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Shealy NG, Baltagulov M, Byndloss MX. A long journey to the colon: The role of the small intestine microbiota in intestinal disease. Mol Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38690771 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The small intestine represents a complex and understudied gut niche with significant implications for human health. Indeed, many infectious and non-infectious diseases center within the small intestine and present similar clinical manifestations to large intestinal disease, complicating non-invasive diagnosis and treatment. One major neglected aspect of small intestinal diseases is the feedback relationship with the resident collection of commensal organisms, the gut microbiota. Studies focused on microbiota-host interactions in the small intestine in the context of infectious and non-infectious diseases are required to identify potential therapeutic targets dissimilar from those used for large bowel diseases. While sparsely populated, the small intestine represents a stringent commensal bacterial microenvironment the host relies upon for nutrient acquisition and protection against invading pathogens (colonization resistance). Indeed, recent evidence suggests that disruptions to host-microbiota interactions in the small intestine impact enteric bacterial pathogenesis and susceptibility to non-infectious enteric diseases. In this review, we focus on the microbiota's impact on small intestine function and the pathogenesis of infectious and non-infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We also discuss gaps in knowledge on the role of commensal microorganisms in proximal GI tract function during health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas G Shealy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Madi Baltagulov
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mariana X Byndloss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Microbiome Innovation Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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2
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Fontenele ALA, de Oliveira Nóbrega CG, do Nascimento WRC, Santos PDA, de Lorena VMB, Peixoto DM, de Azevedo Albuquerque MCP, Solé D, Costa VMA, Sarinho ESC, de Souza VMO. Respiratory allergy symptoms and cytokine profiles in the presence of anti-Ascaris antibody in Giardia lamblia-infected children. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:3147-3158. [PMID: 37875615 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Ascaris lumbricoides (Asc) IgE and IgG can immunomodulate the allergy; however, the influence of these isotypes has not been investigated in the giardiasis and allergy. Therefore, the frequency of respiratory allergy (RA) symptoms in Giardia lamblia-infected children, with or without anti-Asc IgE, IgG1, or IgG4 and Th1, Th2/Treg, and Th17 cytokine production, was evaluated. We performed a case-control study with children aged 2-10 years old selected by questionnaire and stool exams to form the groups: infected or uninfected with RA (G-RA, n = 55; nG-RA, n = 43); infected and uninfected without RA (G-nRA, n = 59; nG-nRA, n = 54). We performed blood leukocyte counts and in vitro culture. Cytokine levels in the supernatants (CBA), serum total IgE and anti-Asc IgE (ImmunoCAP), IgG1, IgG4, and total IgA (ELISA) were measured. Infection was not associated with allergy. Infected children showed increased levels of anti-Asc IgG1, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10. There was a lower frequency of allergy-related symptoms in anti-Asc IgG1-positive children than IgG1-negative (OR = 0.38; CI = 0.17-0.90, p = 0.027) and few eosinophils in G-RA than in G-nRA and more in G-nRA than in nG-nRA, whereas TNF-α levels were higher in the G-RA than in the nG-nRA group. For infected and positive anti-Asc IgG1, there was higher TNF-α and IL-10 production than G/-IgG1. IL-10 levels were lower in nG/ + IgG1 than in infected or non-infected, and both were negative for anti-Asc IgG1. Th1/Th2/IL-10 profiles were stimulated in the infected patients, and in those with circulating anti-Asc IgG1, the TNF-α production was strengthened with a lower risk for respiratory allergy symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Arruda Fontenele
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Décio Medeiros Peixoto
- Centro de Pesquisa em Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Dirceu Solé
- Divisão de Alergia, Imunologia Clínica e Reumatologia, Departamento de Pediatria da, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valdenia Maria Oliveira de Souza
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, S/N. Cidade Universitária, 50.670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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3
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Prabakaran M, Weible LJ, Champlain JD, Jiang RY, Biondi K, Weil AA, Van Voorhis WC, Ojo KK. The Gut-Wrenching Effects of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in Children. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2323. [PMID: 37764167 PMCID: PMC10538111 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis are infectious intestinal protozoan pathogens that cause alarming rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children are more likely to have clinical symptoms due to their less developed immune systems and factors such as undernutrition, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The severity of the symptoms and clinical manifestations in children may vary from asymptomatic to life-threatening depending on the Cryptosporidium species/G. duodenalis strains and the resulting complex stepwise interactions between the parasite, the host nutritional and immunologic status, and the gut microbiome profile. Structural damages inflicted by both parasites to epithelial cells in the large and small intestines could severely impair children's gut health, including the ability to absorb nutrients, resulting in stunted growth, diminished neurocognitive development, and other long-term effects. Clinically approved cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis drugs have broad antimicrobial effects that have incomprehensible impacts on growing children's gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Prabakaran
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Lyssa J. Weible
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Joshua D. Champlain
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Ryan Ye Jiang
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Katalina Biondi
- Human Center for Artificial Intelligence, Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Ana A. Weil
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (M.P.); (L.J.W.); (J.D.C.); (R.Y.J.); (A.A.W.); (W.C.V.V.)
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4
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Sanchez DA, Rotella K, Toribio C, Hernandez M, Cunningham-Rundles C. Characterization of infectious and non-infectious gastrointestinal disease in common variable immunodeficiency: analysis of 114 patient cohort. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209570. [PMID: 37711607 PMCID: PMC10498782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), a complex primary immunodeficiency syndrome defined by defective B cell responses to infection and vaccination, has heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Gastrointestinal (GI) complications in CVID, both infectious and non-infectious, can cause significant impairment leading to malabsorption and frank malnutrition. In order to better characterize the spectrum of GI disease associated with CVID, we describe 114 patients with GI disease (15.6%) from our 728 patient single center CVID cohort. Norovirus, Giardia and Cytomegalovirus were the most frequently isolated infectious pathogens. CVID enteropathy was the most encountered GI diagnosis based on endoscopy, with only a minority of patients having Crohn's disease (6.1%) or ulcerative colitis/proctitis (4.5%). Concurrent autoimmunity (30.7%), lung disease (18.4%) and malignancy (8.7%) were also present in significant proportion of subjects. Lastly, 16 of 47 (34%) who underwent whole exome sequencing demonstrated a culprit gene defect associated with CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Sanchez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karina Rotella
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Matthew Hernandez
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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5
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Giallourou N, Arnold J, McQuade ETR, Awoniyi M, Becket RVT, Walsh K, Herzog J, Gulati AS, Carroll IM, Montgomery S, Quintela PH, Faust AM, Singer SM, Fodor AA, Ahmad T, Mahfuz M, Mduma E, Walongo T, Guerrant RL, Balfour Sartor R, Swann JR, Kosek MN, Bartelt LA. Giardia hinders growth by disrupting nutrient metabolism independent of inflammatory enteropathy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2840. [PMID: 37202423 PMCID: PMC10195804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia (Giardia) is among the most common intestinal pathogens in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although Giardia associates with early-life linear growth restriction, mechanistic explanations for Giardia-associated growth impairments remain elusive. Unlike other intestinal pathogens associated with constrained linear growth that cause intestinal or systemic inflammation or both, Giardia seldom associates with chronic inflammation in these children. Here we leverage the MAL-ED longitudinal birth cohort and a model of Giardia mono-association in gnotobiotic and immunodeficient mice to propose an alternative pathogenesis of this parasite. In children, Giardia results in linear growth deficits and gut permeability that are dose-dependent and independent of intestinal markers of inflammation. The estimates of these findings vary between children in different MAL-ED sites. In a representative site, where Giardia associates with growth restriction, infected children demonstrate broad amino acid deficiencies, and overproduction of specific phenolic acids, byproducts of intestinal bacterial amino acid metabolism. Gnotobiotic mice require specific nutritional and environmental conditions to recapitulate these findings, and immunodeficient mice confirm a pathway independent of chronic T/B cell inflammation. Taken together, we propose a new paradigm that Giardia-mediated growth faltering is contingent upon a convergence of this intestinal protozoa with nutritional and intestinal bacterial factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Giallourou
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Centre of Excellence in Biobanking and Biomedical Research, Molecular Medicine Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Jason Arnold
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Microbiome Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | | | - Muyiwa Awoniyi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rose Viguna Thomas Becket
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Global Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeremy Herzog
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ajay S Gulati
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anthony A Fodor
- The University of North Carolina Charlotte, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Charlotte, USA
| | - Tahmeed Ahmad
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Esto Mduma
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Thomas Walongo
- Haydom Global Health Research Centre, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Haydom, Tanzania
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, The University of Virginia Charlottesville, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Luther A Bartelt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Global Health and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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6
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Grüttner J, van Rijn JM, Geiser P, Florbrant A, Webb DL, Hellström PM, Sundbom M, Sellin ME, Svärd SG. Trophozoite fitness dictates the intestinal epithelial cell response to Giardia intestinalis infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011372. [PMID: 37141303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a non-invasive, protozoan parasite infecting the upper small intestine of most mammals. Symptomatic infections cause the diarrhoeal disease giardiasis in humans and animals, but at least half of the infections are asymptomatic. However, the molecular underpinnings of these different outcomes of the infection are still poorly defined. Here, we studied the early transcriptional response to G. intestinalis trophozoites, the disease-causing life-cycle stage, in human enteroid-derived, 2-dimensional intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) monolayers. Trophozoites preconditioned in media that maximise parasite fitness triggered only neglectable inflammatory transcription in the IECs during the first hours of co-incubation. By sharp contrast, "non-fit" or lysed trophozoites induced a vigorous IEC transcriptional response, including high up-regulation of many inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, "fit" trophozoites could even suppress the stimulatory effect of lysed trophozoites in mixed infections, suggesting active G. intestinalis suppression of the IEC response. By dual-species RNA-sequencing, we defined the IEC and G. intestinalis gene expression programs associated with these differential outcomes of the infection. Taken together, our results inform on how G. intestinalis infection can lead to such highly variable effects on the host, and pinpoints trophozoite fitness as a key determinant of the IEC response to this common parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Grüttner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jorik M van Rijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petra Geiser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Florbrant
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dominic-Luc Webb
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per M Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sundbom
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Xaplanteri P, Rodis N, Potsios C. Gut Microbiota Crosstalk with Resident Macrophages and Their Role in Invasive Amebic Colitis and Giardiasis-Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1203. [PMID: 37317178 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is highly dependent on the action of macrophages. They are abundant in the intestine subepithelial lamina propria of the mucosa, where they deploy multiple tasks and play a critical role. The balance between the gut microbiota and M2 macrophages is critical for gut health and homeostasis. Gut microbiota has the power to change macrophage phenotype and replenish the resident macrophage niche during and post infection. As far as the extracellular enteric parasitic infections invasive amebic colitis and giardiasis are concerned, a change of macrophages phenotype to a pro-inflammatory state is dependent on direct contact of the protozoan parasites with host cells. Macrophages induce strong pro-inflammatory response by inflammasome activation and secretion of interleukin IL-1β. Inflammasomes play a key role in the response to cellular stress and microbe attacks. The balance between gut mucosal homeostasis and infection is dependent on the crosstalk between microbiota and resident macrophages. Parasitic infections involve NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. For Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia duodenalis infections, inflammasome NLRP3 activation is crucial to promote the host defenses. More studies are needed to further elucidate possible therapeutic and protective strategies against these protozoan enteric parasites' invasive infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Xaplanteri
- Department of Microbiology, General Hospital of Eastern Achaia, 25001 Kalavrita, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Rodis
- Department of Surgery, University General Hospital of Patras, 26332 Patras, Greece
| | - Charalampos Potsios
- Department of Internal Medicine, University General Hospital of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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8
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Chen T, Chen Y, Li K, Chen Z, Zhao Q, Fan Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Hao Z. Ginkgo biloba Extract Preventively Intervenes in Citrobacter Rodentium-Induced Colitis in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15082008. [PMID: 37111225 PMCID: PMC10145670 DOI: 10.3390/nu15082008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a highly recurrent gastrointestinal disorder and global public health issue. However, it lacks effective and safe strategies for its control. Although Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been suggested to exhibit preventive and therapeutic activity for the control of IBD, whether its activity is associated with its ability to modulate intestinal microbiota remains to be addressed. To investigate the effect of GBE on controlling IBD, a Citrobacter Rodentium (CR)-induced mouse colitis model was used, and then histopathological examinations, biochemical assays, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting were performed to detect histological changes, cytokines, and tight junction (TJ) proteins in the intestine samples. We also studied 16s rRNA to detect changes in intestinal microbiota and used GC-MS to determine the microbiota-related metabolites short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The results of our studies revealed that pre-treatment with GBE was sufficient for protecting the animals from CR-induced colitis. As a mechanism for GBE activity, GBE treatment was able to modulate the intestinal microbiota and increase the SCFAs capable of decreasing the pro-inflammatory factors and up-regulating the anti-inflammatory factors while elevating the intestinal-barrier-associated proteins to maintain the integrity of the intestines. Accordingly, our results led to a strong suggestion that GBE should be seriously considered in the preventive control of CR-induced colitis and in the development of effective and safe therapeutic strategies for controlling IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yimeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Medicinal Function of Food, National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Krumrie S, Capewell P, McDonald M, Dunbar D, Panarese R, Katzer F, El Sakka N, Mellor D, Alexander CL, Weir W. Molecular characterisation of Giardia duodenalis from human and companion animal sources in the United Kingdom using an improved triosephosphate isomerase molecular marker. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100105. [PMID: 36504596 PMCID: PMC9731890 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite known for its ability to cause gastrointestinal disease in human and non-human mammals. In the UK, the full impact of this parasite has yet to be fully explored, due to the limited testing which has been undertaken in humans and the low-resolution assemblage-typing methods currently available. Rather than being primarily a travel-associated condition, a recent study has highlighted that an endemic Giardia cycle is present in the UK, although the source of human disease is unclear in the majority of cases. This study focussed on the improvement of one of the commonly used assemblage-typing assays, a nested topoisomerase phosphate (tpi) PCR, to increase the amplification success rate across both human and companion animal samples. After comparing published primers to full Giardia reference genomes, this marker protocol was optimised and then deployed to test a substantial number of human (n = 79) and companion animal (n = 174) samples to gain an insight into the molecular epidemiology of Giardia in the UK. One assemblage A1 and eleven assemblage A2 genotypes were detected in humans, along with and 25 assemblage B genotypes. Assemblage A1 genotypes, known to be human-infective, were found in three feline and one canine sample, while one feline sample contained assemblage A2. Additionally, four feline samples contained assemblage B, which is recognised as potentially human-infective. This study demonstrates the presence of potentially human-infective Giardia genotypes circulating in the companion animal population, notably with 17.4% (8/46) of feline-derived Giardia strains being potentially zoonotic. Using a modified tpi-based genotyping assay, this work highlights the potential for domestic pets to be involved in the endemic transmission of giardiasis in the UK and underlines the need for appropriate hygiene measures to be observed when interacting with both symptomatic and asymptomatic animals. It also serves to underline the requirement for further studies to assess the zoonotic risk of Giardia associated with companion animals in high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Krumrie
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK,Corresponding author.
| | - Paul Capewell
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK,BioClavis Ltd., Queen Elizabeth Teaching and Learning Centre, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Mike McDonald
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Dawn Dunbar
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Rossella Panarese
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Noha El Sakka
- National Health Services Grampian, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZN, UK
| | - Dominic Mellor
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK,Public Health Scotland, Meridian Court, 5 Cadogan Street, Glasgow, G2 6QE, UK
| | - Claire L. Alexander
- Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories (Glasgow), New Lister Building, 10-16 Alexandria Parade, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - William Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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10
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Zoghroban HS, Ibrahim FMK, Nasef NA, Saad AE. The impact of L-citrulline on murine intestinal cell integrity, immune response, and arginine metabolism in the face of Giardia lamblia infection. Acta Trop 2022; 237:106748. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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11
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Sui Y, Zhang X, Wang H, Yu F, Zheng L, Guo Y, Lu Y, Chen M, Wang B, Dai H, Liu F, Li J, Dong H, Tong C, Zhang L. Prevalence and genetic diversity of Giardia duodenalis in pet dogs from Zhengzhou, central China and the association between gut microbiota and fecal characteristics during infection. One Health 2022; 14:100401. [PMID: 35686142 PMCID: PMC9171527 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a common zoonotic intestinal parasite, Giardia duodenalis could infect humans and various mammals worldwide, including pet dogs, leading to giardiasis. This study detected the infection of G. duodenalis in asymptomatic pet dogs in Zhengzhou, and evaluated the possibility of zoonosis and the relationship between gut microbiota and fecal characteristics. We randomly collected 448 fresh fecal samples from Zhengzhou, and G. duodenalis was screened based on the beta-giardin (bg), glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) genes. The difference of gut microbiota between five G. duodenalis-positive and five G. duodenalis-negative samples was investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 7.1% (32/448) based on bg, gdh, and tpi locus, two G. duodenalis assemblages (C = 13, D = 14) and five (15.6%) mixed infection (C + D) were identified. Moreover, compared with the G. duodenalis-negative group, the diversity of gut microbiota increased in G. duodenalis-positive group. The decrease of Lactobacillus spp. and considerable increase of Prevotella spp. were associated with the fecal characteristics. These results show that the transmission of zoonotic giardiasis between humans and pet dogs is rare in Zhengzhou, central China, and support the use of Lactobacillus spp. as a potential probiotic agent to improve intestinal health in dogs, or even humans, by treating G. duodenalis. Therefore, the public health significance of G. duodenalis to humans, companion animals, and the environment should be further evaluated from One Health perspective. Prevalence of G. duodenalis was 7.1% in pet dogs in Zhengzhou, central China. G. duodenalis assemblage D infection is associated to higher gut microbial diversity. The abundance of Prevotella and Lactobacillus may affect fecal characteristics. Lactobacillus may be used as a potential feed additive to treat giardiasis. Effective strategies should be taken to minimize the threat posed by G. duodenalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Bukang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiju Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding authors at: Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding authors at: Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding authors at: Longzihu Campus of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Abstract
Giardia duodenalis captured the attention of Leeuwenhoek in 1681 while he was examining his own diarrheal stool, but, ironically, it did not really gain attention as a human pathogen until the 1960s, when outbreaks were reported. Key technological advances, including in vitro cultivation, genomic and proteomic databases, and advances in microscopic and molecular approaches, have led to an understanding that this is a eukaryotic organism with a reduced genome rather than a truly premitochondriate eukaryote. This has included the discovery of mitosomes (vestiges of mitochondria), a transport system with many of the features of the Golgi apparatus, and even evidence for a sexual or parasexual cycle. Cell biology approaches have led to a better understanding of how Giardia survives with two nuclei and how it goes through its life cycle as a noninvasive organism in the hostile environment of the lumen of the host intestine. Studies of its immunology and pathogenesis have moved past the general understanding of the importance of the antibody response in controlling infection to determining the key role of the Th17 response. This work has led to understanding of the requirement for a balanced host immune response that avoids the extremes of an excessive response with collateral damage or one that is unable to clear the organism. This understanding is especially important in view of the remarkable ranges of early manifestations, which range from asymptomatic to persistent diarrhea and weight loss, and longer-term sequelae that include growth stunting in children who had no obvious symptoms and a high frequency of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
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13
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Michaels SA, Hennessey KM, Paragas N, Paredez AR, Ojo KK. A Curious Case for Development of Kinase Inhibitors as Antigiardiasis Treatments Using Advanced Drug Techniques. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:943-947. [PMID: 33534539 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Giardiasis is a neglected parasitic diarrheal disease that is particularly associated with poverty. Current treatment options are limited in the face of growing resistance, but the reduced kinome of Giardia lamblia increases the likelihood of identifying nonredundant essential kinases as potential drug targets. Repurposing known and newly identified kinase inhibitors in drug development programs for novel giardiasis therapeutics could therefore be a cost-effective and time saving approach. Innovative improvements to physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling coupled with emerging imaging technologies and a CRISPR-interference method could accelerate progress toward the goal of more effective giardiasis therapeutics based on kinase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Michaels
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Kelly M. Hennessey
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Neal Paragas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Alexander R. Paredez
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Kayode K. Ojo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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14
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Fekete E, Allain T, Siddiq A, Sosnowski O, Buret AG. Giardia spp. and the Gut Microbiota: Dangerous Liaisons. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:618106. [PMID: 33510729 PMCID: PMC7835142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.618106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of the intestinal microbiome by enteropathogens is commonly associated with gastrointestinal diseases and disorders and has far-reaching consequences for overall health. Significant advances have been made in understanding the role of microbial dysbiosis during intestinal infections, including infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis, one of the most prevalent gut protozoa. Altered species composition and diversity, functional changes in the commensal microbiota, and changes to intestinal bacterial biofilm structure have all been demonstrated during the course of Giardia infection and have been implicated in Giardia pathogenesis. Conversely, the gut microbiota has been found to regulate parasite colonization and establishment and plays a critical role in immune modulation during mono and polymicrobial infections. These disruptions to the commensal microbiome may contribute to a number of acute, chronic, and post-infectious clinical manifestations of giardiasis and may account for variations in disease presentation within and between infected populations. This review discusses recent advances in characterizing Giardia-induced bacterial dysbiosis in the gut and the roles of dysbiosis in Giardia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fekete
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Thibault Allain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Affan Siddiq
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Olivia Sosnowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andre G. Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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15
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Singer SM, Angelova VV, DeLeon H, Miskovsky E. What's eating you? An update on Giardia, the microbiome and the immune response. Curr Opin Microbiol 2020; 58:87-92. [PMID: 33053502 PMCID: PMC7895496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis has been observed in human stools since the invention of the microscope. However, it was not recognized as a pathogen until experimental infections in humans in the 1950s resulted in diarrheal illness [1]. We now know that this protozoan is capable of inducing a malabsorptive diarrhea and that the parasite is a major contributor to stunting in young children [2]. However, the majority of infections with this parasite are not accompanied by overt diarrhea and several studies indicate that it actually has a protective effect against moderate-severe diarrhea [3]. There is therefore significant interest in the mechanisms responsible for the wide variation observed in the clinical outcomes of infection with Giardia. This review will highlight recent work on the interactions among the parasite, the host microbiome and the immune response as contributing to this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | | | - Heriberto DeLeon
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Eleanor Miskovsky
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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16
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Xu F, Jiménez-González A, Einarsson E, Ástvaldsson Á, Peirasmaki D, Eckmann L, Andersson JO, Svärd SG, Jerlström-Hultqvist J. The compact genome of Giardia muris reveals important steps in the evolution of intestinal protozoan parasites. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000402. [PMID: 32618561 PMCID: PMC7641422 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diplomonad parasites of the genus Giardia have adapted to colonizing different hosts, most notably the intestinal tract of mammals. The human-pathogenic Giardia species, Giardia intestinalis, has been extensively studied at the genome and gene expression level, but no such information is available for other Giardia species. Comparative data would be particularly valuable for Giardia muris, which colonizes mice and is commonly used as a prototypic in vivo model for investigating host responses to intestinal parasitic infection. Here we report the draft-genome of G. muris. We discovered a highly streamlined genome, amongst the most densely encoded ever described for a nuclear eukaryotic genome. G. muris and G. intestinalis share many known or predicted virulence factors, including cysteine proteases and a large repertoire of cysteine-rich surface proteins involved in antigenic variation. Different to G. intestinalis, G. muris maintains tandem arrays of pseudogenized surface antigens at the telomeres, whereas intact surface antigens are present centrally in the chromosomes. The two classes of surface antigens engage in genetic exchange. Reconstruction of metabolic pathways from the G. muris genome suggest significant metabolic differences to G. intestinalis. Additionally, G. muris encodes proteins that might be used to modulate the prokaryotic microbiota. The responsible genes have been introduced in the Giardia genus via lateral gene transfer from prokaryotic sources. Our findings point to important evolutionary steps in the Giardia genus as it adapted to different hosts and it provides a powerful foundation for mechanistic exploration of host-pathogen interaction in the G. muris-mouse pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Elin Einarsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ásgeir Ástvaldsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Peirasmaki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jan O. Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G. Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Jerlström-Hultqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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17
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Garzon T, Valencia L, Dominguez V, Rascon L, Quintero J, Garibay-Escobar A, Enrique Robles-Zepeda R, Velazquez C. Differential antibody responses to Giardia lamblia strain variants expressing dissimilar levels of an immunogenic protein. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12767. [PMID: 32594543 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, one of the most common worldwide gastrointestinal diseases. For rational development of a Giardia vaccine, increasing our understanding of the host-Giardia interaction is crucial. In this study, we analysed the immunogenicity and antigenicity of two G lamblia strain variants [GS and GS-5G8 (+)], which express different levels of the variant-specific surface protein (VSP) 5G8 and also analysed the intestinal histological changes associated with Giardia infection. METHODS AND RESULTS We evaluated the antibody responses induced by G lamblia strains in infected, reinfected and immunized C3H/HeJ mice using ELISA, flow cytometry, Western blotting and histological analysis. Our results showed that G lamblia GS-5G8 (+) was more immunogenic and antigenic than the GS strain. The antibody response against the GS-5G8 (+) strain primarily recognized 5G8 protein. Serum antibody from infected and reinfected mice exhibited specific agglutination of trophozoites in vitro. GS-5G8 (+)-infected mice showed higher CD19+ infiltrating cell levels compared to GS-infected animals. CONCLUSION G lamblia strains with different expression levels of an immunogenic antigen (VSP 5G8) induce differential antibody responses. A better understanding of the immunogenic proteins of G lamblia will contribute to the rational development of an effective vaccine against this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thania Garzon
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Valencia
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Victor Dominguez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Lucila Rascon
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
| | - Jael Quintero
- Health Science Department, University of Sonora, Obregon, Mexico
| | | | | | - Carlos Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Mexico
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18
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Dizdar V, Hausken T, Laerum OD, Gilja OH, Langeland N, Hanevik K. Prolonged Duodenal Mucosal Lymphocyte Alterations in Patients With and Without Postinfectious Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders After Giardia Infection. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:321-329. [PMID: 30500895 PMCID: PMC6581897 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persisting low-grade inflammation is suggested to play a role in postinfectious functional gastrointestinal disorders (PI-FGIDs). The present study examined alterations in duodenal mucosal lymphocytes during and after Giardia gastroenteritis in patients who did, or did not, develop PI-FGIDs. Methods Duodenal mucosal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD20 lymphocytes were quantified in 28 patients with chronic giardiasis (CG), 66 patients with persistent abdominal symptoms after acute Giardia infection (PI-FGID), 19 recovered controls (RCs), and 16 healthy volunteers (HCs). Associations with illness duration, abdominal symptoms, and histology grade were assessed. Results Duodenal CD4 IELs were significantly elevated in CG, then decreased, followed by an upward trend after 1 year in both the PI-FGID and RC groups. Duodenal lamina propria crypt CD4 T cells were decreased in CG, and stayed low for about 14 months before normalizing in both the PI-FGID and RC groups. Lamina propria CD20 cells were persistently elevated in all 3 Giardia-exposed groups. Biopsies with microscopic inflammation showed increased lamina propria CD20 levels. Conclusions Duodenal mucosal lymphocyte alterations were prolonged after Giardia infection, but similar in patients who developed PI-FGID and recovered asymptomatic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernesa Dizdar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Bergen, Norway.,National Centre of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- National Centre of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Bergen, Norway.,National Centre of Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole D Laerum
- Gade Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Bergen, Norway.,National Centre of Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Jex AR, Svärd S, Hagen KD, Starcevich H, Emery-Corbin SJ, Balan B, Nosala C, Dawson SC. Recent advances in functional research in Giardia intestinalis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 107:97-137. [PMID: 32122532 PMCID: PMC7878119 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review considers current advances in tools to investigate the functional biology of Giardia, it's coding and non-coding genes, features and cellular and molecular biology. We consider major gaps in current knowledge of the parasite and discuss the present state-of-the-art in its in vivo and in vitro cultivation. Advances in in silico tools, including for the modelling non-coding RNAs and genomic elements, as well as detailed exploration of coding genes through inferred homology to model organisms, have provided significant, primary level insight. Improved methods to model the three-dimensional structure of proteins offer new insights into their function, and binding interactions with ligands, other proteins or precursor drugs, and offer substantial opportunities to prioritise proteins for further study and experimentation. These approaches can be supplemented by the growing and highly accessible arsenal of systems-based methods now being applied to Giardia, led by genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic methods, but rapidly incorporating advanced tools for detection of real-time transcription, evaluation of chromatin states and direct measurement of macromolecular complexes. Methods to directly interrogate and perturb gene function have made major leaps in recent years, with CRISPr-interference now available. These approaches, coupled with protein over-expression, fluorescent labelling and in vitro and in vivo imaging, are set to revolutionize the field and herald an exciting time during which the field may finally realise Giardia's long proposed potential as a model parasite and eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Centre for Biomedicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kari D Hagen
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hannah Starcevich
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Balu Balan
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris Nosala
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Scott C Dawson
- College of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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20
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RORγt + Treg to Th17 ratios correlate with susceptibility to Giardia infection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20328. [PMID: 31889073 PMCID: PMC6937251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56416-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Giardia are among the most common causes of food and water-borne diarrheal disease worldwide. Here, we investigated Th17, Treg and IgA responses, and alterations in gut microbiota in two mouse lines with varying susceptibility to Giardia muris infection. Infected BALB/c mice shed significantly more cysts compared with C57BL/6 mice. Impaired control of infection in BALB/c mice was associated with lower Th17 activity and lower IgA levels compared with C57BL/6 mice. The limited metabolic activity, proliferation and cytokine production of Th17 cells in BALB/c mice was associated with higher proportions of intestinal Foxp3+RORγt+ regulatory T cells and BALB/c mice developed increased RORγt+ Treg:Th17 ratios in response to G. muris infection. Furthermore, G. muris colonization led to a significantly reduced evenness in the gut microbial communities of BALB/c mice. Our data indicate that differential susceptibility to Giardia infections may be related to RORγt+ Treg controlling Th17 activity and that changes in the microbiota composition upon Giardia infection partially depend on the host background.
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21
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Emery-Corbin SJ, Grüttner J, Svärd S. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of Giardia intestinalis: Intestinal epithelial cell interactions. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 107:139-171. [PMID: 32122528 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Giardia intestinalis is a unicellular protozoan parasite that infects the small intestines of humans and animals. Giardiasis, the disease caused by the parasite, occurs globally across socioeconomic boundaries but is mainly endemic in developing countries and particularly within young children, where pronounced effects manifests in a failure to thrive condition. The molecular pathogenesis of Giardia has been studied using in vitro models of human and rat intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and parasites from the two major human genotypes or assemblages (A and B). High-quality, genome sequencing of representative isolates from assemblages A (WB) and B (GS) has enabled exploration of these host-parasite models using 'omics' technologies, allowing deep and quantitative analyses of global gene expression changes in IECs and parasites during their interactions, cross-talk and competition. These include a major up-regulation of immune-related genes in the IECs early after the start of interactions, as well as competition between host cells and parasites for nutrients like sugars, amino acids and lipids, which is also reflected in their secretome interactions. Unique parasite proteins dominate these interactions, with many major up-regulated genes being either hypothetical proteins or members of Giardia-specific gene families like the high-cysteine-rich membrane proteins (HCMPs), variable surface proteins (VSPs), alpha-giardins and cysteine proteases. Furthermore, these proteins also dominate in the secretomes, suggesting that they are important virulence factors in Giardia and crucial molecular effectors at the host-parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jana Grüttner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Fink MY, Maloney J, Keselman A, Li E, Menegas S, Staniorski C, Singer SM. Proliferation of Resident Macrophages Is Dispensable for Protection during Giardia duodenalis Infections. Immunohorizons 2019; 3:412-421. [PMID: 31455692 PMCID: PMC7033283 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease in the world. Previous work has demonstrated that the cells and mechanisms of the adaptive immune system are critical for clearance of this parasite. However, the innate system has not been as well studied in the context of Giardia infection. We have previously demonstrated that Giardia infection leads to the accumulation of a population of CD11b+, F4/80+, ARG1+, and NOS2+ macrophages in the small intestinal lamina propria. In this report, we sought to identify the accumulation mechanism of duodenal macrophages during Giardia infection and to determine if these cells were essential to the induction of protective Giardia immunity. We show that F4/80+, CD11b+, CD11cint, CX3CR1+, MHC class II+, Ly6C−, ARG1+, and NOS2+ macrophages accumulate in the small intestine during infections in mice. Consistent with this resident macrophage phenotype, macrophage accumulation does not require CCR2, and the macrophages incorporate EdU, indicating in situ proliferation rather than the recruitment of monocytes. Depletion of macrophages using anti-CSF1R did not impact parasite clearance nor development of regulatory T cell or Th17 cellular responses, suggesting that these macrophages are dispensable for protective Giardia immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Fink
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Jenny Maloney
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | | | - Erqiu Li
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Samantha Menegas
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | | | - Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
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Singer SM, Fink MY, Angelova VV. Recent insights into innate and adaptive immune responses to Giardia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:171-208. [PMID: 31630758 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Giardia produces a wide range of clinical outcomes. Acutely infected patients may have no overt symptoms or suffer from severe cramps, diarrhea, nausea and even urticaria. Recently, post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome have been identified as long-term sequelae of giardiasis. Frequently, recurrent and chronic Giardia infection is considered a major contributor to stunting in children from low and middle income countries. Perhaps the most unusual outcome of infection with Giardia is the apparent reduced risk of developing moderate-to-severe diarrhea due to other enteric infections which has been noted in several recent studies. The goal of understanding immune responses against Giardia is therefore to identify protective mechanisms which could become targets for vaccine development, but also to identify mechanisms whereby infections lead to these other diverse outcomes. Giardia induces a robust adaptive immune response in both humans and animals. It has been known for many years that there is production of large amounts of parasite-specific IgA following infection and that CD4+ T cell responses contribute to this IgA production and control of the infection. In the past decade, there have been advances in our understanding of the non-antibody effector mechanisms used by the host to fight Giardia infections, in particular the importance of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 in orchestrating these responses. There have also been major advances in understanding how the innate response to Giardia infection is initiated and how it contributes to the development of adaptive immunity. Finally, there here have been significant increases in our knowledge of how the resident microbial community influences the immune response and how these responses contribute to the development of some of the symptoms of giardiasis. In this article, we will focus on data generated in the last 10 years and how it has advanced our knowledge about this important parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Singer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Marc Y Fink
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Vanessa V Angelova
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
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Burgess SL, Oka A, Liu B, Bolick DT, Oakland DN, Guerrant RL, Bartelt L. Intestinal parasitic infection alters bone marrow derived dendritic cell inflammatory cytokine production in response to bacterial endotoxin in a diet-dependent manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007515. [PMID: 31260452 PMCID: PMC6602177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a common intestinal parasitic infection that although often acutely asymptomatic, is associated with debilitating chronic intestinal and extra-intestinal sequelae. In previously healthy adults, a primary sporadic Giardia infection can lead to gut dysfunction and fatigue. These symptoms correlate with markers of inflammation that persist well after the infection is cleared. In contrast, in endemic settings, first exposure occurs in children who are frequently malnourished and also co-infected with other enteropathogens. In these children, Giardia rarely causes symptoms and associates with several decreased markers of inflammation. Mechanisms underlying these disparate and potentially enduring outcomes following Giardia infection are not presently well understood. A body of work suggests that the outcome of experimental Giardia infection is influenced by the nutritional status of the host. Here, we explore the consequences of experimental Giardia infection under conditions of protein sufficiency or deficiency on cytokine responses of ex vivo bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to endotoxin stimulation. We show that BMDCs from Giardia- challenged mice on a protein sufficient diet produce more IL-23 when compared to uninfected controls whereas BMDCs from Giardia challenged mice fed a protein deficient diet do not. Further, in vivo co-infection with Giardia attenuates robust IL-23 responses in endotoxin-stimulated BMDCs from protein deficient mice harboring enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. These results suggest that intestinal Giardia infection may have extra-intestinal effects on BMDC inflammatory cytokine production in a diet dependent manner, and that Giardia may influence the severity of the innate immune response to other enteropathogens. This work supports recent findings that intestinal microbial exposure may have lasting influences on systemic inflammatory responses, and may provide better understanding of potential mechanisms of post-infectious sequelae and clinical variation during Giardia and enteropathogen co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Burgess
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Akihiko Oka
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease and the Departments of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David T. Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David Noah Oakland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Luther Bartelt
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease and the Departments of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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Paerewijck O, Maertens B, Gagnaire A, De Bosscher K, Geldhof P. Delayed development of the protective IL-17A response following a Giardia muris infection in neonatal mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8959. [PMID: 31222079 PMCID: PMC6586865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45544-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia is an intestinal protozoan parasite that has the ability to infect a wide range of hosts, which can result in the clinical condition ‘giardiasis’. Over the years, experimental research has shown the crucial involvement of IL-17A to steer the protective immune response against Giardia. The development of the protective response, as reflected by a significant drop in cyst secretion, typically takes around 3 to 4 weeks. However, early-life infections often have a more chronic character lasting for several weeks or months. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the dynamics of a Giardia muris infection and the subsequent host immune response in neonatal mice infected 4 days after birth. The outcome of the study showed that a G. muris infection in pre-weaned mice failed to trigger a protective IL-17A response, which could explain the prolonged course of infection in comparison to older mice. Only after weaning, a protective intestinal immune response started to develop, characterized by an upregulation of IL-17A and Mbl2 and the secretion of parasite-specific IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Paerewijck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Brecht Maertens
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Gagnaire
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Receptor Research laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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