop the concepts that (a) COX-2 gene transcription can involve at least six different cis-acting promoter elements interacting with trans-acting factors generated by multiple, different signaling pathways, (b) the relative contribution of each cis-acting COX-2 promoter element depends on the cell type, the stimulus and the time following the stimulus and (c) a unique 27 amino acid instability element located just upstream of the C-terminus of COX-2 targets this isoform to the ER-associated degradation system and proteolysis by the cytosolic 26S proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Joo Kang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Uri R. Mbonye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824
| | - Cynthia J. DeLong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Masayuki Wada
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William L. Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: William L. Smith, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 5301 Medical Science Research Building III, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Tel: 734-647-6180; Fax:734-764-3509;
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24
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Kubota K, Sakaki H, Imaizumi T, Nakagawa H, Kusumi A, Kobayashi W, Satoh K, Kimura H. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I is induced in gingival fibroblasts by lipopolysaccharide or poly IC: possible roles in interleukin-1beta, -6 and -8 expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 21:399-406. [PMID: 17064399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2006.00326.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a member of the DExH family of proteins, and little is known of its biological function in the oral region. We previously reported that interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) induced RIG-I expression in gingival fibroblasts. In this study, we studied the mechanism of RIG-I expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in gingival fibroblasts. We also addressed the role of RIG-I in the expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 in gingival fibroblasts stimulated with LPS or dsRNA. We stimulated cultured human gingival fibroblasts with LPS or dsRNA, and examined the expression of RIG-I mRNA and protein. The effect of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, on RIG-I induction by these stimuli was examined. The expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 in gingival fibroblasts transfected with RIG-I cDNA stimulated with LPS or dsRNA was examined. LPS or dsRNA induced the expression of mRNA and protein for RIG-I in concentration- and time-dependent manners. We also examined the localization of RIG-I, and found that it was expressed in cytoplasm. Cycloheximide did not suppress the LPS or dsRNA-induced RIG-I expression. Introduction of RIG-I cDNA into gingival fibroblasts resulted in enhanced expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8; moreover, overexpression of RIG-I stimulated with LPS or dsRNA synergistically increased expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8. RIG-I may have important roles in the innate immune response in the regulation of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 expression in gingival fibroblasts in response to LPS and dsRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kubota
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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25
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Steer SA, Moran JM, Christmann BS, Maggi LB, Corbett JA. Role of MAPK in the regulation of double-stranded RNA- and encephalomyocarditis virus-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3413-20. [PMID: 16920983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In response to virus infection or treatment with dsRNA, macrophages express the inducible form of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and produce proinflammatory prostaglandins. Recently, we have shown that NF-kappaB is required for encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)- and dsRNA-stimulated COX-2 expression in mouse macrophages. The dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R is not required for EMCV-stimulated COX-2 expression, suggesting the presence of protein kinase R-independent pathways in the regulation of this antiviral gene. In this study, the role of MAPK in the regulation of macrophage expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX)-2 in response to EMCV infection was examined. Treatment of mouse macrophages or RAW-264.7 cells with dsRNA or infection with EMCV stimulates the rapid activation of the MAPKs p38, JNK, and ERK. Inhibition of p38 and JNK activity results in attenuation while ERK inhibition does not modulate dsRNA- and EMCV-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production by macrophages. JNK and p38 appear to selectively regulate COX-2 expression, as inhibition of either kinase fails to prevent dsRNA- or EMCV-stimulated inducible NO synthase expression by macrophages. Using macrophages isolated from TLR3-deficient mice, we show that p38 and JNK activation and COX-2 expression in response to EMCV or poly(IC) does not require the presence the dsRNA receptor TLR3. These findings support a role for p38 and JNK in the selective regulation of COX-2 expression by macrophages in response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Steer
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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26
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Konson A, Mahajna JA, Danon A, Rimon G, Agbaria R. The involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B in cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression in murine colon cancer cells transduced with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:1093-104. [PMID: 16841079 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that transduction of murine colon cancer cells (MC38) with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene results in a significant enhancement of tumor growth rate in vivo and overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Our current study aimed to investigate the involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), a pivotal transcriptional regulator of COX-2, in the upregulation of COX-2 expression by HSV-tk. It was found that HSV-tk gene transduction of MC38 cells results in significantly enhanced NF-kappaB activity, increased phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor-kappa Balpha (IkappaBalpha) and enhanced translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus. Treatment of HSV-tk-transduced MC38 cells with sulfasalazine, a potent NF-kappaB inhibitor, led to dose-dependent inhibition of NF-kappaB activity, IkappaB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, accompanied by significantly decreased COX-2 expression and reduced release of prostaglandin E2. Transient transfection experiments with COX-2 promoter constructs fused to luciferase reporter gene revealed that mutation in NF-kappaB-responsive element of COX-2 promoter significantly reduced promoter activity in HSV-tk-transduced MC38 and COS-7 cells, whereas it had no effect on promoter activity in the respective wild-type cells. At last, it was found that HSV-tk gene transduction causes significant enhancement of NF-kappaB activity and COX-2 expression in two additional tumor cell lines, 9L and T24. These findings suggest that HSV-tk gene transduction results in NF-kappaB pathway activation, which is essential for COX-2 overexpression by HSV-tk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Konson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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27
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Reynolds AE, Enquist LW. Biological interactions between herpesviruses and cyclooxygenase enzymes. Rev Med Virol 2006; 16:393-403. [PMID: 17006962 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Decades ago, medical researchers noted that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), for example aspirin and indomethacin, modulate primary herpesvirus infections and diminish reactivation of latent herpesvirus infections. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, molecules necessary for generation of prostaglandins. Numerous studies indicate that herpesvirus infections elicit elevated levels of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) with a resultant increase in prostaglandin E(2) levels (PGE(2)). Thus, the biochemical pathway underlying the anti-herpetic mechanism of NSAIDs is linked to the inhibition of COX. The precise roles of COX-2 and PGE(2) in the viral life cycle are unknown. However, among the alphaherpesvirus, betaherpesvirus and gammaherpesvirus subfamilies, evolutionarily conserved mechanisms ensure modulated expression of COX molecules, underscoring their importance in viral replication and virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Reynolds
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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28
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Imaizumi T, Hatakeyama M, Yamashita K, Ishikawa A, Yoshida H, Satoh K, Taima K, Mori F, Wakabayashi K. Double-stranded RNA induces the synthesis of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I in vascular endothelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:133-7. [PMID: 16291516 DOI: 10.1080/10623320500191885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection induces various responses in vascular endothelial cells. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and treatment of cells with poly IC mimics the viral infection to the cells. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a protein belonging to the DExH-box family and designated as a putative RNA helicase. RIG-I is considered to play a role in antiviral responses through the regulation of gene expressions. In the present study, the authors treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with poly IC and found that poly IC induced the expression of RIG-I. The poly IC-induced RIG-I expression was inhibited by the preincubation of the cells with 2-aminopurine, an inhibitor of dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). Immunohistochemical examination revealed high levels of RIG-I immunoreactivity in vascular endothelial cells in the thalamus from rats inoculated with hantavirus. Induction of RIG-I by poly IC may be involved in the antiviral responses in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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29
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Takahashi T, Zhu SJ, Sumino H, Saegusa S, Nakahashi T, Iwai K, Morimoto S, Kanda T. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 enhances myocardial damage in a mouse model of viral myocarditis. Life Sci 2005; 78:195-204. [PMID: 16107267 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine critical role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) for development of viral myocarditis, a mouse model of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced myocarditis was used. The virus was intraperitoneally given to COX-2 gene-deficient heterozygote mice (COX-2+/-) and wild-type mice (WT). We examined differences in heart weights, cardiac histological scores, numbers of infiltrating or apoptotic cells in myocardium, cardiac expression levels of COX-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and adiponectin mRNA, immunoreactivity of COX-2, TNF-alpha, and adiponectin in myocytes, cardiac concentrations of TNF-alpha and adiponectin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in hearts, and viral titers in tissues between COX-2+/- and WT. We observed significantly decreased expression of COX-2 mRNA and reactivity in hearts from COX-2+/- on day 8 after viral inoculation as compared with that from WT, together with elevated cardiac weights and severe inflammatory myocardial damage in COX-2+/-. Cardiac expression of TNF-alpha mRNA, reactivity, and protein on day 8 was significantly higher in COX-2+/- than in WT, together with reciprocal expression of adiponectin mRNA, reactivity, and protein in hearts. Significantly reduced cardiac PGE2 levels on day 8 were found in COX-2+/- compared with those in WT. There was no difference in local viral titers between both groups on day 4. Infected WT treated with a selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, also showed the augmented myocardial damage on day 8. These results suggest that inhibition of COX-2 may enhance myocardial damage through reciprocal cardiac expression of TNF-alpha and adiponectin in a mouse model of viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Takahashi
- Department of a General Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada-machi, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
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Liu T, Zaman W, Kaphalia BS, Ansari GAS, Garofalo RP, Casola A. RSV-induced prostaglandin E2 production occurs via cPLA2 activation: role in viral replication. Virology 2005; 343:12-24. [PMID: 16153673 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are lipid mediators that participate in the regulation of immunological and inflammatory responses, and PG production can affect viral replication. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism of PGE2 production in airway epithelial cells, following respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, and its role in viral replication. We show that RSV infection strongly induces PGE2 secretion, in a time- and replication-dependent manner, through increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, which occurs independently from viral or cellular protein synthesis. RSV infection induces arachidonic acid release through induction of cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) enzymatic activity and its membrane translocation. Specific inhibitors of cPLA2 significantly block RSV-induced PGE2 secretion, indicating a key role of cPLA2 in viral-induced PG production. Blocking PG secretion, through cPLA2 or COX-2 inhibition, results in impairment of RSV replication and subsequent RSV-mediated epithelial cell responses, suggesting that inhibition of PG secretion could be beneficial in RSV infection by reducing proinflammatory mediator production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshuang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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31
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Moran JM, Moxley MA, Buller RML, Corbett JA. Encephalomyocarditis virus induces PKR-independent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in macrophages. J Virol 2005; 79:10226-36. [PMID: 16051816 PMCID: PMC1182679 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.16.10226-10236.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we provide evidence that the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is not required for virus-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or the activation of specific signaling pathways in macrophages. The infection of RAW264.7 cells with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) induces iNOS expression and nitric oxide production, which are unaffected by a dominant-negative mutant of PKR. EMCV infection also activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase, cyclic AMP response element binding protein, and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling cascades at 15 to 30 min postinfection in PKR+/+ and PKR-/- macrophages. Activation of these signaling cascades does not temporally correlate with PKR activity or the accumulation of EMCV RNA, suggesting that an interaction between a structural component of the virion and the cell surface may activate macrophages. Consistent with this hypothesis, empty EMCV capsids induced comparable levels of iNOS expression, nitrite production, and activation of these signaling cascades to those induced by intact virions. These findings support the hypothesis that virion-host cell interactions are primary mediators of the PKR-independent activation of signaling pathways that participate in the macrophage antiviral response of inflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Moran
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
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32
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Waris G, Siddiqui A. Hepatitis C virus stimulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 via oxidative stress: role of prostaglandin E2 in RNA replication. J Virol 2005; 79:9725-34. [PMID: 16014934 PMCID: PMC1181604 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.15.9725-9734.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease, which can lead to the development of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, the activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) has been implicated in the HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we focus on the signaling pathway leading to Cox-2 activation induced by HCV gene expression. Here, we demonstrate that the HCV-induced reactive oxygen species and subsequent activation of NF-kappaB mediate the activation of Cox-2. The HCV-induced Cox-2 was sensitive to antioxidant (pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate), Ca(2+) chelator (BAPTA-AM), and calpain inhibitor (N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-Met-H). The levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), the product of Cox-2 activity, are increased in HCV-expressing cells. Furthermore, HCV-expressing cells treated with the inhibitors of Cox-2 (celecoxib and NS-398) showed significant reduction in PGE(2) levels. We also observed the enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream substrates glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and proapoptotic Bad in the HCV replicon-expressing cells. These phosphorylation events were sensitive to inhibitors of Cox-2 (celecoxib and NS-398) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (LY294002). Our results also suggest a potential role of Cox-2 and PGE(2) in HCV RNA replication. These studies provide insight into the mechanisms by which HCV induces intracellular events relevant to liver pathogenesis associated with viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulam Waris
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 80262, USA
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33
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Moran JM, Buller RML, McHowat J, Turk J, Wohltmann M, Gross RW, Corbett JA. Genetic and pharmacologic evidence that calcium-independent phospholipase A2beta regulates virus-induced inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression by macrophages. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:28162-8. [PMID: 15946940 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500013200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence supports a regulatory role for the calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) in the antiviral response of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression by macrophages. Because two mammalian isoforms of iPLA2 (iPLA2beta and iPLA2gamma) have been cloned and characterized, the aim of this study was to identify the specific isoform(s) in macrophages that regulates the expression of iNOS in response to virus infection. Bromoenol lactone (BEL), a suicide substrate inhibitor of iPLA2, inhibits the activity of both isoforms at low micromolar concentrations. However, the R- and S-enantiomers of BEL display approximately 10-fold greater potency for inhibition of the enzymatic activity of iPLA2gamma and iPLA2beta, respectively. In this study, we show that the iPLA2beta-selective (S)-BEL inhibits encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)-induced iNOS expression, nitric oxide production, and iPLA2 enzymatic activity in macrophages in a concentration-related manner that closely resembles the inhibitory properties of racemic BEL. cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is one downstream target of iPLA2 that is required for the transcriptional activation of iNOS in response to virus infection, and consistent with the effects of BEL enantiomers on iNOS expression, (S)-BEL more effectively inhibits EMCV-induced CREB phosphorylation than (R)-BEL in macrophages. Using macrophages isolated from iPLA2beta-null mice, virus infection fails to stimulate iNOS mRNA accumulation and protein expression, thus providing genetic evidence that iPLA2beta is required for EMCV-induced iNOS expression. These findings provide evidence for a signaling role for iPLA2beta in virus-induced iNOS expression by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Moran
- The Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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34
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Richardson JY, Ottolini MG, Pletneva L, Boukhvalova M, Zhang S, Vogel SN, Prince GA, Blanco JCG. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection induces cyclooxygenase 2: a potential target for RSV therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4356-64. [PMID: 15778400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.7.4356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COXs) are rate-limiting enzymes that initiate the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids. COX-2 is the inducible isoform that is up-regulated by proinflammatory agents, initiating many prostanoid-mediated pathological aspects of inflammation. The roles of cyclooxygenases and their products, PGs, have not been evaluated during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In this study we demonstrate that COX-2 is induced by RSV infection of human lung alveolar epithelial cells with the concomitant production of PGs. COX-2 induction was dependent on the dose of virus and the time postinfection. PG production was inhibited preferentially by NS-398, a COX-2-specific inhibitor, and indomethacin, a pan-COX inhibitor, but not by SC-560, a COX-1-specific inhibitor. In vivo, COX-2 mRNA expression and protein production were strongly induced in the lungs and cells derived from bronchioalveolar lavage of cotton rats infected with RSV. The pattern of COX-2 expression in vivo in lungs is cyclical, with a final peak on day 5 that correlates with maximal histopathology. Treatment of cotton rats with indomethacin significantly mitigated lung histopathology produced by RSV. The studies described in this study provide the first evidence that COX-2 is a potential therapeutic target in RSV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann Y Richardson
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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35
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Imaizumi T, Hatakeyama M, Taima K, Ishikawa A, Yamashita K, Yoshida H, Satoh K. Effect of double-stranded RNA on the expression of epithelial neutrophil activating peptide-78/CXCL-5 in human endothelial cells. Inflammation 2005; 28:215-9. [PMID: 15673163 DOI: 10.1023/b:ifla.0000049046.23377.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial neutophil activating peptide-78 (ENA-78)/CXCL-5 is a member of CXC chemokines. ENA-78 was originally described as a factor produced by epithelial cells only. But other types of cells including vascular endothelial cells also produce it. ENA-78 production by endothelial cells may be important for the regulation of neutrophil activation in inflammatory reactions. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) is a synthetic double-stranded RNA, which mimics the viral infection when applied to cells and affects the expression of various genes related to inflammatory reactions. In the present study, we examined the effect of poly IC on the expression of ENA-78 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC in culture were treated with poly IC and the expression of ENA-78 mRNA and protein were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Poly IC induced ENA-78 expression in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Th2-type cytokine IL-4 partially inhibited the induction of ENA-78 by poly IC. 2-Aminopurine, an inhibitor of dsRNA-dependent kinase, suppressed the induction of ENA-78 by poly IC. ENA-78 may be involved in the inflammatory reactions elicited by viral infection in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
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36
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Ishikawa A, Imaizumi T, Yoshida H, Nishi N, Nakamura T, Hirashima M, Satoh K. Double-stranded RNA enhances the expression of galectin-9 in vascular endothelial cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 82:410-4. [PMID: 15283851 DOI: 10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cells with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in vitro mimics viral infection and regulates expression of various genes. We addressed the mechanisms of leucocyte traffic across the vascular endothelium induced by dsRNA. The present study focused on the expression of galectin-9, which is one of key molecules in the regulation of the interaction between vascular wall and white blood cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in culture were treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), and expression of mRNA and protein of galectin-9 was analysed by reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Poly IC enhanced the expression of galectin-9 mRNA and protein in concentration- and time-dependent manners. This effect of poly IC was almost completely suppressed by the pretreatment with 2-aminopurine, an inhibitor of dsRNA-dependent kinase. Poly IC treatment of HUVEC also enhanced the adherence of EoL-1 cells to the cells, which was inhibited by co-treatment with lactose. We conclude that poly IC upregulates galectin-9 expression in the vascular endothelium and this may explain part of the mechanism for leucocyte traffic through the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5-Zaifucho, 036-8562, Japan
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37
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Won JS, Im YB, Khan M, Singh AK, Singh I. Involvement of phospholipase A2 and lipoxygenase in lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in glial cells. Glia 2005; 51:13-21. [PMID: 15779087 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study underlines the importance of phospholipase A2 (PLA2)- and lipoxygenase (LO)-mediated signaling processes in the regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression. In glial cells, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the activities of PLA2 (calcium-independent PLA2; iPLA2 and cytosolic PLA2; cPLA2) as well as gene expression of iNOS. The inhibition of cPLA2 by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphates (MAFP) or antisense oligomer against cPLA2 and inhibition of iPLA2 by bromoenol lactone reduced the LPS-induced iNOS gene expression and NFkappaB activation. In addition, the inhibition of LO by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA; general LO inhibitor) or MK886 (5-LO inhibitor), but not baicalein (12-LO inhibitor), completely abrogated the LPS-induced iNOS expression. Because NDGA could abrogate the LPS-induced activation of NFkappaB, while MK886 had no effect on it, LO-mediated inhibition of iNOS gene induction by LPS may involve an NFkappaB-dependent or -independent (by 5-LO) pathway. In contrast to LO, however, the cyclooxygenase (COX) may not be involved in the regulation of LPS-mediated induction of iNOS gene because COX inhibition by indomethacin (general COX inhibitor), SC560 (COX-1 inhibitor), and NS398 (COX-2 inhibitor) affected neither the LPS-induced iNOS expression nor activation of NFkappaB. These results indicate a role for cPLA2 and iPLA2 in LPS-mediated iNOS gene induction in glial cells and the involvement of LO in these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Seong Won
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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38
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Ray N, Bisher ME, Enquist LW. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 are required for production of infectious pseudorabies virus. J Virol 2004; 78:12964-74. [PMID: 15542648 PMCID: PMC525029 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.23.12964-12974.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) transcription is markedly induced after herpes simplex virus type 1 and pseudorabies virus (PRV) infections of rat embryonic fibroblast (REF) cells (N. Ray and L. W. Enquist, J. Virol. 78:3489-3501, 2004). For this study, we investigated the role of cyclooxygenase induction in the replication and growth of PRV. We demonstrate here a concordant increase in COX-2 mRNA and protein levels after the infection of REF cells. Inhibitors blocking the activity of cyclooxygenases caused a dramatic reduction in PRV growth. Viral growth could be restored if prostaglandin E(2), the final product of COX-2 activity, was added simultaneously with the COX inhibitors. Immediate-early protein IE180, major capsid protein VP5, and glycoprotein expression were slightly reduced in the presence of COX-2 inhibitors, but expression of the early protein EP0 was not affected by COX inhibition. Viral DNA replication was marginally reduced in the presence of a COX-1/2 inhibitor, but there was no defect in viral DNA cleavage. Electron microscopy analysis revealed an increased number of unusual empty capsid structures in the nuclei of cells infected with PRV in the presence of a COX-1/2 inhibitor. These capsid structures shared some characteristics with procapsids but had a novel appearance by negative staining. Our data establish a role for COX-1 and COX-2 in facilitating the efficient growth and replication of PRV in primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelanjana Ray
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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39
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Rue CA, Jarvis MA, Knoche AJ, Meyers HL, DeFilippis VR, Hansen SG, Wagner M, Früh K, Anders DG, Wong SW, Barry PA, Nelson JA. A cyclooxygenase-2 homologue encoded by rhesus cytomegalovirus is a determinant for endothelial cell tropism. J Virol 2004; 78:12529-36. [PMID: 15507640 PMCID: PMC525102 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.22.12529-12536.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a cellular enzyme in the eicosanoid synthetic pathway that mediates the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. The eicosanoids function as critical regulators of a number of cellular processes, including the acute and chronic inflammatory response, hemostasis, and the innate immune response. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which does not encode a viral COX-2 isoform, has been shown to induce cellular COX-2 expression. Importantly, although the precise role of COX-2 in CMV replication is unknown, COX-2 induction was shown to be critical for normal HCMV replication. In an earlier study, we identified an open reading frame (Rh10) within the rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) genome that encoded a putative protein (designated vCOX-2) with high homology to cellular COX-2. In the current study, we show that vCOX-2 is expressed with early-gene kinetics during RhCMV infection, resulting in production of a 70-kDa protein. Consistent with the expression of a viral COX-2 isoform, cellular COX-2 expression was not induced during RhCMV infection. Finally, analysis of growth of recombinant RhCMV with vCOX-2 deleted identified vCOX-2 as a critical determinant for replication in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Rue
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Road, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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40
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Granja AG, Nogal ML, Hurtado C, Vila V, Carrascosa AL, Salas ML, Fresno M, Revilla Y. The viral protein A238L inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 expression through a nuclear factor of activated T cell-dependent transactivation pathway. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:53736-46. [PMID: 15471864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406620200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 is transiently induced upon cell activation or viral infections, resulting in inflammation and modulation of the immune response. Here we report that A238L, an African swine fever virus protein, efficiently inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in Jurkat T cells and in virus-infected Vero cells. Transfection of Jurkat cells stably expressing A238L with cyclooxygenase-2 promoter-luciferase constructs containing 5'-terminal deletions or mutations in distal or proximal nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) response elements revealed that these sequences are involved in the inhibition induced by A238L. Overexpression of a constitutively active version of the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin or NFAT reversed the inhibition mediated by A238L on cyclooxygenase-2 promoter activation, whereas overexpression of p65 NFkappaB had no effect. A238L does not modify the nuclear localization of NFAT after phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/calcium ionophore stimulation. Moreover, we show that the mechanism by which the viral protein down-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 activity does not involve inhibition of the binding between NFAT and its specific DNA sequences into the cyclooxygenase-2 promoter. Strikingly, A238L dramatically inhibited the transactivation mediated by a GAL4-NFAT fusion protein containing the N-terminal transactivation domain of NFAT1. Taken together, these data indicate that A238L down-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 transcription through the NFAT response elements, being NFAT-dependent transactivation implicated in this down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor G Granja
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are lipid mediators, generated by cyclooxygenase (COX), that have been shown to participate in the regulation of virus replication and the modulation of inflammatory responses following infection. A number of studies support a role for PGE2 in the modulation of virus replication and virulence in a cell type and virus selective manner. Virus infection also stimulates the expression of a number of proinflammatory gene products, including COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as proinflammatory cytokines. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which proinflammatory prostaglandin production regulates virus replication and virulence. In addition, the signaling pathways that are activated during a virus infection, and that regulate proinflammatory gene expression in macrophages will be reviewed. Specific attention will be placed on the ability of virus infection to activate multiple signaling cascades (such as PKR, MAPK, iPLA2, NF-kappaB) and how these pathways are integrated in the regulation of individual target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Steer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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42
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Kanerva A, Bauerschmitz GJ, Yamamoto M, Lam JT, Alvarez RD, Siegal GP, Curiel DT, Hemminki A. A cyclooxygenase-2 promoter-based conditionally replicating adenovirus with enhanced infectivity for treatment of ovarian adenocarcinoma. Gene Ther 2004; 11:552-9. [PMID: 14999227 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Conditionally replicating adenoviruses (CRADs) take advantage of tumor-specific characteristics for preferential replication and subsequent oncolysis of cancer cells. The antitumor effect is determined by the capability to infect tumor cells. Here, we used RGDCRADcox-2R, which features the cyclooxygenase-2 promoter for replication control and an integrin binding RGD-4C motif for enhanced infectivity of ovarian cancer cells. RGDCRADcox-2R replicated in and killed human ovarian cancer cells effectively, while the replication in nonmalignant cells was low. Importantly, the therapeutic efficacy, as evaluated in an orthotopic model of peritoneally disseminated ovarian cancer, was significantly improved and toxicity was lower than with a wild-type virus. Thus, this CRAD could be tested for treatment of ovarian cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kanerva
- Rational Drug Design, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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43
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Symensma TL, Martinez-Guzman D, Jia Q, Bortz E, Wu TT, Rudra-Ganguly N, Cole S, Herschman H, Sun R. COX-2 induction during murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection leads to enhancement of viral gene expression. J Virol 2004; 77:12753-63. [PMID: 14610197 PMCID: PMC262602 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.23.12753-12763.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68 or gammaHV-68) model provides many advantages for studying virus-host interactions involved in gammaherpesvirus replication, including the role of cellular responses to infection. We examined the effects of cellular cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its by-product prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) on MHV-68 gene expression and protein production following de novo infection of cultured cells. Western blot analyses revealed an induction of COX-2 protein in MHV-68-infected cells but not in cells infected with UV-irradiated MHV-68. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated activation of the COX-2 promoter during MHV-68 replication. Two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, a COX-2-specific inhibitor (NS-398) and a COX-1-COX-2 inhibitor (indomethacin), substantially reduced MHV-68 protein production in infected cells. Inhibition of viral protein expression and virion production by NS-398 was reversed in the presence of exogenous PGE(2). Global gene expression analysis using an MHV-68 DNA array showed that PGE(2) increased production of multiple viral gene products, and NS-398 inhibited production of many of the same genes. These studies suggest that COX-2 activity and PGE(2) production may play significant roles during MHV-68 de novo infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia L Symensma
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, the UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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